Cannabis Usage in 19th Century India: Consumption Trends, Amounts, Associated Costs and Addiction

Opening Quotes.

'Officially sponsored myth 1: "All drugs are more or less similar and all are habit forming." This myth lumps cocaine, marijuana and junk [opium] together. Marijuana is not at all habit forming and its action is almost the direct opposite fromjunk action...When I say "habit-forming drug" I mean a drug that alters the endocrinal balance of the body in such a way that the body requires that drug in order to function. So far as I know, junk is the only habit forming drug [of the three listed] according to this definition.' - William S Burroughs, Junk, 1952

 

'And the fact that there is comparatively so little of excess in the use of hemp drugs, and that so many consumers, especially of bhang among the middle classes and of ganja among working people, retain their moderate habit and regularly have their accustomed dose twice or thrice a day, seems to show that this tendency is certainly not stronger in their case. While individual differences in strength of mind must always lead to difference in results, and hereditary mental instability is in certain cases a factor which must not be overlooked, the fact seems generally to be that excess is found (as in the case of alcohol) to be mainly confined to idle and dissipated persons, and to be often due to the force of example and foolish emulation in bad company. The man who takes these drugs regularly as a food accessory, or as a stimulant in hard work, does not seem to be prone to excess. Apparently also the tendency is much less towards that occasional excess which in the case of alcohol so frequently becomes habitual. The working man, for example, does not seem to have the same temptation to a debauch with ganja as with alcohol.' - Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1894-95

 

'Contemplatives are not likely to become gamblers, or procurers, or drunkards; they do not as a rule preach intolerance, or make war; do not find it necessary to rob, swindle or grind the faces of the poor. And to these enormous negative virtues we may add another which, though hard to define, is both positive and important. The arhat and the quietist may not practice contemplation in its fullness; but if they practise it at all, they may bring back enlightening reports of another, a transcendent country of the mind; and if they practise it in the height, they will become conduits through which some beneficient influence can flow out of that other country into a world of darkened selves, chronically dying from lack of it.' - The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley, 1954

 

Questions on the subject by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1895

25. Is the use of ganja, charas, and bhang, or of any of these drugs, on the increase or on the decrease? Give any reasons you are able.

26. State for each of these drugs what proportion of the consumers are— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, (b) Habitual excessive consumers, (c) Occasional moderate consumers, (d) Occasional excessive consumers.

28. What is the average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem to— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, (b) Habitual excessive consumers?

31. (a) Is the habit of consuming any of these drugs easily formed? (b) Is it difficult to break off? (c) Is there a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive?

My thoughts on the subject

The above four questions by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1894-95 were aimed at understanding the following: increasing or decreasing trends in consumption of hemp drugs (question 25); the proportion of moderate and excessive consumers, both occasional and habitual (question 26); the costs associated with consumption to an individual on a daily basis for a habitual moderate and excessive consumer (question 28); and, finally, whether the consumption led to the formation of a habit and a tendency to develop from moderate to excessive consumption (question 31).

Increasing or decreasing trend in ganja consumption?

In addressing question 25, regarding whether the trends were towards increasing or decreasing consumption at the time of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report, i.e. 1894-95, we find a variety of answers. Some witnesses state that the trend was towards increasing consumption, others that the trend was towards decreasing consumption, while still others state that consumption trends were stationary. Even the Hemp Commission appears to think that there is evidence in support of all three scenarios based on the feedback from the various parts of the country.

The reasons cited by those who felt that there was an increase in consumption were based on the following factors - the availability of regulated outlets and government controlled wholesalers; the demand for wholesale licenses; the increase in revenue from the sale of hemp drugs; the higher costs of liquor and opium; the increase in smuggling from less regulated areas to more regulated areas. An example of the evidence that supports this theory of increased consumption is the evidence of Chandi Pershad, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda, who states that - "The use of ganja is on the increase. The licensed vending facilitates it."

However, when we consider the reasons attributed to each scenario, it appears to me that there was a clear and significant decrease in overall consumption. What needs to be looked at to determine an accurate picture is how much hemp drugs were consumed before 1850, when there was no government regulation whatsoever, and how much were consumed subsequently from 1850 to 1894 when the administration brought about increasingly tighter controls on ganja cultivation, distribution and retail. What has been left out by the Hemp Commission when trying to determine the trends is the time period in question, without which being specified, every witness has chosen a time frame that is convenient to him, making all evidence on trends subjective. Most persons who state that there is an increase in consumption are looking only at a period of 5-10 years, not more. Many of the witnesses who state that there has been an increase have been in India only for a short period of time, such as the serving officers in the British administration.  

Before 1850, anybody who wished to cultivate ganja could do so and in whatever quantities they wished. This included, not just the farmers, but numerous individuals who grew ganja in their private properties. Similarly, before 1850, anybody who wished to sell ganja could do so freely, like any other crop, through any retail outlet. Also, there were absolutely no restrictions on how much ganja an individual could buy or possess. With the arrival of licenses for cultivation, wholesalers and retailers, and a tremendous push to bring down the area of cultivation to small areas that could be supervised by government officials and their agents, the extent of cultivation, cost of ganja and amount consumed came down drastically. This is clearly stated by the Commission itself in its data on revenue and taxation since 1850. The ever increasing cost of ganja, licenses and taxation meant ever increasing revenue for the government. Till 1850, ganja was used mostly by the poorest classes of people, who formed the majority of India's population, and the impact of these measures on their rates of consumption was undoubtedly severe. As the poorest classes in society are the invisible sections of society, regarding whom almost no data existed then, as now, there is no way to gauge the exact impact that these regressive measures of the government had. The impact that ever increasing government regulation - through higher costs, taxation, licensing for cultivation, wholesale and retail - had on ganja consumption trends can only be found in the evidence of a few persons more knowledgeable on the subject rather than in the general opinions of numerous members of the upper classes for whom the phenomenon of ganja was something of passing interest till then. Some of the persons better qualified to answer question 25 report as follows:

• "Use of ganja is on the decrease owing to enhanced cost caused by increasing taxation and restrictions on manufacture." - Mr. K. G. Gupta, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal
•  "Some twenty or thirty years before the consumption of ganja was three times over, compared to the present consumption. The cause of decrease is attributed to the fact that there was very small duty on ganja before; with the gradual increase of duty and imposition of fee for selling ganja the consumption decreased." - Evidence of Babu Ganendra Nath Pal, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon
•  "On the decrease, owing to higher prices due to increase of duty and license fees and to reductions in the number of shops" - Evidence of Mr. J. J. S. Driberg, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails
•  "Table B and the appended district tables will show that the diminution in the number of shops, the competition for these shops, the increased rate of duty, and the resulting increase in retail prices have greatly reduced the consumption of excise ganja. That these causes have also led to an increase of smuggling is very probable. On this point I would call the attention of the Commission to column 8 of the district tables appended to Table B." - Evidence of Mr.. J. D. Anderson, Deputy Commissioner; Officiating Commissioner of Excise.
• "The use of ganja is certainly on the decrease. The prohibition, by an Act of Government, to trade in it without a license, eventually put a stop to its being sold here by the village bazaar men, who thought, and still think, it not worth the trouble to procure a license to vend ganja in a place where it is not generally wanted by the surrounding resident inhabitants. Before the intervention of this license, I know every bazaar man had some quantity of ganja in his bazaar along with other articles of consumption. I also know that every bairagi from the north and every medicant sanyasi was being supplied by my elders with ganja in addition to the customary ration given him; and that this practice of doling out ganja stopped with the scarcity of the articles in the local bazaars, consequent on the apathy of the bazaar men here to take out licenses, as required by the Act." - Evidence of C. Muthu Kumaraswami Mudelliar, Zamindar, Chunampet, Chingleput District.

Besides these key factors contributing to the decrease in ganja consumption, specifically among the poor and working classes, there was the propaganda by the ruling and upper classes that ganja was only consumed by lower castes and classes, that it caused insanity, was unhealthy and contributed to crime. This propaganda shamed the poor and so-called lower classes and added pressure on them to reduce ganja consumption. Some of the evidence of the blind belief in the propaganda that ganja was unhealthy, evil and a bad practice, and of the belief that the British were doing a great service to society by gradually regulating and prohibiting ganja, without the slightest concern for the suffering that it was putting India's working classes and poorest sections of society to, can be found in the evidence of the following witnesses:

• "Use of bhang is also less general, due to progress of education and to losing faith in ceremonies and celebrations of which the consumption of bhang formed a feature." - Mr. K. G. Gupta, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal
• "I think the use of these articles is gradually on the decrease. The reason, as I suppose, being that along with the spread of English education the better or more enlightened classes of people are beginning to realize their pernicious effects. Hence their consumption is rarely, if ever, encouraged by the polite society, although the tendency has been to introduce spirituous liquors in their stead to a large extent. The spread of mass education has also had its desired effect inasmuch as it has created a strong antipathy among the lower classes against the use of these drugs." - Evidence of Babu Mohini Mohan Burdhan, Kayasth, District Government Pleader of Tippera

The opening of government controlled retail outlets for the sale of ganja, outlets that were gradually reduced in number - in place of the old system where ganja was sold by any retailer - resulted in more and more people crowding the few retail outlets to purchase their ganja. This suddenly made it appear to numerous members of the ruling and upper classes, for whom up to this point ganja had been an invisible phenomenon, that the consumption of ganja was an increasingly prevalent bad habit among the poor working classes. An example of this wrong perception that ganja use was on the increase, only to be later corrected when presented with the facts, is the evidence of Rev. Prem Chand, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya who states that - "In all the districts where I have been, the number of shops has increased within the last 16 years. That has been my impression; but I have never examined the question by accurately comparing numbers. I should be surprised to learn from the statistics that 16 years ago there were 205 shops for all preparations of hemp, and that there are now 138 in the Monghyr district, and that the decrease in Gaya has been from 114 to 81. I accept the statistics as correct. In view of the official comparative statistics, I would withdraw the answer made under 25, head (3)."  

In parallel with the propaganda that ganja was a bad practice, the ruling and upper classes promoted liquor and opium, drugs that were much more costly and harmful to one and all. For the ruling and upper classes, with access to liquor and opium, and the ability to afford the higher costs of ganja, the regulations were not a problem. It was the poor and working classes who felt the effects greatly.

Evidence from the Army show a great number of responses stating that the use of ganja was on the decrease. Not only are higher costs attributed as factors, but also the availability of liquor. Within the Army, it appears that all ganja consumption was severely dealt with. Users were discharged from duty, communities that were known to consume ganja were excluded from enlistment, pensions of consumers were cut to a third, peer pressure was used to shame and discourage smokers. No such measures were taken to curb alcohol use, as the British officers were themselves very comfortable with alcohol. Some of the evidence in this regard, as provided by Army witnesses, are as follows:

• "In the regiment the use of these drugs is decreasing. Reasons — fear of punishment and loss of one-third of pension, if men have to leave the service on account of use of these drugs." - Army, Answer No. 101
• "The use of these drugs is on the decrease, because it is being realised that the use of them is inconsistent with the proper discharge of a soldier's duty. Those who are at all given to the habit are gradually leaving the regiment; the men as a body see that they are certain to get into trouble through the habit." - Army, Answer No. 140.

Proportion of moderate and excessive users in the population.

From the consolidated feedback in response to question 26, it appears that the overall percentage of population in the country that used cannabis in its different forms was between 5% and 10%. It also appears that among the cannabis users, the majority were habitual or occasional moderate consumers. The habitual excessive consumers appears to have been about 5-10 per cent of the total cannabis users i.e. 5-10% of 5-10%, which considering the overall population of the country can be considered negligible. Most of the habitual excessive users appear to have been the religious communities, such as Bairagis. Obviously, the terms 'moderate' and 'excessive' are very subjective and appears to be based on general perceptions. A person in a demanding physical or mental environment is likely to consume more cannabis than one in a more relaxed setting, as evidenced from the greater consumption by physical workers and religious mendicants compared to the reduced consumption by the well to do middle class businessman. These figures indicate how much cannabis usage had already been curbed in the period from 1850 to 1894. I am of the thinking that prior to 1850,  about 30-40% of the Indian adult population consumed cannabis in one of its forms. This appears to have been brought down to 5-10% by the ruling and upper classes through the various regulatory measures and propaganda.

Amount of consumption and associated costs

In response to question 28, it appears that cannabis as bhang was consumed the most, followed by ganja and then charas. The average consumption for an individual habitual moderate consumer appears to have been about 6-12 grams of ganja per day, or in total between two kilograms to four kilograms per year. For bhang, the average consumption by a moderate habitual consumer was approximately twice that of ganja while for charas it was approximately half that of ganja. The habitual excessive consumer appears to have consumed cannabis about 6-8 times that of the habitual moderate consumer. The cost per day for ganja amounted to between 1/4 anna to 1/2 anna. Bhang was approximately twice as cheap as ganja whereas charas was about twice as expensive. The costs of bhang, ganja and charas were well below the costs of western alcohol and opium. This is a rough generalization on my part based on the overall evidence. Amounts of consumption and rates varied from place to place. What also comes out in the findings is that sales and consumption were high in the big cities - like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras - where there were many retail outlets and in places with a stronger cannabis culture. Also, since the quality of cannabis varied from place to place, it appears that where the quality was high, the consumed amount was less compared to places where the quality of cannabis was low. The content in the report further reinforces the point that bhang was consumed more by well-to-do persons, predominantly in the north, while ganja was consumed by the poorer persons across the country. Charas was mostly restricted to the north-west. The increasing influence of opium and alcohol can be seen in the evidence.

Most of the information regarding consumption amounts and costs seems to have been obtained from retailers and wholesalers of cannabis in its various forms. I believe that there may have been considerable under reporting about actual sales for fear of further regulation and taxation by the administration. There also seems to be a vast underestimation in terms of the quantity of ganja a person consumed and the percentage of the population that consumed hemp drugs. This may have been as a result of the regulations imposed since 1850 which stifled ganja consumption to such a great extent. It is also highly likely that the poor, who were the main consumers of ganja, never appeared in the governmental data in the first place. Just as the government now claims that it has no idea how many of the poor died due to the Covid pandemic restrictions, it was the same in the past, where the government had no idea how many of the poor consumed the hemp drugs, and to what extent. The State, consisting of the ruling and upper classes, was largely clueless about the existing ganja culture in the first place and equally clueless about the impact of the curbs on ganja subsequently on the people.  

Addictive properties and tendency to progress to excessive usage.

William S Burroughs, a man who knew more than a thing or two about addiction, had this to say in his seminal book, Junk, written in 1952 - 'Officially sponsored myth 1: "All drugs are more or less similar and all are habit forming." This myth lumps cocaine, marijuana and junk [opium] together. Marijuana is not at all habit forming and its action is almost the direct opposite from junk action...When I say "habit-forming drug" I mean a drug that alters the endocrinal balance of the body in such a way that the body requires that drug in order to function. So far as I know, junk is the only habit forming drug [of the three listed] according to this definition.'

In response to question 31, we find an overwhelming number of respondents stating that hemp drugs are habit forming, and that there is a tendency to progress from moderate use to excessive use. There appears to be no effort to separate habit-forming from addiction, which is the issue that should have been looked at. Anything that one likes tends to become a habit, be it the times we eat, sleep or exercise, or the drinking of coffee or tea. Any one of these habits, once developed is difficult to break off, and one tends to feel discomfort when the habit is broken. With the hemp drugs it is the same case. One develops a habit because one enjoys it, and one feels the same amount of discomfort when one is forced to stop the habit that one feels if one is forced to stop drinking the tea or coffee consumed daily. It is only a few witnesses who are able to differentiate between addiction and habit-formation. Mr. J. J. S. Driberg, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails, states for example, - "The habit, no doubt, is easily formed. I do not think it is difficult to break off, but I have no information. I do not think there is a general tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive." These witnesses clearly state, like Burroughs, that there is no addiction to hemp drugs like there is with liquor and opium. The Hemp Commission also agrees when it states that - "But even in cases of excessive consumption, the difficulty appears to be less with ganja than with alcohol or opium. (Point 479)" Some ignorant witnesses are of the opinion that bhang is less addictive, while ganja and charas are more. This shows their ignorance when the very same compounds exist in bhang, ganja or charas, and if one were to get addicted, then it should be the same for all three. The same ignorance with regard to bhang, ganja and charas surely existed with regard to opium, with many witnesses being unable to differentiate between opium or alcohol usage and ganja usage. 

Then there is the question of whether the moderate habit has a tendency to develop into the excessive. In response to this as well, we see an overwhelming number of respondents stating that, yes, there is a tendency for the moderate to develop into the excessive. This is again one of those questions that tend to lead ignorant respondents down a particular path. In conjunction with the propaganda that ganja is an evil and addictive drug, it is quite natural to think that there is a tendency for its use to develop from moderation to excess. When we see that respondents have stated, with regard to question 26, that the majority of users were moderate users, and that the amount of excess users were reportedly in the range of about 5% of all users, to see the same respondents state that there is a tendency for moderation to develop to excess shows how much of contradiction exists in the responses. If there was a tendency for moderate use of ganja to develop into excess use, then the % of excess users would surely have been much higher than the 5% that is reported, would it not? Most users from the poor and working classes, who form the majority of users, maintained use in moderation for many decades. The persons who are likely to have progressed from moderation to excess are most likely the rich upper classes who could afford the time and money to do so. These facts are corroborated by the Hemp Commission when it states - "And the fact that there is comparatively so little of excess in the use of hemp drugs, and that so many consumers, especially of bhang among the middle classes and of ganja among working people, retain their moderate habit and regularly have their accustomed dose twice or thrice a day, seems to show that this tendency is certainly not stronger in their case. While individual differences in strength of mind must always lead to difference in results, and hereditary mental instability is in certain cases a factor which must not be overlooked, the fact seems generally to be that excess is found (as in the case of alcohol) to be mainly confined to idle and dissipated persons, and to be often due to the force of example and foolish emulation in bad company. The man who takes these drugs regularly as a food accessory, or as a stimulant in hard work, does not seem to be prone to excess. Apparently also the tendency is much less towards that occasional excess which in the case of alcohol so frequently becomes habitual. The working man, for example, does not seem to have the same temptation to a debauch with ganja as with alcohol. (Point 480)"

From personal experience, having smoked ganja for about 30 years now, I can say that neither is it addictive, nor is there a tendency to go from moderate usage to excessive usage in most persons. I have smoked ganja continuously over a period of a few months, smoking 2-3 joints daily, and have been able to do without it effortlessly once my stock was over. Also, during the rare periods when I had a relatively larger quantity of ganja in my possession, I have more or less stuck to smoking a joint every four hours or so, with the maximum rarely crossing 6 joints a day. Anybody who has smoked ganja for a reasonably long period of time will tell you that only when one smokes after intervals of a few hours does the ganja's effect become perceptible. If one were to smoke ganja more or less continuously throughout the day, what I assume is being called 'excessively' in this context, the effects of ganja would feel no different from that of tobacco. This, as any ganja lover knows, is a total waste of good ganja. There are people who drink 10-12 cups of tea or coffee in a day. I would conjecture that these people feel less of the tea or coffee's effect than the person who drank 2-3 cups a day. It is the same with ganja or with even sex, for that matter.

Yes, there are people who are susceptible to smoking ganja excessively. What makes them do so is the same behavioural trait that results in them drinking too much or gambling too much or smoking too much tobacco. To generalize the behaviour of these outliers, and say that smoking ganja leads to excess, is insulting the intelligence of the moderate user who makes up the majority of the population. If one were to adopt this stance, then one must immediately ban opioids, alcohol and tobacco because there are enough persons who consume too much opioids or drink too much alcohol or smoke too much tobacco. Let us not forget pornography, gambling, gaming, soft drinks, junk food, etc. Then what about the greatest of addictions - the addiction to material wealth and power of the ruling and upper classes? This addiction has killed billions of humans, besides causing death and destruction to the whole world of nature. Should this addiction not be banned rather than banning the medicinal, spiritual intoxicant ganja that was used by the wise, who were poor in terms of material wealth and power, but rich in terms of wisdom and spiritual wealth? The poorest classes, including the spiritual mendicants, and the working classes of India used ganja as a means of protecting themselves from the addiction of money and material power, enabling them to lead healthy and contented lives. The rich ruling and upper classes took ganja away so that these wise majority of the people would develop an addiction for material wealth and power and would be themselves enslaved to it like the upper classes, and therefore enslaved to the upper classes themselves. As Aldous Huxley stated in his book The Doors of Perception in 1954 - "Contemplatives are not likely to become gamblers, or procurers, or drunkards; they do not as a rule preach intolerance, or make war; do not find it necessary to rob, swindle or grind the faces of the poor. And to these enormous negative virtues we may add another which, though hard to define, is both positive and important. The arhat and the quietist may not practice contemplation in its fullness; but if they practise it at all, they may bring back enlightening reports of another, a transcendent country of the mind; and if they practise it in the height, they will become conduits through which some beneficient influence can flow out of that other country into a world of darkened selves, chronically dying from lack of it." The entire banning of ganja on the basis of the few so-called "excessive users" is nothing but treating the general population as children or idiots without the capability of knowing what is wrong or right, and thus needing the intervention of the State to tell them what is right and wrong...

My thoughts in conclusion.

Overall, the information from these findings provide us with a view of what the consumption patterns, associated costs and revenues, are likely to be if cannabis is completely legalized today, along with no restrictions to its home growing. It also shows the extent to which regulation can stifle the cannabis culture, affecting especially the poorest sections of society, and leaving society vulnerable to more dangerous drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and opium, and the newer drugs - methamphetamine, novel psychotropic substances, etc. The information from the Commission's report regarding consumption amounts reinforces the fact that if cannabis is freely available, the overwhelming majority of persons will consume it moderately and responsibly, contrary to the claims of prohibitionists that it will wreck society. In fact, the figures correspond with the average consumption rates we are seeing in the US and Canada today, where cannabis has been legalized for recreational purposes, thus showing that with global legalization this is likely to be the predominant global consumption pattern. The amount of cannabis consumed annually by most individual cannabis users in a fully legal environment will be about as much as the tea or coffee consumed annually.

The following is a rough conversion equivalent of the units of measurement used in the Commission's report from 1895.

1 tola ~ 12g
1 ser or seer ~ 933g
1 maund (40 ser or seer) ~ 37kg
1/4 anna ~ 1/64 of a rupee
1/2 anna ~ 1/32 of a rupee

Summary findings by the Hemp Commission.

Following are the summary findings by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 with regard to questions 25, 26, 28 and 31 from across the country.

 

 
Bengal Presidency. Consumption of ganja in the districts.
338. The districts where the consumption is highest come far behind the city of Calcutta. The favour in which the drug is held in the 24-Parganas is probably due in great measure to the neighbourhood of Calcutta; but it is also in evidence that the inhabitants of low and swampy tracts and the river population are specially addicted to it. Similar reasons, Dacca being a large city, may account for the high consumption of the districts of Dacca and Mymensingh. The shops in Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Shahabad, Monghyr, Bhagalpur, and Purnea very probably get a good deal of their custom, besides the recorded export, from beyond the frontiers of Bengal. Puri is a great resort of religious mendicants and similar people who are the most determined consumers of ganja. In other directions it is difficult to account for the great difference in the rate of consumption, as shown by the retail sales, in districts which adjoin one another, and in which very similar physical and economic conditions apparently prevail. Why, for instance, should Dinajpur be abstemious, lying as it does in the midst of districts which all show a full average consumption? It may be due to the absence of large rivers and of riverside population. But this explanation will not apply to Noakhali, which shows the smallest sale in the whole province, and is situated between Tippera and Chittagong, the former of which the Excise Commissioner regards as a district of heavy consumption, and the latter being not very exceptional in this respect. The consumption of opium and liquor is also very low in Noakhali. The witness quoted does not make special mention in this place of the religious classes. He states elsewhere (answer 20) that the number of a special class of them in his district is about 1 in 100 souls, which is not a small proportion. The addition of the other classes of religious ascetics and mendicants will give a considerably higher ratio, and the district will then have a full average proportion of these people. They have probably therefore entered into the enquiries and calculations of the witness which may be accepted as fairly representative of all classes of consumers, including that which is notorious for excessive use of the hemp drugs

Tracts in which different degrees of use prevail of ganja.
339. The figures of retail sale mark off large continuous tracts, which can be distinguished from one another by their degrees of consumption, though it may not be easy to account for the differences between them. Thus the consumption is consistently low throughout the four hill districts of the Chota Nagpur Division, the comparatively high rate of Lohardaga being due in all probability to the fact that Ranchi, the head-quarters of the division, has a considerable population of foreigners. Manbhum in the Chota Nagpur Division, Bankura and Midnapur in the Burdwan Division, and Balasore in Orissa form the skirt of the southwestern hill tract, and are content with one maund of ganja for every 25,000 of the population. There is probably a certain amount of smuggling from the Hill States into these districts, but it can hardly be sufficient to affect their character as ganja consumers in the comparison now being made. Northeast and east of Calcutta lies a huge tract of low consumption, comprising the districts of Noakhali, Khulna, Jessore, Nadia, Backergunge, and Faridpur. This fact hardly bears out the theory that residence in low-lying country and river-side life are very intimately connected with the ganja habit. In the districts situated immediately west and north-west of Calcutta, and in the Rajshahi Division and in Malda, the consumption is about average. Further west, in the Patna Division, the consumption falls off.

Area of heavier consumption of ganja marked off.
340. The province might possibly be divided into two portions so as to indicate consumption above and below the average. A straight line drawn from Monghyr on the Ganges to Raipura on the Megna in the Noakhali district, and turned north and east at the respective ends direct to the frontiers of the province, would mark off broadly the portion in which consumption exceeds one maund to 15,000 of the population. It would include all the river population on the Ganges and Brahmaputra between the two places named. South and west of this line there would be found only Calcutta, the 24-Parganas, and Puri with consumption exceeding the above figure.

Incidence of consumption in the whole population.
341. The consumption of the whole province, including Calcutta, is one maund to 13,000 of the population, and excluding Calcutta one maund to 14,000. This maund consists of the drug as issued from the local golas, while the figures of consumption given by witnesses represent the quantity of the detached pieces of ganja as they are manipulated for use. Allowing for the waste between the gola and the chillum, it will be fair to put the consumption at one maund to 16,000 of the population

Bengal Presidency.
342. The Excise Commissioner reports that the average retail price of ganja is Rs. 20 per sér. It ranges from Rs. 12 in Calcutta, Patna, Cuttack, and Chittagong to above Rs. 30 in Mymensingh, or from 2 1/2 annas to more than 6 annas per tola, the average being 4 annas. It appears from the evidence that 1/16th of a tola is the smallest quantity that will suffice for one chillum, and that more is required if more than two or three smokers have to partake of it. That quantity apparently affords one smoke to two persons, and the refreshment seems to be generally taken twice a day. For the most moderate habitual smokers, therefore, 1/16th of a tola may be taken as the daily allowance. This represents an expenditure of 1/4 anna a day and a yearly allowance of 23 tolas. But Mr. Gupta reports, and he is corroborated by the great bulk of the witnesses, that the average allowance is higher than this, lying between 1/4 anna and 1/2 anna per diem. Accepting this opinion, the daily cost to the moderate consumer may be put at 4 1/2 pies, and the yearly allowance at 35 tolas. In order to frame an estimate of the total number of consumers who are supplied by the yearly sale of excised ganja, the excess allowance of excessive consumers has to be added to this figure.

Bengal Presidency. Proportion of excessive consumers of ganja.
343. The following very clear statement on the subject of moderate and excessive consumption may be quoted from the evidence of Babu Gobind Chandra Das, Deputy Magistrate and Collector of Malda:— "I have taken some statistics on this point. The ganja shop at this town of Englishbazar sells ganja at the rate of Rs. 20 a sér. I enquired of a large number of persons who come to purchase ganja at this shop as to their daily consumption of their drug. Altogether 378 persons were examined. Of these, 247 persons stated that they spent a pice (1/4 anna) a day on this drug, 106 persons gave 2 pice (1/2 anna) as their daily expenditure on ganja, whilst only 13, 7, 1, 3, and 1 stated their daily consumption to be 3 (3/4 anna), 4( 1 anna), 5 (11/4 annas), 8 (2 annas), and 10 (21/2 annas) pice respectively. I am sure most of these men understated their consumption to a very considerable extent. But looking to the fact that purchasers of ganja are not the only persons who consume the drug, and that a large number of persons who consume ganja do so at the expense of their richer companions, I think it is safe to say that the majority of ganja smokers do not spend more than two pice (1/2 anna) a day upon ganja. The retail price of ganja in this district is about Rs. 20, so that two pice (1/2 anna) can fetch a man only 1/8th tola of ganja. This is not sufficient for more than three chillums. I think it cannot be considered as excessive. On this datum it can be said that the majority of the ganja smokers are moderate consumers. As regards occasional consumers, all that can be said is that their number is extremely small. In fact, it is impossible for a man to consume even a pretty large quantity unless he is a habitual consumer and has kept up the habit by daily use." This estimate of daily moderate consumption is rather higher than has been adopted above on consideration of all the available evidence; but the witness's general conclusions appear to be sound. The extremely small proportion of excessive consumers is corroborated by many witnesses who have devoted care and thought to the question, though it falls below the estimate of the bulk of those who have contented themselves with simply putting down their opinions in figures without discussion or comment. The witness quoted does not make special mention in this place of the religious classes. He states elsewhere (answer 20) that the number of a special class of them in his district is about I in 100 souls, which is not a small proportion. The addition of the other classes of religious ascetics and mendicants will give a considerably higher ratio, and the district will then have a full average proportion of these people. They have probably therefore entered into the enquiries and calculations of the witness which may be accepted as fairly representative of all classes of consumers, including that which is notorious for excessive use of the hemp drugs.

Bengal Presidency. The standard of average moderate consumption of ganja.
344. The excessive consumers then must be regarded as bearing but a small proportion to the moderate—certainly not more than 5 per cent., or 1 to 20. And this accords with reason, for the bulk of the consumers of ganja are poor and cannot afford over-indulgence in a luxury which, in Bengal at all events, is not cheap. The yearly consumption of a moderate individual has been estimated at 35 tolas, and distributing the excess amount taken by immoderate users over the whole number of consumers, the individual allowance for a year may be put at 40 tolas, which is half a sér or one-eightieth of a maund. By this measure the number of consumers of excised ganja is easily calculated, and is shown in the attached statement.

345. A fair average consumption for the whole province, exclusive of the Native States, is 5,000 maunds, and this suffices for 400,000 smokers at the above allowance. The number of smokers in the total population of 71,271,000 is thus something over one half per cent. In Calcutta and the 24-Parganas together the smokers number more than 2 per cent. of the population. In the heavy consuming districts of Dacca, Mymensingh, and Bhagalpur they are about 1 per cent. In only a few other districts in the divisions of Rajshahi, Bhagalpur, Patna, and Orissa do they exceed one-half per cent. Smoking is practically confined to adult males. Assuming that these are one-quarter of the total population, the smokers do not number more than one man in 50 over the whole province. The above calculation of the daily and yearly allowance does not probably err on the side of excess, and it follows that the estimate of the number of consumers is rather over than under the mark. It is to be noted that Babu Hem Chunder Kerr estimated the consumption per head at 1 1/2 sérs per annum, or three times the amount here adopted. At the average price of ganja, Rs. 20 per sér, the Commission's estimate of half a sér is equivalent to a yearly expenditure of Rs. 10, and it is not likely that the poor people, who form the great bulk of the consumers, could afford more than this amount.

Bengal Presidency. Extent of use of bhang.
346. The use of bhang does not admit of a similar survey being made, because the wild plant grows in such quantity over a large part of the province, and passes into consumption freely without the intervention of the Excise Department. Excised bhang is sold in eight out of the nine divisions, the exception being Rajshahi; but in three other divisions—Dacca, Chittagong, and Orissa—the quantity is quite insignificant: In the Bhagalpur Division the sale is probably confined to the towns of Monghyr, Bhagalpur, and Deoghur in the Sonthal Parganas, which is a religious resort, and, all told, it is very small. There is an appreciable amount sold in Hazaribagh and Palamau of the Chota Nagpur Division, which would seem to show either that the hemp plant is not cultivated in the States of that Agency to any great extent, or that, if cultivated, it is not easily accessible to the people of these districts. From the evidence of direct restriction in these States, the former of these alternatives appears to be the fact. In the Burdwan Division also there is a certain sale. But Calcutta with the 24-Parganas, Patna, and Gaya are the only places where the excised drug finds any considerable market. There is a large sale in Shahabad of the Patna Division. The Collector's evidence would show that in this district, which contains the important city of Arrah, the hemp habit is more than commonly prevalent. But it is probable that, as in the case of ganja, there is some export to the North-Western Provinces.

347. The evidence shows that the occasional use of bhang in the form of drink is almost universal with Hindus, and that its regular use is uncommon among the inhabitants of Lower Bengal, but very prevalent among the people of Upper India. The habit is accordingly found to increase towards the frontier of the North-Western Provinces. All that the statistics can be held to show is that there is no sale for the excised drug where the wild growth is abundant. They are no guide as to the comparative prevalence of the habit in various parts of the province. Such deductions as can be made in the districts where the wild growth is absent or rare confirm the evidence that the habit of bhang drinking is uncommon with the Bengalis. Under these circumstances it is not worth while, even in these districts, to attempt to measure the prevalence of the habit with more exactness.

Bengal Presidency. Individual consumption of bhang.
348. But the evidence throws some light on the amount of individual consumption, and the statistics of Calcutta may prove interesting. The average total consumption of bhang in Calcutta during the last 5 years has been 440 maunds, which is about one maund to 2,000 of the population, or somewhat less than the rate of ganja consumption measure for measure. The retail price of the drug is about Rs. 2 1/2 or Rs. 3 per sér (memo. and witness 123). The daily allowance is very irregular. It is stated by Babu Hem Chunder Kerr that moderate use ranges from 1/2 tola to 2 tolas a day, and by others that 1/4 tola is the usual allowance, and that even this small amount is sometimes made to last for two or three days. The explanation of this irregularity is probably to be found in the facts that the drug is cheap, that it is not very potent, and large doses do not therefore produce unpleasant consequences; that the preparation of the drink is somewhat troublesome and inconvenient; and that the intermittent and occasional use as a cooling draught is common. A yearly allowance of 2 1/2 sérs represents a daily use of little over 1/2 a tola in quantity and 1/4 anna in price—figures which appear reasonable and in accordance with the evidence. At this rate the yearly sale of Calcutta would supply about 7,000 persons. There are many consumers, especially up-country people, who take more than the allowance on which this calculation is based. But, on the other hand, the above number must be multiplied by a high figure if it is sought to include all who take the drug occasionally.

Bengal Presidency. Extent of use of charas.
349. Charas is an expensive luxury, and its use in Bengal is very limited. The total consumption in the city of Calcutta and the district of Murshidabad is only 11 maunds. The Excise Commissioner reports that the average price of charas is Rs. 40 a sér, or double that of ganja. The dose seems to be about the same as that of ganja in each smoke. But the drug is used by people of better means. It is therefore in all probability taken more liberally, and excess is more common. The individual cost would therefore come to far more than double the cost of ganja. The daily allowance might be put at 1/4 tola, costing 2 annas. The yearly consumption would thus be about one sér per head of the consumers, and the total import of 11 maunds 26 sérs would suffice for 466 persons. It may be noted that in Bengal charas is reputed to be weaker than ganja. It is possible that this may be true as the result of deterioration of the former in coming from the Punjab.

Bengal Presidency. Sales to retail vendors.
350. The figures relating to ganja consumed in the province for the last 20 years, as shown by the sales to retail vendors in the various districts, show a large decrease from the first period of 5 years. The figures are as follows:— Average. Maunds. 1873-78 7,111; 1878-83 5,297; 1883-88 5,249; 1888-93 5,133. The proportions of the various kinds of ganja have varied considerably during these periods, but, after having attempted to estimate the effect of these variations, the Commission find that the general result is the same as that above. shown, viz., that consumption has been stationary during the last 15 years, but that the average consumption has been much less than that of the previous 5 years. The increase of population, however, during this period must not be lost sight of. It amounted to about 7 1/2 per cent. between 1881 and 1891, and, notwithstanding this, there was no increase in consumption during this period. In districts where the consumption has decreased, there are witnesses who say that the enhanced cost of ganja has reduced, and is reducing, the habit. Evidence is not wanting, however, to show that other causes also may have been at work to produce the result. The growing taste for liquor is one of the principal causes mentioned. This refers to the superior classes. One deposition alone (Patna District Board, 248) states that the low price of country liquor has caused a decrease in the sale of ganja among the inferior classes. This evidence, however, is contrary to the view held by the Excise Commissioner, who states in his memorandum (paragraph 65) that liquor, even in Bihar, is much dearer than ganja. Babu Hem Chunder Kerr attributes decrease to the disrepute in which the habit is held and the belief that its effects are baneful. An Utopian zamindar, a Muhammadan, attributes the decrease to the enlargement of the peoples' minds by education, the action of temperance associations, the publication of treatises and tracts which condemn the drugs, and the spread of civilization. In the statements of witnesses who endeavour to explain the increase alleged to have occurred in their own particular districts, the following reasons for such increase are given. In exact contradiction to the evidence that the growing taste for liquor is reducing the consumption of ganja among the better classes, it is now occasionally stated that the great cost of the liquor habit and its deleterious effects are making the same classes go back to ganja. Among the lower classes the raising of the price of liquor under the central distillery system is also said to be a direct encouragement to ganja. It is even stated that the example of the better classes is an encouragement to the lower, although the weight of evidence tends to show that the former are abandoning ganja. The better wages earned by the labouring classes, who are the principal consumers of ganja, is sometimes held to account for the increase. Bad seasons and consequent want of means have, it is said, brought the cheapest intoxicant into favour. As a special cause is mentioned the recent establishment of a new form of worship of Trinath in Eastern Bengal. The existence of the shops is said to be a direct incentive to consumption, but the statement of witness (202) that the officers of Government make strenuous efforts to push the sale, presumably for the sake of the revenue, was not sustained under oral examination. Some of the above reasons apply also to the increased consumption of bhang, which is far cheaper than ganja. And another very good reason is given in respect to this form of the drug, viz., the influx of up-country workers into the mills and similar industries of Calcutta and its neighbourhood.

Bengal Presidency. Reasons for local increase or decrease.
351. The above analysis of the evidence gives some of the reasons alleged by individual witnesses for local increase or decrease, and indicates the various causes which have assisted or interfered with the general tendency to decrease which is manifested in the provincial statistics as a whole.

Kuch Behar.
352. The statistics furnished by the Kuch Behar State show an average retail sale of 76 maunds, which by the standard of the province should supply 6,000 consumers, or more than 1 per cent. of the population. The consumption seems to be stationary, though there is a gradual decrease of retail sale in the last three years.

Tributary States of Chota Nagpur and Orissa and Hill Tippera.
353. There are no means whatever of judging of the extent of use in these States.

North-Western Provinces. The use of the three forms of the drug in various parts.
354. In the North-Western Provinces all three drugs—ganja, charas, and bhang—are very largely consumed. Bhang is used everywhere, and there is no evidence to show that the use is more common in one part of the province than another, if the Kumaon Division be excepted. It would appear that in the mountains the drug is only drunk or eaten in the form of majum by a few well-todo people in the towns at the Holi festival. But the consumption is heavy in particular spots, such as Mathra, the home of the Chaubes, who appear to be the greatest and most notorious bhang drinkers in the whole of India, and Benares and other holy places on the Ganges. With regard to ganja and charas, the province may be divided into three parts. In the western portion, consisting of the divisions of Meerut, Rohilkhand, and Kumaon, ganja is hardly used at all. The statistics show no imports except at Shahjahanpur, which is on the extreme east of this section of the province. The drug in favour here is charas to the exclusion of ganja. In the eastern and southern portion, comprising the divisions of Benares, Gorakhpur, Allahabad, and great part of Fyzabad, ganja holds the field, though not to the exclusion of charas, except in the districts bordering on Bundelkhand. In the central portion of the province, comprising the Agra and Lucknow Divisions and part of the Allahabad and Fyzabad Divisions, both drugs seem to be freely consumed.

North-Western Provinces. Consumption compared with population of ganja.
355. In dealing with the trade of the province, the figure of imports of ganja given in the statistics was accepted in full view of Mr. Stoker's caution that it was not reliable, and his estimate that the import was between 4,000 and 4,500 maunds. For the present purpose the same figure, though in excess of Mr. Stoker's figure, may be taken; for it is necessary to include the local unexcised ganja, which no doubt comes into use in some quantity. In Bengal but small allowance was made for waste, and since figures of sale to retail vendors were supplied, only the waste which took place between the local gola and the chillum had to be considered. In dealing with the drug in the state in which it is imported, and with an import the greater part of which consists of an article which is less carefully prepared and far less valuable than Bengal ganja, a much higher allowance for waste must be made. Taking all things into consideration, it is doubtful if the consumption can be fairly fixed at more than 3,500 maunds. The North-Western Provinces give no figures of retail sale to aid this calculation. The total population of the province is 47,000,000 and one maund of ganja therefore suffices for some 13,000 persons. If the population of the divisions of Meerut, Rohilkhand, and Kumaon, where ganja is not used, be deducted (about 12,000,000), the maund of ganja suffices for only 10,000 persons. Judged by the Bengal standard, this is a high figure; but the cheapness and comparative weakness of the greater part of the drug consumed in the North-Western Provinces may well induce a liberal use, and this result may approximate to the truth.

North-Western Provinces. Individual consumption of ganja.
356. Mr. Stoker does not accept Babu Hem Chunder Kerr's estimate of average consumption per head at the high figure of 1 1/2 sérs. At 6 annas a tola this means Rs. 45 a year, and this is obviously quite beyond the means of the consumers of average means. The individual consumption in Bengal has been estimated at half a sér, or Rs. 10 per annum. Mr. Stoker, dealing with a drug or mixed drug that costs less than baluchar, calculates the individual consumption at one sér, and the whole supply of 4,500 maunds as sufficient for 180,000 smokers. By the Bengal standard 3,500 maunds would supply 280,000 persons. It seems proper to make allowance for the cheapness of the drug and adopt the mean of the above calculations, or 230,000. This represents something less than 1/2 per cent. of the population. In the cities, baluchar sells at 6 annas a tola. It is cheaper in the villages probably because it is adulterated with pathar, which is anything from one twelfth to one-sixth of the price of the other. If the average annual allowance of something less than one sér be regarded as being composed of 1/4 baluchar and 3/4 pathar, the cost comes to a reasonable figure.

North-Western Provinces. Extent of use of charas.
357. With regard to charas, Mr. Stoker estimates the individual consumption at half a sér per annum. For Calcutta it was put as high as one sér, because it was regarded as a luxury of the comparatively wealthy. But it does not hold that position in the North-Western Provinces. The evidence shows that it is used by the poor more than by the rich. In many places it is actually cheaper than baluchar ganja, and being stronger less of it is used at a time. It is probable that Mr. Stoker's estimate approximates to the truth, and that the 1,150 maunds imported are consumed by about 92,000 persons. The use is most common in the Meerut, Rohilkhand, and Kumaon Divisions, and decreases towards the east of the province; but it is found in all districts, except those bordering on Bundelkhand, where the consumption is trifling. The consumers are at the above figure about one-fifth per cent. of the population, and this covers an addition for the small indigenous production of Kumaon.

North-Western Provinces. Extent of use of bhang.
358. Bhang is not used regularly like charas and ganja. There is reason to think that a large number of the better class of Hindus take it in extremely hot weather, and that it is a regular refreshment with a very large proportion of them in the summer. There are no statistics of consumption; the drug can often be had for almost nothing from the abundant wild growth, and is always very cheap. The price of bhang seems to range from 4 annas to as much as one rupee a sér in towns, tatia bhang from Farakhabad being more expensive than commoner kinds, while baluchar ganja is Rs. 20 to Rs. 30, charas Rs.7 1/2 to Rs. 25, Nepal ganja going as high as Rs. 35 and Rs. 40 a sér, and pathar ganja Rs.2 1/2 to Rs. 5.

North-Western Provinces. Increase and decrease.
359. In the last twenty years, from 1873 to 1892, the hemp drug revenue of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh has grown from 4 to 7 lakhs. The increase in Oudh has been 193 per cent., and in the North-Western Provinces 50 per cent. It is from the figures of revenue, in the absence of statistics of retail sale, that deductions have to be made as to the rise or fall of the consumption of the drugs.

North-Western Provinces. Connection between the use of liquor and hemp drugs.
360. Mr. Stoker connects these fluctuations in some important instances with changes in the administration of the liquor excise. He shows pretty conclusively that the hemp drug revenue has risen when the price of liquor has been raised, and that it has fallen when under the establishment of the outstill instead of the central distillery system liquor has been made more plentiful and more cheap. It is stated that the liquor revenue has in the same period grown from 17 to 32 lakhs, and that the enhanced revenue has been raised on a diminished issue of liquor. If there is this intimate relation between liquor and the hemp drugs, it seems to follow that the decreased consumption of liquor must have been accompanied by an increased consumption of the hemp drugs. And to this a reasonable addition must be made on account of an increase of 5 millions in the population in the twenty years' period. There is no reason to doubt that increase of consumption assignable to these two causes has actually occurred, for they are to all intents and purposes independent of any check or restriction arising out of the present system of hemp drug excise. The evidence shows that bhang has not got dearer; that the enhanced cost of baluchar, due to the Bengal duty, has been counteracted by the supply of a cheaper article; and that charas has actually been falling in price, thanks to improved communications.

North-Western Provinces. Increase of revenue due to improved administration.
361. Besides indicating the relationship between the liquor and the hemp drug habits, the figures of revenue, great though the expansion has been, do not go far to assist in ascertaining whether the consumption of the hemp drugs has grown or not. There is the probability that the demand has increased, bringing greater profits and consequently more keen competition amongst the purchasers of the farms. But Mr. Stoker's remarks lead to the belief that the enhancement of the revenue has been due partly to improved management, resulting in the checking of clandestine practices, or, as he describes it, the stopping of "leakage." To judge by the instances given, losses of this sort were very considerable; and this reform, together with the prevention of smuggling and illicit traffic, would go far to account for the increase.

North-Western Provinces. Direct testimony as to increase.
362. Turning to the evidence, there is little definite testimony of increased consumption, in which it is clear that the opinion is based on actual observation. There are not in this province as there are in Bengal definite statistics on which to form an opinion as to increase or decrease. The preponderance of testimony is in favour of increasing consumption, and the high price of liquor is more frequently alleged as the cause than anything else. Witness (20) makes a very definite statement on this point. Allied to the reason connected with liquor is found the closing of chandu and madak shops mentioned by some witnesses. Other causes given are the accessibility and cheapness of the drugs, the weakening of social and religious restraints, facilities for travelling leading to the circulation of bad habits, general demoralization, and the increase of poverty and the number of sadhus and mendicants. It is stated by some witnesses that under Moghal rule the drugs were prohibited and their consumption suppressed by penalties such as whipping and mutilation, and that the present liberty has degenerated into license. On the other hand, the perversity which drives people to do what is restricted or prohibited is alleged by another as the cause of increase. Another attributes increase to experience of the beneficial effects of use of the drugs. It appears that there is an organized movement among the Kayasths which forbids the drinking of liquor, and that these people are taking to bhang instead. Some witnesses allege that irrigation in rendering the country damp and cold makes the drugs a necessity, and one that the use of charas is increasing because the drug "is generally prepared and sold (as retail dealing) by the fair sex in large towns." This last matter was taken up by the Commission, and will be noticed further on.

North-Western Provinces. Direct evidence of decrease.
363. But the evidence is not all on the side of increase. Some witnesses think that the consumption is stationary, and some that it is decreasing. The principal cause of decrease alleged is the change of habit among the higher classes and the better-to-do of the lower in the direction of liquor. The high cost of the drugs has, according to one or two witnesses, caused people to abandon them.

North-Western Provinces. Competition between ganja and charas.
364. There is some evidence that ganja is being supplanted by charas in public favour. Mr. Wall, late Commissioner of Excise, wrote as far back as 1881: "From the large proportion which charas bears to other drugs in large cities like Allahabad and Benares, and from the increase in license fees for sale of charas which is noticed by the Bengal Government, it is highly probable that charas is coming into favour. It is, in fact, said that within the last few years, owing to increased duty levied on baluchar ganja in Lower Bengal, the consumption of charas has largely increased everywhere." Charas is now even cheaper as compared with Bengal ganja than it was then, and there is some evidence that the change is still going on.

Rampur. Extent of use of the drugs.
365. The Revenue Member of the Rampur Council of Regency (35) states that people smoke ganja and charas everywhere in the North-Western Provinces and in the State of Rampur. Rampur, however, is situated in the Rohilkhand Division, where charas appears to be used almost exclusively. It is probable, therefore, that the statement about the use of ganja in Rampur is rather too general. This witness also alleges that the use of all three drugs is increasing because they are cheap, and they are not forbidden by the Hindu religion.

Tehri Garhwal. Extent of use of the drugs.
366. The use of the drugs in Tehri Garhwal is probably as prevalent as it is in Kumaon and British Garhwal. There is no special information for the State, but from the evidence of witness (49) it may be assumed that charas is the only form of the drug used; that its use is not extensive, but possibly spreading through "a growing tendency to take narcotics of all kinds."

Punjab Province. Extent of use. Charas and bhang are used, not ganja.
367. In the Punjab the use of ganja disappears, the indications of its existence being found only in the statements of occasional witnesses. It has no place in the excise arrangements. Charas and bhang are used to a greater or less extent in all parts of the province. Regarding bhang, the Excise Commissioner admits that a certain quantity is consumed without passing through the hands of the licensed vendors, but he does not think that it is very great, because the people of the parts in which the plant grows wild are not addicted to its use, while the retail price (three or four annas a sér) is so small that it is not worth while for a consumer to attempt to obtain a supply elsewhere than from the nearest licensed shop. There is, however, reason to believe that in the south-west corner of the province, where the use of bhang is most prevalent and cultivation is carried on to the extent of about 100 acres, a considerable share of the locally grown drug escapes excise. Regarding charas also, it is probable that the figures of retail sale do not represent the full consumption. These considerations do not, however, affect the view of comparative consumption of the two drugs over the province which the Excise Commissioner has presented in his memorandum, except possibly that the consumption of bhang in the south-east corner may be larger than is represented.

Punjab Province. Extent of use of charas.
368. Taking charas first, it will be seen that its use is most prevalent in the Ludhiana district, and to a somewhat less degree in the Himalayan districts, and in and about the cities of Delhi, Umballa, Amritsar, Lahore, and Peshawar, and that generally the eastern half of the province has decidedly more inclination to the drug than the western half. The measure by which the two halves of the province are differentiated is a consumption of 5 ounces by 100 of population. This measure might be raised to 6 ounces on account of defective registration of sale, and expressed in the terms used for Bengal in this report as one maund to 21,500 of the population. The rate of consumption in Ludhiana is double of this, or one maund in 10,000 and in the greater part of the western half of the province is hardly more than one maund to 60,000.

Punjab Province. Individual consumption of charas.
369. In the North-Western Provinces Mr. Stoker estimated the individual consumption of charas at half a sér per annum. In the Punjab a somewhat higher rate might be adopted because the drug is cheaper, the price to consumers ranging from Rs. 4 to Rs. 15 per sér in this province, while in the North-Western Provinces it was Rs.7 1/2 to Rs.25. If the number of consumers be taken at 60 instead of 80 to the maund, the total number for a total consumption of 1,200 maunds will be 72,000. The divisions of Delhi, Jullundur, and Lahore consume five times as much as Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the Derajat, and there must therefore be 60,000 consumers in the former to 12,000 in the latter. In this comparison also the province falls into the same halves as before, for the consumption of the districts of Montgomery, Multan, and Jhang in the Lahore Division barely reaches 20 maunds, and does not therefore materially affect the figures.

Punjab Province. Extent of use of bhang.
370. The total retail sale of bhang on the average of the last five years is 3,800 maunds. This probably falls considerably short of the actual consumption owing to the existence of the wild growth in many districts, the regular cultivation which is carried on in the south-western districts, and the homestead cultivation which seems to prevail all over the province to a limited extent. A very appreciable supply must be got direct from these three sources without the intervention of the licensed vendors. Maunds 4,200 would represent a supply of one maund to every 5,000 of the population. The Excise Commissioner finds that the south-eastern districts have the heaviest consumption, 100 to 145 oz. to 100 of the population, or about one maund to 1,000 persons; the central districts come next with about one maund to 4,000 of the population, and the rest of the province consumes one maund to about 8,000, except that the districts of Delhi and Ludhiana almost come up to the districts of heaviest consumption.

Punjab Province. Estimate of number of bhang consumers.
371. Bhang is so cheap, 3 or 4 annas a sér, as to give very wide latitude for individual indulgence. On the other hand, a great share of the consumers, perhaps the majority, are above the class of the very poor, and the drug is to a great extent used with ingredients which are more or less expensive. Occasional use, either regulated by the season, or prompted by the weather, or connected with social and religious observances, is also very common. These things make it extremely difficult to state any estimate of the number of consumers, though a figure of total consumption has been arrived at. It is very doubtful if more than about half of the total consumption, or 2,000 maunds, is taken by regular and habitual consumers. For such persons, at the price given above, two tolas a day, or ten sérs in the year, would not be an extravagant allowance. The cost of this would be less than three rupees a year, and the ingredients would bring the expenditure up to about Rs. 10. The number of habitual consumers would thus be about 8,000. This estimate of individual consumption accords with the evidence on the particular point. The occasional consumers are many times more numerous. The description which is to follow of the "classes of consumers" and of the "social and religious customs" connected with the use of the drugs will throw more light on the extent of the occasional use of bhang. The use as a summer drink seems to be much more common in the northern parts of India, which are characterized by intense dry heat, than in the southern. The dividing line might be drawn with fair accuracy from the Runn of Cutch to Darjeeling.

Punjab Province. Increase and decrease. The evidence of the statistics.
372. The statistical table in the form prescribed by the Commission gives retail sales from the year 1875-76 to 1892-93. But in the first five of these years it is obvious that the figures include transactions other than retail sale in column 45. From 1881-82 onwards there is a steady increase in the figure for charas, interrupted only by a fall in the year 1890-91, which, however, was more than made up by the rise of the following year. In the year 1892-93 the figure is 6 maunds less than in 1891-92. As regards bhang, the figures of the whole period 1880-81 to 1892-93 do not offer any definite suggestion of increase or decrease. Their regularity might, however, tend to remove the hesitation which the Commission feel in accepting the figures for charas as a reliable index of consumption if it were not that bhang is so cheap that there can be little temptation either to smuggling outside the shops or the keeping of incorrect accounts within them. The sale of other preparations of hemp shows a steady decrease. These preparations must include majum and other sweetmeats into which hemp enters. They are not very important, and it is not therefore worth while to speculate whether the decrease of sale means a real decrease of consumption or not. It would be necessary to proceed on mere conjecture, for the evidence and Government papers throw no light on the subject.

Punjab Province. Bhang.
373. Regarding rise or fall in the consumption of bhang also, there is little to be said. Mr. Drummond states that the use of this form of the drug is increasing in the southeastern districts, and that caste movements against alcohol, enhanced cost of spirits, and growing prosperity among the Jats may account for it. But there is little other evidence to indicate increase, and the statistics of the Delhi Division do not suggest it. On the contrary, there is evidence that the better classes are giving up bhang for liquor—a change of habit which has been noticed in other provinces.
 
Punjab Province. Evidence regarding charas.
374. The steady and considerable increase which the statistics of the consumption of charas shew in the last ten years is not reflected in the evidence in a very decided manner. It is true there are some who allege increase as being caused by the development of the Central Asian trade, the fall in the price of charas, the increase in the number of shops, the increase of population, and the addition to the number of poor and idle people. But there are many who allege decrease; and the more weighty opinions are all in favour of the view that the use is neither increasing nor decreasing. It is true that during the last three years there has been a great development of the trade in charas, but the excess imports have for the most part passed over the Punjab into other provinces and territories, and only a portion of the increase appears from the figures to have stayed in the province. The figures in column 45 of the statement do not appear to be derived from accounts of actual retail sale. They are the exact difference of columns 12 and 16, and the explanatory note attached to the table shows that they are got by subtracting the exports from the imports. In saying that "it is one of the incidental advantages which we expect to derive from the proposed new arrangements that we shall be able to register the import trade efficiently and acquire a proper control over it," the Excise Commissioner appears to admit that the record of imports into the province is not reliable even yet. He considers the statistics of consumption fairly accurate. They were derived in 1892-93 from a comparison of the imports and exports in each district in order, as he says, to give reliable figures of the quantity retained in each district for consumption. But whatever method was employed in 1892-93 seems to have been also employed in previous years, for the figures in column 45 are throughout merely the difference between columns 12 and 16. The Commission therefore have considerable doubt as to the correctness of the figures as indicating a steady increase to consumption for the last 13 years from 480 maunds to 1,020 maunds. This apparent increase may be due to improved methods of registration.

Punjabs States. Extent of use.
375. The Native States of the Punjab all lie, with the exception of Bahawalpur, in the eastern of the two halves into which the province is divided in reference to its habit of consuming charas. Leaving Bahawalpur out of consideration for the present, there is no reason to suppose that the States, either those which are wholly or partly in the Himalayas, or those which are in the plain, differ in any material respect from the British territory with which they are intermingled in regard to this habit. It hardly seems necessary to make any exception of the State of Nabha, where the hemp drugs are said to be prohibited. A continuous area of heavy consumption of charas is thus determined, comprising all those parts of the Punjab and North-Western Provinces lying between Lahore and Shahjahanpur. As regards bhang also, the description of the habit in the province must be held to apply to these States. There is no official report from Bahawalpur, but the information which has been collected confirms the idea which is suggested by the position of the State, with reference to the Punjab and Sind, that it is a bhang-consuming country. Ganja is hardly used at all, and charas but little. The use of bhang is more common in the western than the eastern half of the State.

Central Provinces. The statistics of 1892-93 relied upon.
376. The figures of consumption of ganja given in paragraph 52 of the Excise Memorandum show since 1887-88 increase in every district except Hoshangabad and Narsinghpur. The decrease in these two districts is small; the increase in several districts is large. There may have been some increase in the habit in this period—a point which will be discussed later on; but the reports and evidence leave no doubt that the bulk of the increase in registered sale is due to improved administration and success in suppressing the use of the unexcised drug. This being the case, the figures of the last year, 1892-93, furnish a better basis for a survey of the consumption throughout the province than do the figures of any other year or of an average of years.

The following table contains the material statistics of 1892-93:—
 

Central Provinces.
377. It will be seen from these figures that the area of heaviest consumption is the group of four districts, Balaghat, Seoni, Jubbulpore, and Mandla; and among these Balaghat uses the drug at double the rate of the other three. Next in order come the districts of the Chhattisgarh Division. After these the other districts along the northern frontier, Damoh, Saugor, Narsinghpur, and Hoshangabad, with the addition of Chhindwara. Then follow the districts on the western and southern frontiers, Nimar, Betul, and Wardha, with Nagpur and Bhandara. And far behind comes the district of Chanda. The first two of the above groups consume the drug at a higher rate than one maund to 10,000 of the population; the last three at less. Saugoris is included in the second group in spite of its apparently light consumption, because the large difference between it and the neighbouring district of Damoh in this respect confirms the evidence of illicit import given by reports and witnesses. Nagpur is placed in the fourth group in spite of its heavy sale compared with the other districts of the same group, because the consumption is to some degree foreign to the district, being connected with the troops at Kampti and other people who are attracted to the capital of the province. The high rate of consumption in Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, and Mandla may probably be associated with their physical characteristics and their very malarious climate, for they cover the central highlands of the province—a tract of mountains and dense forest.
 
Central Provinces. Estimate of individual consumption of ganja.
378. The evidence fixes the daily ration of ganja at about one-fourth of a tola. Making allowance for the custom of smoking in company, a lower rate ought probably to be adopted. And, on the other hand, the comparative cheapness and inferiority of the drug suggests a higher allowance than was thought appropriate for the Bengal calculations. The allowance of 64 tolas in the year, costing Rs. 5 to 8, or 50 consumers to the maund, appears to be a just medium. At this rate the number of consumers in the province would be about 60,000. A considerable share of the excise ganja is used as bhang under the name of desi bhang. It seems to consist of the leaves and bracts, and often perhaps of the flowers themselves, picked off the ganja stalks. A reduction has to be made on this account if the number of smokers only is to be ascertained. On the other hand, some addition has to be made for the use of smuggled ganja. It will perhaps be sufficient to regard 60,000 as the number of smokers of ganja, for the estimate does not pretend to exactness. This gives a percentage of .6 on the population of 10,000,000.

Central Provinces. Increase of use of ganja.
379. The evidence on the point of increase or decrease of use is very contradictory. In full view of many of the witnesses is the fact of the great and steady increase of the revenue and registered consumption in seven or eight districts, and their opinion as to the growth or decline of the use are doubtless affected by it. It has been stated above that the Commission attribute this increase for the most part to improved administration. Many witnesses hold this view, and none controvert it. But there are some who think that the extended use of the drug has materially contributed to the enhanced revenue. The Judicial Commissioner, Mr. Neill, has discussed the matter rather fully. He believes that the use has increased because (I) he is so informed by natives of sound and sober judgment; (2) the consumption and revenue have been steadily growing up to date, whereas "if it was only that taxed ganja was substituted for untaxed and illicitly obtained ganja, the great increase would have shown itself in the earlier years after cultivation of the ganja-bearing plant was placed under restriction, imports watched, and all illicit cultivation severely punished;" (3) the increase has occurred notwithstanding that the price of ganja has been raised to five times what it was in 1875-76; (4) as high a still-head duty as possible has been placed on liquor, and ganja is comparatively a cheap and convenient, because portable, stimulant; and (5) the excise arrangements have advertised the drug and made it popular, and supplied a superior quality of it. These arguments include nearly all that have been urged by other witnesses, except the one that with those who seek a stimulant, the hemp drugs have the advantage over liquor that they are not prohibited by the Hindu religion. But after all Mr. Neill, like the vast majority of the witnesses all over India, appears not to speak from personal observation of the use. The evidence of Colonel Doveton, Conservator of Forests, is important as bearing upon the use of ganja among the jungle tribes. He describes this as more common than formerly. It is to be regretted that more information has not been furnished to explain the extraordinary high consumption in the Balaghat district, which must have a large population of the jungle tribes, and, it may be added, the great increase of the sale in the last five years. The construction of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway must have had considerable effect in the consumption of the districts through which it passes east of Balaghat. Special enquiries are being made by the Central Provinces Government regarding the increased consumption in the districts where it is most marked.

Central Provinces. Increase on the balance of evidence.
380. There are not wanting witnesses to assert that the use is on the decrease, and many believe that there is neither increase nor decrease. The statistics show that in ten districts there is either decrease or no very remarkable increase in the retail sale in the last five years. But the Commission, looking to the balance of evidence supported by the statistics, cannot resist the conclusion that increased use accounts in some measure for the general growth of the revenue and registered consumption. They note that in more than one place the increase of revenue is attributed in part to the supply of a superior quality of drug. That the Khandwa drug is superior may be the case, but there is evidence that the local produce is preferred in the extreme east of the province, and it is in these regions that the greatest increase has occurred.

Feudatory States. Extent of use.
381. The supply of Khandwa ganja to the Feudatory States and zamindaris has steadily increased during the last ten years from 80 maunds to 273 (paragraph 66 of Excise Memorandum). The final figure represents a consumption by 13,650 smokers by the standard used for the calculations of the province. There is no evidence to show that the use has increased or decreased. The zamindars and feudatories had an ample supply of ganja of local growth before the Excise Department undertook to supply them, and it is possible that the old sources of supply of local growth are not yet quite closed, though the evidence shows the contrary.
 
Madras Presidency.
382. In the Madras Presidency the only form of the drug which need be considered for the present purpose is ganja. Charas is only very exceptionally used, and there is no record of the amount imported. Bhang is not a distinct article from ganja. The liquid preparations, as well as the sweetmeats and electuaries, are made from ganja. Preparations of the latter class occupy a much more prominent place in the evidence of witnesses than they do in other parts of India, and this would suggest that they are in more common use.

Madras. The statistics of retail sale do not show the full consumption of ganja.
383. The statistics furnished by the Madras Government give 67,000 sérs as the retail sale of ganja for 1892-93. It has been ascertained that these are sérs of 80 tolas, and the registered consumption is therefore 1,675 Indian maunds. In a previous chapter it was estimated that the share of the Madras produce which stayed at home was 3,500 maunds. A considerable reduction has to be made from this on account of waste to arrive at the amount which actually goes into consumption. The general tenor of the Madras evidence must also be noted. The same general unfamiliarity on the part of the witnesses with the facts relating to consumption which has been found more or less all over India exists in Madras also, and perhaps to a greater degree. The returns of retail sales obtained from the shops cannot represent more than a portion of the consumption of the Presidency, for there is ample evidence to show that the drug is freely handed about, and it has been admitted in official reports that the consumption is much larger than was supposed.

Madras Presidency. Use of ganja in different parts of the Presidency.
384. The figures of retail sale place the districts in the following order as regards their rate of consumption: Madras, Kistna, Trichinopoly, Bellary, North Arcot, Tanjore, Malabar, Vizagapatam, Godavari, South Arcot, Madura, Salem, Cuddapah, South Canara, Coimbatore, Nellore, Tinnevelly, Chingleput, Ganjam, Anantapur, and Kurnool (Nilgiris no figures furnished). The evidence leaves the impression that the use is most common in the Northern Circars and gradually diminishes to the south until the Nilgiris are reached, where, according to some witnesses, the percentage of consumers on the population is high. The statistics and the evidence, therefore, do not agree; for, according to the former, Ganjam takes a very low place, while some southern districts are high on the list. It appears, however, from the evidence that the people of the northern hill tracts prefer opium, and consume little of the hemp drugs. The latter are used principally in Vizianagram and the seaport towns. The non-consuming population of the hill tracts would materially affect the rate of consumption as deduced from the figures. Kistna may owe its high position to other than strictly retail sales, as it is a district of production, and the same may be the case with North Arcot. Trichinopoly and Bellary have troops and probably heavy consumption in the cities to account for their retail sales being high. The position of Malabar is justified by the evidence as to the use in that part of the Presidency. The consumption of the City of Madras is probably indicated with fair accuracy by the figure of retail sale. It is lower than that of Bombay, which again is lower than that of Calcutta, the figures being— Calcutta, one maund to 1,400 Bombay " " 2,300 Madras " " 4,900.
 
Madras Presidency. The number of consumers of ganja.
385. Looking to the cheapness and comparative inferiority of Madras ganja, the average yearly allowance of the habitual consumer cannot be put at less than one full sér of 80 tolas, and the total number of regular consumers in the Presidency would then come to about 72,000, or .2 per cent. of the population. Attention has already been drawn to the apparent prevalence of the use of sweetmeats and other refined preparations concocted with ganja. The occasional use of these forms of the drug must extend to a very large share of the population over and above the number of regular consumers. There are also a certain number of drinkers of the liquid preparations.

Madras Presidency. Increase and decrease of use of ganja.
386. The preponderance of evidence is decidedly in favour of the view that the use of the hemp drugs is increasing. The causes assigned for increase are generally the same as those mentioned in other provinces, the high price of liquor taking a prominent place among them. The Collectors, however, are generally of opinion that the use is stationary or decreasing. When decrease is alleged, it is in most cases attributed to the restrictions brought about by the excise arrangements, the raising of the price of the drug, and the limitation of the number of places where it can be bought. The statements of witnesses Nos. 131 and 155 may be consulted on this point. It has also been pointed out that stray cultivation is being discouraged, though it has not been formally prohibited. Thus there are causes operating to modify the extent of use in both directions, and the Commission do not think that the evidence enables them to say which are the more potent, or to judge in any way what the actual consumption is.

Madras States.
387. The Travancore import has been estimated at 100 maunds, which would be sufficient for 4,000 consumers. The use appears to be more prevalent in the hilly and malarious tracts. Some alleged increase is attributed to the relaxation of religious sentiment in regard to the use of intoxicants and communication with foreigners. The information regarding the other States furnishes no facts of special interest.

Bombay Presidency.
388. Ganja is used in all parts of the Bombay Presidency, a large share of the consumption of it being in the form of sweetmeats and drink. Bhang is used in the Bombay City and the Northern Division. Charas is smoked in the City of Bombay only, and that in very small quantity.

Bombay Presidency. Use in different parts of the Presidency of ganja.
389. The figures of retail sale of ganja are wanting in some districts and irregular in others, so that it may be doubted if they can lay claim to accuracy even in the districts where they appear to be complete. Such as they are, they make the various districts take approximately the following order as regards their consumption of ganja: Dharwar, Bombay, Kanara, Bijapur, Nasik, Satara, Poona, Ahmedabad, Surat, Ahmednagar, Belgaum, Broach, Sholapur, Khandesh, Panch Mahals, Kaira, and Ratnagiri.

Bombay Presidency. Total consumption of ganja.
390. There are no figures for Thana and Kolaba. The total of the district figures of retail sale taken out as far as practicable by five years' averages, with an allowance made for Thana and Kolaba, comes to about 3,800 maunds. The total consumption has been estimated in a previous chapter at maunds 3,000, and it was thought that this was a liberal calculation.

391. Mr. Almon, Assistant Collector of Abkari in Bombay, maintains that the moderate consumer of ganja spends two annas a day on his indulgence, and consumes one tola of the drug. This represents an annual consumption of over four sérs and an expenditure of Rs. 45, and only admits of ten consumers being supplied by each maund of the drug. The average sale of 258 maunds, with allowance for waste, only suffices therefore for 2,000 or 2,500 consumers. Some witnesses, but they are few, state that the daily allowance of a moderate consumer is above one tola. The majority of witnesses put it at less. The lowest limit is reached by the Collector of Ratnagiri, who gives one-sixteenth of a tola as the average daily allowance, and reports 8,000 consumers in the district, of which the average retailsales amount to 74 maunds—i.e., more than 100 consumers per maund. The Collector of Ahmednagar has arrived at a mean of the above extremes. He caused "a hasty census to be taken throughout the district," with the result that the number of consumers in a population of 888,755 was found to be 6,134, or .69 per cent. The Ratnagiri inquiries gave a percentage not very much higher than the above, but by means of a much lower individual allowance. In Ahmednagar the allowance of 6,134 consumers on a total retail sale of 154 maunds comes to about 40 consumers to the maund, or one sér per head per annum, or somewhat less than a quarter of a tola per diem. The weight of evidence would fix the daily allowance nearer to one-half than one-quarter tola. Mr. Ebden's enumeration probably therefore included occasional consumers, and possibly counted the same people more than once. The price of ganja outside Bombay ranges from three annas a pound in Satara to one anna a tola in Khandesh. One sér of ganja can never therefore cost more than Rs. 5, and the average price will be within the reach of all classes of consumers.

Bombay Presidency. Number of regular consumers estimated.
392. Making allowance for a considerable share of the drug being used in the making of drinks, sweetmeats, and other preparations, which are for the most part consumed only occasionally, and for waste, the number of regular consumers in British territory alone cannot be less than 2,500 x 30, or 75,000, giving a percentage on the population of .46. Besides these, there are the small body of regular drinkers of the hemp drugs and the occasional consumers of other preparations of the drug whose numbers cannot be estimated. The number of regular consumers in the Bombay City can hardly be less than 6,000. Figures of retail sale not generally reliable as index of consumption.

Bombay Presidency.
393. Little reliance can be placed on the figures of retail sale, and in the present discussion they have only been utilised to range the districts in the order of their relative rate of consumption, and relied upon in the case of Ahmednagar because they were in fair accordance with the Collector's census of consumers and the experience gained in other provinces. The figures of retail sale in the Dharwar district are extraordinary. They show steady increase for years past, and have now reached a point which by the reasonable standard of individual consumption above adopted gives a percentage of over four of regular consumers on the population. This is impossible; there is no such consumption as this in any rural tract in the whole of India. The witnesses who speak with special knowledge of the district do not give anything like this percentage, and they do not confirm the evidence of the figures that there has been a remarkable increase of consumption in the last fourteen years. The Collector of Dharwar, has endeavoured to ascertain the causes of this increase, and whether it is connected with the decline in the consumption of liquor and toddy. He reports that he can trace no connection between the two phenomena; that there has been a large increase in the consumption of ganja, which is to be attributed to the introduction of the railway bringing with it scores of ganja smokers and eaters; that there is no reason to suppose that the people of the district have generally taken to the use of the drug, though a number of individuals may have contracted the habit from foreigners; and that there is no export of the drug. He attaches a statement showing that the retail sales of 1892-93 amounted to 1,345 maunds, an increase of more than 200 maunds over the figures of 1891-92. It is impossible to suppose that this huge amount can have been consumed in the district. It is larger than the whole consumption of the Central Provinces with its Feudatory States and zamindaris. The only reasonable explanation is that the greater part of it leaves the district, and enters the surrounding foreign territory, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Goa. The Kanara district also may possibly get its supply from the Dharwar shops. The Dharwari ganja is not unknown, as the Commission found, in Mysore. This exaggeration in the Dharwar figures furnishes one more reason for distrusting those of other districts as an index of the local consumption.

Bombay Presidency. Increase and decrease of consumption.
394. On the point of general increase or decrease in the use of ganja, the responsible official witnesses, excepting the Collector of Bijapur, take the view that there is no perceptible change. On the other hand, there are witnesses of other classes who observe increase, and attribute it to the same economic and social causes as have been noticed in other provinces. But it may be noted that the high price of liquor does not take a prominent place among them, and many statements will be found to the effect that the hemp drugs are giving way to liquor. It cannot be said that there is a preponderance of the evidence either way or that there is any satisfactory basis for forming an opinion. The only causes of increase which can be assumed to have operated in the direction of increase are the increase of population and development of railways. The social causes would seem to tell both ways, education, however, being rather favourable to decrease of the habit than the reverse. The fact that the lower orders are addicted to liquor in the Bombay Presidency, and that their earnings are comparatively high and enable them to indulge this predilection, is a factor operating against increase of the hemp habit. Regarding bhang and charas, the tendency of the evidence is to show that the former is giving way to liquor; the use of the latter, practically confined to the City of Bombay and insignificant in extent, shows no sign of increase.
 
Bombay States.
395. The extent of use described in the Presidency may be accepted as applicable to the Native States under the supervision of the Bombay Government. There are no materials to enable a more exact estimate to be formed. In the Deccan and Southern Maratha Country ganja must be the favourite form of the drug, and in the Gujarat States, Kathiawar, and Cutch it is to a great extent superseded by bhang.

Aden.
396. The statistics show that about 40 maunds of ganja and 4 of bhang are consumed in Aden, of which the population is 42,734. This gives the high rate of ganja consumption of one maund to 1,000 of the population. The maximum price at which the contractor is allowed to sell is one anna a tola, and there is no minimum. The average price is probably much the same as that of the shops in the Presidency proper. If the Bombay rate of 30 consumers to the maund be taken, the consumers are about 3 per cent. of the population, or one man out of every 8 or 10. Considering the character of the population, composed to a great extent of Indian sepoys and the followers of native regiments, the high figure is not surprising. There is reason to think that service abroad induces a more liberal consumption of the hemp drugs among native regiments and their followers.

Sind and Khairpur. Total consumption estimated of bhang.
397. The average production of bhang in Sind and Khairpur is about 4,000 maunds. The statistics give the average retail sale of the British districts as 4,539 maunds, and this does not include the consumption of Karachi, for which district no figures of retail sale are given. The population and circumstances of Karachi compared with both those of Hyderabad justify the assumption that at least 500 maunds are consumed in the former. The figure of total consumption of the province must be raised by this amount, and by 1,000 according to the statistics for the State of Khairpur. But looking to the population of Khairpur, this consumption appears excessive, and the retail sale probably includes locally produced drug sold for consumption in other districts of Sind. So also it is probable that the retail sale of the Shikarpur district, where there is a considerable area of cultivation, includes the drug which has been exported. This district has not as high a figure of population as Hyderabad, and yet is credited with double the consumption. Hyderabad has but a trifling area of cultivation, and its figures of retail sale are probably a fairly accurate index of the consumption. They give one maund to 820 of the population, or say 800, allowing a few maunds for defective registration. This rate applied to the whole population of Sind with Khairpur, about 3,000,000, gives a total consumption of 3,750 maunds, which approximates to the estimate of production based on the area of cultivation. The statistics on a six years' average show that about 650 maunds of bhang are imported, mostly into the Shikarpur district. The estimated consumption, 3,750 maunds, therefore, only falls short of the total supply, 4,650 maunds, by 900 maunds, which is not an extravagant allowance for waste.
Individual allowance.

Sind and Khairpur. Number of regular consumers of bhang.
398. The average price of bhang is about Re. 1 a sér, and the average daily allowance 1 tola or about 4 sérs per annum. A maund therefore supplies about 20 regular moderate consumers. But the majority of the consumers take the drug only occasionally. The use in Sind—certainly in Upper Sind—is very like that of the Punjab and Northern India, where the beverage is drunk largely in the hot season, and to a comparatively small extent in the cold. It is probable that not more than one-third of the consumption can be credited to regular consumers, and that class would by this calculation number 1,250 x 20 = 25,000. The occasional consumers are very many times more numerous, and may not improbably amount to between 5 and 10 per cent. of the whole population. From this estimate the Thar and Parkar district is excluded, where the use of the drug is much less common than in the other districts of the province, its place being taken by opium.

Sind and Khairpur. Number of consumers of charas.
399. The retail sale of charas, making an allowance of 5 maunds for Karachi, where there are no figures, is about 43 maunds. The import, however, averages 70 maunds. The consumption may be taken to be 50 maunds. The average daily allowance appears to be about 1/4 tola, or 1/2 sér per annum. There would then be about 2,000 charas smokers in the province, and these are all regular consumers. The cost at the above rate is Rs.12 1/2 per annum, which is reasonable. The district of Shikarpur would seem to contain nearly half of the charas smokers.

Sind and Khairpur. Number of consumers of ganja.
400. The consumption of ganja is about the same as that of charas. The former is, however, the cheaper drug; the individual consumption is probably therefore larger, and the smokers less numerous. The use is most prevalent in Karachi and Hyderabad, and may be said not to exist in Shikarpur and the Upper Sind Frontier. Thar and Parkar consumes more ganja than charas, hardly any of the latter.

Sind and Khairpur. Increase of consumption.
401. The statistics do not furnish any reliable index of the growth or decline the use of either of the drugs. The evidence indicates increase, except in the case of ganja, but not very decidedly. The Commissioner (Mr. James) bears testimony by personal observation to the increase of the different classes of ascetics who principally are addicted to the drugs. Their number by the census of 1891 was 18,594. He is  also of opinion that the use has spread among the labouring classes, whose wages have greatly risen in recent years. The addition to the population during the last 20 years, which amounts to over 30 per cent., must in the natural course of things have caused an increase of the total consumption.

Berar.
402. The memorandum of the Hyderabad Assigned Districts throws doubt on the figures of retail sale of ganja contained in column 44 of the statistical table. They show an average comsumption in the last five years of some 800 maunds. They are fairly regular, and, but for the discredit thrown on them by the memorandum, seem fit to be accepted as an index of consumption. It is true that the local production and import together amount to 1,300 maunds. But the drug in this form contains a great deal of useless material, and it is probable that when sold retail 1,300 maunds get reduced to 800. This is not so large a proportion of waste as was found in the Central Provinces. The imported drug seems to come from Khandwa, and it is not likely that the local ganja is a more finished product than that imported. If the consumption of Berar is to be compared with that of the neighbouring Central Provinces, where the figures of retail sale represented the consumption of the cleaned drug, it certainly cannot be taken to be more than 800 maunds; and probably this is a high figure. In Berar the price of the drug is one-fourth of what it is in the Central Provinces. It is probable, therefore, that the individual allowance is very much higher. The evidence puts it at 1/2 tola a day, or approximately 2 sérs per annum, which would cost Rs. 5. There would thus be 20 consumers to the maund and 16,000 in the province, giving a percentage of .55 on the total population. The result is not far different from that arrived at in the Central Provinces. As regards the result and individual cost, it appears to be reasonable. The evidence regarding increase and decrease of use is of the usual contradictory character. The statistics throw no light on the point, for they are not correct as regards the retail sales, and, as regards the imports, are not in a suitable form for the purpose. The preponderance of evidence is in favour of increase, but the direct observation of a witness like (31), who says that the younger men rarely smoke, must go for something. If the evidence of the majority be accepted, it is nevertheless certain that the increase is not very marked.

Ajmere- Merwara.
403. The reports and evidence from Ajmere-Merwara furnish no statistics to enable an estimate to be made of the extent of use of the hemp drugs. There was an increase of revenue in 1890-91 which was explained in the annual excise report to be due to competition at the auction of monopoly. There is no evidence of any increase or decrease of use.

Coorg.
404. In Coorg the import of ganja amounts to 21 maunds and registered consumption to 14. The population is 173,055. The retail price is 14 annas to 1 rupee for a sér of 24 tolas, or approximately 2/3 anna per tola. Taking the minimum individual allowance at 1/4 tola or 1/6 anna per diem, the annual individual consumption comes to 90 tolas, and the cost to something less than Rs. 5. This is a reasonable allowance. The consumers would number about 1,000, or between .5 and .6 per cent. of the population. It is probable that the consumption tends to increase with the influx of coolies into coffee and cardamom estates.

Baluchistan.
405. There is no information of the quantity of hemp drugs consumed in any part of Baluchistan. Bhang and ganja appear to come from India, and charas and chur ganja from Afghanistan as well as India. The Deputy Commissioner of Thal Chotiali reports that the Baluchis and Pathans of that district are not addicted to the drugs; but there is information from other quarters that the Baluchis and Pathans generally do smoke. The drinking of bhang would appear to be confined to Pathans and Indians. It is said that the consumption of the drugs is decreasing as the Indian population, which was larger when military operations were going on, is being reduced. The average prices seem to be Re. 1 for bhang, Rs. 20 for charas, and Rs. 78 for ganja per sér.

Burma.
406. It has been shown that the hemp drugs, or ganja at least, are smuggled into Burma in considerable quantity. But it is impossible to say to what extent the Indians manage to supply their wants, or with any accuracy the price they have to pay for the drug. There does not seem to be any use by the Burmans or people other than the natives of India. The inquiries made by the Commission tend to show that the quantity introduced into the country is increasing.

Hyderabad, Mysore, Rajputana, Central India, and Baroda.
407. It is hardly worth while to examine in detail the statistics and evidence relating to the extent to which the hemp drugs are used in the great Native States and Agencies. These territories are surrounded and intermingled with British territories, regarding which the question has been fully discussed, with the result that the statistics were found in most cases to be far from an accurate index of consumption, and the evidence did not justify very precise conclusions. More definite results, or equally definite, will certainly not be obtained from the information supplied by Native States. The extent of use in each part of these territories may be taken to resemble that in the neighbouring British provinces. The use of ganja will be found to prevail over the States of the Central India Agency as it does in the North-Western Provinces, Bengal, and the Central Provinces. The use of bhang will be more common than that of the other drugs in Marwar and the north-western parts of Rajputana, and it will extend southwards towards the Bombay Presidency, and eastwards towards the States of Central India, gradually meeting with more competition from ganja. A moderate use of charas will be found all over the States which are within easy reach of the Punjab and the North-Western Provinces. The extent of use of ganja in Hyderabad will be fairly well indicated by the estimates of Berar, the Bombay Presidency, and Madras as regards the parts of the State contiguous to those provinces, and a similar process of examination will give the consumption of Mysore. In these two States bhang as a separate form of the raw drug has practically disappeared, but charas finds a few consumers in Hyderabad. Baroda consumption is the same as that of the northern part of Bombay Presidency.

Kashmir and Nepal.
408. In Kashmir and Nepal the wild plant furnishes the whole, or a very large share, of the consumption—a fact which renders useless for present purposes the figure of production given in the Kashmir evidence, and of import from Bengal into Nepal which can be derived from the Bengal statistics.

Armed Forces. Real extent of the use of the hemp drugs not ascertained.
409. The inquiries made in the army have elicited replies from 274 Army. regiments, batteries of artillery, and special corps in the service of the British Government and Natives States. If commanding officers had found it possible to take an accurate and complete census of the consumers of the hemp drugs among the sepoys and other natives attached to their corps, the result would have been of the greatest service in determining the extent to which the hemp drugs are used among the various races and castes and the population generally. But the cases are few in which the inquiry has elicited information on the point which has the appearance of being complete. It would therefore be misleading to compile and tabulate the results in statistical form. Several enquiring officers report that their men will not admit the use of the hemp drugs, though it is certain that they are taken to some extent. And in many cases there are special reasons for this reticence in addition to the disrepute attaching to the habit in native society generally. In some regiments the use of the drugs is directly prohibited, and in others the commanding officers, though they may not have gone this length, regard the consumers with distrust. It must be the case also that in some regiments the consumers are held in greater disrepute among their comrades than in others. In many it is apparent that the inquiry was distasteful to the men, and in some that the commanding officers were not very insistent in pressing it. Keeping in view these reasons for distrusting the figures, it will not be prudent to do more than indicate a few general features of the hemp drug habit as it prevails in the native armies.

Armed Forces. Extent of use reported.
410. There are regiments in all three presidencies and in the Native States in which the hemp drugs in one form or other are shown to be used by 5 per cent. of the men and followers. Forty-nine out of the 274 corps come under this category, and the number evidently falls far short of the truth. In some corps the number of consumers is far higher than 5 per cent. In some corps the use, if the reports are to be taken literally, does not exist, or is quite infinitesimal, or is practically confined to the followers. The consumption in these corps is no doubt trifling in most cases, but it is difficult to accept it as fact as regards any regiment that the drugs are not used at all, especially in regiments of Sikhs, who are extremely partial to bhang.

Armed Forces. Little evidence of excessive use.
411. As regards the character of the habit, the smokers are for the most part regular smokers, and the drinkers indulge occasionally, and principally in the hot weather. In these respects the habit resembles that of the civil population. It is natural that excess should be comparatively uncommon in bodies of men living under strict discipline. It has been found that even in the police, where the men have more personal liberty, the use of hemp rarely obtrudes itself.

Armed Forces. Use of the different drugs.
412. The habit of drinking bhang is more prevalent in the corps serving in the north-western part of India, but it cannot be said that smoking is more common in one part than another. Charas is preferred in the comparatively small tract where it is cheap and easily procurable, and ganja is used elsewhere. Smoking is regarded as a protection against cold, and bhang drinking as a relief under the distress of very hot weather. The habit, therefore, varies according as regiments experience different conditions of climate, and it would seem that on service the number of smokers increases. The preparation of the drink, however, takes time, and requires certain ingredients which on service may not be obtainable. It is doubtful, therefore, if bhang drinking increases on service as smoking does, but the practice of chewing or eating the drug in a simpler form may very well take its place.

Armed Forces. Use among principal castes of sepoys.
413. The Sikhs drink bhang and do not smoke; but it is reported of more than one Sikh regiment that the men do not use any of the drugs. In one regiment they have given up bhang for the good rum which the canteen supplies. The Gurkhas also prefer liquor, and rarely use the hemp drugs. The habit would seem to be more prevalent in the Gurkha regiments serving in Assam than elsewhere, but uncommon even there. The Rajputs and Purbhias seem to be more given to the drugs than other castes. There is some strictness among the Muhammadans in some of the regiments of the north of India in regard to both smoking and drinking of hemp; but in Madras they appear to have the full proportion of smokers among them.

Armed Forces. Evidence indicates decrease of use in the army.
414. The very great majority of the replies state that the use of the drugs is decreasing, and among the 38 which take the opposite view, 13 do not refer to the troops, but to the civil population. Some replies also are not very definite. There are hardly more than 20 out of the 274 which can be said to be evidence on the side of increase. The actual facts on which increase is alleged are not often stated, but the commandant of a Bengal Cavalry regiment finds that 25 years ago not a man in the regiment used the drugs, while now some do, especially among the later enlisted men. The causes of increase, when they are stated, which is very rarely, are the cheapness of the drugs as compared with liquor, the speedy action and convenient form of charas, and the religious objection to the use of liquor. On the other hand, there is a strong body of evidence on the side of decrease. The cause which appears most prominently in the replies is the greater demand which service makes in these days on the time and intelligence of the sepoy. He cannot spare the time to indulge in the drugs, which involves the laborious preparation of bhang as drink, and the period of listlessness and incapacity which follows an ill-regulated dose either as drink or smoke. And he is said to be conscious that the habit renders a man less fit for the things he has to do and learn. In many regiments the prohibition is credited with having had a decided effect in reducing the practice. In some it is said that the older men, who have the habit, are retiring, and making room for young men, who, entering the more intellectual school of soldiering, do not readily acquire it. This is in direct contrast with the evidence from a Bengal Cavalry regiment quoted above, and it is for this reason the quotation was made. Both opinions are apparently based on observation, and that in favour of decrease has a great number of adherents, while the officer who holds the other stands almost alone. The point is of general interest as touching on the quality of the modern recruit apart from the hemp question. The rise in the price of drugs is alleged in some quarters as a cause of decrease, and in others the cheapness of liquor. It is probable that liquor is competing with drugs in the army as it is doing among the better classes of the civil population.

478. The great majority of the witnesses are of opinion that the habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed. As a rule these witnesses speak from experience of consumption among the upper and middle classes. There is no doubt that there are some difficulties in the way of a lad learning the habit apart from the deterrent opinion (where it exists) of parents or of society. It is necessary to know how to prepare the drug, though most of the methods of preparation when learned are simple enough. This fact, together with the force of example, explains the very general statement that the habit is acquired in the company of smokers. The first effects produced in the novice by the drug, especially if smoked, are also far from pleasant, and must tend to make the habit somewhat difficult to acquire. The first effects of bhang need not be unpleasant if the consumer is careful to begin with very small doses. But it is otherwise with hemp smoking. To produce any effect, the smoke has to be taken into the lungs by strong inhalation. The effect of this is often unpleasant and distressing, especially to those who are not accustomed to smoke tobacco in this particular way. It is doubtful, however, whether these first effects are ever more deterrent in character than those which European lads experience on their first acquaintance with tobacco, and it cannot be said that they present any real difficulty in the way of those who from any motive desire to consume these drugs. Once these initial difficulties are past, the habit is easily formed. As in the case of every other intoxicant, consumption tends to become habitual.

Strength of habit.
479. The pretty general belief is that the habit is not easily broken off when once formed; but the difficulty is not believed to be so great as in the case of either alcohol or opium. It is apparently greater than in the case of tobacco. The experience of our jails seems clearly to confirm the general opinion that the opium habit takes a much stronger hold than the ganja habit, and that no injurious physical effects follow the compulsory cessation of the latter. But even the moderate habitual consumer looks for the effect which he associates with the drug, and finds it a considerable effort to give up the habit—an effort which demands considerable strength of mind in cases where the necessity for abandoning the habit may have arisen. In case of habitual excess the difficulty is greatly increased. The weakness of mind at once displayed and intensified by this excess renders it sometimes impossible to give up the habit without restraint. But even in cases of excessive consumption, the difficulty appears to be less with ganja than with alcohol or opium.

Moderation and excess.
480. It is a general belief that there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. This belief is based on the general view that such a tendency must exist more or less in the case of all intoxicants, on the fact that as the system becomes accustomed to the use of a drug a larger dose appears to be required to produce the same effect, and on the undoubted fact that there are some excessive consumers who had begun and continued for some time the use of these drugs in moderation. It is, however, a matter of ordinary experience that in the case of a moderate consumer of alcohol, for example, who is in normal health, the effect which he wishes to produce by his moderate use is regularly produced by the same dose without any necessity for increasing it. And the fact that there is comparatively so little of excess in the use of hemp drugs, and that so many consumers, especially of bhang among the middle classes and of ganja among working people, retain their moderate habit and regularly have their accustomed dose twice or thrice a day, seems to show that this tendency is certainly not stronger in their case. While individual differences in strength of mind must always lead to difference in results, and hereditary mental instability is in certain cases a factor which must not be overlooked, the fact seems generally to be that excess is found (as in the case of alcohol) to be mainly confined to idle and dissipated persons, and to be often due to the force of example and foolish emulation in bad company. The man who takes these drugs regularly as a food
accessory, or as a stimulant in hard work, does not seem to be prone to excess. Apparently also the tendency is much less towards that occasional excess which in the case of alcohol so frequently becomes habitual. The working man, for example, does not seem to have the same temptation to a debauch with ganja as with alcohol.

 

Individual responses by witnesses.

Following are the individual responses of witnesses to the four questions 25, 26, 28 and 31 posed by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895.

25. The consumption of ganja varies little. In the five years, 1875-76 to 1879-80 it averaged 6,778 maunds a year; in the next five years, 5,871; in 1885-86 to 1889-90 it was 6,209, and in the last three years, 5,741. The highest consumption was in 1887-88, 6,550 maunds; and the lowest, in 1892-93, maunds 5,451. This is the amount on which duty was paid. Charas has increased in the last 10 years; but the total sales are only 10 or 12 maunds at most. In 1880-81 811 maunds of bhang were sold against 1,064 in 1891-92. The increase is small. 26. Before expressing any opinion from these figures as to the incidence of consumption on the population, it will be as well to examine the evidence as to individual consumption. The great bulk of the ganja smokers are habitual moderate consumers. Bairagies and such like are habitual excessive consumers. I should say there were very few of classes (c) and (d). 28. (a) About a pice worth. (b) Six or seven times that amount, or even more. 31. The habit is easily formed and not easy to break off. Looking at the enormous preponderance of moderate habitual smokers, I should say the tendency to develop into excess was small.  - Evidence of the HON'BLE MR. D. R. LYALL, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta


25. I doubt there being either increase or decrease. High prices affect consumption; but official figures are affected by the success of detective operations, and if smuggling were completely stopped,f igureso f consumption would undoubtedly go up. 26. This is a difficult question. I should say 75 per cent. or more came under class (a), perhaps as much as 95 per cent. The number under (b), (c), (d), I should say, was very small indeed. 31. (a) I believe so. It meets a natural craving for some kind of stimulant on the mud soil. (b) I should suppose so. (c) I do not think so. A man may very well be a moderate consumer all his life.  -  Evidence of MR. E. V. WESTMACOTT, Commissioner, Presidency Division; late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


25. There has been no marked increase or decrease in Orissa; exciseable ganja has been less consumed in Orissa since the restriction on its cultivation in the Gurjat States has been withdrawn; but Gurjat ganja doubtless accounts for this. 26. I am unable to form an estimate. 27. All classes. I find it impossible to say what leads to such a practice: religion is undoubtedly a factor. 28. I do not know.  31. With regard to the use of all forms of the drug, it is believed to be difficult to break off the habit, and there is a tendency for its use to become excessive. - Evidence of MR. H. G. COOKE, Officiating Commissioner, Orissa Division


25. I can speak only of ganja. Smoking ganja is certainly not on the increase. There is no appreciable difference in the quantity exported to the different districts from Naogaon. The largest differences are found in Shahabad, Darbhanga, Hazaribagh. From the detail export list* submitted herewith, it will be seen there has not been very great increase in export to any district. But export to all districts of the Patna Division is very large as compared with the export to most other districts in Bengal. The reason for this large export is explained by the fact that from there, that is, Behar, certain quantities are transported to the North-Western Provinces. 26. It is difficult for me to give figures which will carry conviction to the minds of others; but I should say habitual excessive consumers and occasional excessive consumers of ganja are very few—about 5 per cent. each of the total number of consumers. Habitual moderate consumers will be 60 per cent. of consumers; occasional moderate consumers about 30 per cent.  28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers, 1 to 2 annas' worth of ganja, i.e., 1/4 to 1/2 tola. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 4 to 8 annas' worth of ganja, i.e., 1 to 2 tolas. I must say I am inclined to doubt the accuracy of these estimates. I think the quantities are overrated. But not knowing anything personally, I have given what I have been told. 31. I could not say anything with authority; I have had no experience. - Evidence of MR. J. C. PRICE, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi


25. The use of ganja seems to be on the increase. It appears that in the year 1892-93, 21 maunds 36 seers 11 chhitaks were sold against 20 maunds 30 seers 13 chhitaks in the year 1891-92, the increase being 1 maund 5 seers 14 chhitaks. The increase is due probably to the closure of outstill liquor shops over a considerable portion of the district and the high price at which the Sadar Distillery liquor is sold. There is reason to believe that many persons, who formerly used to drink outstill liquor for its cheapness, have now adopted the habit of ganja smoking. The use of bhang is on the decrease. In 1892-93, 6 maunds 1 seer 4 chhitaks were sold against 6 maunds 27 seers 14 chhitaks in 1891-92, the decrease being 26 seers 10 chhitaks. 26. The proportions of the ganja smokers in this district may be taken as follows:— Annas. (a) Habitual moderate consumers 8 (b) Do. excessive do. 4 (c) Occasional moderate do. 2 (d) Do. excessive do. 28. The average allowance of ganja per diem to an habitual moderate consumer is 1/4th tola, at a cost of one anna, and that to an habitual excessive consumer is half a tola, at a cost of two annas. An excessive consumer does not consume the whole quantity singly, there being some people who generally resort to his place of smoking, which is ordinarily called his Adda, and join with him without having to pay anything. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed, but it is difficult to break off the habit of smoking ganja. There is a tendency in the case of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. BARROW, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura.


25. On the decrease—not because people are giving up narcotics, but because they cannot afford to pay for such luxuries. Question 25.[oral evidence]—The decrease of consumption of the hemp drugs is true of Bengal generally, and is due to agricultural depression and high prices. There is now a reaction owing to a favourable harvest last year, and I am confident the demand for the drugs is now on the increase. Excised tari and pachwai (rice beer) are much cheaper than the hemp drugs, i.e., they involve less cost to the moderate consumer. The lowest grade of excised spirit also is probably cheaper in the same sense; but not so the higher grade of liquor and opium. Pachwai is not excised everywhere, and then of course it is cheaper still. 26. The number of moderate consumers is largest. 28. Four annas and 4 pice of ganja—half chatak and 3 pice of bhang One bhari and 2 aunas of ganja—1 chatak and 6 pice of bhang. 31. Yes; and when formed it is very difficult to abandon it. There are cases of moderate consumers who have always been such. But moderate consumers have often increased their doses.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. B. SKRINE, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. The reason for increase in consumption here is that the people of this district shew likeness to ganja in preference to drink, the consequence being the consumption of ganja increases with the decline of that of country liquor. 26. The approximate figure for ganja will be this— (a) 60 per cent. (b) 20 per cent. (c) 15 per cent. (d) 5 per cent. 28. (a) 1/2 anna. (b) 2 annas. 31. (a) The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed. (c) Yes; it is marked in the case of ganja.  - Evidence of MR. A. C. TUTE, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur.


25. The annual reports show that the consumption of ganja is falling off year by year. The consumption of siddhi shows an increase. In charas the increase of consumption is nominal. The vendors of this district formerly used to obtain charas from Calcutta retail shops in small quantities, but now they are importing it direct from Amritsar, and are selling it wholesale to the vendor of the other districts. Year. Ganja. Siddhi. Charas. Mds. Seers. Mds. Seers. Mds. Seers. 1888-89 185 35 37 31 1889-90 163 19 43 9 1890-91 172 29 46 5 0 25 1891-92 177 2 56 29 0 31 1892-93 173 26 60 26 1 25. 26. (a) 70 per cent. (b) 4 per cent. (c) 25 per cent. (d) 1 per cent. 28. (a) Ganja, two annas weight, price two pice. Charas, three annas weight, price one and a half annas. Siddhi, one tola, price two pice. (b) Ganja, one tola, price four annas. Charas, one tola, price eight annas. Siddhi, two and a half tola, price five pice. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Not to the same extent as alcohol or opium - Evidence of the HON'BLE F. R. S. COLLIER, Magistrate and Collector, 24-Parganas.


25. On the increase. Question 25.[oral evidence] — My statement that the use of the drugs is on the increase is based on information gathered in the course of my enquiries. I should think it was correct, and it relates to the Arrah district. 26. (a) One-half. (b) One-fourth. (c) One-fourth. (d) One-twentieth. 28. Ganja—(a) Half an anna. (b) Four annas. Bhang—(a) One pice. (b) Half an anna. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Probably. (c) Yes - Evidence of MR, C. R. MARINDIN, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad


25. Use of ganja is on the decrease owing to enhanced cost caused by increasing taxation and restrictions on manufacture. Use of bhang is also less general, due to progress of education and to losing faith in ceremonies and celebrations of which the consumption of bhang formed a feature. 26. It is impossible to state the proportion, even approximately, without a census of the consumers. But it may be said generally that the great majority of consumers come under (a). Sanyasis, sadhus and other mendicants belong to (b). 28. (a) Quantity 1/16 tola to 1/8 tola, cost 3 to 6 pies. Charas - 1 /16 tola, cost 6 pies. Bhang - 1/4 to 1 /2 tola, cost 3 to 6 pies.  (b) Quantity 1 tola, cost 8 2 tolas, cost 2 1 tola, cost 4 to 6 annas. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes, without outside restraint or compulsion. The bhang habit is mild and can be shaken off with ease. (c) Hardly.  - Evidence of MR. K. G. GUPTA, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal.


25. The consumption continues to be the same as before. 26. (a) 80 per cent. (b) 5 " (c) 7 1/2 " (d)7 1 /2"  28. (a)1 /8 of a tola, at a cost of 1/2 anna. (b) 1 tola, at 4 annas per diem. 31. (a) Bhang, no. Charas and ganja, yes. (b) It is very easy giving up the use of bhang, but very difficult in the latter two cases. (c) So far as charas and ganja are concerned, yes.  - Evidence of MR. L. HARE, Magistrate and Collector of Muzaffarpur.


25. The use of bhang and ganja both is on the decrease. The reason in our opinion is that formerly both the drugs were cheaper, and consequently even persons of very small income could afford to have them in larger quantity at a less cost, while under the present circumstances they cannot do so. Better administration of the Excise Department in respect of bringing to justice persons having in their possession a large quantity of bhang or having in their fields wild-grown plants may also cause the decrease in the use of this drug. 26. (a) 40 per cent. (b) 20 " Ganja. (c) 25 " (d) 15 " (a) 50 " (b) 10 " Bhang. (c) 25 " (d) 15 "  28. (a) Half anna per diem (b) Four annas " Ganja. (a) Three pies " (b) Six " " Bhang. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed, and it is difficult to break it when formed. There is a tendency in the case of each of these two drugs, like alcoholic drink, for the moderate habit to develop into excess.  - Evidence of MR. G. E. MANISTY, Magistrate and Collector of Saran


25. Among the middle classes, charas is preferred to ganja because any one smoking ganja is supposed to be very poor. A well-to-do man who smokes ganja is liable to be jeered at. 26. They are mostly moderate consumers. The only class among whom I often met excessive consumers was among the coolies on the Cachar tea gardens, and there I did meet several cases of insanity produced by excessive ganja smoking. I have very rarely heard of excessive smokers in this district, and I have not found a single ganja or charas smoker in this district who has gone mad. There may be one or two in the Lunatic Asylum, but the Superintendent can best answer about them. 28. Moderate consumer— One two-anna weight of ganja costing three pice. One two-anna weight of charas costing two pice. One twelve-anna weight of bhang costing three pice. Excessive consumers double the quantity. 31. It takes some time to form the habit, but once formed, it is difficult to break it of - Evidence of MR. J. KENNEDY, Magistrate and Collector of Murshidabad


25. The use of ganja is on the increase in consequence of the enhanced price of country spirit. Several drinkers who cannot afford to pay for the liquor have taken to ganja. The allowance of each consumer has, however, been decreased owing to the increased price of the drug and of foodgrains. The consumption of charas has been almost stationary, and that of bhang has decreased in consequence of the action taken in destroying the wild bhang plants. 26. Ganja. Charas. Bhang. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. (a) 70 80 50 (b) 10 5 5 (c) 15 10 45 (d) 5 5 5 so far as this district is concerned. 28. Ganja— Allowance. Cost per diem. (a)1/2 to 1 anna weight 1 1/2 pies to 4 pies. (b) 2 annas to 8 annas 7 1/2 pies to 2 annas 6 pies. Charas— (a)1/2 anna 3 pies. (b) 1 anna 6 pies. Bhang(a) 4 annas 1 1/2 pies. (b) 1 tola 6 pie. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and charas is easily formed. Once formed, it is difficult to break it off. In case of consumers frequently associating themselves with veteran consumers or obtaining ganja with little or no cost, the moderate habit has the tendency to develop into the excessive habit. Bhang is much more harmless in this respect.  - Evidence of MR. T. L. JENKINS, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca


25. I have not been in any one place long enough to reply to this question. 28. This cannot be answered because (1) no one will give correct information; (2) in no intoxicant can an average be laid down—what is habitually moderate for one person would be habitually excessive for another. - Evidence of MR. H. F. T. MAGUIRE, Magistrate and Collector of Khulna


25. It is on the increase in this district. Bhang. Ganja. M. s. ch. M. s. ch. 1884-85 0 0 0 7 31 8 1885-86 0 0 0 6 31 4 1886-87 12 10 0 8 19 8 1887-88 12 24 0 8 31 0 1888-89 11 0 2 9 29 12 1889-90 17 19 2 10 19 6 1890-91 21 7 12 11 35 0 1891-92 17 10 7 13 20 7 I cannot give any sufficient reason. Increase of population has no doubt something to do with it. 28. (a) A habitual moderate consumer takes one or two or three chillums a day of ganja and about four annas weight of bhang. (b) I was told of habitual consumers who took ten to twelve chillums a day but the case seemed unusual. Bhang, they told me, was consumed up to one eighth of a kacha seer (i.e., rather more than a pukka chattak) a day. A chillum of ganja took two rattis weight. Ganja is sold at R20 a pukka seer, bhang at R1-8 a kacha seer. 31. The habit of ganja-smoking is very difficult to break off, but I am told that bhang has no such effect. From what I learnt from ganjasmokers, their consumption is only limited by their purse.  - Evidence of MR. W. R. BRIGHT, Deputy Commissioner of Palámau


25. For the last two years there has been a decrease owing (1) to higher duty, (2) to the high price of food grains. 26. (a) The majority are habitual moderate consumers. (b) Very few. (c) About one-third of the ganja-smoking population is estimated under this class. The number is estimated at 1,000. (d) Very few. 28. Habitual moderate consumers of ganja seldom take more than one or two annas' worth daily, and habitual excessive consumers have been known to take a rupee worth a day. Flat ganja is sold at 3 tolas per rupee and round at 2 3/4 tolas. 31. (a) Yes. (b) They say it is difficult to break off the practice. (c) Yes.  - Evidence of MR. N. K. BOSE, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali.


25. Consumption of ganja here has increased by about 29 per cent. in the last ten years, probably at the expense of opium and liquor. The former has increased, but not commensurately with the population; and though statistics for the latter are not available, there can be no doubt that there was a great decrease. Last year was a bad year, and the consumption of liquor fell by 19, while that of ganja increased by 6 per cent. 26. Generally from the lower classes of the people. 28. Ganja is mixed with tobacco, charas with tobacco and molasses. With siddhi milk, spices, etc., are sometimes mixed to form what is called a "majum" numerous references to which will be found in the latter part of Baber's Memoirs. Dhatura is not mixed with charas, but is sometimes mixed with siddhi to make it more intoxicating. 31. The habit is easily formed and difficult to break off. As to the development of the moderate into the excessive habit, it seems to me that if the fact had been realized that the oriental differs greatly from the inhabitant of Northern Europe in this respect as regards all nerve drugs, the Commission would never have been appointed. No doubt, this can be satisfactorily explained by the over-pressure to which we are subjected, but the fact remains that whatever form of stimulant the native of this country consumes he as a rule takes in moderation, and very, very rarely is mastered by the habit.  - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur


25. It is on the decrease, as shewn by the yearly consumption from the registered golas. This is due to increase of price and to some extent to smuggling from the Tributary Mahals. 28. A moderate consumer takes about one eighth of a tola a day. An habitual excessive consumer about a tola. 31. The habit is easily formed and is difficult to breake off. There is no tendency for the habit *Was summoned to attend at a meeting of the Commission for oral examination, but was unable to appear to develop into excess other than would be the case in any other from of self-indulgence which the person permitted to become excessive - Evidence of MR. E. H. C. WALSH,* Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack


25. Ganja—Slightly on the increase. Ganja. Siddhi. Charas. M. S. C. M. S. C. M. S. C. M. S. C. Nil. 1890-91 37—24—7 7—27—10 1891-92 32—20—9 (5—3—14 decreased) 7—25—8 (0—2—2 decreased) 1892-93 38-25-1 (6-5-8 increased). 7—36—0 (0—10—8 increased). 26. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 1 Out of every 10 consumers. 28. Ganja— (a)1/8th of a tola a day, costing 9 pies. (b)1 /4th of a tola, costing 6 pies or 1/2 anna a day. Siddhi and charas I cannot say. 31. Yes, and once contracted it is difficult to break off; especially in the case of those who smoke ganja. Siddhi and charas can be easily given up. In the case of ganja there is a tendency to increase the dose - Evidence of MR. J. H. BERNARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia


25. The consumption of ganja which has paid duty shows a distinct tendency to decrease in this district, as will be seen from the following figures:— Year 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. Consumption in maunds 64 54 51 52 42 There is, however, undoubtedly a certain amount of smuggling; and as this district includes a portion of the ganja growing tract, the vendors and consumers have greater opportunities for obtaining illicit ganja than they have elsewhere. It is, therefore, doubtful whether there has been any substantial decrease in consumption. It is impossible to obtain statistics regarding bhang, but I have no reason to suppose that the consumption is at the present time either increasing or decreasing to any notable extent, but I am informed that many years ago bhang was much more commonly used than at present. 26. It is very difficult to make even an approximate classification of this kind, because it is difficult to draw the line between moderation and excess, and also because it is impossible to obtain statistical information on the subject. In the case of bhang, it may be said that of 100 drinkers 90 are occasional consumers, 8 are habitual moderate consumers, and 2 are habitual excessive consumers. Of the occasional consumers and the habitual moderate consumers, some no doubt occasionally exceed the limits of moderation, but I cannot even pretend to make any estimate of their number. In the case of ganja I should say that of 100 ganja smokers 50 are habitual moderate consumers, 30 are habitual consumers who occasionally exceed the limits of moderation, 15 are habitual excessive consumers, 5 are occasional consumers. In making this estimate I include as habitual consumers those who habitually consume the drug when they can get it, but are from want of means frequently compelled to forego it. I do not count as consumers those persons who have tried the drug once or twice, but who have never made a practice of consuming it either occasionally or habitually. Practically it may be said that all ganja smokers are habitual consumers so far as their means permit. It must be understood that the figures which I have given above are mere estimates, and are not founded on any statistical information.  28. (a) The habitual moderate ganja smoker consumes about 1/8th tola, costing half anna. (b) The habitual excessive ganja smoker consumes about half tola, costing 2 annas. (a) The habitual moderate bhang drinker uses half to one tola of dried leaves. (b) The habitual excessive bhang drinker consumes 4 or 5 tolas of dried leaves. As the wild bhang grows in this district and is not sold here, the cost to the consumer cannot be stated. I must add that the above figures can only be regarded as approximate. The quantity consumed by different individuals differs very much, and it is difficult to draw the line between moderate and excessive consumption. 31. The habit of drinking bhang is easily formed, and is also, I believe, easily broken off. The habit of ganja-smoking is less easily formed, as the effects are, I believe, unpleasant to a novice. A confirmed ganja smoker would probably require some resolution and strength of mind to break off the habit so long as he had the meanso fg etting ganja, but I am informed that the cessation of the habit does not cause any of the intense craving, uneasiness, and actual illness caused by the cessation of the opium habit. In the case of bhang there does not appear to be any strong tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. In the case of ganja, a great deal depends on the circumstances of the consumers. Men of fixed occupation, who get no opportunity or temptation to indulge till late at night, usually remain moderate consumers all their lives; but in the case of men of no fixed employment (especially religious mendicants), there is a marked tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of MR. A. E. HARWARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Bogra


25. Neither. 26. As regards ganja the generality of the consumers fall under head (a). Classes (b), (c) and (d) are rare. As regards siddhi, (a) habitual moderate consumers are about 75 per cent., class (b) is nil, class (c) is 25 per cent., and class (d) is nil. 28. (a) In case of ganja, 1/4 of a tola per head per diem, at a cost of one anna. In case of siddhi, 1/16 of a tola per diem, at a cost of three pie. 31. The habit is easily formed. To break it off is not difficult in the case of bhang, but very difficult in the case of ganja. There is a tendency to increase in the consumption of ganja, but not so in the case of bhang - Evidence of COLONEL C. H. GARBETT, Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh


25. There is reason to. believe that the consump¬ tion of ganja has increased to a considerable extent of late years. Figures for Manbhum District. Ganja. Bhang. M. S. Ch. M. S. Ch. 1890-91 38 14 6 0 38 12 1891-92 43 19 9 1 23 10 1892-93 43 18 6 1 35 8 26. Ganja. Bhang. (a) 60 per cent. 90 per cent. (b) 20 " 2 " (c) 15 " 6 " (d) 5 " 2 " 28. For habitual moderate consumers, 1/4 tola, worth about 6 pice. For habitual excessive consumers, 1/2 tola and above. 31. The habit is easily formed and is difficult to break off, as there is a decided tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of Mr. C. A. S. BEDFORD,* Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum


25. On the decrease, as prices of all principal food-grains are ruling high. 26. In this district there are habitual moderate consumers of ganja and bhang only. Their proportions are respectively 5 and 10 per cent. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed in respect of ganja and charas. Yes, difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of Mr. R. H. RENNY, Deputy Commissioner of Singbhum


25. Normal. 26. As stated above, the total percentage of consumers is small, and amongst them the proportion of habitual, occasional or excessive consumers is much smaller. 28. (a) One pice. (b) One pice to four pice. 31. No. Not easily formed. It is not difficult to break off a habit, at least is not so difficult as opium eating or smoking is. One can do without ganja or bhang if not available. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into excessive, both in ganja and bhang, if habitually used - Evidence of RAI NANDAKISORE DAS, BAHADUR,* District Officer of Angul, Cuttack


26. Most of the consumers come under heading (a). A few are habitual excessive consumers. 28. (a) 1 to 3 pice worth. (b) 3 to 6 pice worth. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There appears to be a slight ten¬ dency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. W. MAXWELL, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore


25. The use of ganja is said to be on the increase; also of bhang. Can't give reasons, except that the existence of so many ganja shops must have a tendency to attract consumers and increase the consumption. Question 25. [oral evidence] — My opinion as to the increase of ganja consumption is formed on information given to me by natives with whom I am constantly conversing on all subjects. My knowledge relates specially to Khurda, which is a sub-division of the Puri District. 26. No data to go upon. 28. (a) From pies 3 to 6. (b) From annas 2 to 8 or more. 31. The habit is easily formed and difficult to break off suddenly. There is a great tendency for moderate consumers to develop into excessive consumers both of ganja and bhang.  - Evidence of MR. W.C .TAYLOR, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and Pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Khurda, Orissa


31. So far as I can judge, the habit of ganjasmoking is easily formed, bat not that of bhangdrinking. In the former case there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of CHUNDER NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Deputy Collector, at present employed as Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Bhagalpur Division.


25. On the increase. The reason is mostly owing to a large number of people who periodi¬ cally come to these parts to betake to labour and find employment around Calcutta and other parts where railways and other works are carried on, as well as to a large number of boatmen and other classes who visit these parts in consequence of free and easy modes of communication which are daily in progress. 26. (a) The proportion is 100 to 1 of excessive consumers. (b) Almost the same proportions as above indicated. (c) and (d) The number of habitual and occasional excessive consumers is very limited. These figures are the result of mere guesses, and I am aware of no statistics. 31. Company exercises great influence in induc¬ ing the formation of habits. Habits once contracted are not easy to break off. These have a permanent effect on the system, and generate a vitiated taste which it is not easy to give up. Yes; there is a tendency to lead to excessive use. - Evidence of BABU RAM CHARAN BOSE, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas.


25. Charas and bhang are seldom or never used here. The use of ganja is on the increase. The people who are present say the reason is that it is easy to procure it here. The shops in the neighbouring districts on the borders pay low rent and sell it at a cheaper rate than what prevails here; and this is one of the reasons for the increase in the use of the drug. 26. Ganja.—The proportion of the consumers are:— (a) 8/16. (b) 1/16. (c) 4/16. (d) 3/16. As regards charas and bhang—Nil. 28. The average cost per diem for an habitual moderate consumer is about 1/12 of a tola or 6 pies worth per day of ganja. For an habitual excessive smoker it is 3 annas. One of the habitual excessive smokers named Gour Pande uses yearly about 3 seers of ganja, daily about 1/2 tola weight, 2 and 1/2 annas worth. One Jata Babaji of Mahespur spends 5 annas per day for one tola of this drug. 31. It is easily formed if smoked for about two months or so. It is difficult to break off the habit. An old ganja smoker (habitual excessive smoker) says that an habitual smoker may leave it off gradually, but may be liable to be attacked with some sickness. There is a tendency for a moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. E. MCL. SMITH, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


25. Decrease. Many people have betaken themselves to use liquor. 26. One-fifth of the total male population among low labouring agricultural classes, boatmen, palki-bearers, coolies, and mendicants; twenty among a thousand in the gentry; ten in a thousand amongst prostitutes and low classes of females. One-fourteenth of the whole ganja smokers are moderate, the rest excessive. 28. Minimum 1 pice. Maximum 1 anna. Weight 5 annas. 31. (a) Yes, amongst low classes. (b) Yes. (c) Yes.  - Evidence of BABU GOPAL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour.


25. Ganja-smoking is still on the increase among the lower classes where country liquor is not cheap. The smoking of charas is much on the decline. The drinkiug of siddhi may be said to be rather stationary. 26. Ganja. Siddhi. Per cent. Per cent. (a) 75 50 (b) 5 1 (c) 15 48 (d) 5 1 28. Three pice worth of ganja and half pice worth of siddhi is sufficient for a habitual moderate consumer of the drugs. A chillum of ganja cannot be smoked till it is entirely done with. It must be smoked with intervals of a minute or two. When there is no company it must be allowed to be consumed by the fire during the necessary in terval. Where there is company it is smoked inturn by all present, and so full use of the chillum is made. Ganja-smoking people generally assemble in numbers of two, three or four people and smoke together. Retail ganja is sold at six annas a tola. Three pice ganja generally admits of three chillums being made out of the same. When ganja is smoked in company two pice of ganja may be sufficient for a moderate consumer per diem. 31. Those who mix in low company easily form the habit of smoking ganja. Lazy and rich people as well as young folks are apt to run to excess in ganja and charas smoking. Hardly people go into excess in siddhi-drinking. I do not think that ganja-smoking can easily be given up. - Evidence of BABU NAVIN KRISHNA BANERJI, Brahman, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, District Manbhum


25. The use of ganja has decreased from over 9,336 maunds in 1872-73 to 5,451 maunds in 1892-93, whereas the revenue has increased from Rs. 11,89,706 to Rs. 23,86,066, i.e., ganja is now taxed more than treble than it was twenty years ago. The retail selling price to consumers, to my knowledge, has increased in some places in the last fourteen years by more than 100 per cent. Its use is regulated by its retail selling price and also by the prices at which country liquor and opium are sold. A large number of its consumers belong to the same classes who drink country liquor or take opium. When price of liquor is raised, some of its consumers take to ganja. So also with respect to opium and vice versá. It will be seen from Statement A that in Burdwan in the outstill period the consumption of ganja materially decreased and with the introduction of distillery system its consumption increased. The consump¬ tion of excise bhang has increased, but I believe the actual consumption of this article has de¬ creased. The illicit manufacture at home has been very much reduced, and people now take bhang sold at retail shops. Formerly most people took bhang stored up by them, i.e., by collecting leaves of wild plants. Consumption of charas has increased, but its use is restricted to the richer classes of the towns only. In the whole of Bengal in 1892-93, 11 maunds 26 seers were sold, and of this 8 maunds 11 seers in Calcutta alone. In the interior it is very little taken; in villages never. 26. Ganja consumers. Bhang consumers. (a) 70 per cent. 10 per cent. (b) 10 " Scarcely any, except up-country men. (c) 16 per cent. 80 per cent. (d) 4 " 10 " 28. Ganja is now sold generally for Rs. 16 to 20 a seer. The poorer consumers buy one or two pice worth at a time and not by measurement. (a) Two pice to an anna a day. (b) Two annas to four annas a day. 31. Yes, after some time, i.e., when persons take it for some days together, the habit begins to be formed. It is difficult for a confirmed habi¬ tual smoker to break off the habit. I know of only few cases in which the habit once formed was given up. In case of bhang there is no tendency for moderate habit to develop into the excessive. In fact cases of excessive consumption of bhang are rare, In the case of ganja there is the risk. I cannot, however, say that the tend¬ ency of the moderate habit is to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BABU PRAN KUMAR DAS, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan.


25. The use of ganja was on the increase, as many opium smokers took to ganja-smoking on account of the increase of price of opium, but the increase of duty this year has checked the increase in consumption. The use of bhang is on the decrease, as the present generation do not consider it very necessary for stimulating their digestive organs. 26. Ganja consumers are— (a) 75 per cent. (b) 15 " (c) 8 " (d) 2 " For bhang— (a) 75 per cent. (b) 0 " (c) 13 " (d) 2 " 28. For ganja— (a) 2 pice. (b) 2 annas. For bhang— (a) 1/4 of a pice. (b) 1 pice. Bhang is ordinarily taken with salt or sugar. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit. The moderate habit of using the ganja develops into the excessive. The habit of consuming bhang is not easily formed. It is easy to break off the habit. Its moderate use does not develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA BASAK, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase, though very slight. It is displacing liquor to a slight extent. The lower class who can't afford to buy liquor do smoke ganja instead. 26. For ganja smokers only— (a) 70 per cent. (b) 25 " (c) 2 " (d) 3 " 100 per cent.  28. For ganja— (a) One tola a week, costing 6 annas. (b) Two tolas a week, costing 12 annas. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off ganja smoking. Yes; ganja smoking once begun is developed into excess. - Evidence of BABU DINA NATH DÉ, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia.


25. I have no idea of the consumption of charas or bhang. The consumption of ganja in the last decade is steady. Some twenty or thirty years before the consumption of ganja was three times over, compared to the present consumption. The cause of decrease is attributed to the fact that there was very small duty on ganja before; with the gradual increase of duty and imposition of fee for selling ganja the consumption decreased. 26. The proportion of consumers of ganja, in my opinion, is as follows:— (a) 20 per cent. habitual moderate consumers. (b) Out of this 20, only 5 are excessive consumers, or 5 per cent. (c) Occasional moderate consumers 80 per cent. or 8 in 10. (d) Occasional excessive consumers are 10 out of 80 or 10 per cent. 28. The average allowance of habitual moderate consumers is two annas weight of ganja or 22 and 1/2 grains, the cost of which is only two pice. 31. I think the habit of consuming ganja is rather easily formed, since the class of people from which the consumers are taken consider ganja as only a bit stronger than tobacco, which is universally consumed in Bengal. The habit, I think, is not difficult to break off like other in¬ toxicants, such as opium, madak, and liquor. The tendency of moderate habit developing into ex¬ cessive depends much on the mode of life the man leads. An honest and respectable smoker, who uses ganja as pain and hunger killer, would not go to excessive, while a smoker who has less worldly ties and is not required to work for food would generally go to excess. - Evidence of BABU GANENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon


25. Charas is not used in this district. As regards ganja and bhang, they are neither on the increase nor on the decrease. 26. (a) 14 annas. (b) 1 anna. (c) 1 anna. (d) Nil. 28. (a) 3 annas in weight per head, costing 9 pie. (b) 8 annas in weight per head, costing 2 annas. 31. I believe the habit is not easily formed; but, when once contracted, it is very hard to break off. In the case of persons who indulge in these drugs for the sake of pleasure there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  -  Evidence of BABU GANGANATH ROY, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong.


25. The use of ganja is increased in this district on account of high prices of country spirit. There is also a slight increase in consumption of charas and bhang, which does not call for remarks. 26. Among ganja-smokers there are:— (a) 3/4 of the consumers. (b) 1/8 " " " (c) 1/16 " " " (d) 1/16 " " " Day-labourers and agriculturists are driven to its use in order to mitigate their daily labours, and religious mendicants betake to it to concentrate their minds towards devotion. 28. Two pice worth of ganja per diem, on average, is consumed by— (a) habitual moderate consumers. (b) religious medicants, as much as they receive from their followers and other believers in their persuasion. There is no fixed ratio amongst them. 31. The habit of ganja-smoking is formed by frequenting or mixing in the company of the habitual consumers, and it is difficult to break off such habit, when once formed, when the consumer has been maturely formed. In few cases the moderate habit turns into excessive.  - Evidence of BABU BHAIRAB NATH PALIT, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase in this district, as it appears from the increase of its sale. 31. The habit is easily formed in the lower classes of people. It is not so much difficult to break off as in the case of opium, There is not a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRO NATH BANDYOPADHYA, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jalpaiguri


25. Is stationary. The fluctuations are casual. 26. (a) About 90 per cent, ganja smokers. (b) About 10 per cent. (c) As regards bhang, moderation is the rule, and I have never come across a case of excess. 28. (a) One pice worth of ganja generally, from one-twelfth to one-sixteenth of a tola. (b) About four to five times this cost and quantity. 31. (a) and (b) Ganja smoking is easily formed, and it is difficult to break it off. (c) No.  - Evidence of BABU JAGA MOHAN BHATTACHARJYA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to Commissioner, Chittagong


25. The use of bhang has considerably decreased, and the ganja-smoking seems to have increased. In old days, bhang alone was recognised in the Hindu Shastras, and in only one Tantra have I found mention of ganja-smoking (see appendix for quotations). The result was that the sanyasis, vaishnavas, and tantriks then chiefly drank bhang. With the later Muhammadan rule, tobacco-smoking and analogically ganja-smoking came into vogue. The power of ganja-smoking in hardening the body and in lessening the nervous sensibilities including hunger, endeared the habit to ascetics and persons compelled to do hard work under exposure. Thus ganja-smoking has more and more superseded bhang-drinking. Question 25.[oral evidence] — I cannot say whether the actual quantity of ganja consumed is increasing. My answer only makes a comparison between the use of bhang and ganja. It is difficult to say if the total quantity of bhang and ganja consumed is increasing or decreasing, but my impression is that it is decreasing. This does not apply to the Balasore district, of which I have no knowledge, but to Puri and Cuttack only. 28. Moderate consumers of ganja 1/8th to 1/2 tola. Cost in Rajshahi ganja 2 to 8 pice. Cost in Gurjat 1/2 to 4 pice. Moderate consumers of bhang 1/2 to 3 or 4 tolas. Cost in Rajshahi 1/2 to 2 pice. Cost in Gurjat 1/4 to 1 pice. Excessive consumers of ganja 1/2 to 4 tolas. Cost in Rajshahi 2 to 16 annas. Cost in Gurjat 1 to 8 annas. Excessive consumers of bhang 4 to 15 tolas. Cost in Rajshahi 2 to 12 or 16 pice. Cost in Gurjat 1 to 8 pice. 31. Yes; not so difficult to break off as opium, but more difficult to break off than is tobacco. Yes; there is a tendency to develop into the excessive, unless the consumer is a person of strong will, or is restrained by his pecuniary resources.  - Evidence of BABU MANMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa.


26. In respect of ganja I think the proportion would stand thus— (a) 30 per cent. (b) 60 " (c) 8 " (d) 2 " and in respect of bhang thus— (a) 50 per cent. (b) 20 " (c) 25 " (d) 5 " 28. In the case of bhang— (a) about 1/2 tola, price about 1/2 pice. (b) " 2 " " 2 " In the case of ganja— (a) about 2/16 of a tola, price about 2 pice. (b) " 8/16 " " 8 ". 31. I include charas in replying to this. The habit of consuming ganja is very easily formed, but such is not the case in respect to bhang. It is difficult to give up the habit of smoking ganja and easy in case of bhang. Generally a moderate smoker of ganja becomes an excessive smoker in no time. Such tendency is strong in the case of ganja, but not so in the case of bhang.  - Evidence of BABU NAVAKUMAR CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jangipur, Murshidabad.


25. Use of ganja, as also bhang, is on the increase. The necessary figures showing consumption of these two articles in this district during the last three years are given:— Ganja.   Siddhi. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. 1890-91 38 14 6 0 38 12 1891-92 43 19 9 1 23 10 1892-93 43 18 6 1 35 8 There is no licensed shop for sale of charas in this district, and the consumption of this article cannot be ascertained. Reasons of increase in the consumption of ganja seem to be the increase in the number of the classes of the people who are ordinarily required by the nature of their occupation to use ganja. The names of such classes have been mentioned above. Also a few given to liquor-drinking have taken to ganja owing to its cheapness. 26. As far as this district is concerned, only very approximate figures can be given as below:
Ganja. Bhang. (a) 60 per cent. 90 per cent. (b) 20 " 2 " (c) 15 " 6 " (d) 5 " 2 "  28. (a) 3 to 7 pice 1 pice. (b) 8 to 10 pice 3 pice. 31. In the case of ganja and bhang the habit is easily formed Ganja is difficult to give up. The tendency referred to exists. - Evidence of MAULAVI ABDUS SAMAD, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, Manbhum.


25. The annual reports show that the consump¬ tion of ganja is falling off year by year. The comsumption of siddhi shows an increase. In charas the increase of consumption is nominal. The vendors of this district formerly used to ob¬ tain charas from Calcutta retail shops in small quantities, but now they are importing it direct from Amritsar and are selling it wholesale to the vendors of other districts. Ganja. Siddhi. Charas. Mds. Srs. Mds. Srs. Mds. Srs. 1888-89 185 35 37 31 1889-90 163 19 43 9 1890-91 172 29 46 5 0 25 1891-92 177 2 56 29 0 31 1892-93 173 26 6 26 1 25  26. (a) 70 per cent. (b) 4 " (c) 25 " (d) 1 " 28. (a) 2 annas weight, 3 annas weight, 1 tola. price 2 pice. price 1 1/2 annas. price 2 pice. (b) 1 tola, 1 tola, 2 1/2 tolas, price 4 annas. price 8 annas. price 5 pice. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Not to the same extent as alcohol or opium. -  Evidence of BABU GUNGADHAR GHOSE, Excise Deputy Collector, 24-Pargana


25. The consumption of ganja has decreased owing to the increase of duty. Particulars for charas are not known. The consumption of bhang appears to be on the increase owing to the fact that there has been no increase in the rate of duty on this drug, while duty on ganja has been raised considerably from time to time. 26. GANJA. BHANG. (a) 48 per cent. 10 per cent. (b) 23 " 15 " (c) 17 " 50 " (d) 12 " 25 " These informations have been recorded from statistics collected in the ganja shops and from enquiries made of ganja vendors. 28. GANJA. BHANG. Allowance. Costs. Allowance. Costs. (a) 8 grains 1/4 anna. 45 grains 1/8 anna. (b) 64 „ 2 annas. 90 „ 1/4 „ These figures have been obtained by enquiry. 81. The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed. Say ten days' use will create the habit, But it is not difficult to break it off. There is a tendency to increase the dose as habit grows up. This reply is made from informations collected and from experience.  -  Evidence of BABU PROKASH CHUNDER ROY, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna.


31. When the habit has once been formed it is difficult to break it off. I had some tenants who took to smoking and got into the habit. They tried to break it off, but were unsuccessful.  - Evidence of BABU PRAKASH CHANDRA SINGHA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chandpur, Tippera.


25. From the statement of people examined by me on the subject the number of ganja-consuming people has been on the inerease in some places, but quantity consumed in on the, decrease, Specific instances have been noticed by me. The total consumption (as evident from the figures of consumption) is on the decrease. This is due to the rise of duty levied on the drug; on the whole therefore the consumption of ganja is on the decrease and the consumption of bhang constant. 26. (a) Habitual moderate 80 out of 100 consumers. (b) Habitual excessive 20 out of 100 consumers. (c) Occasional moderate No approximate figures can be (d) Occasional excessive given. An occasional moderate smoker would rest content with one piee worth of ganja for four days. An occasional excessive smoker is a phenomenon. None is reported. Excessive smoker is always habitual smoker. For the purpose of simplifying my calculations I have included occasional moderate in the category of habitual moderate. An occasional smoker of this class I consider = 1/8th of habitual smoker. 28. Ganja— Allowance. Cost. (a) 1/8 of one tola. 4 anna. (b) 1/2 tola. 2 annas. Bhang— (a) 1 tola. 1 pice. (b) 1 chhattak. 4 pice or 1 anna. Only average figures have been given by striking out the mean of different statistics obtained from different localities. 31. Ganja.—Habit formed in a year or two. It is not difficult to break off. However, for ex¬ cessive habitual consumers it is difficult. Instances where it has been broken off are found everywhere. There is tendency to develop into excessive, but this does not generally take place for pecuniary circumstances of the consumer. The tendency therefore may be considered as mo¬ derate. Bhang.—The same remarks apply, but to a less degree. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRANATH MOZOOMDAR, Brahmin, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Monghyr


25. On the decrease. Liquor has replaced bhang, ganja, and charas, as far as the gentry is concerned. The increase in price of ganja has also diminished the number of smokers among the poorer classes. 26. I have seen only two habitual excessive consumers of charas in my life. Both these men died early of consumption. I know of twenty men who are moderate daily consumers of charas. I compute from my own knowledge and the evidence of the gentlemen examined— (1) that 95 per cent. of ganja-smokers are of class (a), 2 per cent. of class (b), 005 per cent. of class (c), and the rest of class (d); (2) that 50 per cent. of bhang consumers are of class (a), 25 per cent. of class (b), 20 per cent. of class (c), and 5 per cent. of class (d). 28. As regards ganja— (a) One to two annas weight. (b) One-fourth tola to half a tola. The cost varies in different districts. 31. (a) Not easily formed. (b) Yes, when once formed. This applies to all drugs. (c) No.  - Evidence of BABU A. K. RAY, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bangaon, Jessore District.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease in the Cuttack district, as is known by the fall of the consumption on account of high price. The gradual falling-off is proved from the following figures:— Year. Quantity of ganja consumed. Year. Mds. Srs. Chs. 1886-87 174 4 11 1887-88 164 13 4 1888-89 152 7 0 1889-90 141 7 12 1890-91 136 22 7 1891-92 112 10 3 1892-93 112 21 9 As regards siddhi, licenses began to be regularly issued from 1890-91, in which year the consump¬ tion was 3 maunds 13 seers and 8 chittacks. In 1891-92 the consumption was 9 maunds 2 seers and 3 chittacks; from this it fell to 5 maunds 5 seers and 12 chittacks in the last year. A part of the falling-off is due to smuggling of Gurjat ganja and patti. 26. The proportion cannot be given. Excessive consumers of ganja are generally either fakirs or madmen. 28. Ganja—(a) About one-eighth of a tola, costing two pice. (b) About one tola, costing 4 annas. Patti.—(a) About one-eighth of a tola, costing half a pice. (b) About one tola, costing one anna. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and patti is easily formed and is difficult to break off. In the case of patti, the tendency for the moderate habit does not develop into the excessive. In the case of ganja, this tendency has not been, however, particularly marked.  - Evidence of BABU KANTI BHUSHAN SEN, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is on the decrease. The statistics show that the consumption has decreased by half during the last twenty years, and that the consumption has not increased with the increase of population. The decrease is due to high retail selling price on account of increase of duty and license fees. Formerly a large number of respectable people used to consume ganja on account of religious prejudice, but now they have taken to drinking. 26. (a) Habitual moderate consumers 75 30 70 (b) Habitual excessive consumers 10 5 5 (c) Occasional moderate consumers 14 60 23 (d) Occasional excessive consumers 1 5 2
28. The average allowance and the cost of the drug per diem. (a) Habitual moderate smokers of ganja may be divided into three classes:— (1) Bhadralok, boatmen, etc., smoke ganja once early in the morning and once before going to bed at night. They smoke one or two pice worth of ganja each per day, 1/16 or ? tola in weight. (2) Bhadralok, jotedar, etc. (idle person of the middle class), who can afford to pay, and who have no occupations, smoke once in the morning, once after breakfast before their afternoon sleep, and once at night. They smoke quarter tola in weight, price four pice, in sadar, and quarter tola in weight, price six pice, in the mufassal. (3) Labouring classes.—Cultivators, especially during the rainy season, while working in water. In the morning before commencing work and when they feel tired they smoke. After breakfast once, and once at night before going to bed. Thus they smoke five or six times in twentyfour hours. They smoke in small quantities—two to two and a half annas (sixteen annas making a tola) in weight, on an average worth three pice. (b) Habitual excessive consumers.—They do not smoke tobacco, but smoke ganja whenever they feel a craving for smoking. They generally smoke a tola of ganja in weight per day, price four to five annas. Well-to-do people, who consume ganja in large quantities, powder the ganja in a pestle and mortar, aud then put the powdered ganja in the chillum over prepared tobacco. Average allowance of (per diem)— Ganja. Bhang. Charas. (a) Habitual moderate consumers. Dacca—1 1/2 to 1 anna in weight, cost 2 1/8 pies to 4 1/4 pies.
4 annas in weight, cost 1 1/2 pies. 1/2 anna, cost 3 pies. Mymensingh—1 or 2 annas in weight, cost 6 pies at sadar and 9 pies in the mufassal. 4 annas in weight, cost 3 pies. 1 anna in weight, cost 2 annas. 24-Parganas—2 to 3 annas in weight, cost 12 or 15 pies. 8 annas in weight, cost 3 pies. 1 anna in weight, cost 2 annas. (b) Habitual excessive consumers. Dacca—2 annas to 8 annas in weight, cost 8 1/2 pies to 1 anna 5 pies. 1 tola in weight, cost 6 pies. 1 tola, 8 annas. Mymensingh—1 tola in weight, cost 4 or 5 annas. 2 tolas in weight, cost 1 anna. 1 tola, 8 annas. 24-Parganas—1 tola in weight, cost 4 or 5 annas. 2 tolas in weight, cost 1 anna. 1 tola, 8 annas. In Dacca and Mymensingh wild bhang is used, and it is therefore an inexpensive luxury. On account of increase in duty and license fees the consumption of ganja has greatly fallen off. Poor people cannot now pay for the full quantity they require. 31. (a) The habit of consuming ganja, bhang, and charas is easily formed as with other intoxi¬ cants. (b) It is difficult for habitual consumers to break off the habit. I have seen people sent to jail break off the habit after a restraint for some time. It is very difficult to break off the habit of smoking ganja and charas, but it is easy to break off the habit of drinking bhang. (c) There is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, but it may, as in other intoxicants, even in tobacco. But poor people cannot afford to pay for the high price, and they cannot, therefore, become excessive smokers. Even people who can afford do not smoke excessively for fear of being looked down. - Evidence of BABU ABHILAS CHANDRA MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal


25. The following table shows the consumption of ganja in Bengal for the last ten years for which figures are available:—
Year. Chur. Round. Plat. Total. M. S. Ch. M. S. Ch. M. S. Ch. M. S. Ch. 1882-83 808 19 13 2,225 38 2 2,579 14 14 5,645 36 14 1883-84 430 37 3 3,587 21 7 1,839 0 6 5,881 0 13 1884-85 165 37 15 4,408 37 5 1,223 8 14 5,798 4 2 1885-86 114 13 13 3,205 23 2 2,397 32 12 5,717 29 11 1886-87 365 36 15 3,070 38 9 2,827 10 14 6,264 6 6 1887-88 120 14 0 2,747 3 15 3,682 33 8 6,550 11 7 1888-89 962 6 7 2,151 20 7 3,299 24 1 6,413 10 15 1889-90 889 38 3 1,762 32 0 3,448 19 12 6,101 9 15 1890-91 899 20 4 1,917 19 8 3,278 37 9 6,095 31 5 1891-92 424 12 2 1,795 21 9 3,457 37 5 5,677 31 0 These figures are derived from the published reports of Government. From the extreme fluctuations in the consumption of the three different varieties of ganja in different years, the totals against the different years do not convey any correct idea whether consumption is really increasing or decreasing. Flat ganja and round ganja contain a large amount of useless wood, so that if a man purchases a seer of flat or round ganja he really consumes 12 or 14 chittacks, throwing away the remaining 4 or 2 chittacks as useless wood. To find out whether the consumption is increasing or decreasing, we must reduce these figures into the terms of one variety, say, chur, by our knowledge as to the quantities of ganja and wood contained in flat and round ganja. I think it would not be far from the truth to take a seer of flat and round ganja to contain 12 and 15 chittacks of ganja respectively, so that to reduce to the chur kind we must multiply by 12\16 and 15\16 the figures respresenting, respectively, the consumption of flat and round ganja. After making these corrections, we shall have further to deduct from the results the quantities of ganja exported into Nepal and the North-West from the districts of the Patna and Bhagalpur Divisions, for they do not represent consumption in Bengal; whilst an increase or decrease in the export may so alter the figures as to cause misapprehension with regard to consumption so far as Bengal is concerned. It is not, however, possible to apply the corrections for the different kinds of ganja exported, for the published reports give only the total quantity exported every year, without distinguish¬ ing the different varieties. The revenue derived from the export of ganja into the North-West has, however, been given for every year. This, divided by the prevailing duty on a maund of chur ganja in that year, will give, as approxi¬ mately as possible, the chur equivalent of the ganja exported into the north-west. But even this plan cannot be followed in the case of ganja exported into Nepal, for no figures are available to show the revenue derived from this source. The following table shows the quantity of ganja exported into the North-Western Provinces, the revenue derived from them, the rate of duty on chur ganja, and the chur equivalent of ganja so exported:— 1 2 3 4 5 Year. Quantity exported. Revenue.
Rate of duty per maund on chur. Chur equivalent. Maunds. R R Maunds. 1882-83 532 99,524 200 497 1883-84 681 1,28,707 200 643 1884-85 681 1,30,910 200 654 1885-86 720 1,34,503 200 672 1886-87 849 1,58,519 200 792 1887-88 871 1,64,917 200 824 1888-89 860 1,64,117 260 631 1889-90 789 1,47,905 270 471 1890-91 668 1,27,065 280 454 1891-92 467 96,497 280 345
There are several discrepancies in the figures for the same year as given in different reports, and it is difficult to find out the correct figures. Thus, the quantity of ganja exported into the North-Western Provinces in 1889-90 is given differ¬ ently in three successive annual excise administration reports (1889-90, 1890-91, and 1891-92). In such difficulties I have chosen that figure which appeared to me to be most correct. The quantities of ganja exported into Nepal were—107 maunds in 1888-89, 75 maunds in 1889-90, 120 maunds in 1890-91, 228 maunds in 1891-92.
Now, making the corrections for round and flat ganja and deducting the quantities exported in the North-West and Nepal, we have for the last ten years the consumption of ganja in Bengal expressed in the chur form as follows:— Maunds. 1882-83 4,333 1883-84 4,531 1884-85 4,562 1885-86 4,240 1886-87 4,573 1887-88 4,633 1888-89 4,715 1889-90 4,583 1890-91 4,582 1891-92 4,126 From this it appears that up to 1888-89 the consumption of ganja was steadily on the increase. There was a falling off in 1885-86, but it must have been due to temporary causes, as both before and after this year the consumption was appre¬ ciably larger than in this year. From 1889-90 the consumption shows a falling off. The falling off is very considerable in 1891-92. Three years, however, is too short a period to deduce any general conclusion. As in 1885-86, the falling off in consumption in 1891-92 is ascribed to a short crop in the producing district and a consequent rise in the wholesale price of ganja. The quantities of ganja estimated to have been produced were in— Maunds. 1884-85 7,076 1885-86 3,887 and 1890-91 6,681 1891-92 6,040 General rise in the price of food grains, I think, accounts for these fluctuations in consumption more than anything else. It is the lower classes of people who most consume the drug, and it is they that are most affected by bad harvests. It is worthy of notice that complaints have come from several districts that, owing to the rise in the price of country spirits consequent on the introduction of the Sudder distillery system, several persons who were accustomed to liquor have begun to consume ganja. 26. Before this question is answered, one must ascertain where to draw the line between moderate and excessive consumers. In the first place ideas of moderation and excess vary with individuals. I have heard that an eminent medical man once laid down that a person would not overstep the bounds of moderation by taking per diem two bottles of beer, one bottle of port, and four pegs of whiskey. On the other hand, a teetotaller or a missionary gentleman may be shocked even at a man taking a cup of champagne. In the same way I once met a ganjakhor spending four annas per diem on the drug, gravely assuring me that no man on earth can manage to satisfy his craving for ganja by consuming a less quantity of the drug than what he himself does. Again, what is moderation to one may be excess to another person—constitution, temperament, age, climate, and many other circumstances all tend to affect the question. One way of distinguishing, the moderate from the excessive consumers would be to regard those to be moderate who have some fixed times in the day for consuming the drug, and those to be excessive consumers who have managed to contract such a longing for the drug as not to be confined to any particular times or hours in the day, but to consume as much of the drug as he can get and as often as he finds the opportunities to do so. Applied to the particular drug (ganja) of which I am now speaking, the above test is rather difficult of application. For if we discard the quantitative test (i.e., the test of regarding one to be moderate who consumes so much ganja, and one to be excessive who consumes more than that quantity), we can have no means of determining what proportion of ganja smokers are moderate, and what proportion excessive, without a detailed inquiry into the habits and circumstances of each particular individual. In fact, without the assistance of some quantitative test, we may, so far as this particular case is concerned, arrive at some manifestly absurd conclusions. Ganja smoking is a habit seen rarely amongst the higher classes of the people of this province. Its use is confined to the lower orders. Now, moderation is a virtue for which the lower orders of no country is conspicuous. In fact, they are conspicuous for the opposite quality, i.e., extravagance in expenditure with regard to marriage, drinks, and other intoxicants. It will not be far from the truth to say that a man belonging to the lower orders will spend in his drink or habitual narcotic as much as he can conveniently afford, i.e., a man of his class will consume as much of his favorite intoxicant as his means will allow. Consequently we arrive at the conclusion that ordinarily a ganja smoker will set no limit to his use of the drug, except that which will be imposed by his resources. He will, therefore, be glad to consume the drug as often and as much as his means will allow. Judged by the test of moderation set forth above, every such man should be regarded as an excessive consumer, for he is always ready to consume the drug, and is only prevented from doing so by want of means. As a matter of fact, however, a large number of people have so little to spare after satisfying the first necessities of life, that what little they spend in ganja can hardly be said to make them excessive consumers in any sense of the term. On the other hand, there are people possessed of better means, who, though they may be in the habit of consuming the drug only at stated hours of the day, consume it at those hours in such a large quantity that they cannot be called moderate in any sense of the term. Here then ultimately we shall have to fall back on a quantitative test if we wish to distinguish moderate from excessive consumers. I have taken some statistics on this point. The ganja shop at this town of English bazar sells ganja at the rate of R20 a seer. I inquired of a large number of persons who come to purchase ganja, at this shop as to their daily consumption of the drug. Altogether 378 persons were examined. Of these, 247 persons stated that they spent a pice a day on this drug, 106 persons gave two pice as their daily expenditure on ganja, whilst only 13, 7, 1, 3, and 1 stated their daily consumption to be three, four, five, eight, and ten pice, respectively. I am sure most of these men understated their consumption to a very considerable extent. But looking to the fact that purchasers of ganja are not the only persons who consume the drug, and that a large number of persons who consume ganja do so at the expense of their richer companions, I think it is safe to say that the majority of ganja smokers do not spend more than two pice a day upon ganja. The retail price of ganja in this district is about R20, so that two pice can fetch a man only one eighth tola of ganja. This is not sufficient for more than three chillums, I think it cannot be con¬sidered as excessive. On this datum it can be said that the majority of the ganja 'smokers are moderate consumers. Beyond this, however, it is not possible to fix any proportion between moderate and excessive consumers. As regards occasional consumers, all that can be said is that their number is extremely small. In fact, it is impossible for a man to consume even a pretty large quantity of ganja unless he is a habitual consumer and has kept up his habit by daily use. 28. (a) 1 to 2 pice a day. (b) 3 pice to 4 annas a day. 31. The habit is easily formed. Example of older persons leads the young to smoke the drug first as a pleasure. Soon the habit becomes con¬ firmed, and the victim finds it difficult to give it up, even if he is willing to do so. It is possible to give up the habit if one really wishes. The consumption of the drug, however, has a tendency to lead to an excess. Excess is only checked by the means and circumstances of the consumer. Often he is led to commit theft to satisfy his cravings for the drug. - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA DAS, Baidya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Malda.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is, I believe, on the increase. People of slight moral strength take to these temporary stimulants in order to muffle their anxieties or remedy their every-day physical complaints. They are deluded of course by a false hope. It is the intoxicating property which is in request. 31. I cannot say anything specially about ganja, but judging from the fact that most intoxicants are easily liked and soon indulged in, I should say that the habit of consuming ganja is easily formed and hardly given up, and that there is a tendency in it to make the habit excessive. - Evidence of BABU BRAJA DURLABH HAZARA, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Howrah.


25. On the decrease, not because people are giving up taking narcotics, but because they cannot afford to pay for such things. The statistics of the district for the last three years show this. 26. The number of habitual moderate consumers is the largest. 28. (a) Four annas and four pice of ganja, and half chhattak and three pice of bhang. (b) One bhari and two annas of ganja; one chhattak and six pice of bhang. 31. Yes; and when formed, it is very difficult to abandon it. There are cases of moderate consumers who have been moderate consumers all along, but moderate consumers have also become hard smokers.  - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CHANDRA KAR, Excise Deputy Collector, Bhagalpur


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease, as will appear from the statistics of the trade in this drug in Chapter IV. The reasons for the decrease are (1) the increase in the retail price of ganja consequent on the increase in duty and license fees, (2) the gradual increase in the price of foodgrains, which has the effect of leaving very little in the hands of the poorer classes of people for luxuries. The quantity of bhang consumed is also on the decrease. The reasons are— (1) The restrictive measures now being enforced to prevent the consumption of the wild drug. (2) A growing sense of aversion among the Bhadralok classes* to the consumption of the drug. It may be noted that there is practically no consumption of duty-paid bhang in this district. Although there are a few bhang shops in this district, there is hardly any sale in them. 26. For ganja— For bhang— Per cent. Per cent. (a) 70 10 (b) 12 Nil. (c) 13 40 (d) 5 50 For charas—No experience. 28. Ganja— (a) 1/2 ani or 1/32 of a tola, worth 2 pies. (b) 6 anis, worth about 2 annas. Bhang— (a) 1/4 of a tola, worth about 1/2 a pice. (b) One tola, worth about 2 1/2 pice. The consumers, however, rarely purchase the drug, as bhang grows wild in this district. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed, and it is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. The moderate habit generally tends to develop into the excessive. The same answers for bhang. No experience about charas.  - Evidence of BABU RAJANI PRASAD NEOGY, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is not on the increase, as the following statistics of this district will show:— Year. Ganja. Bhang. Mds. srs. Mds. srs. 1888-89 52 28 3 9 1889-90 51 23 4 0 1890-91 55 1 2 32 1891-92 52 13 3 31 1892-93 50 11 3 11. 26 and 27. (a) All classes mentioned in answer 20 who use the drugs, except the sadhus, are habitual moderate consumers. (b) The sadhus only, who are very few in number, are generally habitual excessive consumers. 28. Ganja— Bhang— (a) 1 pice to 1 anna per 1 pie to 1 pice per diem. diem. (b) 2 to 4 annas 1 to 2 pice. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed, but the habit of drinking bhang is not easily created. The habit of ganja-smoking cannot easily be broken off, but that of bhang can be given up easily. The moderate habit in either case has a tendency to develope into the excessive. - Evidence of GHULAM LILLAHI, Excise Deputy Collector, Ranchi, District Lohardaga.


25. The consumption of all the three drugs is on the decrease. The reasons of the decrease are the general scarcity prevailing through the Bengal districts, the increased rate of the duty on ganja, a growing tendency of the people to use imported liquor in place of these drugs. 26. (a) 80 per cent. are moderate consumers. (b) 10 per cent. are habitual excessive consumers. (c) 5 per cent. are occasional moderate consumers. (d) 5 per cent. are occasional excessive consumers. 28. (a) Four pice worth of ganja, i.e., about 1/4 of a tola, is sufficient for a moderate consumer. (b) Three annas worth of ganja is generally consumed by the excessive smoker. The cost to the siddhi drinker is half that of the above cost. 31. It is not very easy to contract the habit of smoking ganja or charas. But when the habit is once formed, it is very difficult to break off. The habit of drinking bhang is easily formed, but it is also very easy to give up this habit. There is always a tendency to develop the moderate use of these drugs to excess.  - Evidence of BABU SURESH CHUNDRA BAL, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.


25. Charas is not consumed here. The consumption of bhang which is very limited is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. From the statistics showing the quantity of ganja annually consumed since 1874-75, when the district was formed, it will be seen that the consumption has been fluctuating and that it decreased last year compared with that of 1887-88. The decrease is attributed to the enhancement in the rate of duty. 26. There are no statistics in the office from which the proportion of the consumers could be ascertained. The following may give an approximate idea of it:— (a) Habitual moderate consumers 7,455 (b) Habitual excessive consumers 1,230 (c) Occasional moderate consumers 994 (d) Occasional excessive consumers 195 Charas is not consumed. Bhang is very little consumed for which there is no shop here. No statistics kept from which accurate information could be given. The following is an approximate proportion:— (a) Habitual moderate consumers 75/100 (b) Habitual excessive consumers 12/100 (c) Occasional moderate consumers 11/100 (d) Occasional excessive consumers 2/100 28. Approximately— Average Average allowance. cost. (a) Habitual moderate consumers 2 Mashas 7 Pies. Annas Pie. (b) Habitual excessive consumers 8 " 2 4. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is not easily formed but by long and constant use of them. Such habit when once formed, specially that of ganja or charas-smoking, it is difficult to break off. From daily observance as also from the In some cases there certainly is. H. C. W. statistics ralating to the consumption of ganja I can say there is no tendency in the case of ganja for the moderate habit to develop into excessive. Bhang is not much consumed, and charas not at all.  - Evidence of BABU ROY BRAHMA DUTT, * Kayasth, Excise Deputy Collector, Darbhanga.


26. Ganja.—The habitual consumers of ganja are generally moderate; 1 out of 100 persons seems to be habitual excessive consumer. There seem to be few occasional consumers. In fact no body could tell me that there are voluntarily occasional consumers of this drug (ganja). Bhang.—Bhang is occasionally taken in moderate quantities on festive occasions which sanction its use by Hindus. The occasional excessive consumers are those who intoxicate themselves with other drugs, the want of which drug drives them sometimes to this, and they do not find enjoyment in taking moderate dose. The habitual consumers are the up-country men. 28. The habitual moderate consumer here smokes from one to two annas worth of ganja per diem, and the habitual excessive consumer smokes from four to eight annas worth of ganja per diem. 31. Ganja.—The habit is formed gradually, and, as in the case of every intoxicating drug, difficult to break off. There does appear to be that tendency to develop into excessive, though to a slight extent. - Evidence of BABU BANKU BEHARI DUTT, Excise Deputy Collector, Backergunge


25. I have no statistics, but, so far as one can see or hear, the use of ganja seems to be on the increase. 28. (a) One to two pice (ganja). (b). Two to four annas (ganja). Bhang is cheap and does not cost much. A moderate consumer can use a pice worth of bhang for two or three days. I should think that some wild bhang is collected by the agricultural classes. 31. Yes, and difficult to break it off. It has a tendency to develop into an excessive habit.  - Evidence of BABU WOOMA CHARAN BOSE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector; Manager, Raj Banaili, District Bhagalpur


25. It is believed that the use of ganja is on the decrease on account of the increase of price. 26. Ganja— (a) 5 per cent. (b) 1 " (c) 8 " (d) 1 " Bhang— (a) 1 per cent. (b) (c) 5 per cent. (d) Charas is not taken in this locality. 28. For ganja— (a) One pice per day. (b) One anna per day. 31. Bad company leads to the habit of ganja smoking, which is not easily broken off. It is not unlikely that from moderate habit one would go to excess.  - Evidence of BABU RASIK LAL GHOSE, Court of Wards' Manager, Dinajpur.


25. Ganja was largely smoked some years ago by the Bengalis of Calcutta, notoriously by the inhabitants of Bag Bazar, but it decreased while alcohol began to spread its sway. It has begun to increase again, because alcohol has become more expensive. No appreciable fluctuation in the use of charas and bhang is visible. 26. Of the 50 or 60 per cent. of the Hindustanis, Marwaris, and others who are addicted to ganja, about one-tenth may be taken as habitual excessive consumers and the rest moderate. Of the occasional consumers the proportion is larger, but they do not smoke excessively—about five in a thousand may be excessive. The proportion of charas-smokers among the above classes is about 20 per cent,: of the habitual charassmokers, five in a thousand may be taken as "excessive" and the rest moderate. As for occasional smokers, their number is smaller than that of the habitual. The proportion of ganja and charas smokers among the Bengalis is infinitely small, but the rates fluctuate between the high, middle and low classes of Bengalis. As regards bhang, about 80 per cent. of the Hindustanis are supposed to be habitual consumers, of whom about 10 per cent. are excessive drinkers and the rest moderate. There are also habitual consumers among the Bengalis, though the exact figure cannot be ascertained without local enquiry. Bhang is occasionally taken by every Hindu: it is essential on certain festivals, such as on Bejaya Dasami day in Bengal and Holi in the NorthWest. Among the Bengalis the occasional drinkers may be taken at about one per cent. 28. For one pice, a chillum of ganja may be obtained, and among the very poor, four to six persons manage to have a pull, or virtually one pice worth of ganja satisfies four poor moderate smokers per diem. The average allowance to moderate habitual smokers, irrespective of their circumstances, is two or three chillums per diem. In the case of excessive comsumers the quantity is by far greater—about 20 to 50 chillums each. I know well-to-do persons consume three to four chillums per diem; but the proportion among Bengali bhadra-lok cannot exceed one in a thousand. Poor excessive smokers assemble together and consume ganja according to what each can afford. One chillum of charas costs two pice. As for ascetics or fakirs, they smoke all day long; but their consumption varies from day to day according to the means at their disposal. The foregoing remarks apply also to the use of charas, except that it is more expensive than ganja; that the number of chillums one can consume hardly exceeds four per diem. Two tolas of bhang is the average daily allowance to a habitual moderate consumer: a tola can be obtained for a little more than a pice, the price varying between R1-8 to R2 per seer; but retail purchasers have to pay twice as much. The excessive habitual drinkers, such as Chowbeys of Muttra, generally consume one chhattack of the drug every day. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed, and, when confirmed, it is difficult to break off, though not so difficult as in the case of opium and alcohol. There is always a tendency to develop into the excessive, but that tendency is not so strong as in the case of opium eaters and wine imbibers. - Evidence of BABU GOUR DAS BYSACK, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta.


25. I believe the use of ganja has much decreased of late owing to the high rate of duty and price of the drug, and not from any disinclination on the part of the consumers if they could afford to purchase it. 28. This depends entirely upon one's means. A native will spend as much as a rupee a day for ganja, while a poor man will content himself with a few pice worth. 31. The habit is easily acquired, but it is difficult to break off. It grows upon one.  - Evidence of MR. W. SARSON, retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, formerly Abkari Superintendent, Chittagong.


25. The use of all kinds of hemp drugs is steadily decreasing. The habit is looked upon as a low one, and the effect is considered to be very baneful, hence the decrease of consumption. 26. It is very difficult to make an estimate of such a proportion. Generally the ganja-smokers are habitual moderate consumers, but the jogis, sadhus, and mendicants may be classed as habitual excessive ganja-consumers. Siddhi and charas consumers may be classed as occasional moderate consumers. Very few cases are to be met with of excessive consumption of these two drugs. 28. A habitual moderate consumer of ganja smokes on an average a drachm of the drugs per diem which costs him about two pice, while a habitual excessive consumer can smoke an ounce or more a day, and the cost proportionately increases. Habitual moderate consumers of siddhi generally take from half to two tolas a day, while an excessive consumer's dose varies from three to five tolas. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed. In my experience, I have found that the habit is difficult to break off. Yes, I think there is a tendency to develop into the excessive habit.  - Evidence of BABU HEM CHUNDER KERR, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah.


25. Consumption is on the increase:— Consumption (whole Bengal). 1885-86. 1886-87. 1887-88. 1888-89. GANJA. Mds. Mds. Mds. Mds. 5,717 6,266 6,550 6,413 CHARAS. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. 2 15 8 3 17 1 4 35 10 4 36 4
SIDDHI. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. Mds. S. Ch. 859 0 0 963 38 12 1,009 38 10 1,020 12 9. 26. In order to answer this question, it is necessary to assume a certain quantity as the standard of moderate consumption. Taking 1/16 chhattack of ganja, 1/8 chhattack of siddhi, and 1/16 chhattack of charas as the ordinary standards of moderate consumption, the following proportion seems to exist between the different kinds of consumers and the total number:— Ganja. Bhang or siddhi. Habitual moderate consumer 1/2 3/4 Habitual excessive consumer 1/4 1/16 Occasional moderate consumer 8/16 1/2 Occasional excessive consumer 1/16 1/16 The proportion for ganja may be roughly taken for charas. 28. The average cost of ganja or charas for a moderate consumer is 3/4 of an anna per day, and that of siddhi 1/4 of an anna.  Habitual excessive consumers have to spend nearly double the amount. 31. The habit of consuming all these drugs may be formed in a month or two if taken daily or at regular intervals. But I do not think that it is very difficult to give up the habit. Jail prisoners accustomed to these drugs before conviction are, as a rule, compelled to give up the habit after admission into the jail. But they do not appear to suffer much by the change, and most of them improve physically within a short time. I have reason to believe that the moderate use of these drugs, like all other intoxicating articles, has a tendency to develop to excess.  - Evidence of BABU KALI DAS MUKERJI, Sub-Deputy Collector and Superintendent of Distillery, Serampore, Hughli.


25. In Bengal the use of ganja, charas and bhang among the Bengali population is fast decreasing owing, among the upper classes, to a change of taste by the influence of English education, and among the lower classes, to an influence of the example of the upper classes. No perceptible diminution of its use among the up-country people. 26. Out of every 100 consumers are— (a) 75, (b) 5, (c) 15 and (d) 5, I should think. 28. (a) One anna or less, (b) two annas or more. 31. This is just like drinking of liquor and all other intoxicating drinks or drugs.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA NATH MOZUMDAR, Brahmin, Deputy Inspector of Excise, Darjeeling.


25. The use of licit ganja, charas and siddhi is on the decrease. Many lower class of people, specially in 24-Parganas District, who can afford, have taken to tari, as it both stimulates and satisfies hunger. I believe also many of the upper class people who used to smoke charas and drink siddhi have now taken to wines and spirits, as they consider them better in exhilarating effect. 26. (a) 70 per cent. (b) 4 per cent. (c) 25 per cent. (d) 1 per cent. 28. Ganja. Charas. Siddhi. (a) Two annas weight, Three annas weight, One tola, price price two pice. price one and half anna. two pice. (b) One tola, price One tola, price eight Two-half tolas. 31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) Not to the same extent as alcohol or opium.  - Evidence of BABU DIGENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Inspector of Excise, 24-Parganas.


25. It appears from the exports that the use of ganja is neither increasing nor decreasing. It has been rather steady since the last fifteen years. The increase of duty from time to time did not affect consumption. It therefore seems that it is capable of being taxed still higher. 26. I cannot give the proportion of the ganja smokers, as I could not gather statistics. (a) More. (b) Less. (c) More. (d) Less. 28. The average allowance of ganja per diem to a habitual moderate smoker is about two annas weight. The cost of it is two pice. That per diem to a habitual excessive smoker is one tola, and the cost of it is four annas. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. The moderate habit tends to develop into excessive in some cases. - Evidence of BABU SIR CHUNDER SOOR, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi.


28. The average allowance is estimated by the Inspector of Police at half a tola or 2 annas' worth for moderate consumers, and one tola or 4 annas for excessive consumer. 31. The habit is not said to be easily formed; but once established, it is difficult to break off, and moderation generally leads to excess. - Evidence of MR. W. C. FASSON, District Superintendent of Police, Bogra.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase, especially in those districts where the outstill system (cheap liquor) is not in vogue, and where people are comparatively poor and cannot pay the high prices of liquor. 26. (a) .5 (b) .1 (c) .3 Ganja and bhang. (d) .1  28. (a) 3 pies per diem. (b) 1 anna per diem. 31. Habit not easily formed. It is difficult to break off. Not very much.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. TUCKER, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur.


25. I do not think the use of ganja is on the increase. The use of bhang may be on the increase. Owing to high price of ganja, the people can hardly afford to pay for it, and in lieu of ganja many people, especially the sanyasis, bairagis and other mendicants, use bhang. In every large village there are ganja smokers, but on account of the high price of the intoxicating drugs, the number of such men is very small. 26. (a) About 75 per cent. of the ganja smokers are habitual moderate smokers. (b) Habitual excessive smokers may be 10 per cent. (c) Occasional moderate smokers may be 13 or 14 per cent. (d) Occasional excessive smokers may be nil,. or at most 1 to 2 per cent. 28. The average cost of ganja per diem to (a) Habitual moderate consumers may be one anna at the least, (b) Habitual excessive consumers may be at the most 8 annas or a tola's weight= 4 annas. The cost of bhang to either of those classes is nominal. 31. I do not think the habit of smoking ganja has to be acquired slowly, but when it is once formed, it is difficult to break off. Habitual use of bhang can be easily formed and easily broken off. There is a great tendency in the case of ganja for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, but fortunately the price of this drug having been raised from Rs. 4 to 16 or 20 per seer, the people can hardly afford to smoke in excess. I know many men who care very little to provide necessaries to wife and children, or even to himself, but spend all their available means in purchasing ganja.  - Evidence of MR. R. L. WARD, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi.


25. The rise of the price of liquor has rather increased the number of bhang drinkers and ganja smokers. 26. Among the ganja smokers and bhang drinkers— (a)1 /2 are habitual moderate consumers. (b) About 1/4 habitual excessive consumers. (c) " 1/8 occasional moderate consumers. (d) " 1/8 occasional excessive consumers. 28. (a) Two annas a day for each moderate. (b) Eight annas a day for each excessive. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed. When the habit is formed it is difficult to break off, and gradually moderate smokers go to excess. - Evidence of BABU MATHURA MOHAN SIRKAR, Inspector of Police, Jhenida, District Jessore.


25. I cannot give any opinion. Reliable natives tell me that the habit of ganja-smoking is increasing, but their views are, in my opinion, founded on no data. 28. (a) About 2 to 3 pice per day. (b) About 5 to 6 pice per day. The local price of a bud is one pice, and one bud would suffice for two chillums or two smokes. A heavy smoker will want 10 to 12 chillums per day. 31. Yes, to all three queries - Evidence of MR. H. P. WYLLY,* Government Agent at Keonjhar, Orissa.


25. I should say the use of ganja and bhang is decidedly on the increase. The drugs are becoming more popular, as they are within the means of all classes, and the Brahmins and people of higher caste now use it to a great extent, and their example is being followed by the people in general. 26. Ganja— (a) 75 per cent. (b) 10 " (c) 10 " (d) 5 " Only about 10 per cent. of the bhang-consumers drink it habitually, and very few indeed take it to excess. Most consumers take it occasionally only at special times. 28. (a) 1/8 to 1/4 tola per diem; cost 2 pice to one anna. (b) 1 to 2 tolas per diem; cost 4 annas to 8 annas. A Babaji has been known to smoke 20 tolas in one day. 31. The habit of taking ganja is easily formed, and once formed difficult to break off, especially in the cases of excessive consumers. Bhang, however, can be relinquished without much difficulty. There is certainly a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of Mr. W. R. RICKETTS,* Manager, Nilgiri State, Tributary Mahals, Orissa.


26. As for bhang or siddhi, few are excessive consumers. I have, however, heard of one or two hard drunkards having left the bottle to take to massive doses of siddhi every day. Most people who drink siddhi for exhilaration do so occasionally and in moderate quantities. Ganja smokers are generally regular consumers, and many are excessive smokers. Of charas consumers I have no information. They are believed to be habitual consumers. 31. I believe that the habit of smoking ganja and charas cannot be easily shaken off. I know of a man who was a ganja smoker, and whose father, being apprised of the fact, kept watch over him. On the second day the man felt very unwell, and was only relieved by ganja being given to him - Evidence of MAHAMAHOPADHYA MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease. It is owing to the increased duty. 28. The average allowance for a habitual moderate consumer is 1/16th tola, and that for a habitual excessive consumer is about half a tola. The costs are respectively three pies and two annas. 31. In the case of bhang, the habit is easily formed. Not so in the case of ganja. Yes; it is not so easy to break off. Yes; there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU JADUB CHANDRA CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Civil and Sessions Judge, Kuch Behar.


25. On the decrease. There is no ganja smoker in my native village now, whereas there were many in my younger days. 28. The cost of ganja per diem to a habitual moderate consumer is one anna, and to habitual excessive consumers annas three. 31. Yes; the habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, but it is not at all very difficult to break off for a moderate consumer, whereas it is not the case with those who resort regularly to the ganja dens or addas - Evidence of BABU SREENATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Cashier, Public Works Department, Darjeeling Division.


25. The total quantity of ganja consumed is on the decrease, but the number of consumers is on the increase. The increase in the duty of ganja is the principal cause of the decrease in consumption. The number of consumers has increased with the increase in population. 28. (a) One anna or one-sixteenth of a tola; its price varies from 3 to 4 1/2 pice. (b) half a tola; its price varies from 2 1/2 to 3 anna. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU HARA GOPAL DUTTA, Kayasth, Retired Excise Daroga, Mymensingh.


25. If by the increase of the use of the drugs is meant an increase of their consumption, I think I may safely say that the use of these drugs is on the increase. The drugs are resorted to by two sets of people. With one it is an adjunct to pleasure, and with the other it is a stimulating necessary, which increases staying-power under severe exertion and exposure, which the nature of his vocation demands. Those who resort to those articles simply for pleasure may change their taste and take to alcoholic drinks. But the cheapness of the products of Cannabis indica is an inducement which people of the other class cannot withstand. No other stimulant is quite so cheap, and therefore so accessible, to those of limited means than ganja and its congeners; besides, ganja is so immediate in its effects. With the development of trade and increase of the earnings of the labourer the use is increasing, for the number of labourers is increasing with the increase of trade. I have already stated that with certain classes ganja and its congeners are articles more of necessity than of luxury. Add to this the religious scruples against the use of alcoholic drinks, which go a great way. A mendicant who does not belong to the Aghori sect or to the Tantrik liturgy would not touch wine, and with him, therefore, the only cheap intoxicating principle is ganja. Charas is more expensive than ganja, and therefore is not quite so commonly used. Bhang is the cheapest of all, and, being mixed with some other condiments, is fancied to be a cooling draught, and has not therefore that ignominy attached to it which ganja and charas have. 31. The habit of consuming bhang is easily formed. It cannot be easily broken off. The habit of consuming ganja is not easily formed, and it is more difficult to discontinue the use of ganja than to discontinue the use of bhang. Charas and ganja are interchangeable, but in some society the latter has a disrepute.   - Evidence of BABU PRATAPCHANDRA GHOSHA, Registrar of Calcutta.


25. It is supposed that the use of ganja only in these parts is increasing. The reason assigned is that the labouring class of men find it as a kind of relief after hard work. Besides the habitual smokers have a desire to increase their number and therefore induce others to smoke. 26. Amongst those that smoke ganja— (a) About ten-sixteenths are moderate consumers. (b) Two-sixteenths habitual excessive consumers. (c) Two-sixteenths occasional moderate consumers. (d) Two-sixteenths occasional excessive consumers. As has been ascertained by enquiry from the licensed vendors of this part of the country. 28. As stated by the vendors, the average cost in the case of a habitual moderate consumer is one or two pice a day, and in the case of a habitual excessive consumer about four pice with regard to the ganja drug only. 31. The habit of consuming each of these drugs is easily formed. No doubt it is somewhat difficult to break off when a man once gets into the habit of using any of these drugs, but it is not so difficult as in the case of opium. There is some tendency in case of each of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive but not as a rule.  - Evidence of RAI KAMALAPATI GHOSAL BAHADUR, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas.


28. (a) Habitual consumers, moderate 1 anna: (b) hard consumers, 8 to 12 annas. 31. The habit of smoking ganja and drinking bhang is easily formed. If a man has a little determination, he can easily break off the habit. In my experience there is not the same tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive as in other practices, though such, cases may now and again occur.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. FLOOD MURRAY, Civil Surgeon, Shahabad


25. I am not aware of any increase, but the statistics of the Eastern districts would prove this. They are not available to me. 28. I do not know. 31. Easily formed. I do not think there is much tendency for the moderate to extend into the excessive use. Not so much so as in the case of opium. Question 31. [oral evidence] — The basis of my opinion that the moderate use of ganja does not readily develop into the excessive is my having lived long in a district where the drug is largely used and having known only very rarely cases of excess. I have no continuous observations of individuals to record. But I base my statement on the general impression derived from observing the population, and seeing so few excessive consumers. I should cease to call smoking moderate when it began to affect the man's demeanour. That would be my definition of moderate smoking.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. CROMBIE, M.D., SurgeonSuperintendent, General Hospital, Calcutta.


26. (a) Ganja-smokers.—Men doing hard work under exposure, palki-men, etc. (c) On festive occasions, etc., in Bengal on Dasera or Bijoya Dasami, it is customary to give to visitors, friends, etc., bhang in infusion. Many use this only on such occasions of social festival. 28. (a) Ganja.—15 grains— cost one pice. Bhang.—8 to 10 grains—cost half a pice. 31. (c) Not much tendency. I have known persons who have smoked ganja for from fourteen to sixteen years who have never increased the quantities taken. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. G. RUSSELL, Civil Surgeon, Darjeeling.


28. Answers under respective heads, Ganja. Charas. Bhang or siddhi. a) 60 to 180 grs = 1/3 tola to 1 tola. 30 to 120 grs. 180 to 360 grs. (b) Varies. 180 to 540 grs. 120 to 360 360 to 1,440 grs. 31. It is easy to get into the habit of taking these drugs. There is an invariable tendency for the habit to become excessive, and it is difficult to break off the habit, especially in the case of ganja smoking. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUSSICK LALL DUTT,* Officiating Civil Surgeon, 24-Parganas.


28. GANJA. CHARAS. BHANG. Amount Cost. Amount. Cost. Amount. Cost. (a) Habitual moderate consumers. 1/4 vori 1 anna. 1/40 vori. 1 pice. 5/8 vori 1 pice. (b) Habitual excessive consumers. 2 voris. 8 annas 1/10 vori 1 anna 21/2 voris 1 anna.
Vori nearly equals a tola in weight. 31. Yes; the habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. PRICE, Civil Surgeon, Burdwan


25. There appears to be no appreciable difference. This is stated by ganja sellers. 26. (a) 45 per cent. 70 per cent. (b) 25 per cent. 15 per cent. (c)1 2 1/2 per cent. 10 per cent. (d) 12 1/2 per cent. 5 per cent. I cannot vouch for these figures. They are gathered from persons who take the drugs, and others, and can only be approximate. 28. Ganja. Bhang. Charas. (a) 2 pice. 1 to 2 pice worth. Not (b) Up to 4annas, 2 annas known. or in some worth. cases a rupee's worth. 2 pice worth is 1 pice worth about 20 is about 90 grains; 4 grains; 2 annas worth annas worth would be 160 is about 720 grains. grains. As regards the quantity consumed, I find by experiment that when ganja is mixed with a small quantity of Turkish tobacco and rolled into a cigarette, the smoke being inhaled into the lungs of a person who has never taken it before, it requires three grains to produce any recognisable effect, and five or six grains to produce a decided effect; ten grains produce intoxication. I think, therefore, that the quantities mentioned above are probably correct. I cannot give the average cost of these drugs, having no knowledge of the market prices. 31. The habit is easily, but not rapidly, formed. In slight cases there is no difficulty in breaking it off, but among large consumers there is a difficulty. There is no general tendency for the moderate habit to become excessive; but in some cases it does, as with other intoxicants. - Evidence* of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. BOVILL, Officiating Civil Surgeon of Patna and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.


25. I am informed by the shop-keepers that the use of ganja and charas has decreased somewhat of late. They attribute this to the increasing dearness of food. 26. (a) 85.0 per cent. (b) 2.0 ditto. (c) 12.5 ditto. (d) 0.5 ditto. 100.0 28. (a) 7 1/2 to 15 grains per diem, cost 1 to 2 pice. (b) 60 grains per diem, cost 2 annas. 31. The habit is easily acquired, and, like the habits of smoking and moderate drinking, is not easy to break off; but this difficulty increases with the amounts consumed. Seeing the small proportion of the excessive to the moderate users of the drugs, I do not think in the vast majority of cases there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. COBB, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Dacca


28. My information on these points has been derived from enquiries, and does not result from direct personal observation, so far as excessive consumption is concerned; it therefore partakes of the nature of hearsay evidence, and is not admissible. Habitual moderate consumption of bhang may, I think, be put down at 1½ tolas per diem. Of ganja, at from 30 to 60 grains per diem. Of charas, I cannot state even an opinion. Excessive consumption, as I interpret the word 'excessive' (my Report, page 69), is unusual. 31. (a) Apparently so. (b) Apparently not. (c) I believe that there is a tendency in the case of the use of bhang for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive; but that in the case of the use of ganja this tendency hardly exists.  - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN D. PRAIN, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta


26. The few consumers that I have come across have been, habitual moderate consumers of ganja or bhang or both. - Evidence of DR. S. J MANOOK, Civil Medical Officer, Singhbhum.


28. (a) About one pice worth of ganja, weighing about one anna (11 to 12 grains), forms the average daily allowance of moderate habitual consumers. 31. Prolonged use develops into a habit. Once contracted, the subject does not readily give it up; but, unlike opium, discontinuance of the use of the drug is not followed by any serious inconvenience. There is no particular tendency of the habit to develop into excess. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon RAI TARAPROSANNA RAI BAHADUR, Baidya, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta


25. The use of charas is diminishing. But it is very difficult to say whether the use of ganja and bhang is decreasing. Ganja and bhang are sometimes used as substitutes for spirituous liquors as being cheap and less injurious. Question 25. [oral evidence] — People addicted to wine suffer a great deal; those addicted to the hemp drugs do not suffer so much. My statement is based on my experience of the excessive habit with regard to both. Socially alcohol is more disastrous than the hemp drugs; that is my experience.  31. Ganja-smoking and charas-smoking are at first very repulsive; but when the habit is once formed, it is difficult to break it off; not so difficult, however, as to break off the habit of drinking spirituous liquors or opium. The habit of drinking or eating bhang can be easily formed and given up. A moderate habit of smoking ganja or charas and drinking bhang seldom grows into excess. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KANNY LOLL DEY, C.I.E., late Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta


31. The habit of consuming siddhi, charas, and ganja is easily formed, and it is not difficult to break of - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON UPENDRA NATH SEN, Officiating Civil Medical Officer, Malda.


28. Average cost of ganja per diem to (a)habitual moderate consumers from one to two pice; (b) habitual excessive consumers from one to two annas and upwards. 31. The habit of ganja-smoking is easily formed in bad company. Yes, it is difficult to break off the habit. Yes, there is a tendency for moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON BOSONTO KUMAR SEN, in Civil Medical Charge, Bogra.


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease owing to its increased price. 26. Most of the ganja-smokers fall under the head (a), i.e., habitual moderate consumers. A few fall under head (c), i.e., occasional moderate consumers. 28. From 2 to 4 pice worth ganja being taken by each individual here among the habitual moderate consumers every day, morning and evening. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily Formed. It is not difficult to break off the habit. The moderate ganja-consumers may turn to be excessive ones.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON NORENDRA NATH GUPTA, Baidya, in Civil Medical charge, Rangpur.


25. The use of ganja is getting less lately, because the food-grains are getting dearer. It may also be partly attributed to the increased taxation on ganja. 26. The proportion of ganja-smokers are as follows:— (a) 70 per cent. (b) 10 " " (c) 15 " " (d) 5" "  28. Average allowance. Cost per diem. Ganja (a) Charas Bhang 7 1/2 to 15 grs. 5 5/8 to 1 1 1/4"  6 annas weight 3 to 6 pies. 3 to 6 pies. 3 pies. Ganja (b) Charas Bhang 45 to 60 grs. 45 grs. 2 1/2 tolas. 1 anna and 6 pies to 2 annas. 2 annas. 1 anna 6 pies. 31. The habit of consuming all these drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit of smoking ganja and charas, but comparatively easy in the case of bhang. There is no tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon CHOONEY LALL DASS, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence and Therapeutics, Medical School, Dacca.


25. Decrease in the case of ganja on account of its enhanced price, and of the high price of food grains. No increase or decrease in the case of charas and bhang. 26. Ganja. Charas. Bhang. (a) about 75 per 90 per cent 90 per cent. cent. (b) " 15 " 10 " 5 " (c) " 5 " 2 " (d) " 5 " 3 " 28. Allowance by weight. Cost. (a) Ganja 1/2 to 1 anna 2 1/4 to 4 1/2 pies. Charas 1/2 anna 3 pies Bhang 3 annas 1 1/2 pies (b) Ganja 2 2/3 to 5 1/2 annas 1 to 2 annas Charas Bhang 1/2 chittack 11/2 annas. 31. The habit is easily formed and is difficult to break off. No tendency for the moderate to develop into the excessive habit. The answers refer to every one of the three drugs.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON PREONATH BOSE, Teacher of Materia Medica and Practical Pharmacy, Dacca.


25. Probably the use of ganja is on the increase. For I have heard people who are classed as "bhadralok," and who have some education too, but being of straitened circumstances cannot afford to indulge in expensive intoxicating drugs, do smoke ganja. Formerly people of their rank and status would never have done so. There are a good number of people also in the eastern districts of Bengal who, after drinking spirits or wine, smoke ganja to make the intoxication more profound. This practice has sprung up within living memory. Question 25. [oral evidence] — I know several people in my social experience of Eastern Bengal people, who smoke ganja to make the intoxication of drink
more profound. They call it "chabuk" (or whip). My experience of Eastern Bengal is very limited; but I see many of the people here. I know a hundred well-to-do people from Eastern Bengal, and specially from Mymensingh, who have this double habit. I do not know of any special circumstances in Mymensingh which could explain this. It is the force of example. I have seen the double habit in syces and palki-bearers, but not as a rule among the labouring classes. 26. Bhang and ganja— (a) Pretty large. (b) Not so large. (c) Not many. (d) Fewer still. Charas is not so much used as the other two preparations, hence the number of its consumers will be less under each of the above headings. Bhang is consumed by the largest number of the above classes. 28. (a) In Calcutta one pie worth of bhang will be consumed in three days, but one pice worth of ganja will be consumed in a day. About three drachms of the former and twenty grains of the latter are consumed a day. 31. Yes, easily. It is difficult to break off the habit, especially of ganja. Ganja from moderate habit develops into the excessive.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON DEVENDRANATH ROY, Brahmin, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence, Campbell Medical School, Calcutta.


28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs is per diem to— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, allowance or weight from 1/8 to 1/4 tola, cost from 1/2 to 1 anna. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, allowance or weight from 1 to 2 tolas, cost from 4 to 8 annas. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is formed easily; but it is difficult to break it off when once acquired. There is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into excessive.   - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON AKBAR KHAN, Teacher, Temple Medical School, Patna.


25. The use of ganja and charas is on the decrease; that of bhang less so. The chief reasons for this decrease are (1) spread of education; (2) increased duty on hemp, and (3) cheapness of outstill liquor. 26. The percentage ratio of consumers under each of the four groups in the question may be roughly put as follows:— Bhang Ganja Charas (a) 75 80 70 (b) 10 15 15 (c) 10 3 10 (d) 5 2 5 28. Habitual moderate consumers require one or two pice worth ganja a day, namely, 24 grains. Habitual excessive consumers require up to two annas' worth ganja a day, namely, 96 grains. About two tolas weight of bhang is the average daily allowance for a habitual moderate consumer. The excessive consumers may take more. 31. The habit of consuming any of those drugs can be easily formed. It is not very difficult to break off the habit. This can be done with a little determination, and more easily than the habit of opium-eating or alcohol-drinking. A moderate use of any of these drugs may, like that of any other narcotic, develop into the excessive, especially in the case with dissipated and depraved men. The lower class, however, stick to their moderate dose.- Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SOORJEE NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Bankipur.


28. (a) Four and five chillums of ganja, cost 2 pice; and one pice worth of bhang. (b) Two bharis of ganja, cost 8 or 10 annas; and 2 annas worth of bhang. 31. In my opinion the habit is, comparatively speaking, easily formed and easily broken off. A confirmed ganja-smoker or bhang-drinker does not feel the want of his favourite drug so keenly and has not the acute hankering after it which the confirmed opium-eater or alcohol-drinker has for his. I think there is a tendency in the case of these drugs, as in fact in the case of every intoxicant, for the moderate to develop into the excessive. But in this case the tendency is neither so rapid nor so marked as in the case of certain other intoxicants, and can be more easily checked.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon NEMAI CHURN CHATTERJI, Brahmin, Bhagalpur.


31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed among the people of the low classes. It is difficult to break off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. As regards siddhi, the habit is not so easily formed; it is easy to break off; and there is not much tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon HARI MOHAN SEN, Baidya, Chittagong


28. (a) Three chillums of ganja, costing about three pice. (b) Twelve chillums of ganja, costing about three annas. 31. Habit easily formed. It is difficult to break off. Moderate habituals of ganja soon become excessive.  - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant TRAILAKYANATH BANERJI, 24-Parganas.


28. The average allowance and cost of bhang per diem to—(a) habitual moderate consumers is about a pice, (b) habitual excessive consumers is about 2 pice; while that of ganja to—(a) habitual moderate consumers is about a pice, (b) habitual excessive consumers is about two annas. 31. The habit of consuming bhang or ganja is easily formed, but it is difficult on the part of the habitual excessive consumers to break off, though it is not the case with habitual moderate consumers. There is a tendency in the case of either of these two drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant MEER KOOMAR ALLY, Municipal Dispensary, Cuttack


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease owing to its increased prices. 26. Most of the ganja-smokers here fall under head (a), habitual moderate consumers. 28. From two to four pice worth ganja being taken by each individual here among the habitual moderate smokers. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed. It is very difficult to break off the habit, but not so difficult as opium with the opium-eaters. The moderate consumers may turn to excessive ones.  - Evidence of BABU DURGA DASS LAHIRI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rangpur.


25. I believe the use of ganja for smoking is on the increase. The mode of smoking in companies
attracts young lads to hear the stories, and they taste the pipe and easily form the habit. Liquor enhanced has led a few to seek stimulation by ganja as the cheaper form of intoxication. 26. For ganja I estimate that— 50 per cent. are moderate consumers. 30 per cent. are excessive consumers. 20 per cent. are occasional consumers. I do not think you can divide them into four classes. 28. Ganja. (a) Habitual moderate taking two smokes a day, 5 to 6 pice in company. Perhaps 2 to 4 pice would cover the share of one of the company. (b) Habitual excessive, 2 to 4 annas per day. "Excess" means using it every two hours. 31. (a) Yes; as easy as tobacco-smoking. (b) Yes; but only discomfort and craving follow, with pain and disinclination for food for four or five days. (c) Always a tendency for the moderate to become the excessive smoker.  - Evidence of REV. D. MORISON, M.B., C.M., M.D., Medical Missionary, Rampur Boalia.


25. Use of ganja is on its increase owing to the abolition of the outstill system in Jessore, and in other places for the increase of the price of alcohol. 26. It is difficult to give accurate figures for want of statistics. It may be stated in round numbers as follows:— (a) 70 per cent. (b) 20 per cent. (c) 5 per cent. (d) 5 per cent. 28. (a) One pice to one anna. (b) I have known men, sanyasis, taking 20 tolas a day, spending R3 for it. The minimum is two annas a day. 28.—A sanyasi came to Bogra last winter who used to smoke all day long. I was told he smoked all day long, and that he took 2 or 3 rupees worth, which I understood to represent about 20 tolas. He had chelas with him who smoked in smaller quantity. This is the only case I have seen of a man consuming as much as 20 tolas a day. I know another man who smoked every hour, but I cannot say what quantity he smoked. The sanyasi was always in bad temper, and his eyes were red; but the consumption of 20 tolas had not damaged his health, which was stout and strong. He ate but a small quantity of food. 31. The habit is contracted easily. Three days' smoking produces the habit. Once formed, it is difficult to break off the habit. Like other intoxicating drugs, taking a little leads to take more. - Evidence of PYARI SANKAR DASS GUPTA, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society, Bogra


25. They are decidedly on the increase. Cheapness is their best recommendation. 28. (a) One pice to four annas. (b) Eight annas to two rupees. 31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) There is no such tendency. - Evidence of KAILAS CHUNDRA BOSE, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


28. (a) From 2 to 4 pice per diem. (b) From 2 to 4 annas per diem. 31. It is my belief that the habit of consuming ganja and charas is easily formed, and that it is difficult to break off. Both in case of ganja and charas the moderate often develops into the excessive habit. - Evidence of MOHIM CHUNDER, ROY, BRAHMIN, Medical Practitioner, Nator, Rajshahi.  


28. (a) Average allowance is two chillums—i.e., about 30 grains—daily, and cost about half an anna. (b) Average allowance is about 12 chillums— i.e., about 1 tola,—and cost about 6 annas. I am personally acquainted with one who used to smoke one chhatack of ganja daily. 31. The first experience of a ganja-smoker is not always pleasant; it excites a form of delirium and hallucinations, usually followed by deep sleep. But of course this varies with the constitution of the individual and the quantity of smoke drawn in. Very many opium-eaters prefer an excuse for contracting the habit, but ganja-smokers generally make none. Youngsters learn through the force of example of their seniors; and notwithstanding the first unpleasant experience, they repeat smoking, and, during the course of a month, become habitual smokers. The habit once formed is certainly difficult to break off; it requires mental fortitude and determination in a high degree to do so. Moderate consumers can break off the habit without much bodily discomfort. I have known moderate consumers of scanty means doing without it for days together. Of course they suffer some uneasiness, viz., disinclination to take any food, puffiness of the abdomen, chilliness, running from the nose, aching of limbs, and a sense of general malaise. The case of excessive consumers is different. Every habitual consumer must go through a stage of bodily discomfort before being able to give up the habit. But I think habitually excessive inebriation generates a loss of mental strength with which the degree of determination necessary is incompatible. This is the source of weakness, and hence the difficulty. It appears to me, however, that it is not so difficult to break it off as that of opium. These remarks apply to ganja and charas. Bhang is not habitually drunk in this part of the country, and so I have little information to give about it. There is a decided tendency in the case of ganja for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. A habitual smoker cannot resist the temptation of a smoke when available. People with long purse almost always run to excess. But I have known poor men (a few of my palki-bearers of Bagdi caste) who have been smoking for a long time, but with whom the habit is generally a well-regulated one.  - Evidence of KEDARESWAR ACHARJYA, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia.


31. The habit is easily contracted and difficult to break off. Moderation may and does often lead to excess. - Evidence of MOHES CHUNDER GHOSE, G.M.C.B., Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Ramnagar, 24-Parganas.


28. I have no personal information thereof. A cooling beverage is prepared of bhang, and drunk by male Hindus. Females and boys are included. 31. The habit of consuming bhang, etc., is easily formed. Bhang is a common draught for all male Hindus at sunset. Some educated persons form exceptions. When the habit of drinking bhang is once acquired, men of loose character are led to smoke charas and ganja, mixed with tobacco (dried leaf or guraku) in huka or chillum, to increase their sexual pleasure. It is difficult to lose the habit. In fact there is always a tendency towards its excess.  - Evidence of DR. MOHAMMAD SADRUL HAQ, Medical Practitioner, Patna City.


28. The words "moderate" and "excessive" are relative terms. The average allowance and cost depend upon the quantity that one can consume and the cost of purchase. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is very easily formed; and there is a marked tendency in the case of this drug for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. It is very difficult to break off the habit of ganja-smoking. Bhang is not taken to so readily. It is developed slowly and may as readily be given up.  - Evidence of TRAILOKYA NATH MAJUMDAR,* Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Bankipur.


25. It is on the decrease. 26. (a) Next to (c) in point of number. (b) Smallest in number comparatively. (c) This class is the largest. (d) Third in point of numbers. 28. (a) 2 to 4 pice. (b) 4 to 12 pice. 31. (a) No. (b) No. (c) As a rule, no. - Evidence of PRASAD DAS MALLIK, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. We can make out by the increase of sale. 26. (a) 50 per cent. (b) 12 1/2 " (c) 12 1/2 " (d) All. This is for ganja only. The number of bhang-drinkers is very limited. None smoke charas in this district. 28. For ganja only— (a) Six pies per diem. (b) Two annas and six pies per diem. 31. I speak only for ganja. Yes; the habit is easily formed, and it is very difficult to break off. Yes; moderate habit develops into excessive.  - Evidence of NIMAI CHARAN DAS,* Vaidya, Medical Practitioner, Chittagong


28. (a) From one pice to one anna, or one anna and a half by each. (b) No less than four or six annas by each. 31. The experience I have of the matter leads me to conclude that the habit of consuming any of these drugs as also other narcotic drugs, such as opium and alcohol, is easily formed, and it is not easy to break off the habit. Yes; people generally acquire a tendency to go to excess after beginning it moderately, especially in the case of ganja, but not so with bhang.  - Evidence of TARA NATH BAL, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Mymensingh.


28. Ganja—(a) One pice weight, worth one anna six pies. (b) One chattack weight, worth about 8 annas. Bhang—(a) One pice weight, worth one pice. (b) Three pice weight, worth three pice. 31. Habit is formed after about five or six days in cases of ganja-smoking, and after about ten days in cases of bhang. It is not difficult to break off the habit. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of NOCOOR CHANDER BANERJI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur.


28. (a) The average cost is two pice per day for the habitual moderate consumers. (b) The average cost is two annas per day for the habitual excessive consumers. 31. The habit can be easily formed, but cannot be broken off so easily, as the person in the habit of consuming a particular quantity of these drugs feels very little intoxicated; he is consequently obliged to increase the quantity. - Evidence of LUCKHMY NARAIN NAIK, Mahanyak, Medical Practitioner, Cuttack.


31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) That is the case with every intoxicating thing.  - Evidence of BASSUNTO KUMAR ROY, Zamindar and Medical Practitioner, 24-Parganas.


28. Bhang being indigenous here, it costs nothing to the people here. About ganja the cost will run thus:— R a. p. (a) Habitual moderate consumers 0 0 6 (b) Habitual excessive consumers 0 2 0. 31. Ganja smoking easily begets into a habit and is difficult to break off; difficult to keep the habit moderate without going to excess. Bhang also begets a habit, but not so easily; and not so difficult to break off. Moderate habit can be kept up.  - Evidence of DURGA NATH CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, in charge of Tangail Dispensary, Mymensingh.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is on the decrease owing to the increase of its duty. 26. Most are habitual moderate consumers. 28. Half to one anna is sufficient for moderate users. Even excessive consumers cannot take ganja more than 6, 7 or 8 annas worth in a company daily. 81. Yes; the habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. There is no particular tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of BIJOYA RATNA SEN*, Kaviranjan, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


28. To a habitual moderate consumer of ganja, the average allowance is 3/8th of a tola, and the cost 1 and 1/2 anna per diem. To a habitual excessive consumer of the same, the average allowance is 1 and 1/4 tola, and the cost 5 annas per diem. To a habitual moderate consumer of charas, the average daily cost is 4 annas. To a habitual excessive consumer of the same, the daily average cost is 7 annas. 31. The answers to these questions are all in the affirmative. - Evidence of GOPEE MOHUN ROY, Baidya, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


28. Very few gentlemen take to ganja-smoking. But lower class labourers take to ganja-smoking to alleviate fatigue, and religious mendicants (sadhus) and sanyasis often take to ganja-smoking and drinking siddhi for devotional purposes. Moreover, inhabitants of the Behar and the North-Western Provinces, as a rule, drink siddhi daily. Charas-smoking is not very prevalent, somebody taking a chillum or two for the sake of amusements. It has been known that some habitual ganja-smokers smoke twenty to thirty chillums daily. But siddhi is never drunk more than once daily. The cost of a habitual ganja-smoker, say one or two chillums daily, is one or two pice; but the cost of a habitual excessive consumer is one anna to three annas daily. But the number of such consumers is very few. The cost of a habitual siddhi drinker is not more than one pice daily, and in the case of many persons, a pice worth is sufficient for 3 or 4 days' consumption. Charas is not, as far as I am aware, smoked daily, but taken for the sake of amusement. It does not cost more than a pice for each chillum. 31. The use of consuming any of these drugs at first begins with bad company, which afterwards forms into a habit. However, it is not difficult to break it off, if the consumer so minds it. When once a habit is formed, there may be a tendency in the case of any of these three drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of PIYARI MOHAN KAVIRAJ, Vaidya, Native Physician, Calcutta.


28. The cost of each of these drugs per diem to habitual moderate consumers is as follows:— (a) Siddhi 1/4 anna, ganja 1/2 anna, and charas 1/2 anna. Siddhi 1 anna, ganja 4 annas, and charas 2 anna. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed in bad company. It is very difficult to break off. There is always a tendency in the case of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BINOD LAL SEN,† Baidya, Kaviraj, Calcutta.


25. Formerly different classes had different professions, but at present, owing to the development of foreign commerce, restrictions of professions to particular classes have given way. The weavers (tantis and jugis), paper makers and kapalis, etc. (weavers of gunny bags), all these having turned up, boatmen and labourers, etc., have taken to this pernicious habit of ganja smoking in the belief that it alleviates fatigue and refreshes the mind. Most probably this is one of the chief causes for the increased use of ganja in this country; and the association of other people with these excessive ganja-smokers has led to a certain extent to the increase of ganja consumption. 26. Habitual moderate consumers are less in number than habitual excessive consumers. Occasional moderate consumers are fewer than habitual moderate consumers, and the occasional excessive consumers are the fewest of them all. 31. The habit of consuming any one of these drugs is easily formed, if the consumers be of bad character. It is very difficult to give up a habit, specially the habit of taking intoxicants It is a tendency of all the intoxicating drugs to develop the moderate habit into the excessive. - Evidence* of RAM CHANDER GOOPTA, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District.


28. The average cost of habitual moderate ganja-smoker may be from one anna to two annas per diem, and that of an excessive consumer may be from four annas to a rupee. The average allowance of a moderate bhang taker may be from one pice to half anna, and that of an excessive consumer may be from one anna to two annas. The average cost of a moderate charas smoker may be from half anna to one anna and that of an excessive consumer may be from two annas to four annas per diem. The above refers to where the consumer is a single individual. But there are persons who for the sake of amusement or attachment collect a number of friends who are of the same habit, and in such case the expense is very excessive. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is very easily formed. They are tempting devils. Temptation is very strong. One day's use produces a craving on the next day. It is not difficult to break off this habit. Of course the man may feel uneasiness for two or three days while struggling to break through the trammels of the use of these noxious drugs. There is a tendency in the case of each of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BRAHAM DEO NARAIN MISRA, Vaid, Arrah.


28. (a) A habitual moderate ganja-smoker is satisfied with two chillums daily, and the daily cost would be six pies only. A siddhi drinker is satisfied with a pie worth of it. (b) But a habitual excessive ganja-smoker is satisfied with not less than twenty chillums; and the daily cost would be five annas or more. Excessive siddhi drinkers are very rare. Charas-smoking now-a-days is also rare. 31. The habit is not easily formed; but when once formed cannot be easily broken off unless another intoxicating drug is had recourse to. No tendency for excess is observed in moderate consumers. - Evidence of MADHAB K. DAS, Kayasth, Private Practitioner, Calcutta.


25. The use of charas is certainly on the decrease. It is difficult to say whether the use of ganja and bhang is decreasing. Those who have suffered by the use of spirituous liquors, or are unable to pay for it, find in ganja and bhang a cheap and less harmful substitute. 28. The quantity of bhang used by moderate consumers does not exceed two tolas per day. On an average half a tola is the ordinary allowance. An excessive consumer would eat so much as four tolas a day. A moderate allowance of ganja is a quarter tola a day. The outside limit for hard smokers is one tola a day. 31. The habit of consuming either ganja or charas is not easily formed. The use of either is always repulsive in the beginning, but after the habit has been formed it is difficult to break off; not, however, so much as to break off a habit of drinking liquors. The habit of eating bhang is comparatively more easily formed, but it is one which can be given up much more easily than either ganja or charas. There is no tendency in the case of any of these drugs for a moderate habit running into excess. - Evidence of RAJA PEARY MOHUN MUKERJI, C.S.I., Zamindar, Uttarpara, Hughli


25. The use of ganja is rather on the increase; of siddhi and charas stationary. The reasons for increased consumption of ganja are:— 1stly.—Religious scruples against spirituous liquors. 2ndly.—Injurious and demoralising effects of spirituous liquors on the mind and body. 3rdly.—Improcurability of such liquors and (where the liquors are more easily accessible) cheapness (comparative) of the drug. 26. Ganja, 5 per cent. Bhang, 15 per cent. (a) 2.5 (a) 5 (b) 1.5 (b) 2 (c) .75 (c) 4 (d) .25 (d) 4 28. Ganja (a) 3 to 6 pies. (b) 2 annas to 8 annas. Bhang (a) 3 pies to 6 pies. (b) 6 pies to 1 anna. Charas (a) 6 pies. (b) 1 anna. 31. Habit is not easily formed, but when once formed, it cannot be easily broken off without the risk of injury to health. Smoking ganja moderately, if habitual, has a tendency to develop into the excessive. But such is not the case with the occasional smokers. - Evidence of MAHARAJA GIRIJANATH ROY BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


28. Habitual moderate consumer of ganja usually smokes one-fourth of a tola per diem, which costs him one anna, and habitual excessive consumer smokes one tola per diem, which costs him 4 annas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There is the tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of RAJA MAHIMA RANJAN ROY CHOWDHRY, Zamindar, Kakina, Rangpur.


25. Use of ganja is on the increase. The smokers believe that its use makes them hardworking, and brings in concentration of mind. 28. To habitual moderate consumers, from 1 pice to 2 pice. To habitual excessive consumers, from 1 anna to 2 annas. 31. Habit of consuming ganja is easily formed, and its moderate use develops into excessive.  - Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur


25. The use of ganja seems to be on the decrease; the reason may be attributed to the use
of country liquor, which is gradually increasing amongst the labouring class. I can say nothing about charas. The use of bhang is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. 26. Ganja and bhang— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, 15½ annas. a (b) Habitual excessive consumers, half an anna. (c) Occasional moderate consumers, 15½ annas. (d) Occasional excessive consumers, half an anna. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers. The cost per head is not more than half an anna per diem. (b) For habitual excessive consumers it cannot be more than two annas in any way. Ganja is sold here at the rate of seven annas per tola. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is not easily formed, but the habit of consuming bhang is easily formed, as it has a sweeter and milder taste than ganja. If the habit of consuming any of these drugs is once formed it is difficult to break it off easily. I do not think that there is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RADHA BALLAV CHOWDHURI, BAIDYA, Honorary Magistrate and Zamindar, Sherpur Town, Mymensingh District.


28. About an anna worth of the drug is regarded as moderate consumption. - Evidence of RAJA RANAJIT SINGH, Vaisya, Zamindar, Nashipur, District Murshidabad.


25. The use of ganja, charas, and bhang, or of any of these drugs, is not on the increase. Some twenty or twenty-five years before in mufassal towns and big villages there were regular addas for ganja-smoking. Generally those addas are not now seen. Most people have substituted opium or liquor, or both, for ganja. In some cases it is also seen that people substitute ganja for liquor and break off the habit of drinking, and vice versà. I know of some four or five gentlemen who were excessive drinkers of alcohol, but they have now left drinking, but have taken to ganja-smoking regularly. In old days, when liquor was not so available as it is now, the number of people addicted to drinking was small. People want something for stimulation; consequently they will either use ganja, opium, or alcohol. 28. Four chillums of ganja per diem are regarded by the habitual moderate consumers as the moderate allowance, and they cost about half an anna. Charas is not generally used by a separate class of men for smoking purposes. Those who smoke ganja take charas generally. Bhang or siddhi is less costly, and for a habitual moderate consumer twice a day is sufficient. Habitual excessive consumer's average allowance of ganja per diem can not be ascertained, but I think twenty-five chillums per diem can be taken. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is not formed easily. I do not think that it is not difficult to break off the habit easily, though I have seen several smokers of ganja who after using it for a long time have left it. The moderate use of the drug tends to develop itself into an excessive one, is the opinion of the veteran smokers.  - Evidence of BABU HARI KRISHNA MAZUMDAR, Baidya, Zamindar, Islampur, District Murshidabad.


28. One to four chillums of ganja and charas and from half to one tola of bhang a day is regarded as a moderate consumption. The cost of ganja would be about 4 pice, that of charas about 3 annas, and that of bhang about 2 pice. - Evidence of FAZL RUNBBEE, Dewan to His Highness the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, Murshidabad.


25. Ganja and charas smoking on the decrease, specially on account of high rate charged for ganja. The use of bhang is neither increasing nor decreasing, but stationary. 26. Among ganja-smokers—class (a), 50 per cent.; class (b), 12 per cent.; class (c), 35 per cent.; and class (d), 3 per cent. Among bhang consumers—class (a), 35 per cent. class (b), 12 per cent.; class (c), 50 per cent.; and class (d), 3 per cent. 28. To ganja-smokers, class (a) half anna and class (b) one anna; to bhang consumers cost is almost nil, as bhang is everywhere to be had gratis or without price; hence there is nowhere regular selling and purchase of bhang. 31. Ganja consuming habit difficult to break off in case of habitual consumers, but the case is contary with the bhang. Moderate ganja consumer may not develop generally into the excess consumer, but occasional consumer may develop into the habitual moderate consumer. In case of bhang consumers such is not the case.  - Evidence of BABU RAGHUNANDAN PRASAD SINHA, Brahman, Zamindar, District Muzaffarpur.


25. The use of these drugs, if anything, is perhaps on the increase. I would attribute it to the rise in the price of country liquor, consequent on the abolition of outstill system; secondly, there is a certain sect of Muhammadans (found among the lower classes) who though they used country liquor before, have now taken to these drugs, as alcohol is prohibited by their religion; thirdly, many well-to-do people have begun using them; and lastly, the Ayurvedic treatment in which bhang is used in many diseases, gaining popularity in these days, the kabirajes require the drug more largely than before. 26 and 27. (a) The number of "habitual moderate consumers" far exceeds that of "habitual excessive consumers." The labouring classes, such as boatmen, fishermen, coolies, etc., having to be exposed to the inclemencies of the weather, generally resort to the use of ganja, although
moderately: up-country men with few exceptions habitually use bhang in moderate quantities. There are few men in this province who habitually consume any of these drugs, charas in special, and that too moderately. (b) I had no occasion to come across or hear of habitual excessive consumers of charas, though I cannot say that this class of consumers of ganja and bhang are not to be found. Certain religious sects, such as jogis, sanyasis and fakirs (both Hindus and Muhammadans) use these drugs (ganja and bhang) in excessive quantities to enable them to endure hardships, to deaden their passions, etc.; and their number is not small. (c) Amongst others, bhang is generally used for medicinal purposes, though occasionally drunk for the sake of pleasure by number of respectable Bengalis and up-country men. There is a very small number of occasional moderate consumers of ganja and charas, who use them for the sake of pleasure. They are generally found among the well-to-do class of men. On some religious occasions bhang is used by all Hindus in moderate quantities, and ganja by some, moderately too. (d) Bad characters take to excessive consumption occasionally when they have anything to do, as thereby their senses are stupefied. Licentious persons and profligates, though they also come under head (a), generally have recourse to excessive use of these drugs (charas in especial), the effect being sexual endurance. 28. (a) To a habitual moderate consumer of ganja, the average daily cost may be two pice; moderate consumer of siddhi has generally to spend one pice or less per diem. (b) About two annas is the approximate average cost of an excessive consumer of ganja, though there are cases where a smoker spends four to six annas per diem on the drug. As for siddhi or bhang, two pices (1/2 anna) might be said to be the average daily cost of an excessive consumer. 31. I don't think the habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, or it is very difficult to break off. The moderate habit in the use of these drugs does not tend to develop the excessive use of them.  - Evidence of BABU SURENDRA NATH PAL CHOWDHURY, Zamindar, Ranaghat, District Nadia


25. To my understanding it is on the increase. 28. The average expenditure for each person of excessive consumer per day is two annas and that of moderate two pice. 31. Those who are habituated from a long time, it is very difficult for them to give it up at once. Men beginning with small quantity afterwards take large quantity.  - Evidence of BABU GIRJAPAT SAHAI, Kayasth, Zamindar, Patna.


28. (a) From two to three pice a day. (b) From six to eight pice a day or more, say, three to four annas. 31. I think the habit is easily formed. It is not so difficult to break off the habit as in the case of the opium. I think the tendency towards the habit becoming excessive is common in all inebriating drugs and drinks.  - Evidence of BABU RADHIKA CHURN SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar, Berhampur.


25. My observations lead me to believe that there has been latterly a decrease in the consumption of hemp drugs, especially bhang, of which the use among the intelligent middle classes is being supplanted by the illicit use of alcohol. In the case of ganja and charas, increased duty as well as facilities for obtaining cheap liquor, may account for diminished consumption. 26 and 27. Generally speaking, I may state that in this province the habitual excessive consumers of ganja are the sadhus or peripatetic religious mendicants; the habitual excessive consumers of bhang are the pandas or spiritual guides attached to the temples at Baidyanath and Gaya and other similar temples. It is impossible for me to ascertain their proportion to the total body of the consumers of these two drugs; but I believe upon enquiry it would be found that the proportion of all habitual excessive consumers to the total of consumers is not a very high one. As a rule all those who use these two drugs to overcome fatigue, to avoid the evil effects of exposure, and as a stimulant after a hard day's work are habitual moderate consumers. From the fact that sadhus and pandas, as above mentioned, are habitual excessive consumers, it may be inferred that idleness and immunity from worldly cares as to the provision of the necessaries of life, combined with the notion that the two drugs are helpful to the concentration of mind for religious purposes, are important factors which lead to habitual excessive use. Another factor in the cases of others, though not a numerous class, may be found in the desires for a stimulant for their purposes of sexual pleasure. 28. NAMES Average allowance Class of consumers. Costs. OF Average allowance Class of consumers. Costs. OF per diem. Class of consumers. Costs. DRUGS. per diem. Class of consumers. Costs. Bhang Half a tola to five tolas Habitual moderate Half anna to two " One chittak to two annas. chittacks Habitual excessive Two annas to four annas. Ganja 75 grains Habitual moderate One anna and a half " 600 grains Habitual excessive About 12 annas. 31. Habit is not easily formed, but when formed it is difficult to break off, and then deprivation of the drugs produces physical prostration. The moderate habit does not necessarily develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU RUGHU NANDAN PRASADHA, Zamindar, Patna.


25. The use of charas has very much decreased, but the use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. The reasons of the former, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are (1) the higher price of charas as compared to that of ganja; and (2) ganja is considered a more lively intoxicating agent than charas. The reason of the latter is that both ganja and siddhi are used as a cheaper and less harmful substitute than spirituous liquors. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers require quarter to half anna worth each. (b) Habitual excessive consumers one anna to two annas worth each. 31. The habit of smoking ganja and charas is not easily formed. The habit of eating or drinking bhang is easily formed. When the habit is contracted it is difficult to break off. There is not very great tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive,—not to that extent as in the case of spirituous liquors. - Evidence of BABU NUNDO LAL GOSSAIN, Brahmin, Zamindar, Serampore


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease. The reason is, therefore, attributable to the high price. Nothing is known as to the use of charas and bhang. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed but it is not the case with bhang. As regards charas, nothing is known. Yes, the habit of smoking ganja is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in case of all the drugs for the moderate habit to develop to the excessive.  - Evidence of GOSSAIN MOHENDRA GIR, Sanyasi, Zamindar, English Bazar, Malda.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang, as far as I am aware, is not on the increase. 26. In my estimation— (a) habitual moderate consumers, 50 per cent; (b) habitual excessive consumers, 5 per cent; (c) occasional moderate consumers, 10 per cent; (d) occasional excessive consumers, 2 per cent. 28 In my estimation(a) to habitual moderate consumers, one pice per diem; (b) to habitual excessive consumers, four pice per diem. 31. Yes, the habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed, and it is also difficult to break it off when once contracted. No, not necessarily. - Evidence of BABU KALIKISTO SARKAR, Kayasth, Talukdar, Kasundi, Jessore.


25. The use of ganja is, I believe, on the increase among the labouring classes, who find it a cheap refreshment or luxury to indulge upon. 26. (a) It is difficult to state exactly the proportion, but I believe that almost seven-sixteenths of the labouring population are habitual moderate consumers of ganja, and among other classes the proportion of ganja consumers will not exceed three-thirty-second part of those classes of people. (b) The number of habitual excessive consumers are only few, and would not go beyond one-sixteenth of the population. (c) and (d). It is believed that occasional moderate consumers and occasional excessive consumers number themselves very few and do not come under any proportion. 28. The average allowance per diem ranges generally from one-eighth of a tola to a quarter tola to a moderate consumer, and from half a tola to two tolas for a habitual excessive consumer. I have seen two or three men that smoke half a powa of ganja per diem. The average cost ranges according to the quantity of ganja they daily consume, though it is said that a moderate consumer can manage with half an anna a day, while an excessive consumer requires four annas per diem. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is early formed especially in bad companies, and if once formed it is difficult to break off. And it is often found that habitual consumers turn up excessive consumers. - Evidence of BABU JAGAT KISHOR ACHARJEA CHAUDHURI, Brahmin, Zamindar, Muktagacha, District Mymensingh.


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease on account of their being expensive. 31. Yes; it is not difficult to break off if it is not habitual. Yes; there is such tendency. - Evidence of BABU KAMALESWARI PERSAD, Zamindar, Monghyr.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease. Domestic expenses increased to a very great extent, and the people can hardly afford to spend money in luxury and debauchery; besides, education is now more spread and its effect is gradual reformation of society. 26 and 27. I cannot give any correct, or that may be approximately correct, proportion of the different heads. 28. Average daily allowance by guess may be assumed as follows:— (a) 1/4 of a quarter tola (i.e., 4 annas worth in weight) cost little above one pice; (b) 1/4 of a tola (i.e., 4 annas worth in weight) cost 5 annas. 31. The habit is easily and gradually formed. It is difficult to break it off, and there is tendency to grow a habit for using in excess. - Evidence of BABU KRISHNA CHANDRA RAI, Baidya, Government Pensioner and Zamindar, District Dacca.


25. Except in towns I don't think the use of the drugs is on the increase, at least in Bengal. 26. (a) About one-eighth of the people in Bengal are habitual consumers of bhang; save this I do not know. (b), (c) and (d) I do not know. 31. The habit is formed easily. It is not at all difficult to break off the habit. Yes, the habit generally grows excessive.  - Evidence of BABU BEPIN BEHARI BOSE, Kayasth, Zamindar, Sridhanpur in Jessore.


25. The up-country men coming to our country have extended the use of ganja as well as bhang to a greater extent than before. 26. Ganja consumers are— For bhang— (a) 75 per cent. (a) 75 per cent. (b) 15 per cent. (b) Nil. (c) 8 per cent. (c) 13 per cent. (d) 8 per cent. (d) 3 per cent. 28. For ganja— For bhang— (a) 2 pice (a)1/4 of a pice. (b) 2 annas (b) 1 pice. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit. The moderate habit of using the ganja develops into the excessive. The habit of consuming bhang is not easily formed. It is easy to break off the habit. Its moderate use does not develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


25. The use of these narcotic articles is now on the decrease. The reasons, as far as I understand, are as follows:— (1) The principal and most prominent reason is the wide spread of education, which is opening the eyes of the people and giving them power of judgment. (2) The establishment of associations (national) in different parts of the country, which discuss the evils of these drugs and infuse a hatred towards them in the minds of the young population, the future expectation of the country. (3) The publication and circulation of several treatises and pamphlets about the illeffects of these poisonous elements. (4) The spread of civilisation. 31. (a) The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed. When one uses these drugs for a few days, he is addicted to it by and bye, and in no long time he becomes slave to these drugs, (b) Though difficult, it seems to break off these habits when once formed; only a moderate strength of mind and firmness of determination is required to give them up. When one strongly determines to give the habit up, he can do it without much difficulty. (c) Bhang and ganja, if used moderately, tend to develop to become excessive. A man, when he uses these drugs, though moderately, loses his self-control, and consequently cannot strictly stick to moderation. By and bye, a moderate consumer becomes an excessive consumer.   - Evidence of SYAD ABDUL JABBAR, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


25. The use of these drugs, I shall say, is on the decrease. This may be owing to the influence of Western civilisation, which has a tendency to popularise wine. 26. I cannot say anything as to proportion. The up-country men that are to be found in this district are moderate consumers of bhang. There are occasional moderate consumers, too, among them, and, as already told, among the Bengali respectable class. Excessive consumption of any of these drugs is exceptional. 28. Habitual moderate consumption of bhang costs nothing; but such consumption of ganja may cost half an anna per diem or thereabout. 31. I know of no such habit being easily formed. Of course, when one has got into the habit, it is difficult to break it off, as is the case with every habit. In ganja smoking there is a tendency, I think, to develop, but not to the extent there is in wine drinking.  -  Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA KISHORE RAI CHAUDHURI, Zamindar, Ramgopalpur, District Mymensingh.


25. The use of ganja is daily increasing; we  see the increase among our neighbours. 26. (a) 5 per cent. (b) 5 per cent. (c) 3 per cent. (d) 2 per cent. 28. (a) One pice in weight. (b) From half chatak to one chatak. 31. In company the habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. Company generally affords tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU KALI PRASAD SINGH, Rajput, Zamindar, District Bhagalpur.


25. The use of bhang is decreasing daily owing to the fear. 28. Mathura Chaubes spend more in taking bhang. - Evidence of BABU GOPAL SINGH, Zamindar, Kumarsar, Bhagalpur


25. The use of these drugs is on the increase. About 10 years ago there were three licensed shops in this Municipality which paid excise tax of Rs. 25 monthly each; now there is one paying Rs. 135 a month. The licensed sellers know that young boys of 10 or 12 are taking to it more than formerly. 26. Most of the adults in this town, or at least one-half, are moderate habitual consumers. Half a dozen men in the country round about are known to be habitual excessive consumers. There are hardly any occasional consumers, for once the habit is formed it must be daily gratified. 28. (a) Two katcha pice worth (2/7th of an anna) will purchase five rattis weight = 5 X 17 /8=  about 9½ grs. troy. (b) Will consume four times as much as (a), and sometimes on special occasions a good deal more. 31. The habit is very easily formed after indulgence twice or thrice. The habit is difficult to break off, and there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. L. H. MYLNE, Zamindar and Indigo-planter, Justice of the Peace, President of Independent Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Chairman of Jugdispur Municipality, District Shahabad.


25. I should not say their use is increasing. 26. People who use the drugs in this district are decidedly moderate consumers. 28 Cannot say. 31. I should say the use of these drugs is hereditary to a great extent, and the moderate habit seldom develops into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. JOHN D. GWILT, Tea Planter, Longview Company, Limited, Darjeeling.


25. None on the increase, and a wonder bhang is so little used, though not taxed. 26. Ganja— Bhang drink— (a) About 50 per cent (a) About 50 per cent (b) " 10 " (b) " 10 " (c) " 40 " (c) " 30 " (d) (d) " 10 " 28. Ganja— Bhang— (a) About 3 pice (a) About 1 pie (b) " 2 annas. (b) " 6 pies - Evidence of Mr. A. G. M. WODSCHOW, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea.


28. One-fourth to half a tola of ganja and onefourth to half a chittack of bhang a day is considered a moderate use. The price of ganja fluctuates according to the Government charge of the drug. The bhang is obtained in this district for no price. The present price of ganja is annas 3 1/2 to 4 a tola. 31. The moderate use of these drugs does not necessarily lead to an excessive use. - Evidence of BABU GAURI SHANKAR, Manager, Bachour, Darbhanga.


25. The consumption of charas and bhang being comparatively rare, no statistics with any accuracy may be given. But with regard to ganja it may, I think, be said that the consumption is rather steady, What leads me to come to this conclusion is that the area of land under ganja cultivation and its annual production have ever since 1876 remained, on the average, stationary; the area is about 2,000 bighas, and production ranges between seven and nine thousand maunds a year. 26. I am unable to answer this question supporting it with exact facts and figures. But I may say from my knowledge that the number of habitual moderate consumers is the greatest; next comes the class of habitual excessive consumers, and then occasional moderate, and lastly occasional excessive consumers. 28. The cost of a habitual moderate ganja smoker for the drug would vary from half to one anna, and that of a habitual excessive smoker from two to four annas a day. 31. The habit of smoking ganja, I believe, is very easily formed, and it is at the same time not very difficult to shake off. It is the characteristic of all narcosis to develop into excess. Ganja being one of the intoxicants, there is no reason why the general law would not obtain in this case.  - Evidence of BABU SASI BHUSAN ROY, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District.


26. (a) 7 annas. (b) 4 annas. (c) 3 annas. (d) 2 annas. 28. (a) Half anna worth. (b) Unlimited. 31. The habit is easily acquired, difficult to break off, and has a tendency to excess.  - Evidence of Mr. H. M. WEATHERALL, Manager, Nawab's Estate, Tippera.


28. Six pies worth ganja per diem may be regarded as moderate consumption. 31. Moderate use generally tends to develop into the excessive use. - Evidence of BABU SASHI BHUSHAN ROY, Chairman, Satkhira Municipality, District Khulna.


25. On the decrease; reasons— (a) That the narcotic effects of these drugs on persons using them have ended invariably in untimely and premature deaths resulting from insanity, dysentery and complaints of a like nature, a fact that has operated in no inconsiderable degree on the rising generation to abandon its use in a great measure. (b) Intelligent men hate ganja and charas smokers by calling them "ganja-khor" or "charas-khor," and many people, in order to avoid being called as such, do not get inclined to use them; or, if they have been using them, they either do so very privately or discontinue them altogether. The drinking of bhang is neither on the decrease or increase; those using it find no serious cause to abandon the practice. 26. (a) 80 per cent 90 per cent 97 per cent (b) 16 per cent 7 per cent 1 per cent (c) 3 per cent 2 per cent 1 per cent (d) 1 per cent 1 per cent 1 per cent  28. Ganja Charas Bhang (a) 2 Pice 1 Pice 1 Pice (b) 4 Pice, 8 Pice 2 Pice 2 Pice for Sanyasis. 31. (a) Yes. (b) It is not difficult to break off. (c) Yes. - Evidence of BABU AGHORE NATH BANERJI,* Vice-Chairman, Serampore Municipality, District Hughli.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is decidedly increasing— 1st—On account of temptations placed in the way of the people, and facilities afforded them in obtaining it by the opening of shops in the chief market places and mêlas all over Behar. There are three shops kept within 15 yards of each other in the chauk or principal bazar in Gaya, and two of these shops are alongside of those in which vegetables are sold. 2nd—The cheapness of the drugs is a very strong incentive to their increase in consumption. 3rd—The Government officers somehow or other deem it wise to put forth strenuous efforts to push on the trade. Question 25. [oral evidence] — The three shops I have mentioned are all for the sale of ganja and bhang, and in one of them also, I know, opium is sold. I have mentioned the fact in a casual way to the excise officer, but I have made no complaint. We preach in front of these shops, because it is the principal place in the chauk. The figures in answer 18 were furnished to me by the excise officer. But I am certain of what I have stated above, that each of the three shops sells both bhang and ganja. Question 25. [oral evidence] — My statement that the officers of Government deem it wise to put forth strenuous efforts to push on the trade is based solely on the fact that the trade has been increasing during the last 16 years. I have no other ground. I have also read in many temperance books and papers printed in England that loss of revenue is the last difficulty with which Government has to contend. When I saw the number of shops multiplying, the idea got into my head that it was through the efforts put forth by the Government officers. I never saw any particular officer putting forth strenuous efforts. I have seen shops opened at the mêlas where there were no shops before, such mêlas as Sonpur and Karagola. There are others, but I can't remember their names. Those shops were opened many years ago. I have not visited Karagola for ten years, nor Sonpur for six or seven. I have never studied the official statistics of the number of shops in Bengal or in any district of Bengal. I know the shops have increased, but not from the returns. I don't say there has been any increase in Gaya in the last four years. In all the districts where I have been, the number of shops has increased within the last 16 years. That has been my impression; but I have never examined the question by accurately comparing numbers. I should be surprised to learn from the statistics that 16 years ago there were 205 shops for all preparations of hemp, and that there are now 138 in the Monghyr district, and that the decrease in Gaya has been from 114 to 81. I accept the statistics as correct. In view of the official comparative statistics, I would withdraw the answer made under 25, head (3).26. Bhang Ganja Charas (a) 45 per cent 30 per cent 30 per cent (b) 35 do 68 do 68 do (c) 15 do Very few Very few (d) 5 do. Hardly any Hardly any There are very few strictly moderate consumers amongst those who take ganja or bhang. 28 BHANG GANJA Quantity Cost Quantity Cost (a) 1/4 ounce 0-0-11/2 1/2 dram 0-0-3 (b) 2 ounces 0-1-0 1/4 ounce 0-2-0 I have heard of people taking four ounces of bhang and half an ounce of ganja at a time; but these must be very exceptional cases. Question 26.— By moderate consumer, I mean one who uses bhang or ganja to the extent which will not make him insensible or affect his brain. There are very few such people. 31. I think so. It is not only difficult, but, as far as I have seen, next to impossible to give up the evil habit, when the consumers meet with shops at almost every turn of the road where these poisonous articles are exposed for sale. I have observed a very strong tendency in many to go to excess in the consumption of these drugs. Question 31.—In this answer I refer to the town of Gaya. The number of shops is shown in my answer 18 - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya.


25. Taking a period of five years, returns show increase of revenue on ganja at about R47,500, and on charas a rise from R2,772 to R7,568. Ganja and charas afford a cheap means for reaching intoxication, and on this account consumption tends to grow steadily but not rapidly. The same may be said of bhang. Question 25. [oral evidence] — My calculation of the increase of consumption was based on the -figures relating to ganja revenue. But I found that that was not a sound basis. I have since gained access to a larger number of excise reports. Referring to the figures of consumption for the years between 1878 and 1888, it will be seen that there was a steady increase from 5,640 to 65,50 maunds, since when there has been a steady decrease to 1893, when the figure was 5,451 maunds. 28. Men earning 4 annas a day will spend from 2 to 4 pice on ganja. They are the moderate smokers. Men with larger earnings spend from 6 to 10 pice a day. No man, however, can take more than about 2 annas worth a day by himself. Rich men may spend R1-8 per day, but that is on their whole smoking party. 31. Habit easily formed. The one difficulty is a fear of the bad effects (after the first trial); but this is usually overmastered by a craving for the pleasing effects. Very difficult to break off. Great danger of the moderate use developing into the excessive.  - Evidence of the REVD. W. B. PHILLIPS, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Calcutta.


25. I see that the use of ganja is gradually increasing. The use of bhang is steady. Charas is scarcely used in this district, excepting by a few only returning from up-country. Question 25.—It is my general impression that the consumption of ganja is increasing, and that impression is formed on a speech made by the District Magistrate at a public meeting. The District Magistrate is a Bengali. He said that ganja was yielding a larger revenue than alcohol, but he did not say that the consumption was increasing. 26. Moderation in ganja-smoking is almost impossible as far as I know. I cannot give the proportion. Bhang is generally taken in moderate doses. Question 26 [oral evidence].—After writing my answers I made special enquiries and found only one man who had derived benefit from using ganja in moderation. He was a preacher of the Baptist Mission and lived to nearly 100 years old. He used to take one chillum daily before going to bed. Two relatives of this man finding they could not observe moderation left off the habit. There were two other Native Christians who took ganja to excess, and had to be excluded from the congregation. I have also known many Hindus and Muhammadans—hundreds of them—who take ganja to excess. I have met these men because my work takes me among the classes mentioned in my written answer 20. I have never met one moderate consumer except the man described above. This man was my friend for 14 or 15 years, but I never knew that he smoked. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed by mixing in the company of persons addicted to its use. The habit, once formed, is difficult to break off. In the case of ganja, moderate habit develops into excessive.  - Evidence of the REVD. G. C. DUTT, Missionary, Khulna.


25. Cannot be said to be either on the increase or on the decrease as far as I know. 26. Consumers of ganja are generally habitual excessive consumers. Smokers of charas are occasional consumers. Generally the consumers of bhang are habitual moderate consumers. A small proportion of the consumers are occasional consumers, both moderate and excessive. 28. A pice per day may do for bhang, whether the consumer is moderate or excessive. But consumers of ganja generally require from one anna to four annas. Consumers of chur, who are very poor, require less. It is on account of its costliness that ganja is generally smoked in company - Evidence of BABU PURNENDU NARAYAN SINHA, Kayasth, Pleader and Zamindar, Bankipur, District Patna.


25. On information I may say the use of charas  is decreasing daily. I can't say the use of ganja is decreasing at all. 28. The quantity consumed daily by a moderate smoker of ganja or charas is about 1/8 of a tola, A moderate drinker of bhang consumes about 1/4 of a seer in a month. N.B.—The weight of a rupee is a tola, and eighty such tolas are in a seer. One pice or at most two pice worth of ganja or charas will be enough to satisfy the cravings of a moderate smoker. A moderate drinker of bhang will be satisfied for a whole month with a quantity purchased at half a rupee. 31. The habit of consuming either ganja or charas is not easily formed. After the habit has been formed one cannot easily leave it. The habit of eating bhang is comparatively more easily formed, but it is more easily given up. There is no tendency in the case of any of these drugs for a moderate habit running into excess. They are not known to run into excess. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA CHANDRA MITRA, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas.


28. The amount must vary according to circumstances. 31. Yes. People given to moderate use, may generally be tempted to make excessive use of these drugs - Evidence of BABU RAM DHARI LALL, Assistant Government Pleader, Darbhanga.


25. I have no accurate information, but I think the use of all the three drugs, and more especially of the first two, is on the decrease. My reason for thinking so is that in the same localities I now see a smaller number of people to use them than I saw in my early age. 28. I cannot say what the cost is for consumers of bhang and charas. For ganja smokers— (a) From two to four pice a day. (b) From two to four annas, and sometimes six annas a day in exceptional cases. 31. There seems to be no difficulty in getting habituated to the use of these drugs. Of the three drugs, the difficulty in getting habituated is, comparatively speaking, greatest in the case of ganja. Even in the case of ganja, excepting persons of very delicate and extremely nervous constitution, one has to smoke a little every day for a few days in order to be able to withstand the narcotic effects; and when this is to a certain extent overcome, there seems to be no other difficulty in the way. I do not consider it to be very difficult to break off the habit of using any of these drugs. Here also the difficulty is greatest with the ganja smokers. Excepting habitual excessive consumers of ganja, all others can, I think, easily break off the habit. I do not consider the difficulty of breaking to be anything like insuperable even in the case of habitual excessive consumers of ganja; but I must note that instances of excessive habitual consumers of ganja giving up the habit is extremely rare, and none is known to me. I think there is a tendency in the case of ganja and charas for a moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of BABU MADHAVA CHANDRA CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Dinajpur.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. 28. The habitual moderate consumer's average allowance per diem does not exceed half a tola, and does not cost more than two annas, but the excessive consumer can smoke one tola or even more. 31. Yes. It is not very easy to break off the habit. Yes, there is such tendency.  - Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra.


28. (a) One pice worth of ganja is sufficient. (b) For habitual excessive consumers one anna worth. 31. Habit of consuming ganja is easily formed. Moderate use of ganja develops into excessive. - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur


25. Rather decreasing. 26. Vide No. 20. One-fourteenth of the whole of the ganja-smokers are moderate, and the rest excessive. 27. Mainly from lower agricultural, etc., people and religious mendicants. 28. On an average sixteen persons may consume one seer of ganja per month. With regard to religious mendicants it is quite different. They may in a day consume eight annas worth ganja, that is, two kachas in weight. 31. Yes, among low, labouring, etc., classes, it is difficult to break off altogether. No, it is always the same, except in a few rare cases. - Evidence of PUNDIT RAKHAL CHUNDER TEWARY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Diamond Harbour, 24-Parganas.


25. I believe the use of ganja and bhang to be stationary. It is, I should say, not on the increase. But as to charas, I believe its use is decreasing. The reason appears to me to be that they are not considered to be fashionable intoxicants. A certain amount of disrepute also attaches to ganja and charas, in regard to which public opinion is growing stronger now than before. 26. As to ganja, of the 5 per cent. I have stated in answer 20, the major portions are habitual moderate consumers. As to bhang, I believe the 25 per cent. I have given in answer 24 are all occasional moderate consumers. I cannot give the proportion asked. 28. I speak of ganja here. So far as I know, half an anna to one anna per diem for class (a). 31. Yes; the habit is easily formed, so far as ganja and bhang are concerned. But as I have already said habitual bhang-taking is unknown here. Ganja habit, if once formed, is, I should say, difficult to break off. There is not much tendency (so far as ganja and bhang are concerned) towards excessive use.  - Evidence of BABU SASADHAR ROY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Rajshahi


25. The use of bhang is on the decrease. There was a time when its use in Bengal was almost universal. It was invariably used by all Hindus at the time of the Bijaya ceremony. English education and the consequent disregard to national prejudices have considerably checked the use of bhang among the educated and enlightened class of the people. The use of ganja and charas is on the increase. In Bengal, however, it is not so. The price of opium and liquors being raised, those who were in the habit of using them have given it up and had recourse to ganja as an alternative. Many people of Assam, Central Provinces and Burma are actually doing so. Habit once formed is not and cannot be given up soon. If there is difficulty in one direction, convenience and opportunities will be sought for in another. 26. It is not for any absolute physical necessity that the habit is incurred. Unlike the use of opium, ganja and charas are used for their intoxicating effect which is believed to give pleasure. Therefore the largest number in my opinion are (b) habitual excessive consumers. The next are (a) habitual moderate consumers, whofor want of money are unable to indulge in excess. Then come those who may be called (d) occasional excessive consumers. Lastly may be mentioned those who are called (c) occasional moderate consumers. In the case of bhang, the order is otherwise, being (c) first, and then (a), (d) and (b), respectively. 28. (a) From two pice to four pice. (b) From four pice to ten pice. 31. No, the habit is not easily formed; but once formed, it is difficult to give it up. Those who once form the habit are seldom seen to give it up. The reason is not that it is impossible to be given up, but because those form the habit do not seriously think to be got rid of it. No healthy influence is brought to bear on them. My belief is that even habitual consumers may give up the habit, if they choose to do so. Prisoners in jail get on well without the drugs, showing thereby that the use may be dispensed with without affecting the health and without any difficulty. The last question is answered in the affirmative.  - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.


25. Ganja and charas are certainly not now used as before, though this decrease has taken place amongst the higher classes. As regards the others, they are in as much demand as before. The only restriction is the high price. Formerly one pice worth of ganja was sufficient for twelve smokes. At present it is barely sufficient for one full smoke. 26. (a) Most men who use it. (b) Spendthrifts and Musalman fakirs and Hindu sanyasis. (c) Seldom any, as far as I am aware. A ganja smoker is a regular smoker. (d) Spendthrifts and religious mendicants, etc. 28. (a) Four smokes (chillums) a day. (b)Twelve to twenty. This I gather from pacca smokers. 31. The habit is formed like drinking habit. Generally bad company is at the bottom. The habit can be easily given up and causes no illness or inconvenience, as in the case of those using opium. Bhang and ganja are associated with the religious rites of the Hindus, as a visit to the temple of Tarkeshwar would satisfy any one. On the day the idol Durga is immersed, bhang is consumed, though many people merely dip their fingers in the bowl and put it on their tongues. The god Siva must be bathed with milk mixed with bhang or siddhi. Musalman fakirs consider it absolutely necessary to use ganja and bhang. As a matter of fact, most people use these in moderation. Their use does not injure health, nor lead to the commission of crimes as dreadful alcohol does. A ganja smoker and bhang drinker can more easily give up these than one accustomed to drink spirits. - Evidence of BABU BEPRODAS BANERJEE,* Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase, as the system of outstilling liquor is discontinued. 26. The sanyasis and jogis are habitual excessive consumers. The grihastas are habitual moderate consumers. It is very difficult to estimate the proportion. (a) 80 per cent., householders. (b) 20 per cent., but jogis and sanyasis quite opposite. (c) 20 per cent., but jogis and sanyasis quite opposite. (d) 20 per cent., but jogis and sanyasis quite opposite as before. 28. The proportionately rich people use milk and ghi as stimulant for ganja, while the poor can't afford to use milk and ghi. The cost is proportionate to the means of ganja-smokers. It is difficult to ascertain the allowance; that of poor class moderate consumers is two pice daily; that of excessive consumers is daily two annas; that of rich class moderate consumers is eight annas daily; and that of excessive consumers is daily two rupees, because they use in company and merge the ganja in rose-water and they bring many kinds of eatables along with ganja. 31. This habit is easily formed. To break it off is difficult. Yes, there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BABU NOBO GOPAL BOSE RAI CHOWDHOORY, Kayasth, Talukdar and Judge's Court Pleader (late Munsiff of Nator), Memari, Burdwan District.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is now on the decrease. I think wine has partially taken its place. With the decrease of faith in Hindu religion, with certain people wine has been on the increase, and consequently ganja, etc., have been on the decrease. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja to habitual moderate consumers is two pice per diem, and to habitual excessive consumers about six pice per diem. That of siddhi to habitual moderate consumers is one pice per diem, and to habitual excessive consumers about two pice per diem. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and charas is easily formed. It is very difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of ganja and charas for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BABU ABINAS CHANDRA DASS, M. A., B. L., Pleader, Judge's Court, Bankura.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. Formerly in any place where there was no ganjasmoker we have now more than twenty or many more. 31. The habit of ganja-smoking is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. The ganja-smokers generally get into excessive habit of ganja-smoking.  - Evidence of BABU ANANGO MOHAN NAHA, Kayasth, Judge's Court Pleader, Comilla, Tippera District.


25. Yes, the use of ganja is on the increase. There is a greater quantity consumed every year now than it was five or ten years back. 26. About— (a) 3 per cent. (b) 2 per cent. (c) 1 per cent. (d) 1 per cent. 28. (a) Varies from two pice to four pice. (b) Four pice to four annas. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed. It is very difficult to break it off. Yes, there is a tendency to excessive habit. - Evidence of BABU KAILAS CHANDRA DUTTA, Baidya, Vakil, Judge's Court, Comilla, Tippera District.


25. I think the use of these articles is gradually on the decrease. The reason, as I suppose, being that along with the spread of English education the better or more enlightened classes of people are beginning to realize their pernicious effects. Hence their consumption is rarely, if ever, encouraged by the polite society, although the tendency has been to introduce spirituous liquors in their stead to a large extent. The spread of mass education has also had its desired effect inasmuch as it has created a strong antipathy among the lower classes against the use of these drugs. 26. It is impossible to give anything like an accurate information on the subject without the aid of statistics. But roundly speaking, it may be safely asserted that among the classes of people who are in the habit of smoking ganja, those who habitually take it excessively form but a small minority. This, of course, has reference to the ordinary state of things in the society. But it is not unusual to see the peaceful villagers, old and young, including even those who have not as yet been initiated in the habit of smoking, gathered together on special occasions in a common centre with the avowed object of worshipping the Trinath, another name of Mahadeb (the presiding deity of all sorts of narcotics), but with the clear intention of indulging themselves in a sort of nocturnal revelry to give sauce as it were to their dull and monotonous life. It is on such occasions that there is generally a tendency to excess on the part of those who are already habitual smokers, as well as to a gradual and moderate use by those who have not as yet imbibed  the habit. The excessive use of both ganja and siddhi is to be found among certain religious sects and mendicants popularly known as sanyasis. But they are so many itinerant vagabonds not coming within the pale of any society. 28. (a) The average daily cost entailed by a habitual moderate consumer of ganja is very small; one pice a day is quite sufficient in the ordinary cases. (b) As to the classes of people, who are habitual excessive consumers, some have been known to consume no less a quantity than half a chittack of ganja per diem. This would fix the average daily cost at 8 to 10 annas per head. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is acquired almost as easily as in the case of intoxicating liquors. When once the habit is formed, it is difficult, nay impossible, to break it off as experience shows. Neither of these drugs has any tendency, so far as is known, to drive the consumers into excess.  - Evidence of BABU MOHINI MOHAN BURDHAN, Kayasth, District Government Pleader of Tippera.


25. I think decreasing, but unable to state any reason. 28. Habitual moderate consumers use about 9 pies worth ganja per diem, and the habitual excessive consumers use about 1 1/2 annas worth ganja. Three pies worth of bhang is used by excessive consumer. 31. Habit is not easily formed; can be easily left off. There is no tendency to develop into excess.  - Evidence of BABU TARA NATH CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Faridpur.


25. The use of ganja seems to be on the increase as far as the Faridpur District is concerned. It might be apparently supposed that this increase is due to the high price of liquor; but I am not inclined to that view, as the classes of people who now form the bulk of ganjasmokers are not evidently those which previously consumed spirituous liquors in any appreciable quantity. 26. Of ganja— (a) Ten-sixteenths are habitual moderate consumers. (b) Two-sixteenths are habitual excessive consumers. (c) Three-sixteenths are occasional moderate consumers. (d) One-sixteenths are occasional excessive consumers. Of bhang— (a) Twelve-sixteenths are habitual moderate consumers. (c) Four-sixteenths are occasional moderate consumers. I am, of course, speaking with reference to this district. I am not aware that there are excessive consumers of bhang, either habitual or occasional, here. 28. (a) From two pice to one anna. (b) Not less than five annas. 31. The habit is easily formed, but it is difficult to break off. In the case of ganja, there is a tendency towards the excessive - Evidence of BABU AMVIKA CHARAN MAZUMDAR,* Vaidya, Pleader and Zamindar, Faridpur.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is not on the increase; it is rather on the decrease. I would attribute the decrease of the use of ganja, first, to the gradual increase of its price (the present price is considered almost prohibitive by consumers, who are generally poor people); second, to the present system of outstills prevailing in the district, which offers an inducement to people to get spirits at a very low price. As to the decrease of the use of bhang, I would attribute it to a fear entertained by the people of being prosecuted for preparing it from wild plants of hemp growing in the district. It may also be attributed to the outstill system. 28. Ganja.—(a) Allowance not more than one eighth of a pice in weight, and cost about a pice. (b) Allowance not less than a pice in weight, and cost two annas. 31. Ganja.—I do not think that the habit is easily formed; it is rather formed by constant association with consumers (habitual) and by constant use. In my opinion it is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. In the ordinary course of nature there must be a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. This is especially the case with higher classes of people. Bhang.—I have seen very few persons who are habitual consumers of the drug. I am therefore not prepared to make the above remarks with regard to it.  - Evidence of BABU BHUVAN MOHUN SANYAL, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Purnea.


25. To the best of my information the use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. The only reason for this that I have been able to ascertain, is the abolition of the out-still system. This system created a good number of drunkards almost in all the villages, as the country liquor was sold at a very low price. Now that the liquor is no longer available at low price, these people have mostly resorted to the use of ganja and bhang. 28. (a) One anna per diem (ganja-smokers). (b) Four annas per diem ( do. ). 31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) Yes - Evidence of BABU AMRITALAL RAHA, Kayasth, Pleader, Judge's Court and Talukdar, Khulna.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. 28. The average cost of ganja-smokers is from one anna to two annas per diem. The average cost of bhang-drinkers is from two pice to four pice per diem. 31. The habit is not easily formed, but when it is once formed it is very difficult to break it off.  -  Evidence of BABU PARES NATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, Satkhira, Khulna District.


25. This is a statistical question altogether; but the use of bhang appears to be on the increase, owing to the increase in price of wine. 26. This is also a question of statistics, but I guess the proportion as follows:— (a) 20 per cent. (b) 15 " " (c) 50 " " (d) 10 " " 28. (a) Ganja—Allowance, 10 grains; cost 3 pies. Bhang—Allowance, 45 grains; cost 1/8 anna. 31. Yes, easily formed, and it is difficult to break off; and the tendency in the case of each drug is to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU JADUBANS SSHAI, Pleader and Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.


28. (a) One pice or three pies. (b) About one anna. 31. Yes, and it is as easily shaken off. There is no such necessary tendency unless a man chooses to go into excess in the case of ganjasmoking only. - Evidence of BABU GOWREE SUNKER ROY,* Kayasth, Secretary, Cuttack Printing Company, Cuttack.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase in this district. There is no restriction for its sale. It is easily available. Within last few years a god by name Tinnath appeared, and it is worshipped by people as the god of ganja. Ganja-smokers generally sit together, sing, and smoke ganja, and thus the number of ganja-smokers is going to be increased, but it is confined to the lower classes of people. 26. It is very difficult to ascertain the proportion of different classes of ganja consumers, but the number of habitual excessive consumers is on the increase. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers of ganja, three to four pice per diem. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, five to six pice per diem. 31. Yes. - Evidence of BABU GURUDAYAL SINHA,* Kayasth, Honorary Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner and Secretary, Total Abstinence Society, Comilla, Tipper


25. The use of charas is certainly on the decrease. It is difficult to say whether the use of ganja and bhang is decreasing. Those who have suffered by the use of spirituous liquors, or are unable to pay for it, find in ganja or bhang a cheap and less harmful substitute. 28. The quantity of bhang used by moderate consumers do not exceed two tolas per day, but the average is usually only half a tola a day or even less. An excessive consumer would eat so much as four tolas a day. A moderate allowance of ganja is a quarter tola a day. The outside limit of hard smokers is, in exceptional cases, two tolas a day. 31. The habit of consuming either ganja or charas is not easily formed. The use of either is always repulsive in the beginning, but after the habit has been formed it is difficult to break off, not however so much as to break off a habit of drinking liquors. The habit of eating bhang is comparatively more easily formed, but it is one which can be given up much more easily than either ganja or charas. There is no tendency in the case of any of these drugs for a moderate habit running into excess. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RAJ KUMAR SARVADHIKARI, Secretary, British Indian Association, Calcutta


25. The historians of the last century noticed the use of ganja, charas and bhang to prevail to a great extent in almost all the principal towns of Bengal. But the consumption of charas is now almost extinct, that of bhang has greatly disappeared, and that of ganja has been gradually decreasing. The use of ganja, charas and bhang by the higher classes is now seldom noticed. This, I think, may be due to two causes, namely, (1) the alcoholic drink may have greatly displaced ganja; (2) the spread of education has certainly tended very greatly towards this result. The habit of smoking ganja and charas appears, as will be found elsewhere in my answers, to have been introduced into this country by its Muhammadan rulers, and, with the change of Government, it has gradually been decreasing. The example of the habits of life of the ruling race always exerts a great influence over the common people, and the use of alcohol of the outstill of the present age and its gradual spread among all sections of the people may be cited as an example. This ambition to copy the habits of life in the ruling race once introduced ganja, which is again being slowly displaced by alcohol for the same reason. 28. From enquiries recently made by this Association, I was informed that a habitual smoker of ganja can consume from one to three tolas a day; but this is not only very rarely the case, it is also regarded as extremely excessive even by the most veteran smokers. Habitual moderate consumers generally purchase from two to four pice worth of ganja a day, as the ganja vendors admit. But whether this quantity is consumed by one man alone or by several men in company cannot be ascertained. The probability is that every habitual smoker has one or two associates to oblige with a gratuitous smoke of the drug. The actual consumption by a habitual moderate smoker may be taken at two pice worth of ganja a day. The people of the class to which such habit is found to exist hardly earn more than ten or twelve pice a day. 31. The formation of a habit to consume all intoxicating substances, as a rule, depends more on the nature of the individual votary than on any special attractive inherent quality in the substance. All intoxicating substances are more or less poisonous in their physiological effects, and do produce unpleasant and even distressing feelings to the person who takes any of them for the first time. The first impression produced is, therefore, anything but pleasant or tempting to the novice. Even habitual consumers of intoxicating substances admit that they suffered more than they enjoyed when they first took the substance. I am informed by several smokers of ganja that all of them when they were initiated into the practice, felt a burning sensation down the throat, a giddiness and general feeling of intoxication, which were distressing and terrifying
and in some cases led to complete stupefaction for some time. It is therefore, prima facie, the character of the votary rather than that of the drug which leads to the formation of a habit of smoking ganja or charas. The habit, however, can be easily formed by the smokers of tobacco. Unlike the habit of smoking opium, this habit may be broken off easily if the votary is placed under restraint. I have found ganja smokers behaving well without their drug when laid up with severe illness and confined to bed. The late Dr. Chevers observed in his Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India, page 222, that he had never been able to perceive any ill effects from sudden discontinuance of the habit of ganja smoking. But, if left to themselves, the smokers of ganja, after a few years' habit, do not generally succeed in shaking it off easily. In the case of ganja, smoked in company, there is a decided tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. In company every one takes a pride in excelling his associates, and the novice is looked upon with contempt. This exerts an influence over the new votary and induces him to run to excess. Ganja smokers supply an example to the saying that there is a competition and pride even in evil-doing.  - Evidence of BABU AKSHAY KUMAR MAITRA,* Secretary, Rajshahi Association, Pleader, Judge's Court, Member, Rajshahi District Board, Commissioner, Rampur Boalia Municipality.


25. On decrease, I think the decrease is chiefly due to the evil effects they produce on the constitution of men, and partly also due to the poverty to which the lower orders of people have been reduced. 31. Yes. - Evidence of UMAGATI RAT, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association


25. Rather on the decrease. Owing to dearness of the drugs (probably). 31. Not easy, but it is difficult to break off when formed. Yes, there is a tendency to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU KAMALA KANTA SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar and Pleader, President of the Chittagong Association.


28. I cannot exactly answer this question. This habitual moderate consumer of ganja not less than two pice a day would suffice, to habitual excessive consumer more than one anna. 31. The habit is formed by evil association with the habitual consumers. It is not very difficult to break the habit. The habit naturally develops to excess when the usual quantity does not produce the required effect by continual use. It is like all other intoxicating drugs when used as a habit.  - Evidence of BABU NITYA NANDA ROY, Teli, Merchant and Zamindar, Chittagong


25. Ganja, stationary. But the use of bhang is gradually increasing owing to reasons above stated. 26. Ganja.—(a) habitual moderate consumers middle class men and prostitutes. (b) Habitual excessive consumers—up-country men, jogis and sanyasis, and Namasudras or Chandals and other criminal classes. (c) Occasional moderate consumers—gentlemen who use it secretly. Bhang.(—a) gentlemen of poor means. (b) Up-country men. (c) Generally by all classes on the last day of the Dasahara festival (Bijaya day) and during Doljatra or Holi. 28. Ganja.—(a) About two pice worth. (b) About two annas worth per diem. Bhang.—(a) Quarter pice worth. (b) One to two pice worth per diem. 31. Yes, but it is difficult to break off the habit of smoking ganja. Bhang-drinking can be easily abandoned. The use of ganja is not on the increase, but the use of bhang is increasing amongst moderate consumers. - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CAHNDRA SARKAR, Kayasth, Wholesale and retail vendor of ganja and bhang, Barisal


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease. The increase in the price of it is the cause of the decrease in its consumption. I cannot give any definite information under this head about bhang and charas. 28. Ganja.—(a) Two anis, whose price varies from 3 pice to 4 pice. (b) One tola, whose price varies from 3 annas to 4 annas. No experience about bhang and charas. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is not easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. There is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BABU DHANI RAM SAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. The reason for this is the increase in the price of country liquor. Many people who formerly indulged in liquor have now betaken themselves to ganja. 28. (a) Half ani, worth two pice. (b) Six anis, worth four pice. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is not easily formed, but when once formed it is difficult to break it off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU RAM NIDHI SHAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh


25. The use of charas, bhang, and ganja is on the decrease on account of the importation of foreign wine and of its heavy tax. 31. The habit of these drugs is always acquired from company. It is not at all difficult to break off. The tendency of these drugs develops into excess. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA NATH ROY, of Santa, Jessore


28. Five to six chillums of ganja per day is considered as a moderate consumption. It costs about three pice; but the quantity suffices to satisfy the cravings for smoking of about three men. Half to one lota of siddhi or bhang may be considered as moderate consumption for a man. It is worth about one pice. 31. It is a general rule that the moderate use of every intoxicating drug may develop into excess unless it is restrained by true self-love or want. Ganja and bhang cannot be an exception to this general rule. - Evidence of BABU PROSAD DASS DUTT, Zamindar, Calcutta.


25. Owing to the high price of country liquor the use of ganja is on the increase in Bengal. As regards charas, there was a further increase of 3 maunds 24 seers 5 chittacks in consumption last year, which may be attributed to increased immigration from the Upper Provinces. The increase in Murshidabad is explained to be the result of the substitution of charas for ganja, owing to the high retail price of the latter. Bhang is also on the increase as a cheap, less harmful substitute for other powerful stimulants. 26. (a) The proportion is 100 to 1 of excessive consumers. (b) Almost the same proportion as indicated above. 28. Ganja about 40 grains per diem, take 20 or 30 grains a day. Take 4 oz. Bhang in the case of moderate consumers is about one quarter, and in the case of excessive consumer it raises to four tolas. 31. (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) Yes.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, 24-Parganas (Sub-Committee)


25. The liquor ordinarily used by the lower classes being cheaper, it has, to a certain extent, decreased the use of these drugs amongst them. 26. Taking population addicted to these drugs as 100, we give the following proportion:— (a) 20 60 (b) 10 30 (c) 3 6 (d) 2 4 28. To habitual moderate consumers, from 1 to 2 annas per diem. To habitual excessive consumers, from annas 4 to 8 per diem. 31. Yes; easily formed, and, when formed, it is difficult to break off. These drugs have a tendency to develop from moderate to excessive. The spoilt members of a rich family bring it to excesssive, and so the lower order of people whenever they could afford and have any prejudice to drinking. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Patna.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease. This decrease is partly attributable to the rise in the duty and partly to scarcity. Charas is not used in this district. 26. Seventy per cent. of the consumers are habitual moderate consumers; 20 per cent. coming from the class of sanyasis, vaishnavas and brahmacharis are habitual excessive consumers, and 10 per cent. are occasional moderate consumers. 28. Average allowance and cost of bhang and ganja per diem— (a) 2 annas to 1/2 tola, price 2 annas. (b) One tola to chhatak, from 4 annas to 12 annas. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed in company. Yes; it is difficult to break off, and there is every tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Mymensingh (Sub-Committee).


25. Ganja-smokers seem to increase in number, but the amount used per annum seems lessening, owing probably to rise in duty and price. Use is becoming moderate. For bhang nothing can be said, as it is used as prepared privately from the wild plant. Only about 1 per cent. of those using hemp drugs in this district use charas. 26. For ganja— (a) About 60 per cent. (b) " 20 " (c) Very difficult to say. (d) Ditto. For bhang nothing can be said. Probability is that there is no very great excess, but no figures can be obtained for reliable results. 28. For ganja— (a) Two-sixteenths to three-sixteenths of a tola, worth about 2 to 3 pice (6 to 9 pies). (b) Quarter to half tola weight, worth 4 pice to 8 pice, i.e., 1 to 2 annas per diem. Sanyasis may use more. For bhang— (a) One tola = 1 pice = 3 pies. (b) One chhatak = 2 oz. = 4 pice worth per diem. 31. Much as with other intoxicants - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Monghyr (Sub-Committee).


25. On the increase. 26. (a) One-half. (b) One-fourth. (c) One-fourth. (d) One-twentieth. 28. Ganja— Bhang— (a) Half an anna. (a) One pice. (b) Four annas. (b) Half an anna. 31. No. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Arrah


25. I have not got the reports of the Excise Department with me, so I cannot say. Probably with the increase of the immigrant population the consumption of ganja is on the increase. - Evidence of MR. G. GODFREY, Commissioner, Assam Valley District


25. On the decrease, owing to higher prices due to increase of duty and license fees and to reductions in the number of shops. 26. I cannot give any information, but am informed that habitual moderate consumers form by far the larger portion of consumers. 28. Ganja— (a)1/8 to 1/4 tola per diem. (b) More than that—up to 1/2 tola. 31. The habit, no doubt, is easily formed. I do not think it is difficult to break off, but I have
no information. I do not think there is a general tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. J. J. S. DRIBERG, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails


25. Table B and the appended district tables will show that the diminution in the number of shops, the competition for these shops, the increased rate of duty, and the resulting increase in retail prices have greatly reduced the consumption of excise ganja. That these causes have also led to an increase of smuggling is very probable. On this point I would call the attention of the Commission to column 8 of the district tables appended to Table B. 26. I have no means of answering this question. All consumers probably take ganja to excess on special occasions, such as, among Hindus, the Sivaratri Puja, the Bijoya Dasami day, etc. Again, habitual consumers on the eve of, or after, violent exertion take an extra dose of the drug. But I cannot say now what proportion of the total number of consumers may be regarded as moderate or immoderate consumers. This is a point on which only vendors could give us information, and even their replies would be subject to obvious limitations. 28. A moderate consumer will take, say, two chillums a day, say, 1/4 tola, which would cost from three pice to two annas in different districts. An excessive consumer would get through at least twice as much. 31. A friend of mine (a former Deputy Commissioner in this province) tried the effect of one pipe of ganja. He said that he had an extremely disagreeable sense of giddiness and oppression followed by violent headache. I believe this is the usual effect, but that it disappears at the second and third smoking. I do not think that the craving for ganja is so strong as, for instance, the opium habit. The possession of ganja is a much less rare jail offence in this province than the illicit possession of opium. Opium, on the other hand, is more portable. - Evidence of MR. J. D. ANDERSON, Deputy Commissioner; Officiating Commissioner of Excise.


28. (a) One or two pice worth, representing about the one-sixteenth or one-eighth of a tola. (b) Four pice worth or 1/4 tola. 31. The habit of smoking is easily formed after the first experience. It is easy for moderate consumers to break off the habit. An excessive consumer informed me he had once left off the habit and taken to it again. An excessive consumer feels rheumatic pains for a period and requires medicine, but otherwise the habit can be given up without much difficulty. - Evidence of MR. C. W. E. PITTAR, Officiating Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup


25. I give below the quantities of ganja sold in this district during the last three years— Mds. Srs. Chts. 1890-91 360 22 4 and 1/4 1891-92 350 7 10 1892-93 334 23 10 and 1/2 The above shows that the use of the drug is on the decrease, which, it seems to me, is due partly to the enhancement of duty and license fees and partly to dearness of food-grains and other attendant circumstances. 26. I am unable to answer this question satisfactorily; but I suppose the number of habitual excessive consumers of ganja is not large in this district. 28. So far as I can ascertain, a habitual moderate consumer consumes on an average half a katcha of ganja per diem, cost one anna and nine pies, and a habitual excessive consumer on an average about one katcha or a little more of ganja per diem, cost three or four annas. 31. Yes; it seems that the habit of smoking ganja is easily formed by association. It seems to be difficult to break off the habit when once formed. Generally moderate smoking of ganja leads to excessive smoking.  - Evidence of ISHAN CHANDRA PATRANAVISH, Bengali, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Sylhet.


25. Yes; on the increase as regards ganja. I think the increase in the number of shops where it is sold shows greater consumption. The ing ess of garden coolies may account for the increased demand; but, as far as I can judge, the practice of smoking ganja is on the increase. The Assamese were an opium-eating race, but they find ganja consumption a less expensive habit, and are taking to it. Question 25. [oral evidence] — My opinion is that ganja consumption is on the increase, It is based on what was told me unanimously by my subordinates in all departments. I asked them all to study the question, and then I had them together and asked them. Their opinion is certainly, I think, a fair expression of what natives think. This is the only ground I have. I never gave the matter thought till then. What I asked the men was what they saw when they were boys; and they told me the hemp consumption was on the increase among the Assamese themselves.  26. Occasional consumers are rare in case of ganja. Bhang is taken occasionally. It is impossible to get figures or to define what moderation is. 28. Bhang has no local value. 31. (a) Yes, but less so than in the case of opium. (b) Not difficult. (c) Yes. Every beginner is moderate.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR J. W. U. MACNAMARA, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Tezpur.


28. Charas is rarely, if ever, consumed here so far as I know. (a) Ganja 3 chattacks per mensem, cost 3 rupees. (b) Ganja 9 chattacks per mensem, cost 9 rupees. Bhang is not sold in this district. It mostly grows wild at the foot of the hills. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Not so marked as in the case of alcohol or opium.   - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. C. BANERJI, Civil Surgeon, Sylhet


28. (a) 18 to 24 grains of ganja, which costs one 3 to 4 pice a day. (b) There are persons who take so much as 4 to 6 annas worth ganja per diem. Bhang is scarcely purchased in this province, the wild bhang being in use. I have no knowledge about charas. 31. Yes, easily formed, and it is not difficult to break off the habit in comparison with opium. Yes; there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of ATUL CHANDRA ROY,* Bengali Vaidya, Assistant Surgeon, Emigration Department, Tezpur.


28. (a) Cost from Re. 1 to Rs. 2 (b) Cost from Re. 5 to Rs. 10 or more. 31. Ganja smoking is easily formed. It is very difficult to break off the habit. I know one or two cases where the consumers have given up the habit; but such instances are few. Yes; moderation grows into excess in some cases.  -  Evidence of BAIKUNTHA KUMAR NANDI, Hindu Kayasth, Assistant Surgeon, Nayasarak, Sylhet.


28. (a) One pice on an average cost. (b) Two pice. 31. Not formed easily, but difficult to break when once accustomed. It is a natural tendency, and can be developed into excessive.  - Evidence of AZHER HOSSEIN, Hospital Assistant, Gauhati.


26. (a) 20 per cent. (b) 3 per cent. (c) 1 per cent. (d) 1 per cent. 28. (a) One anna or below. (b) Two annas or so. - Evidence of LATCHMAN PERSHAD, Kayasth, Hospital Assistant, Manipur State.


28. The average per diem is about, half a tola worth about 1 anna 6 pies. The general average for habitual consumers is about half a chattack worth 7 annas 6 pies. In rare cases the average rises up to one chattack which costs annas 15. I knew of a consumer who required sometimes more than a chattack, but that was an exceptional case. 31. Habit is not easily formed. It is difficult to break up. Moderate habit does not generally develop into excessive. At least there is no such tendency in the use of these drugs. - Evidence of PROSUNNO KOOMAR DAS, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Silchar, Cachar.


25. The use of bhang is on the decrease and has been replaced by that of alcohol. The middle and higher classes of men, in imitation of the West, have mostly renounced bhang and taken to the whisky bottle. The use of ganja is on the increase. The lower classes who use it are growing more luxurious than before. 26. (a) Out of ten persons, eight consume ganja, two siddhi. (b) Ditto. (c) The proportion is equal between ganja and siddhi consumers as five to five. (d) Ditto. 28. (a) Ganja costs half an anna per day. (b) Four to six annas per day of ganja. 31. (a) No. (b) Not without uneasiness. (c) Ganja has this tendency; siddhi slightly so.  - Evidence of KRISHNA CHANDRA SANYAL,* Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Sylhet


28. (a) 2 annas weight. (b) 4 annas weight. - Evidence of MR. F. C. MORAN, Tea Planter, Khoniker, Lakhimpur.


25. Ganja increases among coolies, owing to the vicinity of ganja shops and their agents, who frequent the bazaars and sell it surreptitiously; also Kukis. 31. Yes. They can break it off.  - Evidence of Mr. ALFRED SPICER,† Tea Planter, Pathecherra, Cachar.


26. (a) Three-fourths. (b) One-fourth. (c) One-eighth. (d) One-sixteenth. 28. (a) Two to four pice. (b) Three to eight annas. 31. Habit is easily formed. It can with difficulty be given up. Yes. There is a tendency to run to excess. - Evidence of MASDAR ALI, Pleader, Sylhet


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease. The policy of Government affords a check against the free use of ganja and has raised the price of the drug, and hence, in my opinion, the consumption of ganja has been decreasing. 26. It is difficult to distinguish between the proportion of the different classes of consumers of ganja. The great majority of consumers of ganja are habitually moderate as far as my experience goes. 31. Ganja-consuming habit is easily formed. It is difficult to give up the habit of consuming ganja. The consumers cannot give up the habit of their own will, but they would do so if compelled to it. It creates a hankering after it. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BABU ABANTINATH DATTA, Kayastha, Pleader, Judge's Court, Cachar


25. Ganja: use is gradually on the increase owing to greater facilities being offered for procuring the drug by the increased number of retail shops. Question 25. [oral evidence] — In this answer I am speaking of the Goalpara District. Since the figures shown to me do not corroborate my statement as to the increase in the number of shops, but rather show a reduction, I must modify this opinion.  28. The average cost will be from two to four pice a day. 31. The habit is easily formed, but it can be as easily given up. The habit continuing is, like all others, liable to develop into the excessive - Evidence of BISHUN CHANDRA CHATTOPADHAY, Pleader, Dhubri.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. Although persons known as bhadralog, i.e., country gentlemen of the middle classes, do not now attend what may be called smoking booths, as some of them used to do formerly, the lower orders as a body use the drug. I do not think it will be less than 75 per cent. of the people of the working classes. 26. I would put them as follows:— (a) 45. (b) 30. (c) 20. (d) 5. 28. It is difficult to find the quantity consumed by each man on an average, as they usually smoke in company. Roughly speaking— (a) Habitual moderate consumers on an average take two to three chillums a dose, costing from one anna to one and-a-half. (b) Excessive consumers take four to eight doses, costing from two to four annas. 31. Yes, it is very easily formed. I don't think it is difficult to break off except in the case of habitual consumers. It would depend on circumstances, but generally the tendency is not great towards excessive use. - Evidence of KAMINI KUMAR CHANDRA, Kayastha, Bengali, Pleader, Silchar


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. The general apathy for the use of opium drug and the comparative cheapness of these drugs accompanied with the increase of the number of hâts in the midst of villages where these drugs are exposed for sale are the main causes why the use of these drugs is on the increase. 26. (a) Habitual moderate consumers may be estimated at 60 per cent. (b) Habitual excessive consumers may be estimated at 50 per cent. (c) Occasional moderate consumers 10 per cent. (d) Occasional excessive consumers 10 per cent. 28. (a) The average allowance is one-fifth of a tola and the cost is five pice. (b) The average allowance is three-quarters of a tola and the cost is four annas and-a-half. 31. The habit is very easily formed. It is difficult to break off; but not so difficult as opium habit. The tendency in the case of all of these drugs for the moderate habit is to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of GANGADHAR SORMAH, Brahmin, Pleader, Jorhat.


25. I believe the use of ganja is on the increase. This is the opinion of the people generally. Some years ago people were ashamed of taking it, but now the people take it openly. 26. Of ganja only— (a) About 15 to 18 per cent. (b) About 2 in a thousand. (c) About 7 to 10 per cent. (d) About 1 or 2 per cent. 28. (a) From one to two annas. (b) From six to eight annas. 31. It is easy to form the habit of consuming these drugs, and difficult to give up the habit. Those who have light work or are comparatively idle soon develop into excessive consumers. - Evidence of REVD. J. P. JONES,* Missionary, Sylhet


25. No appreciable increase or decrease. No particular reasons can be assigned. But in the case of ganja tendency is to the increase, because it is preferred to bhang for facilitating labour, and it is a protective against cold. Charas is not used. 31. The habit is generally and easily formed by company, and not very difficult to break off. Tendency is to increase.   - Evidence of HARIBILASH AGARWALA, Merchant, Tezpur.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase in this district. 26 (a) 80 per cent. of the consumers. (b) 15 per cent. of the consumers. (c) 5 per cent. of the consumers. (d) None. 28. Ganja is sold here at annas eight per tola. The allowance of habitual moderate consumers is a quarter of tola per diem, and the cost is two annas per diem. The allowance of excessive consumers is one tola per diem, and the cost is 8 annas per diem. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed. As far as my experience goes, the habit can easily be shaken off, but the smokers are not willing to break off. Yes, there is tendency to develop into the excessive, but here pecuniary difficulties step in and put a check to the consumption.  - Evidence of LAKSMIKANTA BARKAGATI, Brahma, Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats' Association, Tezpur, Darrang.


25. The use seems to be on the increase in my district. The present excise system, under which easy accessibility to the drug is available, is attributable to the increase. 26. Cent. per cent. of adult male Hindus who come from Upper India are excessive consumers of bhang. Among Assamese the percentage of consumers is inappreciable, may be five per cent.; but considering the easy accessibility to the drug, there is every likelihood of this percentage being on the increase. 28. (a) One-and-a-half anna. (b) Six annas. Question 26 [oral evidence].—Ganja is the excise article. Bhang is the leaves of the uncultivated or wild plant. Very few of the pure Assamese use the wild bhang. Some use the excise ganja occasionally. The Doms use it. The Ahoms, and in some cases the Haris, and in very few cases the Brahmins, use the drug. The use seems to be on the increase. It is easily accessible in the bazars; and the association with foreigners leads to increase, I do not know if shops have increased. The import of ganja is believed to be on the increase; but I cannot speak from statistics. There is a large increase of foreigners in my district. 31. Easily formed. Difficult for young men to break off. There is a very marked tendency for the moderate consumers to develop into the excessive - Evidence of RADHANATH CHANGKAKOTI, Brahmin, Proprietor, "Radha Nath" Printing Press; Municipal Commissioner; Member of Local Board; Secretary to the Upper Assam Association; and Secretary to the Government Girls'  School, Dibrugarh


25. Use of ganja is on the increase. Assamese' seeing its use by the up-country traders, coolies, etc., gradually copying and learning it. 26. (a) 60 per cent. (b) 30 Ditto. (c) 10 Ditto. (d) Nil. 28. (a) Two pice to one anna. (b) About two annas per diem. 31. Yes. It is difficult to break off. There is tendency to develop into the excessive use.   - Evidence of JADU RAM BOROOAH, Assamese Kayasth, Local Board Member; Pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department, Dibrugarh


25. The only one of these drugs that is largely consumed in the Central Provinces is ganja. It is not easy to prove that the consumption of ganja is on the increase, but I certainly believe that to be the fact. I am free to admit that my own per -sonal inquiries on the subject have been limited, and that I have not perhaps been in a position to acquire information at first hand, but many circum -stances appear to me to point to the fact that the use of ganja has acquired a greater vogue. It is known that the use of ganja has always been common among the general labouring popula -tion of many, if not all, our districts, more parti -cularly perhaps those districts of which the popu -lation is largely made up of the descendants of immigrants from Northern India; and it is also known that the same classes or many of them that use ganja also drink country spirit, but it is far from easy to make an estimate of the numbers who take ganja or of those who both smoke ganja and drink spirit. Equally difficult is it to esti -mate the annual consumption of ganja in the pro -vince. In 1878 the Commissioner of Excise, Mr. Nicholls, thought the consumption of the province would not be much over 5,000 maunds. This must have been a ludicrous over-estimate if only taxed ganja is now consumed. It serves to show, however, how little was really known about the matter. In 1882 the Commissioner of Excise, Mr. Anderson, again said: "Still we have much to learn as to the actual quantity of the drug which the people consume." And in 1884 the same Commissioner said: " With our present knowledge it is really impos -sible to estimate with anything like certainty the probable yearly consumption of ganja in this province." I am not aware that since then the information acquired is such as would enable the Commissioner of Excise to express any confident opinion on the matter. This being so, it is easy to see that any opinion that the use of ganja is on the increase or decrease must be to a very large extent conjectural. I have said, however, that I believe it to be on the increase, and I will men -tion some of the reasons which make me think so. In the first place, such is, I think, the general opinion among natives, not only amongst those who have become Europeanized and who have so readily learnt to damn the sins they have no mind to, and to wish for interference with the ways of their neighbours which are not their ways, but also among those who remain Hindus and Orient -als, and refrain from passing any moral judgment on the indulgences of others. Next, it will be seen from the information whiel the Provincial Excise Reports afford, that the quan. tity of ganja taxed, and which passes into consumption, has on the whole (allowing for apparent fluctuations which can in a great degree be explained away) steadily and largely increased. In 1892-93 it was nearly double what it was ten years before. Of course this may be ascribed wholly or in part to taxed ganja taking the place of untaxed ganja, and 1 readily grant that ganja could be easily smuggled into many districts from outside, and that cultivators of the ganja-bearing plant might keep back part of the produce of their cultivation and surreptitiously sell it. Also that a few ganja plants might be grown in small plots by individuals to provide for their private consumption of the drug; and that as these practices were more and more successfully put down, ganja smokers would have to go to licensed vendors for their supply, and the quantity of taxed ganja sold would increase without any corresponding real increase of consumption. All this I freely concede. But it appears to me that if it was only that taxed ganja was substituted for untaxed and illicitly obtained ganja, the great increase would have shown itself in the earlier years after cultivation of the ganja-bearing plant was placed under restriction, imports watched, and all illicit cultivation severely punished. But such is not really the case. The steady and regular increase set in some six or seven years later, and it seems to be accepted that smuggling to a considerable extent still continues. I think, therefore, that figures which can be relied upon show that there has been some real increase of consumption, and this increase is greater than the increase in the population. Thirdly, I would draw attention to the fact that this increase of consumption has occurred, although the retail price of ganja, is about five times as great as it was before the direct taxation of the drug and the restriction of cultivation in 1875-76. Fourthly, it would not be surprising—would indeed be only what might be expected—if persons who both smoke ganja and drink country spirit, or if those who will have some kind of stimulant and have no prejudice against any one particular stimulant, and I think that among these one may reckon a large proportion of the labouring population, if these persons were, I say, to take more to ganja smoking, because the price at which alone it can be sold placed the other i ordinary stimulant, country spirit, beyond their reach. Now, it is undoubtedly the case that country spirit has been made dear, and that the policy pursued has been to raise the price as much as possible, or at any rate the policy of limiting the number of places of manufacture, taking as high a still-head duty as possible. Discouraging by our system the brewing of weak liquor and maintaining monopolies and restrictions of all sorts has had that effect. Compared with ganja, even at the present retail selling rates, the price of liquor is high, and while persons who drink country spirit have to take it at the shop like a dram unless they can afford to carry away a full bottle, which will cost them two annas and often more, the ganja smoker can buy his pice worth at any time, carry it about with him, and smoke it when and where he likes. It would not be strange then if many should take to ganja smoking, who would, under other circumstances, drink
country spirit. Whether this is the case as a matter of fact is disputed.Some officers and a late Commissioner of Excise have asserted that ganja smokers and spirit drinkers are separate classes, and that there is little cause to fear that a man of the former class will abandon spirit and take to ganja, but in 1877 there was an inquiry made into this matter, and Mr. Nicholls, the then Commissioner of Excise, summed up the reports received, saying it was generally thought, and it was an opinion which be himself shared, that ganja was being more widely consumed owing to the high price of opium and country spirits ; and after continuing his enquiries for another year he said he had obtained incontestable evidence that the past extreme cheapness of ganja had resulted in a very great increase of consumption, and a year later again he reported that, except in Betul, in the upland districts, the Gonds and poorer classes had substituted cheap ganja for dear country spirit. It is true that since then the retail price of ganja has greatly risen ; but even allowing for this, the disproportion of the cost is still very great. Lastly, I should not be at all surprised if the efforts Government has made to raise a revenue by taxing the drug to control the cultivation of the ganja-bearing plant and to limit the consumption of ganja had in another way led to some increased consumption by making the drug better known and by making some people think that the drug is a luxury, and that a luxury that must be paid for or that is forbidden must be worth having, very much as school-boys will indulge in tobacco-smoking, not because they like it, but because it is forbidden. And to this it may be added that the quality of the ganja supplied has, owing to the interference of Government, been greatly improved, which may very well have led persons to use it who would not have done so before. The above are the reasons which led me to think that the consumption of ganja is on the increase. - Evidence of MR. J . W. NEILL, Judicial Commissioner, Central Provinces.


25. I know no reason for supposing that the use of any of these drugs is on the increase, and people say that the consumption of ganja has much decreased since restrictions were placed on the cultivation and sale of this drug. 26. I do not know of any class that habitually consumes bhang, and the occasional consumers I believe to be always moderate consumers. With regard to ganja, I would say that most of the consumers are probably habitual moderate consumers, though there are also a large number of occasional moderate consumers. The number of occasional excessive consumers must, however, be very small. - Evidence of COLONEL M. M. BOWIE, Commissioner, Nerbudda Division.


26. Ganja smoking.—The large majority are habitual moderate consumers. I do not think that people smoke ganja occasionally either in moderation or excess. The eating of majum is occasional, chiefly at the Holi and at marriages and festivals. The consumption of drinks prepared with bhang is also occasional, chiefly in the hot weather. 28. I should think— (a) about 1/4 of a tola or less, worth about a pice ; (b) about a tola or less, worth about one anna. 1. I think the habit of ganja smoking is easily formed, and that when foamed it is seldom aban -doned. I do not think there is any appreciable tendency of the kind suggested. - Evidence of MR. F. C. ANDERSON, Officiating Commissioner, Nagpur.


25. The revenue realized from ganja is steadily increasing. But it is possible that this is due to more efficient control and diminished smuggling. Personally, my enquiries have led me to the belief that the use of ganja is not on the increase. 28. 1/4 of a tola . .cost 3-6 pies. 1-2 tolas . . cost 1-4 annas. - Evidence of MR. A. C. DUFF, Deputy Commissioner, Jubbulpore.


28. Habitual excessive consumers of ganja smoke more than 5 tolas of the drug per diem. One of my informants told me he would smoke a quarter of a seer could his means afford. As the habitual excessive consumer is frequently a man of limited means, often leading a hand-to-mouth existence, his consumption is generally limited in comparison with his desire for the drug. 31. The habit of ganja smoking is easily formed, and is difficult to break off. There is, as far as I can make out, little, if any, tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. This I have found to be the general opinion of the moderate smokers I have seen. The expense of the excessive habit is besides a great prohibitive - Evidence of MR. B. ROBERTSON, Deputy Commissioner, Nimar.


Question 25.—The consumption is less now than it was formerly, when we could not estimate what the consumption was. That is my decided opinion. The decrease is due to the restrictions which have been imposed and resulted in raising the price of the drugs. 1 cannot say that there is any tendency to increase now. I cannot claim very intimate acquaintance with the subject. It has not been pressed upon my notice. I have found that people were not in a condition to reply to questions put in course of business through their being in liquor, but I have never experienced the same difficulty on account of ganja. I have never met with a case of a man being intoxicated with ganja. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR AULAD HUSSEIN, C.I.E., Assistant Commissioner and Settlement Officer, Jabalpur.


25. With reference to this question I venture to invite perusal of paragraphs 31-33 of the Pro-vincial Excise Report for 1892-93 and of para-graph 4 of the Chief Commissioner's Resolution thereon. The only districts of the Khalsa in which sales of ganja can be said to have steadily and alarmingly increased of late years are:—Bhandara, Balaghat, Damoh, Mandla, Raipur, Bilaspur and Sambulpur. The last three districts make up the Chhattisgarh Division, and it is safe to say that in them the increase is in no small measure due to the care taken by the Commissioner to prevent smuggling from and through the Feudatory States; another potent cause has been the extension of the Bengal Nagpur Railway. No special ex-planation which can be regarded as satisfactory is forthcoming from either Balaghat or Mandla: the cases of Bhandara and Damoh are dealt with in the Report to which reference has been invited. The Chief Commissioner has ordered further de- tailed inquiries to be made in each district, and the result of these will not be known till next hot weather. Sales of bhang do not fluctuate much from year to year ; they are nil in the districts of Chanda, Seoni, and Mandla, and practically so in Bhandara and Wardha. Most is sold where Marwaris are most numerous, i.e., in Nagpur, Jubbulpur , Narsingpur, Hoshangabad, Raipur and Bilaspur. For facility of reference I append a statement showing sales of (a) ganja, (b) bhang, in the Khalsa for each district during the past quinquen- nial period. 26. Taking the main classes of ganja-smokers given in the answer to Question 20 [oral evidence]— (1) mendicants and devotees, are habitual excessive consumers; (2)and (3) day-labourers are habitual moderate consumers; (4) well-to-do smokers indulge, as a rule, occasionally, and then in moderation. So far as I can make out from persons whom I have questioned, there are practically no occasional smokers who exceed. With regard to bhang, I would class Marwaris as habitual moderate consumers, and other persons who use this preparation as occasional moderate consumers. Looking to the total number of persons shown as "devotees," on pages 148-151 of the Central Provinces Census Tables, 1891, and taking onehalf to be 20 or more, and therefore certainly ganja smokers, I estimate smokers of class (1) above at 20,000 in round numbers, My authority for as suming one-half to be under 20 years of age is the statement of age distribution given in paragraph 85 on page 90, Part I, of the Central Provinces Census Report, 1891. To estimate the number of smokers in other classes is much more difficult: all told, 800,000 is probably as high a figure as it would be safe to suggest. Efforts will be made in the coming open season to obtain an approximately accurate census of ganja smokers of all classes. 28 Ganja. Bhang. Consumers.Habitual moderate - 1/4 tola, worth about 0-0-6. 3 tolas, worth 0-4-6 to 0-6-0. Habitual excessive - 1/2 tola, worth 0-0-6. 31. This is a question I am hardly qualified to answer. Labourers whom I have inquired of say that they can manage to do their work well enough, even if they cannot get their usual smoke. In this respect there is a vast difference between consumers of ganja and consumers of opium: the latter are useless, unless they get their accustomed dose; and that at the accustomed time. - Evidence of MR. H. V. DRAKE-BROCKMAN, Officiating  Commissioner of Excise, Central Provinces.


25. The quantity of ganja sold has somewhat increased, It was 940 maunds in 1888-89, and it is now 1,194, and this would lead one to suppose that the use is on the increase. The province is surrounded by Native States where there are not such restrictions on the use of ganja, and there were many opportunities for smuggling of foreign ganja; but gradually these sources of illicit supply are on the decrease, and this accounts for the in-crease in the consumption of the locally-manufac-tured article. The quantity of foreign bhang used has also in-creased from 10 maunds in 1888-89 to 13½ maunds in 1892-93. This increase is also slight. I have no reason to consider that the number of ganja smokers has to any appreciable extent increased. 26. Of the three classes mentioned by me in answer to question No. 20, the first or labouring class falls under class (a), habitual moderate con sumers of ganja. Class second I class as habitual excessive con-sumers, and third class as occasional moderate consumers. Those who use bhang as drink are oc-casional moderate consumers. 28. The average cost of ganja to an habitual moderate consumer of ganja is half an anna, and that to an excessive consumer is two annas daily, or even more. . The habit of smoking ganja is not easily formed, but the habit of drinking of bhang is easily formed. Ganja-smoking cannot be easily given up. It is these moderate consumers who become in time excessive consumers by force of circumstances. - Evidence of BHARGOW LAXMON GADGIT, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Nagpur.


25. It is on the decrease among the higher classes of people to whom the use of liquor has not been allowed owing to religious prejudices. Such prejudices are gradually dying away with the spread of the western thoughts, and alcoholic liquor is taking its place. The Hindu religion does not prohibit the use of ganja or bhang, and the people believe that their gods like the devotees taking these drugs, so that their use may enable them to concentrate and devote their minds to them. 26. The proportion of habitual excessive ganja smokers and "bhang" takers is small. Similarly, the proportion of habitual moderate consumers is small. But most of the classes who are not allowed the use of liquor are occasional consumers of "bhang."  28. Habitual excessive consumers require about 2 to 3 tolas of ganja, worth about 2 annas, every day; whereas about the same quantity is consumed by habitual moderate consumers in a week. The former smoke ganja for about 20 or 30 times, and the latter twice or so in a day. As for bhang a habitual excessive consumer requires 5 tola patti or one tola ganja in a day. The same quantity is consumed by a habitual moderate consumer in five days or so. Persons taking the latter drug have some fixed time in a day for taking it, either in the morning or in the evening, but always before they take their food; whereas habitual, excessive ganja smokers have not got such times fixed. They smoke it at an interval of two hours the longest. While I was talking with such a consumer on one occasion for about three-quarters of an hour, after which signs of uneasiness became apparent in him, and on being asked he said that unless he smoked ganja he could not answer my questions. On this I asked him how long before he had taken it; he replied shortly before he appeared before me. 31. The habit of consuming ganja or bhang is easily formed, and in the case of habitual excessive consumers of ganja or bhang, the habit is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of both these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, but a good deal depends upon the circumstances or societies in which a consumer lives. There are cases of moderate, habitual consumers having given up the use of these drugs owing to changes in cir-cumstances or societies. - Evidence of TRIMBAK RAO SATHE, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and Diwan of the Sonepur State.


25. If we were to compare the present consumption of the ganja with its consumption when people could grow it without restriction, its use has certainly decreased, but if we were to see the state of things after the restrictions were made, we find the consumption is on the increase; because the ganja grown in foreign States, which used to find its way in the British districts of these provinces, has been greatly checked by prosecutions of persons found importing foreign ganja. Charas is not used. The use of bhang is on the decrease, as no good bhang (grown in Malwa and Benares) could be available. Question 25. [oral evidence] — The consumption of ganja is really less than it was before restriction. I do not think that there is a present tendency to increase. There has been a decrease in places. The general tendency of the restriction has been to decrease the number of consumers. Formerly the drug was produced in every compound, and vol. vi.
some have given up the habit from restrictions. I think there has been an increase in the consumption of spirits among the higher classes, who are beginning to look down on ganja. I think that there is on the whole a tendency to decreased consumption of ganja, even comparing the present with the time immediately subsequent to the restrictions. We cannot say definitely what is occurring in Feudatory States, for we are only beginning to have accurate figures, as they had their own ganja formerly. Good bhang has to be imported, so there is a decrease. Local bhang (or ganja) is stronger. I would have good bhang made more easily available, as it would take the place of ganja with the richer classes. This would be beneficial. Bhang is better than ganja. 26. For ganja — (a) 30 per cent. of the total consumers. (b) 20 per cent. of the total consumers. (c) 35 per cent. of the total consumers. (d) 15 per cent, of the total consumers.
For bhang — (a) 5 per cent. of the total consumers. (b) Nil. (c) 75 per cent. of the total consumers. (d) 20 per cent. of the total consumers. 28. (a) Ganja, 3 pies. Bhang, 1 pie or even less, (b) Ganja, one anna. Bhang, 3 Pies. It may, however, be noted that these drugs are seldom used without companions. The number of companions is uncertain, but as the companions do not contribute to the costs, it is not I taken into consideration. 31 . The habit is easily formed and can be easily broken. It requires determination. It is moderate habits which lead to excessive use of the drugs, as longer the use the less is the intoxicating effect of the drugs.  - Evidence of RAGHUNATH RAO, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Damoh.


25. The consumption of " ganja" is gradually decreasing. I attribute this decrease to the following reasons : —
(1) The use of ganja is regarded as the nearest way of intoxication and as the people grow more enlightened, they knock off this servile habit. (2) The use of its price can also account for the decrease.(3) Ganja smoking seems to be giving way to alcohol, bhang, opium and madak. Those whose religion does not insist upon total abstinence from alcohol take to drinking, while the rest either smoke madak or drink bhang. (4) The use of bhang is increasing. This is due to its not being regarded as derogatory. The Hindus of middle and high classes, who abstain from alcohol, make use of it in company of their friends. The use of charas in these provinces is so insignificant that it cannot be taken into consideration. Question 25. [oral evidence] — The use of ganja is decreasing and that of bhang is increasing. Bhang is made in these provinces of the leaves taken from the ganja. The use of madak has greatly increased, and is replacing ganja to some extent. The Government prohibition of licensed opium smoking houses has had no effect in decreasing consumption ; but has really increased the number of places in which opium is smoked in company. Ganja is considered more disreputable than bhang. The smoking of opium is also a comparatively respectable habit ; but few respectable people smoke ganja. 28. The quantity of ganja as smoked by the different classes of smokers is as follows:— (a) Half a tola per day at 6 pies; or 2 seers, 5 chattaks in a year, which costs Rs. 11-8. (b) Two tolas a day, which costs annas 2; 9 seers, 4 chattaks in a year, which costs Rs. 46. - Evidence of SYED MOHAMED HUSAIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner ; Diwan, Khairagarh State.


25. The use is generally decreasing owing to rise in prices, spread of education, difficulties in obtaining it, and increased facilities for obtaining spirits. I do not consider that increase in ganja income is due to its increase in use, but it may be due to better control than before. Question 25. [oral evidence] — I think that the feeling against ganja and bhang is stronger than it used to be and is becoming stronger. I think even sadhus, gosains, etc., are using it less, because, although they are little influenced by education, the price of ganja is rising ; and this tends to decrease of consumption. I do not think that increased facilities for obtaining spirits influence the consumption much, for the classes that consume are different. My experience has been chiefly in Chhattisgarh. Only there has my attention been specially given to the matter.  26. My estimate is as follows— Bhang— (a) 75 per cent. (b) 15    ditto. (c) 10 ditto, during Holi festivals. (d) None. Ganja — (a) 50 per cent. (b) 25    ditto. (c )  20 ditto. (d)  5 ditto. 28. (a) 3 pies to 9 pies. (b) 9 pies to 24 pies. 31. Ganj aThe habit is easily formed by associating with smokers. lt is difficult to break off in case of habitual excessive smokers. Bhang It is easily formed but not difficult to break off. It has no tendency to increase. - Evidence of RAM KRISHNA RAO, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara.


25. In this State the consumption of ganja from 1884 to 30th September 1893 is as follows :— Quantity in each year. REMARKS.
Mds srs. ch. It will appear from these figures that ganja smoking is gradually increasing. The country is now opened as roads have been made. There is a belief among the new-comers and also those who have to live and work in jungly or malarious places    that by    smoking ganja the effect of the bad climate is removed. Hence this increase. From 6th Aug. 1884    0 21 8 Ditto    1885    . 3    5 , 7 Ditto    1886    . 4 22 0 Ditto    1887 10 4 0 Ditto    1888    . 3    18 0 8 Ditto    1889    . 3    10 0 Ditto    1890    . 3    32 0 Ditto    1891    . 4    31 0 Ditto    1892    . 5    32 0 Ditto    1893 up to Sep. 4    1  26. The proportion of habitual moderate consumers to habitual excessive consumers is as 10 is to 2. The latter (c) (d) is 8 to 2. This is for ganja only. The proportion of bhang is 8 to 1 to (a) (b) and 2 to 4 to (c) (d). At the time of " Mesh Sankrant," in the month of Baisak of each year, bhang is drunk by all higher class people. 28. ( a) 3 pies. Ganja. (b) 1 anna. (a) 1 pie. Bhang. (b) 3 pies. But ganja is generally smoked in company. It is not the case with bhang generally. It is taken alone. 31. Yes ; bhang-drinking habit is easily formed. It is rather difficult to break off. My experience vol. vi.
leads me to think that it seldom develops into excessive drinking. I am unable to say so about ganja smoking. - Evidence of BATUK BHARTHY, Superintendent of Kalahandi State


25. No bhang or charas has ever been used here. Only ganja is used, but its use is on the decrease owing to the imported ganja being dear. The statistics of ganja are given below, as could be ascertained from this office:— Years. Place o f purchase. Rate. Quantity sold. REMARKS. Rs. a. p. Mds.srs.ch. 1891 . Bastar    . 0 12 0 2 20 0 1892 . Raipur    . 0 12 0 3 27 0 1893 . Raipur    . 0 12 0 5 15 0 As cultivation of hemp was stopped in 1891, and the raiyats had their own ganja, sale was less in 1891-92 as com -pared with 1893, in which orders were issued to burn the produce of Bastar, if any. 26. The proportion of the consumers of the class (a), (b), (c), and (d), is as follows (a) 8. (b) 2. (c) 2. (d) 1. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja per diem is as follows :— (a) From 3 mashas to 6 mashas, costing from 3 pies to 6 pies. (b) From 6 mashas to 12 mashas, costing from 6 pies to 1 anna. 31. No, it is not difficult to break off, There is a tendency in the case of ganja for the moder-ate habit to develop into excessive. - Evidence of ALAM CHAND, Superintendent, Bastar State.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. The principal reasons are — (1) Increase of population every year. (2) Owing to increase of ganja shops in villages, the use of ganja is also increased. The increase of shops every year facilitates gratification of desires of smoking classes. (3) Association with ganja smokers. The use of bhang appears neither on the increase nor decrease. 28. Ganja— (a) Within one tola—cost 1 anna. (6) Two tolas—cost 2 annas. Bhang — (a) Within 1 tola—cost 9 pies. (b) Two tolas—cost 1 anna 6 pies. 31. Yes, it is easily formed in company. Yes, it is somewhat difficult to break it off soon. The easiness or the difficulty depends upon the form -ation of habit. If a man smokes occasionally, his habit can be broken off easier than that of a person who is a regular smoker. There is a tendency in these drugs for moderate habit to develop into excessive. - Evidence of T.GOONDIAH, Tahsildar, Janjgir, Bilaspur District.


25. The use of ganja is not decreasing, rather increasing. I do not think the stoppage of its cultivation under license in every district has decreased its consumption. Question 25. [oral evidence] – Notwithstanding the rise of price in ganja, the use of it is increasing. Smuggling also is on the increase, especially from Punna, Ajeagadh, Bijawar, Charkari into Saugor and Damoh. People cannot reduce their consumption of intoxicants, and the number of consumers is constantly receiving addition with the increase of population. Mr. Nicholls was persuaded that the hemp drugs were deleterious, and he hoped to reduce consumption by increasing the price. By measures adopted in his time cultivation was checked, Formerly ganja was cultivated in Saugor. I myself gave licenses for cultivation in Hatta. It was cultivated in Magrun village in the Saugor district and in the Damoh district. There was also much desultory cultivation. In spite of raising the price, consumption was not reduced. There is very imperfect control across the border, and prices are low there. 28. (a) One chilam or two chilams a day cost a piec or less. (b) Can't say. 31. The habit (ganja) is difficult to break off. No one does break it off except in jail. Why should they try and do so ? I do not think a moderate smoker would necessarily develop into an excessive one. - Evidence* of MUNSHI THAKHT SINGH, pensioned Tahsildar, Bata, District Damoh.


25. If the official statistics are seen, the use of ganja seems to be on the increase, but I attribute this increased consumption to be due to severe check on the smuggling from Native States and other places in British India. In the former case, there is no effective check as in these provinces on the cultivation of hemp drug, sale of monopolies and every other thing connected therewith is all uncontrolled. Similarly, in tie British districts out of the Central Provinces, as in the Berars andBombay, the drug is sold much cheaper than in the Central Provinces, and the facilities afforded by the railways are great for smuggling. I expect still more increase in sales if the system of taxing the drug becomes uniform and the same system is adopted by the adjoining Native States. It is impossible to detect every smuggler without subjecting him to search, and thereby cause vexation, molestation and risk (vide section 45 of the Excise Act). I can speak from my own experience that there are people in good position, whose names I do not like to disclose, and whose avocations take them in the daily course of their business to such Native States and other districts, wherefrom they import the drugs for their friends in respectable positions. Their actions pass undetected. If all these sources are stopped by making the tax uniform throughout, there will no doubt be still more increase in sales to the disgust of the advocates of the abolition of the hemp drugs. The number of smokers is not, however, increasing. 26. The majority of ganja smokers will go under class (a), as each and every person has to earn his living, which he cannot do if he becomes a habitual excessive smoker. Besides, the classes I have enumerated in answer to question No. 20 are those who cannot afford to pay two annas a tola to make them excessive smokers. Their earnings are shared by several calls on them. The mendicant and fakir classes are such as can be classed under (c), as their hand is always ready to welcome a chilam (pipe) of ganja if one is given every hour. They have no care for their living, as they beg from door to door, and a couple of hours' rambling satisfies their want. The wellto-do and charitable people have respect and sympathy for them, who spontaneously supply them this drug without cost, and very often at such places where these men stay, idle men addicted to ganja smoking congregate there who enjoy smoking in company with them. Under (c) may be classed those mentioned in No. 5 of the list against question 20 and those beginners who enjoy their company on such occasions, though not properly speaking habitual or occasional consumers, yet through the pressure of their friends partake it, and thus gradually become habitual moderate consumers. I cannot class any body under (d), as occasional moderate consumers cannot go to excess. A habitual moderate consumer can smoke two chilams a day. Idle fellows who can afford to pay for the drug, and who have no anxiety or care to earn their living, can smoke six or seven chilams a day, and such people have always a company to serve. An ordinary chilam can serve four or five persons, and unless there is a company there is no pleasure. Habitual moderate consumers will not ordinarily collect a company daily, but will do so in a way which the next-door neighbour will not know of. I do not call those people excessive consumers who have become habituated to it, although I have classed mendicants as such. 28. For (a) 1 anna, half a tola, with ease, and even with that can treat one or two friends ; and for (b) it is uncertain. It depends upon the company, but if he smokes alone, 4 to 6 annas will amply satisfy him. 31. Beginners generally tremble at its name and do not easily take to it. It gradually becomes a habit, when he constantly associates in the company of smokers and is pressed to smoke. Ganja smoking is not a permanent habit as that of opium. It can be given up at pleasure if one determines to do so. Of course for a few days he will miss the habit. It is possible for a moderate consumer to gradually grow into excess - Evidence of VINAYAK BALKRISHNA. KHARE, Brahmin, Excise Daroga, Nagpur.


25. Charas is not at all used in these provinces. Ganja is much used, and bhang to a very small extent. 26. They do not smoke charas in these provinces. The average number addicted to ganja smoking is 5 per cent. of the whole population of the district, and that of bhang, 2 per cent. The average of the persons who have become slaves to it and consume it to a great quantity is 2 per cent. The average of the persons who seldom take it is 8 per cent. The average of the persons who use it seldom but in great quantities is 5 per cent. of the whole population of the district. 28. The average expense of the addicted moder-ate consumer is 3 pies a day, because in 1 1/2 pice ganja 4 annas in weight is available which is sufficient for two times and that of bhang 1 pice per day : one anna's worth ganja  is sufficient for an addicted person who can consume much, and half an anna's worth of bhang. As they  do not smoke charas here,  therefore I cannot say anything about it. 31. People  beco  me   addicted  to smoke charas and ganja by smoking it a few times only, be-cause of their liking to do it. Consumers of bhang do not soon become addicted to it, because the people generally drink it as thandai in the summer season and leave it off in the winter and rainy seasons. Of all the three drugs, bhang can be left off soonest ; and charas and gauja, by diminishing its use, can be left off by degrees. The persons that are addicted to smoking charas and ganja moderately desire to consume a good quantity. - Evidence of ANANDI PERSHAD, Excise Daroga, Hoshangabad.


25. The use is on the increase of both bhang and ganja. I think because bad characters and others like the sensation. 26. For ganja, out of ten consumers— (a) six ; (b) one ; (c) two ; (d) one. About the same proportions hold for bhang. 28. Ganja.—(a) 1 pice worth or 1 tola. (b) 3 pice or 3 tolas. Bhang.—(a) 1/2 pice worth or 1/2 tola. (b) 1 pice worth or 1 tola. 31. The habit for both drugs is easily acquired. It is not easily broken, especially smoking ganja. There is a tendency for both drugs for the moderate habit to become excessive. - Evidence of BRIJMOHUN PATNAIK, Mahanti, Treasurer, Sambalpur.


25. The smoking of ganja is on the increase among the Gonds, and this is due simply to the force of example. Question 25 [oral evidence].—My experience of the Gonds extends over five years. They admit the increased consumption of ganja. The consumption is, however, still moderate. They drink alcohol largely, and that habit is also on the increase. They always have been hard drinkers. The Marias, another wild tribe, are even harder drinkers. These tribes are far more addicted to liquor than to hemp drugs. 26. The consumers in this district are habituals. The average percentage of habitual moderate consumers is about 5 and 2/3 per cent., while the percentage of habitual excessive consumers is about 1 per cent. 28. (a) For habitual moderate consumers about half a tola a day, costing a little over two pice, is the allowance. (b) For habitual excessive consumers about 2 tolas a day, costing two-and-a-half annas, is the allowance. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is moderately easily formed and difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of MR. A. E. LOWRIE, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda.


25. In my opinion the use of the ganja and bhang is on the increase, because they are less expensive than any other stimulating articles, such as opium, madak, or liquor. 31. Yes, a few days' practice makes one habituated to the uses of the drugs. No, it is not so
difficult to give up the habit of using the drugs as it is in the case of opium or madak. In reference to bhang, there is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive one; but as regards ganja, there are probably 15 per cent. of the cases in which moderate smokers turn into habitual excessive consumers - Evidence of MUNSHI MAHOMED GHOUSE, Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Raipur.


25. The use of ganja is, I think, extending, as evidenced by increased sales. This increase is not due to villagers, who frequently cultivate their own, but to townspeople. At certain seasons its use is undoubtedly, I think, extending. Lately when Officiating Deputy Commissioner at Damoli, when holding excise sales, I was struck with the large area to each liquor shop, which I thought must prevent a great many people who wanted liquor from getting it. On tour in the district I made enquiries. Harvesting had just commenced, and I was told that as the people could not leave the fields, they generally carried a small quantity of ganja to freshen them after a hard day's work ; that it was cheaper than liquor, and easy to carry about, as a small packet in a man's waist cloth would last a long time. Question 25. [oral evidence] — The cultivation by villagers I allude to is in baris and carried on furtively. I believe that this cultivation is on a small scale to get ganja for harvest times, when the labourer cannot get his liquor easily. I think that the number of regular ganja smokers in villages is few ; and I think that where a villager has a bari he furtively cultivates his own ganja. I base these remarks on my experience in all districts in which I have served, on information I received. I have not seen it in any district except Chhindwara, for I have not been much in camp. My Chhindwara experience was of twenty years ago. Baris are all private property ; and unless one went in he would not see the plant.  31. Yes, easily formed ; and, once formed, very difficult to break from ; but the tendency to develop into the excessive depends on the individual.  - Evidence of COLONEL H. HUGHES HALLET, Officiating Inspector-General of Police and Prisons. Central Provinces.


28. Twenty grains of ganja form one chillam, and the price is one pice. An habitual ordinary consumer will smoke three or four pipes a day— one in the early morning, one atmidday, and one or two at night. The excessive consumers may smoke to any amount. 31. It does, I think, depend on the moral strength of the individual, and is like smoking in this respect. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. K. MCKAY, Civil Surgeon, Nagpur.


28. Charas.—Little used in the district, and hence no evidence as to its consumption. Ganja.—Habitual moderate consumers take about 22 grains two or three times a day—cost 1/2 to 3/4 anna. Habitual excessive consumers take from 1/2 tola to 2 tolas per diem— cost 1 to 4 annas. Jogis use larger quantities than these ; in fact they smoke a chillum every hour or two. Bhang.—Moderate consumers take 1/2 to 1 tola daily—cost 3 to 7 pies. Excessive consumers, 1 tola to 5 tolas—cost 7 pies to 3 annas. 31. The habit is easily formed by young people sitting in company with their elders who are smoking or drinking the drug, and, like all other habits, it is hard to break off ; but not so difficult as in the case of the opium habit. Ganja smokers, when confined in jail and suddenly deprived of their usual dose, do not appear to me to suffer in health or otherwise. The tendency to excess does not seem to be great. Question 31. [oral evidence] — Opium smokers suffer from deprivation of their drug, and when confined in jail, beg for it. Do ganja consumers beg for their drug in the same way ? Answer.—Only once did a well-to-do Musalman in the civil jail complain that he could not sleep in consequence of his drug being stopped, and begged for it.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. QUAYLE, Civil Surgeon, Nimar.


25 The sale of ganja since the introduction under Government excise rules commenced here from the 6th August 1884, and the yearly increase is shown below:— Date of introduction. Years. Quantity of ganja yearly consumed. Mds. Seers. Chs. 6th August 1884 . 1884 ... 21 8 1885 3 5 7 1886 4 22 ... 1887 4 10 ... 1888 3 18 8 1889 3 10 ... 1890 3 32 ... 1891 4 31 ... 1892 5 32 ... 1893 up to 30th September. 4 1 ..Question 25.[oral evidence] — Liquor is not dearer in Kalahandi than it was. I know of no reason for increase of the use except just the force of example, people picking up the habit from others. Ghasiyas and Doms did not use ganja when I came to Kalahandi. They have given up liquor for it to some extent. Liquor is a little dearer than it was then, and ganja is more portable.28. (a) Habitual moderate consumer's average is about one pice to half anna per diem. (b) The habitual excessive consumer's is about one anna per diem. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily acquired, and not so easily given up; but many of the subji drinkers can abstain from it. The ganjaries or ganja smokers rarely give up the habit, and gradually increase to excess. - Evidence of HONY. SURGEON-MAJOR J. E. HARRISON, Retired List, and Civil Surgeon, Kalahundi


25. Generally held to be decreasing owing to rise in price, difficulties in purchasing, and increased facilities for obtaining drink, i.e., spirits. 26. Ganja—(a) 90 per cent. (b) 10 per cent, (c) and None, (d) Bhang, i.e., chur ganja, for internal use—(a) 100 per cent. ((bc)) and None. (d) Perhaps 50 per cent. of male Hindu population during "Holi." 28. Ganja—(a) 60 to 180 grains. (b) 180 to 360 grains. Bhang, i.e., chur ganja, for internal use—(a) 90 to 180 grains. (b) None. 31. Ganja. Habit formed in about two months ; not very difficult to break off, except in the case of rich and idle. There is no great tendency to increase. Bhang, i.e., ganja internally. Easily formed ; not difficult to break; no tendency to increase.  - Evidence of APOTHECARY J. PRENTIE, Civil Surgeon, Bhandara.


28. Ganja —(a) 1/6 to 1 tola—cost 3 pies to 2 annas, (b) 1 to 3 tolas—cost 2 to 6 annas. (The last quantity—3 tolas—is used by exceptionally excessive consumers). Bhang—(a) 1/2 to 2 tolas— cost 3 pies to 1 1/4 annas, (b) 2 to 4 tolas—cost to 2 1/2 annas. 31. The ganja habit is easily acquired but most difficult to give up. The tendency is to regular consumption, two or three times a day. The ordinary labourer, or artisan, seldom exceeds a fixed moderation ; but fakirs rapidly attain to excess. - Evidence of APOTHECARY GEORGE MURPHY , Civil Surgeon, Mandla


26. Ganja— (a)10 per cent. of labourers. (b) 5 ,, ,, (c) Nil. (d) Nil. Bhang— (a) Nil. (b) Nil. (c) about 10 per cent. ( d ) ,,    5 ,, 28. Ganja—(a) tola 7 1/2 pies. ( b ) 1 „ 1 anna 3 pies. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed, and once formed it is difficult to break off. This remark applies more strongly to ganja smoking than to bhang drinking. The wretched smoker would rather forego a meal than the " chillum " of his ganja. There is not necessarily a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, either in case of ganja smoking or bhang drinking. - Evidence of DOORGA DAS SEN, Baidya, Assistant Surgeon, Warora


25. On the increase certainly as regards ganja consumption, but to a very slight extent. 26. Out of 100 ganja, smokers (who form some 3 to 5 per cent. of the whole population) (a) 30 will be habitual moderate consumers ; (b) 20 will be habitual excessive consumers; (c) 40 occasional moderate consumers; (d) 10 occasional excessive consumers. The same proportion as above is applicable to bhang consumers. As for charas I can't give any definite proportion because charas is rarely procurable. 28. (a) Half a tola, price anna 1. (b) One tola and over, price annas 2 and upwards. Some men will smoke 3 tolas daily. 31. Yes; habit is easily formed. No; there is not the craving that the opium eaters experience, so the habit can be broken. The excessive consumer always begins as a moderate consumer, so there is of course a tendency for the former habit to follow the latter. - Evidence of MUHAMMAD HABIBULLA, 1st grade Hospital Assistant, Seoni.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase in this province. The reason is that the shops selling them being very numerous, and at very small distances, these things (ganja and bhang) can be had everywhere, and at every time without any pains. Charas is not sold in this province, and, therefore, it is used by few. The shops selling ganja and bhang, which are placed in almost every village, being always in their view, leads them more to their use. Question 25. [oral evidence] — There are not ganja shops in every village, but I think there are too many shops. I cannot mention the tract in which the shops are too numerous. 26. In this province, of the consumers of ganja, the bulk is of the excessive consumers; and of the consumers of bhang, the bulk is of moderate consumers and occasional excessive consumers. Question 26 [oral evidence] .—My answer refers to the town of Jabalpur where I believe the excessive consumers are 75 per cent. of the total number of consumers. I do not refer to the villages. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja per diem to habitual excessive consumers is one tola, worth 2 annas. 31. Yes ; the habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. Yes, when once formed, it is difficult to break off all at once. Yes, ganja and charas have this tendency, to a great extent, for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. Bhang has also this tendency, but to a small extent, and for those only who indulge in its use very much, and who habitually use it for the sake of intoxication. But this tendency of bhang has no effect on those who use it as a cold drink in the hot weather. - Evidence of MIR ZAMIN ALI, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Jabalpur.


25. The use of the drug has become less frequent among the better members of the community. The others use it about as much as before, especially in the jagirs. The reason of the decrease among the former is the opinion that it is not a proper thing to do. 26. (a) Gond,  Ahir labourers generally. (b) Fakirs, gosains and bairagis. (c) and (d) Can't say. 31. It is easily formed and hard to break off. There is a craving for the drug, but no illness results from suddenly breaking off the habit as in the case of opium. A man goes on always taking only a little of the drug, but if he once increases his dose, he is nearly sure to go to excess.  - Evidence of KHUSHALI RAM, Honorary Magistrate, Chhindwara.


25.The use of ganja and bhang both have been on the decrease by reason of its high price. I hear under the Mahratta government, so long ago as 1853, ganja was very generally used by the lower classes. It was so common as to be used like straw for plastering purposes. Education has also had much to do with its decrease. As education advances the smoking of it must decrease. As regards the middle classes, the high price and restrictions placed on it have also had the effect of decreasing its consumption. Common people cannot afford to indulge in a luxury which is every day becoming dearer. Question 25. [oral evidence] — Ganja is still the cheapest intoxicant in this province; but I think that to raise the price would be objectionable as the lowest classes are those who use it. It is the only intoxicant except liquor the poor and labouring classes use. They require it. 26. I give the following information from the reports I have heard: it is only a conjecture: — 20 per cent. belong to class (a). 10 per cent. belong to class (b). 15 per cent. belong to class (c). 5 per cent, belong to class (d). 28. Habitual consumers spend about half an anna for the use of this drug. Habitual excessive consumers spend an anna per day. 31. The habit is easily formed with association of persons who use these drugs ; but it necessarily shows weak character and want of self-control. It is generally difficult to break off when once addicted to it, by reason of its producing deleterious effects on the mind if not taken and indulged in for any length of time. It has necessarily a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of GANGADHARRAO MADHO CHITNAVIS , Honorary Magistrate, Nagpur.


25. Thinks the consumption of ganja decreasing owing to the enhancement of the price of late years. 26. For ganja the proportion of consumers who are — (a) habitual moderate consumers is 5 per cent. ; (b) habitual excessive consumers is 5 per cent. ; (c) occasional moderate consumers is 22 1/2 per cent. ; (d) occasional excessive consumers is 67 1/2 per cent. ; 28. Habitual moderates 1 rati 1/96 of a tola of ganja in a pipe mixed with tobacco : perhaps 25 pipes in a day. Habitual excessives 2 ratis in a pipe ; perhaps 50 pipes a day. (N.B.—This allows for the flower only which alone is smoked ; the leaves and stalks being discarded.) 31. Use of ganja is easier to discard than the use of opium. Consumers can give it up, but it is rare to find a case. It is only with habitual consumers that there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive  - Evidence* of MIR IMDAD ALI, Honorary Magistrate, Damoh.


25. I consider that the consumption of ganja is decreasing, because its price is now much higher. I held the ganja contract for Wardha 15 years ago, and the price of ganja was then much lower. The use of bhang is increasing. Formerly its use was not very common ; but its use among the higher classes has much increased, especially in Marwar and Benares. In small quantities its effect is to increase the appetite, and it is used for this purpose. In large quantities it relieves the minds of all cares, and is therefore used. 26. I should say that in 1,000 persons there would be 100 habitual consumers of ganja and 50 occasional consumers. Of the 100 habitual consumers, 25 would be excessive and 75 moderate. Of the 50 occasional consumers, 10 would be excessive and 40 moderate. Among Marwaris, in 1,000 persons here 100 are habitual drinkers of bhang. Of this 100, about half are excessive consumers. About 150 in 1,000 would be occasional drinkers, of whom about half would drink to excess. Of the local people of Wardha, only 25 in 1,000 would drink bhang. They are all occasional consumers to a small extent. 28. The average daily allowance of ganja for habitual moderate consumers is half tola, costing anna 1. Habitual excessive consumers use from 1 tola to 2 tolas a day. The price of ganja is 2 annas a tola. The average daily allowance of bhang of habitual moderate consumers is 1 tola costing about 9 pice per day. The habitual excessive consumers use 1 1/2tolas a day. The best bhang from Ujjain costs Rs. 4 per seer. 31. In regard to ganja, all these questions must be answered in the affirmative. Bhang is not the same. The practice of drinking it can be easily discontinued at any time. - Evidence of SETH BACHRAJ, Honorary Magistrate, Wardha.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease in these provinces for two reasons :—(1) because it is getting dear, (2) because its cultivation is restricted. 26. Fakirs and people of inferior classes are generally the consumers of ganja, but bhang is sometimes consumed by all classes of people. (1) Many use it because they are in the habit of doing so ; (2) many use it to prevent sickness ; (3) many use it to devote their minds to the worship of God ; (4) travellers use it to put off the bad effects of climate; (5) to cure cold. 28. In these days the average cost of moderate consumers is quarter anna per diem, and 4 annas for excessive consumers. 31. The habit of consuming the drugs is formed like opium and liquor, etc. It is difficult to break it off. The people who do not use liquor use the drugs to devote themselves to prayers of God. There is a tendency in the case of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, but less than liquor-drinkers. - Evidence of MODAN MOHAN SETH, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


25. Neither. 26. For bhang 40 per cent. are habitual moderate consumers (a), 30 per cent. are habitual excessive consumers (b), 25 per cent. are occasional moderate consumers (c), and the remainder occasional excessive consumers (d). 28. For ganja.—(a) 1 1/2 annas worth 1 tola. (b) 6    ''    4    '' For bhang—(a) One or two pice at 5 tolas for (b) Five or six pice  3 annas. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) No tendency. - Evidence of KAPUR CHAND, Honorary Magistrate and Gumasta, Raipur.


25. When cultivation was allowed 12 or 13 years ago, ganja was only obtainable in the localities where cultivation happened to exist. Now that there is a halkabandi and ganja is obtainable everywhere, the consumption has increased. The increased price of country liquor has also tended to increased consumption of ganja. I have not observed any steady annual increase. The above applies to bhang too, but bhang is chiefly confined to Marwaris. 26. I cannot give the proportions, but I say generally that gosains and bairagis and musicians are habitual excessive consumers of ganja. The Marwaris are habitual moderate consumers of bhang, and excessive consumers in the hot weather. 28. For ganja— (a)1/4 to 1/2 tola; (b) 1 tola. 31. For ganja and bhang: very easily, with bad company and example. It is difficult to break off, but not so very difficult. A sentence of im -prisonment for six months or so would break the habit. There is no marked tendency of the kind indicated. - Evidence of RAGHOBA MAHADIK, Malguzar and Honorary Magistrate, Rajim


25. Of ganja, charas, and bhang, the use of ganja and bhang is increasing day by day. The increase is owing to bad company, and to the fact that they are obtained at a small value and in large quantities, and produce intoxication in a short time.  28. In this country six pice worth ganja is sufficient for a moderate consumer, and two annas for an excessive consumer. 31. Yes; when by bad company it is used for some days. When the habit is formed, it is difficult to break it of, and it is natural for the moderate habit to gradually develop into the excessive. - Evidence of HARI HAR SINGH, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate, Sambalpur District.


25. The smoking of ganja appears to be some -what on the increase in this district. Some of the non consumers even begin to smoke by the company of consumers, when they are in com -munication with the latter. 26. The number among the lower and middling classes of people— (a) of habitual moderate consumers of ganja is 10 per cent.; (b) of habitual excessive consumers of ganja is 5 per cent; (c) of occasional moderate consumers of ganja is 5 per cent ; (d) of occasional excessive consumers of ganja is 5 per cent. The number of habitual and occasional moderate consumers of bhang among the middling classes of people is 2 and 5 per cent., respectively. 28. A habitual moderate consumer of ganja may be using 6 pies worth of ganja daily, and an excessive consumer of the drug over one anna worth of it. A habitual moderate drinker of bhang may be using 3 pies worth of bhang daily and an excessive drinker about 6 pies worth of it. 31. The habit of using the drugs is easily contracted by keeping communication with a consumer. It is somewhat difficult to shake it off. By constant use the habit gets strengthened, i.e., a consumer commences to use the drugs in larger quantities. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR SETH TIKA RAM, Brahmin, Money-lender and Malguzar, Narsinghpur.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase, partly owing to the increase in popu -lation, and partly to the increased prosperity of the people. Ganja and bhang are dearer than they used to be. 26. Habitual moderate consumers are far the greatest in number. I am unable to give exact proportions. 28. Ganja. (a) From half tola to a tola; cost from one anna to two annas. (b) Double this. (a) Bhang. Two tolas, cost one anna. (b)Double this. Bhang is really more expensive on account of the ingredients necessary for its use. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is more easily acquired than that of smoking bhang. The ordi -nary consumer would find no difficulty in break -ing the habit: the excessive consumer would.  - Evidence of DIWAN PREM SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


25. There is an increase in the consumption of ganja. The use of bhang is on the decrease. Bhang is only used in the hot weather. In my opinion the taste for ganja, opium and intoxicating liquor is perfectly distinct, and when once the taste for one of them has been acquired, its use cannot easily be abandoned in favour of another form of intoxicant. I do not believe that a rise in the price of liquor would drive liquor consumers to the use of ganja, though persons who had never taken to any form of intoxicant might choose, perhaps, the cheaper form. The use of opium and madak are on the decrease. Their cost is more than that of ganja. 28. Bhang Ganja. (a) 2 tolas 1/4 tola. (b) 1 chittack to 2 chittacks 1/2 tola. 31. The habit of bhang eating is not easily acquired. Ganja smoking is very easily acquired, and its use does not, in my opinion, easily develop into the excessive. - Evidence of LALL UMED SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. The licensed vending facilitates it. 28. (a) Half a tola - 1/2 pice(b) Two tolas - 2 pice. 31. I know nothing of the formation of habit. Difficult to break off. The moderation lapses into excess easily. - Evidence of LALL NROOPRAJ SINGH, Chatriya, Zamindar of Barpali, District Sambalpur


25. The use of ganja is on the increase and that of bhang is decreasiug. Bhang is taken as a luxury, but as it sells dear, its use has decreased. The reason why the use of the ganja is in -creasing is that the labourers find it a necessity. 31. The habit is easily formed on account of the effects of society, and to break it off is attended by temporay discomfort, which if one cares to undergo, the habit breaks off. It depends upon the habit of a moderate user to develop into the excessive. - Evidence * of PANDIT NARAYAN RAO GOBIND, Brahmin, Zamindar, Hurda


25. The sale of ganja in this district is increasing. The reason is, I think, that the retail vendors outside Chanda itself get their licenses cheap, and so are able to sell the drug cheap. Question 25. [oral evidence] — The increase of ganja consumption is due to multiplication of shops, and the low price paid for them. The drug is sold very cheap in the adjoining Nizam's dominions. There is also illicit sale by the retail vendors in other vil -lages than those where their shops are situated. Q 26. Occasional consumers are rare. I should say 10 per cent. only. If men take it at all, they generally take it habitually; and if they take it habitually, they generally from time to time take it in excess. But constantly excessive consumers are rare. 28. (a) Two or three annas' worth a day, or even four annas' worth. (b) Six annas' worth a day. Question 28 [oral evidence].—A very moderate smoker spends not less than one anna a day. Bairagis and such people spend as much as 8 annas a day. 31. I know nothing of the formation of habit. Difficult to break off. The moderation lapses into excess easily. 31. The habit is easily formed, and with diffi -culty broken off. The habit of eating bhang is not so difficult to break with, but that of smoking ganja is much more so, not more than 5 per cent. of smokers give up the habit. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of CHANDI PERSHAD, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda.


25. The proportion of persons who use these drugs has decreased since the last twenty-five years. There was no restriction before, so these drugs were largely used previous to twenty five years ago. 26. Charas is not known here. Ganja— (a) 5 per cent. of consumer's are habitual moderate consumers. (b) 5 per cent. are habitual excessive smokers. (c) 25 per cent. occasional moderate consumers. (d) 15 per cent. occasional excessive consumers. Bhang— (a) 10 per cent. (b) 5 per cent. (c) 20 per cent. (d) 20 per cent. 28, (a) 4 pipes per day, i.e., 1/2 tola. (b) 2 annas—1 tola. 31. (a) Yes. (b) It is difficult to break off. (c) yes. -  Evidence of THAKUR MAHARAJ SINGH, RAI BAHADUR,* Malguzar, Saugor.


25. In my opinion the use of ganja in this province is on the increase, but I am unable to account for this increase. 31. (a) and (b) The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is not easily formed, but when once formed is hard to break off. (c) There is a tendency in the case of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO VENKAT RAO, Brahmin, Malguzar, and Political Pensioner, Saugor.


25. The use of ganja appears to be on the decrease owing to taxation to which it is subjected and the growing poverty of the people. Ganja. Per cent. Bhang. Per cent. Habitual moderate consumers 75 80 Habitual excessive consumers 15 10 Occasional moderate consumers 5 5 Occasional excessive consumers 5 5. 28. Cost per diem per head Ganja. Mang. Habitual excessive consumers 4 annas 2 annas. Habitual moderate consumers 1 anna 1 anna. 31. The habit of consuming ganja or bhang is easily formed. It is difficult to break off, but not so difficult as the habit of consuming opium is. There is a tendency in case of both ganja and bhang for moderate habit to develop into the excessive one.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB BALWANTRAO GOVINDRAO BHUSKUTE, Brahmin, Jagirdar of Timborni, Barhanpar, Nimar District.


25. I think the use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. I cannot give any particular reason, but I observe more people using it than formerly. Question 25.—The increase has taken place among the lowest labouring classes. They have not exchanged liquor for ganja. The increase is due to the general growth of the habit. The price of liquor has risen. The price of ganja has risen also, but not sufficiently to check consump tion. Ganja is portable and convenient for use. The consumption of hemp has increased with the increase of population, but not in the same proportion. 26. Of ganja, if 5 per cent. of the population use it, 3 per cent. would be ( a), .2 per cent. (b), 1 per cent. (c), and ,.8 per cent. (d ). I think the proportions would be the same for bhang. Question 26 [oral evidence]. —The consumers of ganja are about 3 per cent. of the population, and of bhang 2 per cent. The percentages given in my recorded answer are not in accordance with my statement. 31. The habit is easily acquired. It is not difficult to shake off. There is not much tendency for moderate use to become excessive. - Evidence * of DAMODHAR DASS, Brahmin, Mafidar, Bargarh, Sambalpur District.


25. From what I have been able to ascertain the use of ganja is on the increase in the Central Provinces. The reason is not very far to seek. In the first place, it is very cheap compared with the price of country liquor. Secondly, it is easily obtained and consumed. Thirdly, it can be used by all classes of the Hindu community without incurring religious excommunication. For in -stance, a Brahmin would be put out of caste if he drank liquor, but he would not be outcasted if he smoked ganja, drank bhang, or ate opium, or any    preparations of these drugs. I am of opinion that the latter class are more specially swelling the ranks of ganja-smokers. I mean by those to whom liquor is a religious prohibition. 26. The answers are a mere guess. Under— (a) I should put down 10 per cent. for Chanda District; (b) 2 per cent. for Chanda District; (c) 4 per cent. for Chanda District; (d) 1 per cent. for Chanda District. 28. (a) Three masas of ganja, which costs 4 1/2 pies. (b) Two tolas of ganja, which costs 3 annas. 31. Yes, the habit of smoking ganja, drinking bhang and eating of majum is easily formed. Almost all evil habits are easily formed. It is not difficult to break off the habit when it is newly formed. Bad habits are more easily nipped in the bud than at any other time. Yes, there is a great
tendency for the moderate habit of ganja-smoking bhang-drinking and majum eating to develop itself into the excessive. There is no evil or bad habit that I know of that does not develop itself into extreme degrees. Things go from bad to worse when they are not properly attended to or looked into. - Evidence of the REV. I. JACOB, Church of England Missionary, Chairman, District Council, etc., Chanda.


25. The use of ganja is, I think, on the increase. I can give no reason for the increase, unless it be the increased prosperity of the people and greater facilities for obtaining it. 26. The cases I have come across were and are chiefly habitual moderate consumers; there were a few habitual excessive consumers, and very few of the other two classes. 28. A moderate habitual consumer will use from 1 pice to 1 anna's worth a day, and habitual excessive consumers will use up to 4 annas worth a day. 31. According to my experience, the habit is easily acquired but difficult to break off. Yes, there is such a tendency. - Evidence of the REV. O. LOHR,* Medical Missionary, Bisrampur, Raipur District.


25. I am not able to cite statistics on this point; but the lower class of people who consumed liquor before have taken to ganja, because liquor has become expensive to them. This is the general reason given by persons who are questioned on the subject; and there seems to be some truth in it. Question 25. [oral evidence] — In travelling among the people, the Gonds especially, I have noticed that on account of the enhanced cost of liquor or distance of the liquor shop, people have used ganja instead. These causes were alleged by the people. 26. I would not answer this question, as I have not been able to collect correct statistics. 28. (a) One pice worth. (b) Two annas worth. 31. Yes, it is. Yes, it is difficult to break off. I have certainly noticed this tendency. - Evidence of ADHAR SINGH GOUR, Kshattri, Barrister-at-law, Hoshangabad


25. I should think they are on the decrease, and the reason is not far to find. Wines and spirits were forbidden by the Hindu Shastras, and their use involved loss of caste. Pressure from within and without have alike contributed to the weakening of this sentiment. A good many of the castemen,  as formerly would have taken to bhang and ganja, now drink wines and spirits. The lower classes, who imitate their betters, are gradually taking to arrack, gin, and cheap brandy. It is as yet but a tendency, but I have no doubt that with increased heterodoxy ganja and bhang will lose still more ground to distilled liquor. There will, however, always be a class who from poverty or economy or religion will patronize the old drugs. 26. Taking 100 as the total number of ganja consumers, 1 should think that 75 per cent. are habitual moderate consumers, 5 per cent. excessive consumers, 20 per cent, occasional moderate consumers, (0) per cent. occasional excessive consumers ; for bhang-10 per cent. habitual moderate consumers, 10 per cent. excessive consumers, 75 per cent. occasional moderate consumers, 5 per cent. occasional excessive consumers. I cannot say anything about the percentage of charas smokers. 28. The moderate ganja smoker spends about one pice a day, and " bhang" without the ingredients which are usually mixed with it would cost less per head. I have known men to smoke four annas or more worth of ganja in a day, but these are extreme cases. An anna to two annas worth may be put, down as the average cost of excessive smoking. 31. The habit of ganja smoking is usually formed in youth, when the man falls into the company of smokers, who recommend it to the uninitiated for almost every kind of disease —from a simple cold to a bad case of diarrhœa. The novice is allowed and invited to smoke for a time free of cost to himself till he becomes a habitual smoker, and thenceforth he has to find his own drug. The use of bhang seldom creates a craving for it. One can drink it for months and then shake it off in a day without inconvenience. I believe it to be a question of the will power of the individual as to whether he should degenerate from a moderate to an excessive smoker or drinker. Something also depends on his surround -ings, such as his means, regularity of employment, etc.; there are thousands of people who have smoked their two chillums of ganja a day for years together and have worked all the better for it, whilst some few become excessive smokers within a year of their initiation and become insane in another two or three years.  - Evidence of MR. TARA DASS BANERJI, President, District Council, Raipur.


25. So far as these provinces are concerned, I do not think that the use of any of these drugs is on the increase, in spite of the Government record that the consumption of ganja is on the increase. The following causes work against the increase— (1) the higher price than before; (2) the increase of education and civilisation; (3) the restriction placed by Government on the cultivation of hemp plants. The Government record shows the consumption of ganja as follows:— 1889-90 ... 970 maunds. 1890-91 . . . 1,019 „ 1891-92 . . . 1,156 „ 1892-93. . . 1,194 „ This does not necessarily denote that the actual consumption in the province is on the increase every year. It rather shows that there has been closer watch every year en the smuggling of these drugs from the foreign territories. The normal point has not been arrived at yet probably, and unless we have some more years' experience, we cannot say for certain whether the consumption is increasing or decreasing. I cannot disbelieve my senses. I do not see that these classes of men are increasing. 26. There are more of class (a) than of (b), and more of (c) than (d). 28. One pice for (a) One anna for (b) }Ganja One pice for (a), Half anna for (b) Bhang. This is for our province. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed and difficult to break off, but it is otherwise the case with bhang. I am informed that in the case of any of these drugs there is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of BABU KALIDAS CHOWDHRY, Brahmin, Pleader, Hoshangabad.


25.I am of opinion that ganja smoking is on the increase. Looking at the gradual increase of income from ganja, both under the fanning and the sale system, no one can shut his eyes to the fact that, the consumption of ganja has greatly ncreased. Ganja income under farming system. Ganja income under sale system. Year. Rs. Year. Rs. 1871-72 .    .    1,575 1879-50 .    .    5,006 1872-73 .    .    1,731 1880-81 .    .    5,171 1873-74 .    .    1,792 1881-82 .    .    4,875 1874-75 .    .    2,500 1882-83 .    .    5,880 1875-76 .    .    2,025 1883-84 .    .    7,312 1876-77 .    .    2.005 1884-85 .    .    9,381 1877-78 .    .    2,415 1885-86 .    . 12,371 1878-79 .    .    4,453 1886-87 .    . 11,110 ...... 1887-88 .    . 11,299 ...... 1888-89 .    .    8,744 ...... 1889-90 .    . 11,430 ......1890-91 .. 11,600......1891-92 .    . 12,399......1892-93 .    . 14,199
28.(a) 3 pies to one anna. (b) One anna to two annas. 26. My estimate of the proportion of ganja smokers is as follows:— (a)50 per cent. (b)45 per cent. (c)10 per cent. (d)5 per cent. 28.(a) 3 pies to one anna. (b) One anna to two annas. 31.The habit of smoking ganja is easily formeded. In moderate smokers it is easily broken off. It has a tendency to increase and become excessive. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB RANGRAO HARRY KHISTY, Pleader, Bhandara


25. It is on the increase. 26. Nearly 10 per cent. are habitual excessive consumers. 28. Ganja — (a) One party gives me 1/8 tola—1/2 a pice ; another witness says half a tola—cost half an anna. (b) One witness says one tola—worth one anna, and more if they can afford ; another witness says two tolas—two annas, Bhang— (a) One chatak—cost 9 pies. (b) Two chataks—cost 18 pies. 31. There is no tendency in any of these drugs to develop into the excessive - Evidence of Mr. J. A. MAUGHAN, Manager, Central Provinces Collieries, Umaria, Jubbulpore District.


28. The ganja each man smokes is a pice worth, weighing about 1/8 tola. The monthly cost to each man is from 6 to 8 annas. On holidays, when they have nothing to do, or when friends visit them, or they visit friends, they may have one or two extra smokes. -  Evidence of BAZONJI DADABHOY, Parsi, Manager of the Empress Mills, Nagpur.


25. The use of ganja and bhang seems on the increase, the rate being cheap in comparison to opium. 31. At first it is easily formed, but afterwards it is difficult to break it. Yes; moderate habits are generally developed into the excessive.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KUSTOORCHAND DAGA, Bania, Banker, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is on the decrease on account of their being dear, and also for the tendency of the people towards local and foreign liquor. 31. Yes ; it is easily formed. Yes ; it is difficult to break it off. Yes; it has a tendency to develop into excessive habits. - Evidence of LALA NIINDKESFIORE, * Agartcal, Merchant, Banker, Contractor, Malgoozar, Honorary Magistrate, Secretary, Municipal Committee, and .Me.mber, District Council, Saugor


25. The smoking of ganja is on the increase, especially among the labouring classes. I speak from general observation of four or five years past. I cannot say anything regarding former custom. I took no notice previously. district in which I live. Question 25. [oral evidence] — I have observed the increase described. I can give no reason for it. Liquor drinkers have not turned to ganja. People are poor and ganja indulgence is cheap. Ganja does not save expense in ordinary food. 26. I estimate that only 20 per cent, of the ganja smokers are occasional consumers; the remaining 80 per cent, are habitual consumers. I consider the whole 100 per cent, to be only moderate consumers. I know of' no excessive consumers. Excessive consumers are the rare exceptions. Question 26 [oral evidence].— Fakirs sometimes consume ganja to excess. Other people do not exceed 2 or 4 chillums. 28. Ganja smokers, as a rule, only smoke ganja two, three, or four times a day. I have not come across any who smoke ganja more frequently. One pice worth of ganja, mixed with tobacco, is the usual fill of a pipe. As a rule, one person does nut smoke off such a pipeful himself; he smokes it with two or three others, passing the pipe round from one to another for a draw. In absence of any one to finish the smoke any habitual consumer could smoke off such a pipeful without its affecting his ability to proceed with his work or journey. 31. It is not easy to learn ganja smoking. People have to learn by degrees. A fellow takes 15 days or a month to learn to smoke ganja with appreciation and enjoyment. Once learnt, the habit of smoking ganja is difficult to give up. There is a tendency, but it is not a strong one, for moderate consumers to begin to smoke ganja to excess. I cannot recall any instances of consumers who have taken to smoking ganja to a ruinous excess, The great majority continue to be moderate consumers for life.   - Evidence* of GIRDHARI LAL, Oswal Bania, Merchant and Banker, Seoni-Chapara.


25. The use of ganja seems to be on the increase. I can assign no special reason. The use of all intoxicants is on the increase; not ganja more than opium or liquor. I believe that the use of ganja used to be much more than at present . Since Government have restricted the cultivation, less ganja is being used, though the Government sales show increase. I believe the increase in sales of duty-paid ganja results from more and more complete stoppage of the consumption of illicit ganja. Formerly people used to grow ganja, every man in his own bari. I remember when ganja was selling at 8 seers for the rupee, and imported ganja at 4 seers per rupee. This was 25 years ago. Now ganja is sold wholesale to retail vendors at Rs. 3 per seer, and is retailed at rates averaging Rs. 10 per seer. Of course consumption must have been checked. In the same way the use of bhang is being checked by the difficulty of getting the good foreign bhang. 26. Out of every 100 consumers of ganja, I estimate— (a) 20 per cent. to be habitual moderate consumers. (b ) 10 per cent. habitual excessive consumers. (c) 60 per cent. occasional moderate consumers. (d) 10 per cent occasional excessive consumers. 31. Smoking of ganja has to be learnt by de -grees. Beginners get the last whiff, or have to avoid taking a full whiff: they acquire the habit in two or three months, and become confirmed habituals after about a year. The habit once ac -quired is difficult to break off. If a smoker is deprived of his ganja, it affects his digestion, and his energies. As in the case of all intoxicants, the tendency is for moderate indulgence to in -crease, but not necessarily to excess. For instance, the 20 per cent. of consumers, whom I estimated to be habitual moderate consumers, are not likely to become habitual excessive consumers. They will probably require an extra whiff or more as they grow older, but having learnt to be habitual mo -derate consumers, they are not likely to become habitual excessive consumers. - Evidence* of ONKAR DAS, Agarwalla Bania, Mahajan, Seoni-Chapara.


25. Since the cultivation of ganja was stopped 16 or 17 years ago, there has been a great decrease in the consumption of ganja. Latterly the sale of Government ganja has been increasing, but I consider this is attributable to increased suppression of illicit ganja. Sixteen or seventeen years ago, a pice weight of ganja could be bought for one pice; now it costs one anna; of course this enhancement of price has checked consumption. 26. Of the 500 consumers of ganja in Seoni town, I estimate 300 or 60 per cent. to be habitual smokers, and 200 or 40 per cent. occasional smokers. The excessive consumers are a small minority; say 25 or 5 per cent. of the total are habitual excessive consumers, and 10 or 12, say 2 to 2 1/2 per cent. are occasional excessive consumers. The consumption of ganja is much more prevalent in the district than in the town. I have shops in the interior of the district, so know. The Gonds, Pardhans, and labouring classes form the bulk of the rural population. I estimate that 3/4 of the rural males are most of them habitual consumers of ganja. Out of the 75 per cent. of rural males, I estimate that 70 per cent. are habitual consumers, and only 5 per cent. are occasional consumers. The rural consumers seldom indulge to excess ; they are habituated to the drug and have hard outdoor work, and, as a rule, only indulge in moderation. A Gond cultivator will buy 4 annas worth at a time, and use it frugally, so as to last 8 days, each day taking no more than the usual quantum. They renew their supplies at the weekly bazars. 28. The average consumption of ganja by a labourer, who is a habitual moderate consumer, is one pice worth, or the weight of a 2-anna piece in ganja. This allowance merely sustains and invigorates him ; it does not incapacitate him in any way for work, but, on the contrary, makes him work all the better. Sixty per cent. of the consumers only use a pice worth a day, or less. Twenty per cent. consume an average of 1 1/2 pice worth a day. Twenty per cent. consume an average of 2 pice worth a day. This last include well-to-do men, who do not consume all they buy themselves, but treat their neighbours. It is the exception for ganja smokers to consume more. Some Gossains and even Musalmans and Kayeths consume a tola weight of ganja per diem. This is excessive. About 5 per cent. of the consumers are habitual excessive consumers of this class. 31. Ganja smoking has to be acquired gradually. A boy takes about 15 days to learn. The elders begin by giving him only the last draw at the pipe, and he does not take a full whiff at first. The habit of smoking ganja, once it is acquired, is a difficult one to break off. Only about 5 per cent. of the ganja smokers develop into excessive consumers. The bulk remain habitual moderate consumers. The proportion of people who get ruined from excessive indulgence is much smaller in the case of ganja than of other stimulants. I know because for some 18 years I have been a vendor of opium and madak as well as ganja. The proportions to develop consumption to excess are in my opinion about 5 per. cent. for ganja, 10 per. cent. for opium, and 50 per cent. for madak. From general observation, I estimate that 10 per cent. of the consumers of liquor (alcohol) take to drinking to excess.  - Evidence* of HUSEN KHAN,† Pathan, Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


25. The use of bhang as well as ganja is in increase in this province. 26 Ganja—(a) Habitual moderate consumers of ganja, 80 per cent., (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 10 per cent., (c) Occasional moderate consumers, 4 to 6 per cent., and (d) Two to 4 occasional excessive consumers. Bhang—In villages very little bhang is used, but in towns out of 100 consumers— (a) 90 per cent. habitual moderate consumers, (b) 5 per cent. habitual excessive consumers. (c) 3 per cent. occasional moderate consumers. (d) 2 per cent. occasional excessive consumers of bhang. 28. (a) To a habitual moderate consumer of ganja, the cost will be from 3 pies to 9 pies per diem; and to a (b) habitual excessive consumer from 2 annas 6 pies to 3 annas 6 pies per diem. (For an excessive consumer 2 tolas in weight of ganja will be required.) (NOTE.—As a rule, a well-to-do habitual moderate or excessive smoker of ganja will not enjoy himself well unless three or four men are joined with him. A chillum full of ganja is not consumed unless four men smoke it). Bhang: (a) and (b)—To a habitual moderate or excessive consumer of bhang, the cost will be from 1 anna to 4 annas per diem. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed, as the smokers enjoy the chillum (pipe) more in company, and the novice gets it free of cost to begin with. Not only this ganja is smoked as medicine for several diseases, it is also used for the sake of in-creasing licentiousness. The habit, if well formed, is difficult to break. The habit from moderation to excessive smoking generally increases amongst labouring classes. - Evidence of COWASJEE MEHERWANJEE HATTY-DAROO, Parsi, Merchant and Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara


25. The use of bhang is much the same as formerly; but the use of ganja appears to be on the increase, because less smuggled ganja from Feudatory States, etc., is obtained.  Thus the increased consumption of ganja too is more apparent than real. 26. Almost all the labouring classes and agriculturists are habitual moderate consumers of ganja. Almost all mendicants and fakirs are habitual excessive consumers. Most of the middle and upper classes came under ( c). Consumers of bhang are confined chiefly to the upper middle class, under (a) only. 28. (a) From 6 pies to 1 anna. (b) About 4 annas. 31. (a) It is easily formed. (b) Difficult to break off. (c) No. - Evidence of BIJRAJ, Marwari, Wholesale ganja vendor, Kamptee, Nagpur District


25. Day by day all these drugs are used much, because a man is intoxicated in a very little expense. 26. Ganja is used by—(a) 1/8th of the population, (b) 1/64th of the population, (c)1/4th of the population, (d) 1/64th of the population. 28. (a) In one tola,—that is, in two annas. (b) In ten tolas,—that is, in Rs. 1-4-0. 31. The habit of using them can be easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. There is a tendency of developing the moderate habit into the excessive - Evidence of LALA RAMSAHI AND LALA SITARAM,  Abkari Contractors, Nagpur.


 25. My experience is that less ganja is being used now-a-days in consequence of its higher price. The retail dealer gets his ganja at Rs. 3 a seer and he nominally sells at an average of Rs. 10 a seer, but he cheats his customers as far as he can in the weights and gets Rs. 12 a seer. - Evidence of BABU MUNA LALL, Ex-Contractor of Ganja, Jabalpur


25. Neither increase nor decrease. 31 (a), (b), (c) Yes - Evidence of MR. J. STURROCK, Collector, Coimbatore.


25. The use of ganja and bhang are on the decrease since licenses for their sale are issued ; but of these two, ganja is more largely used, as it is cheaper. 26. The habitual and occasional excessive consumers of both ganja and bhang are bairagis, weavers and Maruvars. They are also the habitual moderate consumers. The other classes are occasional and moderate consumers. 28. Ganja, 3 pies weight, worth two pies, is enough for (a) consumers ; 9 pies weight, worth six pies, is wanted by (b) consumers. Bhang one-quarter to three tolas by a moderate consumer, about three up to six tolas by excessive consumers. The price of bhang per tola is two pie. 31. Habit easily formed ; difficult to break off, like every other habit. There is tendency to develop into the excessive. The Head Assistant Collector says : " Differs in tendency with different constitutions. - Evidence of MR. E. TURNER, Collector of Madura.


25. On the decrease, the reason being that the practice is considered disreputable. 28. One tola of ganja or one pie worth of bhang is enough for a habituated moderate consumer. The effect, however, depends upon the temperament or constitution of the person using it. - Evidence of MR. C. B. MACLEANE, Collector of Nellore.


25. It is said to be on the increase, because it is very cheap, and it takes the place of liquor, which    is expensive.    one of  the Tahsildars says that it is decreasing. 28. Ganja :—(a) Habitual moderate consumers half tola to three tolas weight ; cost about onefourth anna per half tola. Bhang :—About one-fourth tola per day ; cost one-eighth of an anna. (b) I have no information. 31. It is said to be easily formed and difficult to break off when once acquired, but I do not gather that there is any tendency for moderation to develop into excess. - Evidence of MR. R. SEWELL, Collector of Bellary


25. No remarkable data can be found to show any considerable variations in the consumption of recent year. 26. Except amongst the bairagis (miserable mendicant pilgrims from the north of India), I should say that habitual excessive consumers are extremely few. I have never met with a case myself, and this appears to be the experience of nearly all the district medical officers. 28. Ganja sells at three tolas for one anna. Purnâdhi is about one anna per tola. Mâjiam is the same price as ganja. Half a tola weight is said to be a moderate day's allowance. A few consumers are said to take as much as four tolas weight per diem. The cost would thus range from two pies to 1 and 1/5 annas a day. - Eviclence of MR. H. M. WINTERBOTHAM, Collector of Tanjore


25. I am unable to say. I should expect an increase owing to the great increase in tie price of spirits driving people to the use of other intoxicants. The accounts available are most imperfect, and the advent of large numbers of workmen from other parts of India in connection with the construction of the East Coast Railway renders comp arison impossible. 28. (a) About 4 pies worth, or 1/4 tola of ganja. (b) From one anna worth upwards or one tola and upwards. 31. The habit is easily formed and hard to break off, but it does not appear to tend towards excess. - Evidence of MR. W. A. WILLOCK, Collector, Vizagapatam


25. Cannot be stated with any degree of accuracy, the men using them being of very obscure social standing. 26. Only ganja and bhang are used. In the case of ganja smoking, about 80 per cent. may be said to fall under (a), 10 under (b), and the other 10 under (c). In the case of ganja confections almost all under (a). In the case of bhang almost all under (a). 28. (a) 2 tola of ganja, costing 2 pies. tola of majum, costing 1 pie. 1/6 tola of purnâdhi, costing about 2 pies. (b) 2 to 3 tolas of ganja, 8 to 12 pies. Bhang, not known. Charas, not used. 31. Yes. The habit is easily formed when a person descends to associating with the people using it, both on account of the cheapness of the drug as well as the prevalent custom among the consumers to offer it to those present as good manners and courtesy. The habit once formed it will be difficult to break off, and will develop into excess, as in the case of every other intoxicant, if indulged in by imprudent persons. - Evidence of MR. J. THOMSON, Collector of Chingleput


25. The use of ganja is said to be on the increase for the reasons (1) that it is cheaper ; (2) that it has more lasting effects than liquor. 28. Charas and bhang are not sold. Ganja — (a) 1 tola, at a cost of 4 pies. (b) Above 1 tola but less than 3 tolas. 31. The habit is difficult to form, as the initiative attempt is said to be anything but agreeable.
But when it is once formed it is difficult to break off. The moderate use may develop into exces-sive when the consumer cannot control himself. It depends upon the strength of mind. - Evidence of MR. G. STOKES, Collector of Salem,


25. The use of ganja is reported to be on the decline since the introduction of the license system. But accurate figures are not available from which a definite conclusion can be arrived at. 26. The consumers of ganja are chiefly habitual moderate consumers. 27. Vide answer to question 20. 28. On an average above 3/4 tola weight of ganja is daily consumed by an habitual moderate consumer, the cost of which is 3 and 3/11 pies. 31. (a) The habit is easily formed. (b) It is difficult to break off. (c) No - Evidence of MR. G. S. FORBES, Collector of Tinnevelly


25. I am not aware, but I am inclined to think that the consumption may be increasing. But, if so, it is doing so very slowly. 28. I am told that a habitual consumer can get all he wants for one anna a day. 31. I believe the habit is easily formed, and is difficult to break. Habitual consumers feel the loss of the drug. - Evidence of MR. M. HAMMICK, Acting Collector of South Arcot.


25. In Cuddapah, where ganja is most largely consumed, the consumption is said to be on the increase. They say that, where some 20 people took it twenty-five years ago, 40 or 50 do so now, the cause being the opening of shops. In Piler, which
borders on North Arcot and where hemp is largely grown, it is said to be more consumed than formerly. In other places the consumption is said to be on the decrease, owing to the higher price arising from taxation, and in Vempalli I found that they said 10 persons smoked now to 20— twenty years ago. 26. (a) and (b) The information I could get myself was not very reliable. Out of seven smokers in one place, I saw only one who could be considered an habitual excessive consumer, and in most places none were found. (c) and (d) I could get no information. Possibly the cultivators of the plant may come under heading (c). 28. The amounts given varied very much; but I gather for ganja the quantity used is about two drachms, costing two pice a day, and not so much is spent in bhang. For excessive consumers the amount taken is mostly limited by their resources. If more than one anna's worth is taken, then it becomes excessive. 31. The habit seems easily formed ; but whether it is easy to break off or not, I cannot so easily answer. Those smokers who from poverty could not get the drug said they just went without it. I presume there is a little more difficulty in breaking than a tobacco smoker would find. Judging from the number of excessive smokers found, I should say there was a slight tendency for moder -ate consumers to become excessive ones; for all, however, appear to begin moderately. - Evidence of MR. C. H. MOUNSEY, Acting Collector of Cuddapah


25. No increase. Liquor has a more warming effect in this cold climate ; and beer is also much drunk. 28. (a) Half a tola, costing Rs. 0-0-3. (b) Four tolas, costing Rs. 0-2-0. 31. (a), (b), (c) Yes. - Evidence of MR. F. D'A. O. WOLFE-MURRAY, Acting Collector of the Nilgiris.


28. (a) Moderate consumers take from 1/2 tola to 1 tola a day, costing from 1 pie to 6 pies. (b) Indeterminable; the amount would appear to be limited by their means. Six men were examined by the Head Assistant Collector as to their own consumption, and the quantity ranges from 1/4 tola to 6 tolas. One of them says that his priest takes 40 tolas a day. 31. The habit of consuming is easily formed, and it is very difficult to break off. For the first five or six days its consumption causes violent in-toxcation. If consumption is stopped, the indivi• dual loses appetite, gets indigestion, fever, etc., and dies. There is a tendency to go from moderation to excess and to increase the quantity consumed. - Evidence of MR. L. C. MILLER, .Acting Collector of Trichinopoly.


25. Ganja is easily had under present conditions. The habit does not appear to be spreading. Its use is not going out, as licenses to sell ganja are being taken out from year to year. 26. In this district habitual excessive consumers would seem to be few and far between, though habitual and occasional moderate consumers may sometimes be said to become excessive consumers. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers consume about a tola per day, worth 3 or 4 pies per tola. (b) Habitual excessive, double the quantity, i.e., 6 or 8 pies. 31. The habit with other habits of the kind is easily formed; if not deep-rooted is easily broken off. There is, however, a tendency to develop moderate use of the drug into excessive - Evidence of MR. K. C. MANAVEDAN RAJA, Collector, Anantapur.


25. It is the general impression in the district that it is on the increase. Many attribute this to the enhanced price of intoxicating liquors owing to the increased stringency of our abkari laws. I think, if the fact be true, the explanation is reasonable. 28. Widely varying estimates are given, but apparently an excessive consumer can satisfy himself with about one anna's worth in the day. 31. I believe so. It is, I understand, difficult. Yes; this is the general belief. - Evidence of MR. C. J. WEIR,* Acting Collector, District Magistrate, and Agent to Govr., Ganjam.


25. The ganja dealers say that the use of ganja and bhang and other hemp drugs is on the decrease since the time that the traffic in intoxicating drugs has been brought under regulation; but this statement is incompatible with the results of sales of the privilege of vend, which show a marked increase in the revenue year after year. In the absence of accurate information as to the extent of cultivation of the plant and consumption of the drugs, no reliable conclusions can be drawn, at least so far as this presidency is concerned. 26. I should say that a large proportion of the consumers are habitual moderate consumers. Any proportions that could be given as obtaining between the several classes of consumers would be merely conjectural and not at all reliable. 28. Smoking ganja is sold at three or four pies a tola, and a tola or tola-and-half may suffice a moderate consumer or even two. One seer of bhang properly prepared will cost three or four annas, and will be enough for two men to drink. One seer of majum may cost as much as a rupee and will do for 10 men. 31. The habit is easily formed, and, when once formed, is difficult to break off. As far as I know, there is no particular tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. If anything, alcoholic liquors and hemp drugs are much on a par in this respect. - Evidence of MR. H. CAMPBELL, Acting Sub-Collector, Guntoor.


25. The use of ganja is so very limited that any increase or decrease is not perceptible. 28. (a) 1/4 to 3/4 tola. (b) Anything in excess of the above average. 31. The habit is, I believe, difficult to break one's self off when once formed like every other habit. I am unable to give an opinion on the last point, as I have never been in any district where the drug was used very extensively. My subor-dinate officers answer all these questions in the affirmative. - Evidence of MR. E. L. VAUGHAN, Acting Sub-Collector, Dindigul.


25. Up to last year the yearly sales of licenses had somewhat increased for three years following. Last year there was little rain, and the consequent heat caused a falling off in the consumption. 26. The classes given in No. 20 and Paradesis are (a) of ganja. North country bairagis may perhaps come under (b) of ganja and charas. 28. If ganja be taken — (a) may be 1 1/3 tolas (value six pies), and (b) four toles (value one anna four pies). 31 (a). Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Doubtful. No general rule can be laid down any more than with ordinary tobacco smokers. Differs in tendency with different constitutions.  - Evidence of MR. W. FRANCIS, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Ramnad.


25. Said to be on the decrease. Decrease owing to use of toddy and arrack. 31. It is said that under the influence of bad company the habit is easily formed, and that it is not very difficult to break off the habit gradually. There is a tendency to go from moderation to excess. It is usual to increase the dose from time to time, but it does not necessarily follow that the increased dose is excessive. The dose is usually increased owing to the diminished effect produced by the drug in the course of time. - Evidence of MR. R. E. GRIMLEY, Acting Head Assistant Collector, North Arcot.


31. The habit is easily formed in the case of persons whose fathers are addicted to it. I know of no case in which the habit, once contracted, has been broken off. I believe that the majority of consumers in my division are moderate consumers - Evidence of Mr. H. F. W. GILLMAN, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Nilgiris.


25. An open question in the absence of reliable statistics. The figures in chapter IV point to an increase. 28. (a) 3/4 tola, costing three pies. (b) Three tola, costing an anna - Evidence of MR. J. H. MERRIMAN, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari, Central Division.


25. Thought to be on the increase. No satisfactory reasons assignable. 28. (a) From  1/4 1 tola. (6) Up to 3 tolas. 31. Easy to contract, but difficult to break off The appetite grows, it would seem, with what it feeds upon. - Evidence of MR. F. LEVY, Acting Deputy Commissioner, Salt and Abkari, Southern Division.


25. Neither. 26. There are very few consumers in these parts, and they may be said to be habitual moderate consumers. 28. (a) One tola, costing 4 pies. 31. (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) There is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of P. PUNDARIKAKSHUDU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Venukunda, Kistna District


25. No increase or decrease. 26. The consumers themselves form a very insignificant proportion, and no details can consequently be given. 28. Habitual or moderate consumers may use one tola worth, about 3 pies a day, and excessive consumers double that quantity. 31. The habit is not easily formed, and, when once formed, it is difficult to break it off, and there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of  D. JAGANNADHARAO PANTALU, Brahmin,Deputy Collector, Anantapur.


26. The majority are habitual moderate consumers. Bairagis are chiefly habitual excessive smokers of ganja. 28. Average cost for — (a) is 1/2 pice. (b) is 1 pice. - Evidence of W . VENKATAPPIAH PAN TULU GARU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Chatrapur, Ganjam.


25. The use of ganjayi and bhang is neither on the decrease nor on the increase. There would certainly have been a material decrease, but for the stupid belief, fostered by the bairagis of Northern India who come here in swarms, that indulgence in it gives one a philosophical turn of mind. This is why ganjayi is colloquially termed Gnanapatram (leaf of wisdom.) 26. Ganja. Bhang. (a) 1/2 per cent. of the population. Nil. (b) 1/4 per    cent. of the population. Nil. (c) 1/4 per cent. of the population. 1 per cent. (d) Nil. Nil. 28. Habitual moderate consumers of ganjayi use every day about 2 tolas of the stuff referred to in my reply to question 15, and its cost will be about 7 pies, of which 3 pies relate to ganja and 4 pies to tobacco, etc. Habitual excessive consumers use every day twice the above quantity. Occasional moderate consumers of bhang use half a seer of the bhang prepared in the manner described in my answer to question 15. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is not easily formed, as it does not agree with any but persons of phlegmatic temperament. It is not difficult to break off the habit before it becomes excessive, but when it becomes excessive, it becomes second nature. - Evidence of M. R. R. DEWAN BAHADUR S. VENKATA RAMADAS NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Godavari.


25. No perceptible increase or decrease in the use of ganja is observable. 28.(a) 1/4 of a pallam. - Evidence of DEWAN BAHADUR K. V. LAKSHAMANA Row GARU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, North Arcot.


25. Is on the increase, this drink being cheaper than that of liquor. 26. (a) About 75 per cent. (b) About 15 per cent. (c) and (d) About 10 per cent. 28.(a) 3 pies. (b) 6 pies. 31.    The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There is a tendency to develop into excess. - Evidence of M. AZIZUDDEEN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Deputy Collector, North Arcot


25. The use of ganja appears to be on the
increase owing to the restrictions placed on the manufacture and consumption of illicit liquor.
 26. Ganja. (a) 50 per cent. Bhang. 80 per cent. Majum. 60 per cent. (b) 30,,3,, 20,,
(C) 15,, 15 ,, 15 ,, (d)5,, 2,, 5,, of the consuming population. The above proportion is not accurate but approximate. The proportion of the consuming population may be 1 per cent. on the whole to the entire population. 28. (a) Smoking.- 1 to 3 tolas per diem, cost 1 to 2 annas per tola. Eating.— The extract or the drug itself of half a tola of ganja per diem, cost half an anna to two annas per tola, according to the ingredients with which it is prepared. Drinking.— Half a tola of bhang. (b) Smoking.— Three tolas and upwards up to 12 tolas, cost two annas per tola. Eating.—Upwards of half a tola up to two tolas. Drinking.—Ditto    ditto. - Evidence of B. NARAYANAMURTY, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Ganjam


25. The smoking of ganja may be said to be on the increase, though it is sold at a higher rate than before. 26. The consumers are generally habitual moderate consumers. 28. (a) Generally a tola, worth four pies. 31. The habit is easily formed ; but it is difficult to break off the practice - Evidence of K. NARAYANA IYER, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Gooty


25. The use of ganja and bhang may be said to be on the increase. In former days, only those advanced in age indulged in these drugs, but now the case is different. Bhang is cheaper than other intoxicants; its consumption is developing. 26. (a) About 50 per cent. fall under the head. (b) About 20 per cent. fall under the head. (e)    „    25 ditto ditto ditto. (d)5 ditto ditto. 31.  The habit of consuming is easily formed and difficult to break off. The tendency is always to develop into taking more and more. - Evidence of MR. J. H. GWYNNE, Deputy Collector, Wynaad, Malabar District.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease, as it has been experienced to be injurious to health by those who use them excessively. 26. (a) One-fortieth of population habitual modererate consumers. (b) About 1 per cent. habitual excessive consumers. (c) About 1 per every 200 occasional moderate consumers. (d) About 1 per every 1,000 occasional excessive consumers. 28. (a) One pie worth ganja and 1/2 pie worth bhang. (b) 1/2 anna worth ganja. 1 1/2 pie worth bhang. 31. Habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break it off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of M. R. RY. P. VEERASWAMI NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Masulipatam


25. The use of ganja may be said to be on the increase, because a large number of the lower classes who were formerly using country liquor are said to have betaken themselves to ganja smoking in consequence of the higher prices which they are obliged to pay for the liquor.  - Evidence of TADEPALLI SIVARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector, Chatrapur.


25. It is neither on the increase nor decrease; it is consumed as usual. 28. The quantity taken by an individual depends upon the effects it produces upon him. His cost does not exceed 4 pies daily. 31.    The habit is not easily formed, but when it is once formed., it is difficult to break off. The habitual moderate use is liable to develop into excessive consumption. - Evidence of M R. W. E. GANAPATHY, Retired Deputy Collector, Palamcottah, Tinnevelly


25. The use of ganja is slightly on the increase, as it could be seen from the quantity of ganja brought for sale into the licensed shops. 28. Three pie in case of ganja. - Evidence of C. VENKATA CHALAM, Tahsildar, Guntur.


25. The dealers say that its use is on the decrease, as the area under cultivation is greatly diminishing since the year 1889 (the first year of licensing the sale), and as their stocks are not being fully sold every year. This may be true, but very difficult to believe when we consider that the annual rents paid to Government are on the increase. 26. The consumers of this drug are never overintoxicated. The dealers here have only habitual consumers as customers. The consumers of ganja or bhang are seldom beside themselves. A larger intoxication, but the smoking of ganja is not said to have such an increasing effect after a certain stage is reached. 28. Ganja or bhang is sold at 4 pies per tola. At this rate, an excessive consumer may use 4 annas worth of the drug, while a moderate consumer may use about 1/2 anna worth of this. The quantity of consumption generally depends on the way in which a man spends his time, an idler consuming more and a business man less. 31. The habit is easily formed, and it is difficult to break off when once formed. The tendency to excess depends only upon the opportunities one has to use it frequently. - Evidence of A. KRISHNAMACHARULU, Tahsildar, Bapatla, Kistna District.


25. No. 26. (a) 80, (b) 15. (c) 4. (d) 1. 28. (a) 1 tola, costing 4 pies. (b) 3 tolas, costing 1 anna. 31 Yes ; easily formed and difficult to break off. The last question depends on the degree of self-control exercised by the consumer. - Evidence of P. S. SINGARAVELU PILLAI, Tahsildar of Erode.


25. The smoking of ganja is on the increase. It is much cheaper than toddy or arrack, and is therefore made to supersede the latter gradually. 26. The consumers are generally habitual moderate consumers. 28. One tola, valued at 4 pies, is sufficient for a habitual moderate consumer. 31. It is not difficult to break off the practice in the case of moderate consumers. In the case of those indulging in excesses it is very difficult - Evidence of S. VASUDEVA. RAO, Tahsildar, Tadpatri.


25. Seems to be stationary. Looking to figures, one may say that it is declining, but experience shows that it is otherwise. 28. Ganja, 3 tolas; value Rs. 0-1-3 - Evidence of T. KODANDARAM NAIDU, Tahsildar, Hospett.


25. Only isolated instances are found there. From inquiries I have made of the people who are accustomed to the use of ganja, I am of opinion that its use is decreasing on account of restrictions and high prices at which ganja is sold. 28. The average quantity for each man per day is about half tola, and its cost will be three pies in Rayadrug and Kanekal. This is for ganja. - Evidence of M. BIMACHARI, Tahsildar, Rayadrug


25. The use of bhang and charas is unknown in this country. The consumption of ganja for the last three official years is as follows : — 1,296 lbs. for the official year 1890-91.    2,073 lbs.    ditto1891-92    517 lbs.    ditto1892–93. From this it is clear that the consumption is on the decrease; but this cannot be taken as a safe guide, for sometimes the ganja smokers get their supply from other taluks, which are nearer to them than the town of Suthanapully, where there is a license-holder for selling ganja. 28. The average allowance of habitual moderate consumers of ganja ranges between half and one tola per diem, and its cost is between two and four pies. - Evidence of MUNSHI S. MOHAMED UNWUR SAHIB, Tahsildar, Suthanapully Taluk, Kistna District


25. There has been an increase in the use of the drugs. This species of intoxicant is within the grasp of the poorest classes. It costs but little, and the habit is easily and readily contracted among the lower orders. Each folk has a tendency to contract the habit and his comrade the tendency to impart it. The drug imported from Daggupad in the Kistna district is said to produce greater intoxication than the local produce. Formerly, strong country liquor was very cheap. Its value has gradually increased though the quality is inferior. Thus the poorer classes have been led to have recourse to ganja and bhang. Hence the increase. 28. Habitual moderate consumers use each per diem 1 tola ganja, cost 3 pies, 1/4 tola cost 1 1/2 pies. - Evidence of M. SAMBA SIVA RAU NAIDU, Tahsildar, Bellary.


28. The average cost of ganja for every person per diem will be only one anna. - Evidence of P. RAM RAO, Tahsildar of Hadgalli.


25. It is on the increase, as it is cheaper than arrack. A man with smoking one pie worth of ganja can have as much intoxication as one that drinks one drachm of arrack. Further, the use of ganja can be done more secretly than the use of arrack. 26. Lingayats are habitual moderate consumers. Bairagis are habitual excessive consumers. Kshatriyas are occasional moderate consumers. Boyas are occasional excessive consumers. 28. (a) One-fourth seer of 21 tolas = 1 and 1/2 annas. (b) Half seer of 21 tolas = 3 annas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of ganja or bhang for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of ADAKI JAGANNADHA RAO, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Hindupur, Anantapur District


25. It is on the decrease, as it is sold at a higher rate than before. 28. (a) Quarter of an anna in weight, worth the same price. (b) One anna in weight, worth the same value. 31. The habit is easily formed and can easily be broken off. There is no tendency, it is stated, to develop from moderate into excessive habit. - Evidence of G. JAGANNAYAKULU, Acting Tahsildar, Gooty


25. No marked increase or decrease within the last five years is perceptible. 26. (a) 25 per cent. (b) 50 per cent. (c) 10 per cent. (d) 15 per cent. 31. Yes  - Evidence of A. KATCHAPESWARA. IYER, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Cuddapah Taluk


25. Is on the increase. Ignorance and association. 28. Between six and nine pies a day. Each man is supposed to use two and a-half tolas a day. - Evidence of K. RAMA KRISTNA BRAMHAM, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Kudlighi, Bellary District


28. For a habitual moderate consumer 1/8 to 1/2 palam. For an excessive consumer 1/2  to 1 palam per diem. .
31. The habit of using bhang can, with some difficulty, be broken off by taking to drinking spirits or smoking or chewing tobacco,—a habit once formed will develop into excessive. - Evidence of M. SESHACHALA NAIDU, Baliya, Pensioned Tahsildar, Vellore.


25. Use of ganja is steady in this place. 28. (a) Three pies worth, or half a tola. (b) Four tolas, or two annas worth. 31. Yes ; it is very difficult to break off the practice when once acquired, and there is always a tendency to go to excess.  - Evidence of N. SOONDRAMIAH , Brahmin, Deputy Tahsildar, Ootacamund.


25. Use of ganja, bhang, etc., cannot be said to be on the increase here. In these hilly parts liquor is resorted to by many classes of the community for intoxication in preference to other means. The Badaga tribe and. perhaps also the hill tribes use opium for intoxication. It has not come to notice that there is sale of large quantities of ganja going on. 26. (a) About one-half are habitual moderate consumers. (b) About a quarter are excessive consumers. (c) and (d) The remaining quarter may perhaps be distributed under (c) and (d) . It is said. that nobody resorts to any of the above means of intoxication who has not pre. viously been accustomed to it. 28. Small value of about 1 pie or less for each smoke. 31. Said to be easily formed and to be difficult for one to break off. It is said that there is a tendency to increase the number of occasions of use even in moderate consumers. - Evidence of R. SAMINATHA IYER, Brahmin, Acting Deputy Tahsildar, Coonoor.


 25. Neither increase nor decrease. 26. Habitual consumers only are found in this district. They are, as specified above, 5 per mille. Habitual, excessive consumers are very few—per-haps a couple of hundreds for the whole district. Occasional consumers are not to be found here. 28. Not more than 1/4 of an anna for moderate consumers. Perhaps double that for intemperate habits. 31. The habit is easily formed, but is very hard to break it off. There is a tendency for the mo-derate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of K. NARAINASWAMY NAIDU, Velama, Huzoor Sheristadar, Masulipatam


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase, as this is mostly used by men of lower classes who are now-a-days earning much money on account of increase of labour they turn out, the wages paid to them being far higher than before. The use of charrs can be said to be on the decrease, as many of the rich people are being reduced in their circumstances, the market being high and the labour being dear. 28. The average allowance of ganja (to a habitual moderate consumer) is about two tolas per day, and it costs one mina or so. Bhang also is used in a similar quantity, but at a double cost owing to mixture of articles of some value. Charrs is used at not less than 1/16 of a tola, and it may cost not less than one rupee. - Evidence of P. LAKSHMINARAYANA, Brahmin, Manager of Court of Wards' Estate, Nuzvid.


25. From April to September 1893, ganja 781 seers, madum 77 and odd seers, and bhang 182 and odd seers were sold in the Vizianagram town against. 781 and odd seers of ganja, 67 and odd seers of madum, and 266 and odd seers of bhang for the same time in 1892 both in Vizianagram and cantonment. The difference being so very trifling, that cannot account for either increase or decrease. 28. Quarter anna worth of bhang or ganja per day is enough for a habitual moderate consumer. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR K. NARAINASWAMY, Telaga, Inspector of Police, Vizianagram.


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease, as arrack and toddy have become very cheap. 28. Habitual consumers take in average each of these drugs from one to five palams per diem, one palam being worth two annas. - Evidence of T. S. KRISTNASAMY C HETTY, Vishnuvite, Pensioned Police Inspector, Trinamalay, South Arcot District


26. (a) Habitual moderate consumers, 1/4. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 1/8. (c) Occasional moderate consumers, 1/8. (d) Occasional excessive consumers, nil. 28. (a) Habitual consumers (moderate), 1 pie per day. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 4 pie per day. - Evidence of MR. H. E. G. MILLS, Superintendent, Central Jail, Triehinopoly


28. (a) An habitual moderate consumer uses about 45 grains (weight 1/4 Re.), price 1 to 1 1/2    pie. (6) An habitual excessive consumer uses about double or treble the quantity of (a), the habitual moderate - Evidence of MR. G. CLONEY, Superintendent of Jail, Tanjore.


25. I consider that the use of these drugs is on the increase. I have noticed that more persons have contracted the habit, even Rajput schoolboys. 28. For a moderate smoker about 3 pies’ worth, say 1/8 of an oz. For an excessive smoker about 10 oz., or 2 annas worth. These are old rates before the hemp drugs were taxed. 31. Yes. It is very difficult to break off. There is a strong tendency towards excess when the habit has once been contracted. - Evidence of MR. R. W. MORGAN, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ootacamund, Nilgiris


25. Ganja smoking is slightly on the increase in the Wynaad, as its efficacy or supposed efficacy for preventing fever is becoming better known. 26. (a) 50 per cent. (b) 20 per cent. (e) 25    " (d) 5"  28. For a habitual moderate consumer it costs about six pies per diem, and for a habitual excessive consumer, from nine pies to one anna. 31. Yes. - Evidence of MR. C. E. HARDIE, District Forest Officer, Manantoddy, North Malabar


25.On the decrease in the regiment. 26. All habitual moderate consumers in the regiment. 28. (a) In weight about four minas, in price about three pies. 31. Gradually formed and can be broken off. No great tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of COLONEL II. S. ELTON, Commandant, 16th _Regiment, Madras Infantry, Bellary.


26 Ganja, the one most commonly used. But bhang is used on special occasions, such as festivals or dinner occasions. 28. (a) One anna per diem (about). 31. It is about on a par with alcohol, but the habit is not difficult to break of - Evidence of CAPTAIN F. L. JONES, Commandant, 3rd Madras Lancers, Bellary.


25. Ganja use is on the increase, as it is considered it possesses digestive and strengthening power. 26 (b) Communities of jogies and fakirs. (c) and (d) Very few. 28. (a) Three or four pies. (b) One or two annas. 31. (a) Yes; easily formed. (b) Difficult for habitual consumer to break off - Evidence of SUBADAR MAJOR MAHAMMAD MURTUZA, 1st Madras Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


25. Ganja smoking appears to be on the increase judging from the amount sold. 31. (a) and (b), The habit of ganja smoking is easily formed and difficult to break off. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL II. HYDE, District Surgeon, Trichinopoly


28. (a) About 50-60 grains, price 4 pies, (6) about 1/2 to 3/4 ounce - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A.H. LEAPING-WELL, District Surgeon, Vizagapatam.


28. A moderate ganja smoker takes a couple of chillums of an evening. An excessive consumer smokes a chillum as soon as he begins to find himself free from its effects. 31. There is a tendency in the case of ganja for the moderate habit of smoking to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR CHATTERJIE, Medical Officer in charge 13th Madras Infantry, Cannanore.


 31. (a) No. (b) It is difficult to shake off the habit when once formed. (c) Yes, there is a tendency to  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR JOHN LANCASTER, District Surgeon, North Arcot


25. The use of ganja has been on the decrease in this district, since the introduction of the license system which has kept up the price of the drugs. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. C. SANJANA, Parsi, District Surgeon, Tinnevelly.


26. (a) One pie worth, tola 1/8 or 20 grains.* (b)Three „ 1/2 or 1 drachm* - to Six.,.. 1 or 2    drachms.* -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. O ' HARA, District Medical and Sanitary Officer and Superintendent of Jail, Bellary.


25. The use of ganja is limited to a very small section of the community here, and does not appear to have increased or decreased. 31. Like all stimulants and narcotic drugs, the habit once formed, would, I have no doubt, be diffi -cult to break off, and the tendency would be to increase the amount taken. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. L. WALKER, Civil Surgeon, Ootacamund.


31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) Yes. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. C. SARKIES, District Surgeon, Nellore.


31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed. This habit is difficult to break off, and there is a tendency for the moderate habit to deve -lop into the excessive. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. F THOMAS, Acting District Medical and Sanitary Officer, Chingleput.


25. Increasing. No special reasons, except on the advice of their companions. 26. About — (a) 48 per cent. of the consumers. (b) 25 " " " (c)25" " " (d)5 " " " 28. (a) 1/4 of tola costs 3 pies. (b) 1 tola costs 1 anna. 31. (a) and (b) Easily learnt and difficult to break off. (c) Yes. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN C. F. FEARNSIDE, Acting District Surgeon, Ganjam.


31. The habit of consuming the drug is easily formed and difficult to leave off, and the tendency in the majority of cases I have known is to gradually increase the quantity. -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. PEMBERTON, Civil Surgeon, Cochin


31. Easily  formed, very difficult to break off, and in time usually leads to excess. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR A. J. STURMER, District and Sanitary Officer, Masulipatam, Kistna District


25. It is said to be on the increase owing to the dearness of arrack. 26. Excessive consumers, either habitual or occasional, are extremely rare, but' there are many moderate consumers, habitual and occasional. Question 26 [oral evidence].—I have not enough of experience to give definite proportions. I have not seen any excessive consumer either smoking or drinking at Manantoddy. Smokers there are chiefly labourers who take a smoke of ganja and tobacco before going to their field work. Sometimes, but very rarely, a sweetmeat is eaten. Bhang alone is not eaten. 28. To habitual moderate consumers about 1/4 oz. of ganja is required daily for smoking, and to habitual excessive consumers about 1/2 oz. of ganja. The cost is very little or nothing here —about 3 pies per diem for the moderate consumer and 6 pies for the excessive consumer. 31. Yes the habit is easily formed, but it is not very difficult to break off. The moderate habit is very likely in many cases to develop into the excessive - Evidence of Civil Apothecary T. M. CHERIYAN, Manantoddy


25. I believe it is on the increase. 26. (a) More than 70 per cent. Under (b), 10 or 15 per cent.; and a very small proportion under (c) and (d). 28, (a) Quarter to half an anna. (b) Half to one anna. 31. Yes; difficult to break off. Not much tendency to develop into excessive, as it at once disagrees. - Evidence of Apothecary G. A. W. VELLONES, Chetambaram, South Arcot.


25. On the increase, one man imitating ganja from another. This is borne out by people of Koraput. 28. (a) One and a half tolas weight, worth quarter anna. (b) Six tolas weight, worth an anna. 31. (a) Yes. (b) No. (c) Yes. - Evidence of Apothecary N. H. DANIEL, In charge Police Hospital, Koraput, Vizagapatam District.


25. It is on the increase. Charas is seldom seen in these parts. Owing probahly to the struggle for existence which is getting keener every day. 26.(a) Fewer. (b) More. (c) Few. (d) Few. 28. (a) Three drachms: value one anna. (b) One ounce: two annas or more. 31. (a) to (c) Yes. 25. [oral evidence] - The use of the drugs appears to be on the increase among the Muhammadans. The statement is the result of general observation, and not based on statistics. I must admit that the statement is based on limited experience. - Evidence of Apothecary MUHAMMAD ASADULLA, Ellore, Godavary District.


25. It is reported that the use of ganja and bhang are on the increase. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. There is every tendency for the moderate user to develop into an excessive user - Evidence of DR. ARTHUR WELLS, Medical Officer, Chicacole, Gan jam District.


25. Use of bhang seems to be on the increase, on account of its supposed exhilarating and refreshing effects. Smoking of ganja is supposed to prevent malarial fever, which exists to a large extent in this taluka. 28. (a) About two tolas per diem; cost half anna. (b) About ten to twelve tolas; cost about three annas - Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU,* Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


25. Use of ganja is said to be on the increase. The reason assigned is that the poor, coming to know that they can buy a soother much more cheaply in the shape of ganja than they can liquor, fall gradually to the former. Besides, they say ganja effects are more lasting and less pernicious than those of liquor. 26. Most are of class (a) ; some fall into class (c) ; very few are of classes (b) and (d). This is with reference only to ganja-smokers. The bhang-eaters and drinkers are so small that I have excluded them. 28. (a) 4 or 5 pies per diem on an average. 31. Not very easily, as the effects of an initiative attempt are said to be anything but agreeable, lasting for several hours ; especially is this the case with bhang. Habit once formed is difficult to break off. Information is conflicting on this point, some saying 'yes' and others 'no.' I am inclin-ed to think that in this respect it is not worse than the vice of liquor-drinking, moderation or excess depending upon self-control of the consumer. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SALDANHA, Salem


25. The use of ganja is on the increase, because the hill ganja is imported stealthily in large quantities and sold cheap. 26. (a) 10 per cent. (b) 2 per cent. (c) 5 per cent. (d) 2 per cent. 28. (a) 3 pies worth per day. (b) One anna worth per day. 31. Majum and halwa preparations of hemp are easily formed, smoking with little difficulty. It is difficult to break off in old age. In adult age may break off the habit easily. There is a tendency to develop into excessive - Evidence of Hospital Assistant T. RANGANAYA KULU NAID00, Rajahmundry, Godavari District


25. Considering the high prices of liquor, the labouring classes, after their return home quite fatigued after a hard day's work, help themselves with a smoke of ganja, hence there must be of necessity an increase of persons in the consump -tion of these drugs. 26. Taking my station with a population of nearly 3,500 as an example, the following are the figures by the respective consumers:— (a) 1/7 in 100 (b) 2/7 in 100 (c) 1/7 in 100 (d) 1/7 in 100 It will be seen from the above table that the use of these drugs are not much practised in this district; but in a province like Bengal and Bom -bay, the proportion of consumers to the non-consuming population must be very high in conse -quence of the extensive cultivation of these drugs in those parts. 28. (a ) One pie. (b) Varying from one pie to one anna. 31. The habit of consuming is easily formed; but at the same time it can be easily broken off without much inconvenience if once practised to it. There is a tendency to develop into the ex -cessive from the moderate habit. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M. IYASWAMY PILLAY, Saint Thomas' Mount,  Madras.


25. It is on increase. The dearness of opium of late years seems to be a cause for the increase. The increase in population may also hold good for the increased consumption. 26. Ganja— Bhang— (a) 10 per cent. (a)10 per cent. (b)2 per cent. (b) 2 percent. (c) 10 per cent (c) 10 percent. (d) 5 per cent (d)5 percent. 28. (a) 1 pie. (b) 6 pies. 31. The habit is easily formed, and cannot be easily left off. Some increase their habitual dose. 25. [oral evidence] - I have been observing ganja smokers and ganja eaters in Bobilli and the surrounding villages, and have noticed some increase of the habit. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant CHINNY SREENIVASA RAU, Prapanna Komity, L. F. Hospital, Bobbili Vizagapatam District.


25. The uses of several different preparations, stated in answer No 15 (B) and (C) are on the decrease, considering the proportionate increase of the population at the present day. The main reason which I can assign is the advanced civilis -a tion which drags towards different spirituous liquors and the reformed societies. 26. Seventy per cent. of the consumers fall under (a), 15 per cent. under (b) , 5 per cent. under (c), and 10 per cent under (d). 28. The average cost of ganja for (a) is about one anna per diem, considering the existence of present license system, and about two annas for (b) ; and that of bhang 1/2 an anna for (a ) and one anna for (b). As for charas, I do not know. 31. Yes ; the habit is easily formed by keeping company with habitual consumers. With slight difficulty the habit can be broken off. There is every possibility that there is a tendency in these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. I do not know about charas. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant JAGANNATH PANDIT, Uriya, Russellkonda, Ganjam District.


25. On the increase. Brandies and other liquors being valuable, they cannot afford to buy; and consequently they use ganja and bhang. 28. Two annas per diem - Evidence of Hospital Assistant MADURANAYAGUM PILLAI, Vellala, Uravakonda, Ananlpur District


25. It is on the decrease in these localities owing to the want of the drug, the sale of which is prohibited unless licensed. 31. Yes; it is easily formed, and it is difficult to break off. Moderation of these drugs brings on to excessive - Evidence of Hospital Assistant C. M. APPATHORAI MUDALIAR, Vellala, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


25. It is as it was ever before. 26. Ganja smoking— Hindus. Muhammadans.(a)2 .02 (b) 0 1 25 (c).3 1.25 (d)33 5 in 100 28. (a) A tola for two doses—morning and evening—for habitual moderate consumer. It is generally purchased for half anna at the most. (b) With this class, the quantity varies from two to six tolas a day.  (a) to (c) Yes. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant I. PARTHASARATHY CHETTY, P enukonda, Anantapur District


25. As usual, the use of ganja is more than charas and bhang, as it is less expensive than the two. 26. Habitual moderate consumers of ganja if 10, the excessive consumers will be 15 or 20, and that of bhang very little in comparison to the above, as in 20 of the excessive consumers of ganja there will be two or three of bhang, being the expensive one. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja of each moderate consumer will be one tola or three pies, and that of the excessive consumer two tolas or six pies, and of the bhang require one anna four pies. 31. The habit of consuming the said drug of ganja is easily formed by bad company, and it is difficult to break off, and there is every tendency to develop the moderate habit into the excessive one - Evidence of MIRZA DAVOOD BEG, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Trichinopoly.


28. (a) Half a tola, costing two pies. (b) One tola, costing four pies. 31. Yes, by association with ganja consumers the habit is easily formed. But it is difficult and in most cases impossible to break it off. I know a case of a Mohammadan who, desiring to break off the habit of eating a bhang electuary known as purnathi and smoking ganja, took to drinking arrack, and finds to-day that in addition to the ganja habit which has not left him he has contracted the habit of drink too. There is a tendency in the case of the moderate habit to develop into excess. - Evidence of P. S. MOOTOOSAMY MODELLIAR, Retired Native Surgeon, Tanjore.


25.The use of ganja is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. 26. Nearly 70 per cent. of the whole number of ganja consumers are habitual moderate con–sumers. Twenty per cent. may be habitual excessive consumers. Five per cent, occasional moderate con–sumers, and five per cent, occasional excessive consumers. 28. Ganja smoking costs the habitual moderate consumer approximately one anna, and the habi–tual excessive consumer two annas or so per diem. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed. It is not very difficult to break the habit off. The moderate habit may develop into the excessive, but it is not a necessary tendency of the drug. - Evidence of H. S. A. M. MUNJUMIAH, Native Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah


25. Many people smoke ganja, but only a very limited number of people use bhang (sabzi). 26. The ganja, smokers of the town of Cudda-pah smoke ganja as well as bhang in time. The habitual intemperate ganja smokers number about 800. 28. About Rs. 12 worth of ganja and bhang, sold here daily. 31. A person easily gets into the habit of using ganja by being in the society of ganja consumers. If a person of intemperate habits gives up smoking all on a sudden, his life will not be endangered, but it will cause him a little trouble. I had, by way of trial, persuaded some three men, viz., Khoja Bhoy Subbaya, a potter, and Nabi Sahib, who were intemperate consumers of ganja, etc., to give up their habit, which they did. In a few days afterwards they grew very fat. One of these three men, viz., Nabi Sahib, is still surviving, but the other two persons died. The inhabitants of their quarter (of the town) are well acquainted with the abovemen-tioned circumstances. In short, when it is possible for intemperate consumers to give up their habit of smoking, persons who are less accustomed to it would possibly give it up easily.  - Evidence* of SAIYID MAHMUD alias H AKEEM NHANNAY MIAN, Medical Prac titioner, Cuddapah


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease since their price has risen. 28. The average cost per diem of these drugs for one man is from one to three pies. - Evidence* of SINGITAPU VENKATA RAO, Brahmin, Madahwa, Native Physician and Inamdar, Coconada, Godavari District.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang are gradually increasing day by day. The people are much more accustomed to the practice of using them, because some people think it healthy and comfortable to their bodily strength, and others consider that the use of ganja and bhang, etc., will help them to place their whole thoughts on the Supreme Being without any temptation to menial acts. 28. The persons, who are accustomed to eat and smoke ganja and other drugs, generally smoke and eat 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4 pollums weight a day. The cost of the drugs amounts from 3 to 12 pies for those persons who are moderately in the habit of consuming them - Evidence of I. PONNUSAWMI PILLAI, Private Practitioner, Pothawar, Salem, District.


28. For smoking purposes, 1 pie for a day. Ganja is mixed with tobacoo and smoked. For the consumption of 15 days, 1 pie worth of ganja is enough when used as a lagium with other drugs - Evidence of ABDUL KARIM SAHIB, Native Physician, Namakkal, Salem District.


26. I should say that all who consume this drug are occasional moderate consumers. I have not sufficient knowledge of the drug to distinguish the different forms of it. - Evidence of the RAJA OF RAMNAD,* Madura District.


25. Now-a-days both the uses of ganja and bhang are increasing, owing to the great desire of many of the Hindus to become intoxicators, and at the same time to the objection raised by them for the use of liquor and other such liquids. 28. Generally a man can use 2/15 of a tola of ganja, and on that behalf be spends half an anna a day - Evidence of SRI VASUDEVA RAJAMANI RAJAH DEO, Kshatria, Zamindar of Mandasa, Ganjam District.


25. I should think it is on the increase, inasmuch as I find now greater number of bhangdrinkers almost in every town, of which I have some knowledge, than ten years ago. 28. I do not think that habitual moderate consumer can consume more than a tola a day of the drugs, which, I am told, will not cost more than one anna. But there is a separate class of people called bairagis who are said to devote a major portion of their life in wandering over the country, and who, it appears, consume two tolas, or a little more than that, a day in smoking. - Evidence of TIMMARAZU VENKATA  SIVA RAO., Brahmin, Landed Proprietor and Chairman, Municipal Council, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


25. The use of ganja is certainly on the decrease. The prohibition, by an Act of Government, to trade in it without a license, eventually put a stop to its being sold here by the village bazaar men, who thought, and still think, it not worth the trouble to procure a license to vend ganja in a place where it is not generally wanted by the surrounding resident inhabitants. Before the intervention of this license, I know every bazaar man had some quantity of ganja in his bazaar along with other articles of consumption. I also know that every bairagi from the north and every medicant sanyasi was being supplied by my elders with ganja in addition to the customary ration given him ; and that this practice of doling out ganja stopped with the scarcity of the articles in the local bazaars, consequent on the apathy of the bazaar men here to take out licenses, as required by the Act. Further, the use of these drugs, unless accompanied with good nourishing food, is productive of consumption and general debility, which unfits one for any useful pursuit. This evil effect over the system has deterred some of the habitual consumers of the working class here, who have to make their living from daily earned wages only, from continuing its use. I infer, therefore, that the growing poverty of the country has something to do with the decrease in its use. 28. The average allowance to habitual moderate consumers ranges from half a pollum to one pollum per diem, costing between half and one anna per head. At any rate, it need not exceed two rupees per rnensem per head. - Evidence of C. MUTHU KUMARASWAMI MUDELLIAR, Zamindar, Chunampet, Chingleput District


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. Various are the virtues attributed to it. 28. The average allowance per diem is 3 or 4 tolas a day per man. The cost is about one anna per day. 31. Yes, by association. Not easily. Yes ; there is such a tendency. - Evidence of P. SESHACHALLAM NAIDOO, Balija, Landlord, Merchant, and Chairman, Vetapollem, Kistna District.


25. The use of these is on the decrease. The vending of licenses and the increase in their prices are the main causes for the decrease. 26. (a) 1 or 2 per cent. (b) 4 per cent. (c) 1 or 2 per cent. (d) 2 per cent. 28. (a) 2 pies, about 2 tolas. (b) 4 pies, about 4 tolas or 6 tolas. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit. No tendency in any of the drugs. Habit develops this tendency. - Evidence of AZIZ-UD-DIN ALI KHAN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Jagirdar, Cherlopalle, Gurramkanda, District Cuddapah.


25. The use of ganja has largely increased of late, the reasons being (1) desire to get intoxicated, and (2) ignorance and foolishness. 28. Each man consumes from 1/4 tola to 1 tola in accordance with his bodily strength and habit. Gosains smoke from 1 tola to 2 tolas in a day. 31. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) Certainly - Evidence of SAGI RAMA SASTRY, Brahmin, Inamdar and Native Doctor, Rajahmundry, Godavari District


25. No increase or decrease to any appreciable extent. 28. (a) Half an anna weight of ganja, worth about six pies. (b) One anna weight, and worth from 9 to 12 pies. - Evidence of M.R. RY. V. VENKATARO YER, Brahman, Managar, EttayapuramEstate, Tinnevelly District.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease, since the price has risen on account of taxation. 28. The average cost per diem for a habitual consumer is from 1 to 3 pies. - Evidence of BONDILI MOTIRAM, Cultivator, Cocanada, Godavari District.


28. I have heard that the average cost is between one and two annas  -  Evidence of LANKA KRISTNIENGAR, Vaishnava Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Srirangam, Trichinopoly District.


25. Opinions differ. I believe it is a fact that where good liquor (toddy or arrack) is obtainable, the consumption of ganja, etc., declines. 28. I am told the moderate consumer can satisfy his desires for about half an anna. - Evidence of MR. W. TAYLOR, Chairman, Municipal Council, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District


25. People say that, owing to the comparatively high prices of spirits, the use of ganja has been somewhat on the increase. 26. (a) Decimal eighty-five per cent. of population. (b) Decimal ten per cent. of population. (c) Decimal five per cent, of population, (d) Decimal five per cent, of population. 28. Ganja. (a) Half tola, price about 3 pies. (b) Two tolas, price about 1 anna. 31. The habit is contracted generally by association, and, when once the habit is formed, it is difficult to break it off. The tendency for moderation to develop into excess is common only among the bairagis, fakirs, and other ascetic classes. - Evidence of K. SUBBARAYADU PUNTALU, Brahmin, Chairman of the Adoni Municipal Council, Bellary District.


25. It is on the increase now. 26. The few consumers in these parts are rather habitual moderate consumers. 28. It is one anna per day. 31. It is easily formed. It is difficult to break it off afterwards. There is a little tendency for the habit to become excessive. - Evidence of E. SUBRAMANA IYER, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Con jevaram, Chingleput District.


25. It is increasing. Some are under the impression that they will be relieved of the pains in the joints, etc., if they take this. 28. One tola, 6 pies. - Evidence of RUNGO SRINIVASA RAO, Brahmin, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Madakasira, Anantpur District.


25. Slightly on the increase. See Question 8. 31. I think the habit of smoking ganja may be easily contracted, and broken off without much difficulty. Of course, it is the tendency of the use of all such narcotics to become excessive. - Evidence of the REV. H. J. GOFFIN,*Missionary, Kadiri, Cuddapah District.


25. It is on the increase. 26 (a) 3.(c ) 1. 28. To induce intoxication majum is generally used. Two marble, sizes are quite enough, which costs only two pies each. Purnat hi is another kind of preparation. Three pies worth is quite enough to induce intoxication. Najum with a very small proportion of bhang is used medicinally. 31. It is very easy to contract these habits It is very difficult to break off these habits when one is addicted to it. - Evidence of the REV. J, DESIGACHART, Missionary , Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Badvel, Cuddapah District.


25. All the older people state that the use of ganja is on the increase. They say that this is due to the restrictions on the production and sale of alcohol. Formerly the private distillation of arrack from the bark of the babul tree was very common, and in consequence liquor could be procured at a very small cost. Now that the price of alcoholic liquors has risen so largely, very many, it is said, are abandoning alcohol for the cheaper drug. A man can get drunk for quarter to half an anna, if he uses ganja ; it will cost him ten times as much if he resorts to alcoholic liquors. 26. I could hardly answer decidedly, but I should think the following proportion about right, so far as this district is concerned :— Per cent. Occasional moderate consumers 10 Habitual excessive consumers 10 Habitual moderate consumers 30 Habitual consumers who occasionally go to excess 50 Occasional excessive consumers rare. 28. (a) About 1/16th of a seer, costing 1/4 to 1/2 an anna. (b) From quarter of a seer upwards, costing from 2 to 4 annas. Ganja costs 8 or 10 annas a seer, if purchased in a licensed shop, but can be had for 4 annas a seer in the gradens where it is grown. 28. I speak of the Madras seer. I don't know precisely how much it is in English weight. 31. The habit is easily formed, though at first if one indulges immoderately, the effects are unpleasant and the consumer is troubled by dizziness, vomiting and diarrhœa ; when the habit is once formed it is extremely difficult to break it off. If the drug is given up, the man suffers great distress for about a month, and is dull, restless and incapable of work. After a month has passed, this passes away. The moderate habit inevitably tends to develop into the excessive, as a consumer must go on increasing the quantity as his system becomes habituated to the drug, if he is to obtain satisfaction.  - Evidence of the REV. W. H. CAMPBELL, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Cuddapah.


31. The habit of smoking is easily formed and difficult to leave. A respectable young man (a Mudeliar), who had given way to the habit, told me that for a month he was ill after giving it up. He fell sick, had pain in stomach, bowels were irregular, sleep and appetite were bad. He has given up the habit for a year past, but still has a craving if he sees others smoke. He took to smoking a small cheroot called pidi, in order to break off the habit of ganja smoking ; ganja smokers deprived of the pipe become weak and helpless. One man said he could not give it up, and if he was unable to get ganja in one town he would go to another. The practice of smoking invariably leads to excess. The Mudeliar referred to said emphatically smokers smoke in order to get intoxicated, ganja is a cheap and hence a popular intoxicant - Evidence of the REV. S. J. LONG, Missionary, Coimbatore.


25. On the increase. It is due to the increase of the habit. 26. About two-thirds of those who use the drug are habitual excessive consumers. 31. It is easily formed and given up with difficulty, and the tendency is to increase the habit. Consumers often say they can easily give it up, but I think they are too sanguine. - Evidence of the REV. W. V. HIGGINS,* Missionary, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


26 Ganja — (a) One-eighth. (b) One-half. (c) One-eighth. (d) One-quarter. 28. Ganja — (a) Half anna. (4) One anna. 31. Easily formed ; broken off with great difficulty. The tendency to develop into excessive use seems strong. - Evidence of the REV. JOHN S. CHANDLER, Missionay Madura.


25. Very little of the ganja used seems to be purchased through the stores lincensed by Government to sell. It is generally grown by the con -sumers themselves, and the general conviction seems to be that the consumption of bhang and ganja is on the increase. One very intelligent native gentleman gave it out as his opinion that where two used them previously three do at present. To trace the cause of this increase is rather difficult; but I venture the following explanations : (1) The religious medicants carry it with them wherever they go, and invite all to smoke ganja from their pipe. Many do and form the habit. (2) A shameful habit, once formed, demands some excuse, and the habitual consumers give it out that the drug is good for coughs, asthma, consumption, etc., and recommend it to others. (3) In the earlier stages a little satisfies, but later more is required to produce the desired effect, and so the consumption extends. (4) It produces an intoxication which drowns care and tends to long periods of self-forgetfulness. Some, therefore, are induced to use it at times of great mental distress. (5) There is a popular superstition that the use of ganja counteracts the bad effect supposed to be produced by the water of a strange well ; and as the introduction of new means of communication, an extended Government service, etc., conduce to much more travel and change of water amongst certain classes of the people, the habit is extending. (6) Pensioned sepoys are said to be addicted to ganja to a noticeable extent. If so, the growing number of such veterans, who are usually men of some little influence in the small villages to which they return because of their distant travels and extended knowledge, may account for somewhat of the increase. (7) These bad habits have a peculiar fructifying power in the hearts of men, and will flourish when good habits would die out but for careful cultivation. 26. As the hemp drugs habit is considered more or less disgraceful, none but actual consumers, or men who daily associate with them, could answer this rather large question ; and while one might be able and willing to answer it truthfully for his street or village, no one could give information sufficiently general in its scope to be of much service in making such a discrimination as is required by the question. Speaking very generally, I should conclude that the majority are habitual moderate consumers. Very few who contract the habit ever seem to abandon it, and yet just as few seem to indulge in an excessive habitual use of the drug. On the occasion of the visit of a celebrated sanyasi to a village, his presence in the temple, smoking every night occasions an excessive indulgence in those who associate with him, but they seem to relapse into their ordinary habit after his stay of a few weeks or a month is over. The tendency is to an excessive use, and one man of wide experience and close and careful observation states that very few who commence with moderate quantities are satisfied, but gradually increase the daily amount. However, the distinction between the four classes mentioned in the question when defined by the natives whom I have asked does not appear to be very perspicuous. 28. As very little of the drug ganja which is used is purchased,; the great bulk of that used being grown by the consumers themselves, this question does not meet with many replies. What to one man is moderation is excess to another. Habitual moderate consumers who purchase the drug may spend from half to 2 annas a day. Excessive consumers, 2 to 6 annas ; but I have no means to indicate by actual weight how much that signifies. There is a popular comedy acted by companies of strolling players in which a king is represented as sitting upon his throne, and, being harassed by the affairs of state, summons a chief peon, whom he orders to at once secure, regardless of cost, a drug which will produce immediate intoxication. The peon returns shortly with a lighted pipe, which he hands to the king. After smoking it, with very evident satisfaction, for a short time, the king, losing all consciousness, subsides into a deep sleep. During this interval the peon, who seems to be the clown of the comedy, amuses the audience with some very entertaining antics about the august presence of the monarch, and finishes by imitating His Excellency's imperious summons, call for the intoxicant, his satisfaction in securing it, and finally the smoking. In a few minutes he subsides into a deep sleep. After some time the king is represented as resuming consciousness and becoming very angry at the position and condition of the peon, whom he at once attempts to rouse. He is not successful. When the peon finally comes to the king, who is immensely pleased with the drug, asks the peon how much the potent medicine cost. The peon answers, mentioning the smallest current copper coin. The king, who had expected to hear some large sum named, is quite annoyed to think that so cheap a weed should so easily intoxicate him, and with the customary exclamation of disgust " Chi, chi, po, po," summarily dismisses the peon amidst roars of laughter from the audience. Ganja has the reputation amongst the people of being one of the most powerful intoxicants known, so that much of it is not required to produce excess. 31. (a) The ganja habit is easily formed, not being attended with such disagreeable primary effects as tobacco, and being much more seductive in the rapidity with which a taste for it is acquired. (b) and (c) It is very seldom, if ever, given up when once formed, and the tendency is strongly toward excess. One informant states that he knew of two old men over 85 who were compelled to give the habit up, as they could not endure the stimulating effect.  - Evidence of the REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, Canadian Baptist Mission, Yellamanchili, Vizagapatam.


25. Apparently on the increase. The profit has stimulated cultivation and production, and accessibility stimulates cousumption. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Yes.  - Evidence of the REV. J. F. BURDITT, Missionary, Narsaravupet, Kistna District


25. As far as my experience goes, the use of ganja seems to be on its decrease. Before the introduction of the ganja monopoly people were allowed to sell and possess the drug freely, and it was a sort of encouragement for them to indulge in ganja-smoking. But now, as departmental restrictions increased, the use of the drug decreased. Moreover, the drug is not procurable in every village as in former days, inasmuch as shops are allowed only in selected villages of much importance. It is said that most of the occasional consumers of the rural villages have given up the practice of ganja smoking, as difficulty was experienced in procuring the drug from distant villages where shops exist. After the introduction of the monopoly the drug is sold at a considerably higher rate than in former days. Hence the decrease. 26. Most of the consumers are habitual smokers of ganja. 28. For ganja — Rs. A. P. (a) For moderate consumers 0 0 2 (b) Excessive consumers. 0 0 4 per diem on the average. For bhang—This cannot be easily ascertained here, as none is used, but it is generally believed that more money is needed for this preparation because more ingredients, such as spices, are to be added in order to make it fit for consumption. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is generally formed in bad company - Evidence of the REV. J. HEINRICHS, Missionary, Vinukunda, Kistna District.


25. The bhangi users are of opinion that there is an increase in smoking, eating and drinking. 28. To smokers it may cost (a) from 3 pies to 1 anna. To eaters (a) 6 pies, (b) 6 pies; To drinkers (a) 6 pies, (b) Re. 1-0-0 - Evidence of the REV. S. C. SCHAIBLE, Missionary, Moolky, South Canara.


25. Decreasing owing to the restrictions imposed by the Abkari Department. 28. (a) Average three pie or quarter anna, or half tola. (b) Two annas (24 pie) ganja, or four tolas. 31. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. It depends on the society he moves in - Evidence of S. P. NARASIMMALU NAYUDU, Editor of the " Crescent," Coimbatore .


25. Very little increase. 26. (a) Great proportion. (b) Small proportion. 28. (a) From one pie to half anna . (b) About one anna. 31. This habit is easy to acquire, and easy to break off, and has a tendency to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of N. KOTHUNDARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Editor of "Suneeti" Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


28. (a) One pie each time, i.e., quarter of an anna a day. (b) Six times the cost. 31. One addicted to it will not, I have observed, break it off. - Evidence of K. VEMATASOOBIAH, Veishya, Trader and Pleader, District Munsiff's Court, Cuddapah.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is said to be on the decrease since the Government placed restrictions on the cultivation of the plant. The value of the drug in the bazaar is now almost doubled. 31. It is only weak-minded people who associate themselves with bairagis that generally fall into this habit in these parts. There may be no difficulty in breaking it off ; but, if we appeal to experience, we find that confirmed users seldom withdraw from the practice. There might be no such tendency in the drug itself ; but the habit, though moderate in the beginning, may lead to excess in course of time.  - Evidence of GANJAM VENCATARATNAM, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader, Coconada, Godavery District


25. The use is increasing. The recognition of the Government of the sale of those drugs in open markets is, in my opinion, the sole cause of the increase - Evidence of VISWANADHAM GURAVAIAH SASTRI, Brahmin, Pleader and District and Taluk Board Member, Chicacole


25. On the decrease to some extent, since the lower classes who mostly use these intoxicants have taken to the habit of drinking liquor. 28. The average cost of ganja and charas would be about two annas and that of bhang half an anna. - Evidence of B. CHATTERJEA, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Ganjam, and Chairman, Berhampore Municipality.


25. There appears to be a larger sale, and therefore the use is on the increase. 26. Ganja is smoked very often in the day in the same way as snuff is used. 28. One-fourth of a seer (a seer = 21 tolas in weight) is the quantity used a day by excessive consumers. One or two tolas by moderate consumers. 31. (a) Easily formed. (b) Rarely broken off. (c) Yes. There is a tendency. - Evidence of P. C. ANUNTHACHARLU, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, and Government Pleader, Bellary.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang are on the decrease, owing to the sudden death or injury to consumers as also to their poverty. 26. I cannot state for each of these drugs what proportion of the consumers are habitual moderate consumers, or otherwise, but this much is certain— once they begin, the habit grows. 28. A pie's worth. 31. The habit is easily formed and difficult to break off. There is a tendency in these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of V. SIVA YOGI, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader and Municipal Chairman, Vellore


28. A few coolies may buy the pills for one or two pies, rarely once in a week or a fortnight - Evidence of C. SRINIVAS RAO, Brahmin, Government Pleader, and Chairman, Municipal Council, Cuddalore


25. The use is on the decrease. It is looked down by society. 28. One anna worth - Evidence of V. SRINIVASA RAO, Brahmin, Pleader, District Munsiff's Court, Tirukoilur, South Arcot


25, The smoking is on the increase. It is by association with ganja smoker who by his apparent liberality and profuse praise of its virtues induce lazy loungers to begin to smoke. It is dead cheap. They can gratify their desire for getting intoxicated with a few puffs of ganja smoke when they cannot afford the luxury of drinking spirituous liquors and toddy. There are some ganja smokers who do not drink. It does not supersede drinking gradually. 26. Consumers are all habitually moderate. We do not hear of habitual excessive consumers. Unlike opium smokers, ganja smokers can occasionally smoke and give it up. 28. Three to six pies for both morning and evening for habitual moderate consumers ; and 1 to 2 pies for a beginner. 31. They can break off the habit without difficulty. They say that there would be no harm to their constitutions. Bairagis may feel it difficult to break off the habit. - Evidence of P. KESAVA PILLAI, Karnam, Pleater, and Honorary Secretary of the Gooty People's Association


28. One pie per diem—which provides sufficient for four or five separate smokes. - Evidence of the TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, Trichinopoly


25. The use of ganja is on the increase; generally poor people, the lazy of them, find amusement in it. They assemble generally on the street verandahs: the habit is communicated gradually to those near them. The working classes take to it as a cheap luxury. The use of ganja by one tempts the neighbour and the inducement is rather great. 26. (a)3/4  (b) 1/4. (c) Nil . (d) Nil. 28. To smoke ganja it costs a man one pie or two for a dose. Moderate consumers may be said to have 2 or 3 doses a day. 31. (a) The habit is easily formed. (b) The man habituated to the use of ganja will feel very uneasy for about ten days or so if be breaks off. Afterwards he may turn all right. (c) The moderate consumer will not like to smoke excessively unless he changes his mode of life to that of an idle, sedentary habit, in which case there is more probability.  - Evidence of the HON'BLE A. SABAPATHY MOODELLIAR, RAI BAHADUR,* Merchant, Bellary.


Some people get themselves accustomed to it out of mere wantonness, and some others out of necessity. 26. Cannot give so very exactly the proportion of these different consumers. 28. Habitual moderate consumers use one tola of ganja per diem, which costs one-half anna. Habitual excessive consumers use two tolas of ganja per diem, which costs one anna. I cannot give the limit of ganja consumed by the Hindu ascetics, because it supplies the place of food in their case. 31. (a) This habit of consuming any of these drugs is not easily formed, because it will not agree with some constitutions. Constant and persisting use of it puts a man in the habit of consuming these drugs. (b) It is very difficult to break off. (c) These drugs have not got that tendency of developing the moderate habit into the excessive.  - Evidence of CHODISETTY VENKATARATNUM, Merchant, Coconada, Godavari District.


25. The use of ganja for smoking is in the same way as many years ago, and the use for halva
or medicine is on the decrease; but the use of intoxicating liquors is on the increase. 28. The cost of ganja is from three pies to one anna a day to a habitual moderate smoker. - Evidence of KOMMIREDDI NARASINGA Row NAYUDU GARU, Merchant, Coconada.



28. It is worth Rs. 2 1/2 per weesa of 120 tolas, and I think a quarter of a tola is sufficient for each bowl, which will cost one and a half chittak 2 pies each time, one can smoke as often as he likes, same as tobacco. 31. The habit is very easily formed, and when once accustomed, it is very difficult to break off, and develops into an excess. - Evidence of MIRZA MEHDY ISPAHANI, Merchant, Madras.


25. As other intoxicating drugs, such as opium, liquor, are not easily obtainable by the people at large at a cheap cost, the use of ganja and bhang are on the increase. 28. Those who smoke ganja consume between half a tola and a tola of ganja, at a cost of not less than 6 pies, and not more than one anna a day. - Evidence of NALUM BHIMARAUZ VYSYIA, Merchant, Berhampore, Ganjam District


25. It has decreased probably, because the price of spirituous liquors has decreased, and the people are therefore able to drink liquor instead of using their drugs. 31. The remarks that apply to liquor apply also to these drugs. It must depend on the individual constitution. - Evidence of APPALA NARASSIAH CHETTY, Vaisya, Merchant, Berhampore


25. The use of these drugs is so limited in this province that it is difficult to say if it is increasing or decreasing. 26. It is impossible to state. 28. (a) From a quarter to one anna. (b) From two to four annas worth. 31. Yes, habit of consuming these drugs forms easily ; it is difficult to break off, and the tendency to develop into excess is great - Evidence of MR. D . MANECKJI, Parsi, Merchant and Contractor, Calicut.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is neither on the increase nor on the decrease, but normal. 28. The average cost of these drugs for a man for each day is 1 or 1 and 1/2 - Evidence of MOKHALINGAM APPANNA, Ganja Vendor, Coconada.


25. The use of both ganja and bhang is on the decrease, as the people have now to purchase them from licensed vendors alone. Charas is not a drug well known in these parts. 28. Ganja and bhang—quarter of a tola each per diem, the cost being four pies per tola. Nothing is known about the charas. - Evidence of  PERIANNA CHETTY, Potter, Ganja Shop-keeper, Kitchipolayam, Salem.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase, for the price of liquor has been raised. 28. Half tola ganja is the average allowance per diem. Its cost is two pies. - Evidence of KAMALAPURAM NAGAYYA, Komati, Ganja Contractor, Adoni.


25. The use of ganja is now on the decrease. Since the introduction of the renting system for the sale of ganja the drug is sparingly used. 26. Ganja—Bhang — (a) 60 per cent.(a) none. (b) 20 " (b) " (c) 5 "(c) 20 per cent. (d)15      "    (d) 80  " Charas — None. 28. Ganja— (a) Half a tola a day, which costs 3 pies. (b) Five tolas a day, which costs 2 1/2 annas. - Evidence of ABDUL KHADER, Agent of the Ganja Shopkeeper,—Rajahmundry


25. The use of ganja is apparently not on the increase. This may be owing to the increasing use of Europe and country liquors. 26. Of the 5 per cent. addicted to the use of ganja, as stated in answer 20, the proportion of consumers under heads (a), (b), (c) and (d) seems to be equally distributed. 31. The habit is easily formed, as smoking and drinking are, and also, like those practices, diffi -cult to break off after using some time. The moderate use generally develops into the excessive - Evidence of T. RATNASAMI NADA.R, Arrack Supply Contractor, Malabar.


25. Almost every man uses this now ; formerly only devotees used to use it. 26. One-fourth of the population use it. Habitual excessive consumers are devotees. 28. Daily six tolas is smoked by habitual consume. 31. For four or five days, difficulty is experi -enced in practising it. There would be a tendency to develop into excessive if the moderate habit is not carefully observed.  - Evidence of MULAGULA KONDIAH, Goldsmith, Rajahmundry.


25. The use of ganja has considerably increased during the last one decade. I am now 60 years old. While I was 35 there was not even a fourth of the present use. The spread of the use is entirely due to bad example. 26. (a) and (b) Of the consumers of ganja in any form, there will be only 15 per cent, who are habitual excessive consumers, the rest being habitual moderate consumers. (c) There are no occasional consumers at all. Once they get to the habit, people can never shake it off. 28. (a ) Habitual moderate consumers require between one and three pies ganja a day. (b) Excessive consumers can take no more than one alma ganja a day. 31. The habit is easily formed within a week's time. It is afterwards difficult to break it off, though a resolute mind can do so with much difficulty, The habit very naturally and unobserv -edly leads to excess. - Evidence of ANGAPPA GONUDEN, Blacksmith, Salem


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. 28. About three tolas per diem is the average, and the cost is nearly one anna. - Evidence of MALLAPPA, Reddy, Guntakal


25. Increased. Formerly through fear people did not use much ; now as freedom increases, the bad habits also are increasing. 28. Habitual moderate consumers use one or two tolas per day. 31. Habit of consuming these drugs can be easily formed. It is also difficult to break off. There is tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into excessive habit. - Evidence of SAMDASU BAVAJI, Brahmin, Priest in the Matt of Sri Jagannadha Swamy, Rajahmundry


25. Every man is at liberty to use it. Formerly gentlemen were not in the habit of using it. Now-a-days there is no restriction in its use hence consumption has increased. 26. (a) Many. ( b ) Not many. (c) Some. 28. Habitual moderate consumer uses it at the rate of one tola every week, which costs him 4 pies, whereas the (b) class of people consume some two or three tolas every week. 31. (a) It can be very easily acquired. (b) When once a person is habituated it is difficult for him to break it off. (c) There is such a tendency - Evidence of BALDEVDAS, Brahmin, Priest of Hanuman Math, Rajahmundry


25. The use is increasing and it is owing to the increase in population. Every day those who are fond of it are increasing. 28. Any man can get well intoxicated by spending a quarter of an anna in each. - Evidence of SYED SHAH ABDAL HUSAINI, Manager of Pencundah's Dargah, Pencundah, Anantapur District.


Question 25.–1 have never made any special study of this question; but I can state that I never as a Magistrate had any case before me in which crime was associated with hemp drugs. I have had no experience of the extent of the use of the drugs from their effects on the people. In-spection of shops has shown that the consumption is very small as compared with the population of the presidency. I have no special information as to whether consumption is increasing, and no reason to believe that it is so. It has never come to my notice that alcohol is being substituted for the drugs, or they for alcohol, to any extent.  - Evidence of MR. G. W. VIDAL, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay.


25. The returns of retail sale at shops show a fairly steady comsumption. A hasty census taken throughout the district indicatesthat the number of smokers, in a population of 888,755, is 6,134, or 69 per cent. The number of drinkers and eaters is utterly insignificant. In the absence of any conspicuous cause for increase or decrease, and considering that the habit of smoking is not considered creditable, I am inclined to think no change either way is to be suspected. 26. The only information that it has been possible to collect relates to (a) and (b) Of 6,134 ganja smokers, 372 are excessive smokers. Of 127 bhang drinkers, 10 drink excessively. Of 168 majum eaters, 16 eat excessively. 28. The common weight used for petty sale is the old copper coin, the Shivrai, the average weight of which is 135 grains or three-fourths of a tola. A man who does not smoke more than this quantity (which costs one pice) per day, is classed as a moderate consumer. But many make this quantity last three or four or more days. An excessive smoker uses from half anna to four annas worth per day, but there are men who can smoke any quantity. 31. The habit is easily formed. Opinions differ as to the difficulty of breaking it off. Apparently it is easy if a man makes up his mind to it; but old confirmed smokers are fit for nothing without it. The number of excessive users is comparatively so small that the tendency does not appear to be stron -  Evidence of MR. E. J. EBDEN, Collector, Ahmednagar.


25. It has decreased in this district since 1887-88 owing to the completion of the Southern Maratha Railway and the migration of the labourers thereon employed elsewhere. 26. This can only be guessed at. Perhaps — (a) 80 per cent. (b) 5 per cent. (c) 13 per cent. (d) 2 per cent. 100 28. (a) One-fifteenth ounce, price 1 pie. (6) Two-fifths ounce, price 6 pies. 31. It is alleged that all these questions can be answered in the affirmative, but I have never seen any cases exhibiting excessive use or the difficulty of abstaining. - Evidence of MR. F. L. CHARLES, Collector, Belgaum.


25. The general opinion is that it is not on the increase. The licit sales have lately somewhat increased in this district owing to the introduction of restrictive measures in the Baroda State in 1892. Before that year there were none whatever. 26. The great majority of consumers of both ganja and bhang are habitual, three-fourths are habitual moderate, and quarter habitual excessive. Occasional consumers are of bhang only, and they are rare. 28. Ganja — Habitual moderates, 1/2 tola, costing 1/4 anna. Habitual excessives, 2 tolas, costing 1 anna. Bhang — Habitual moderates, 1 tola, costing 2 pies. Habitual excessives, 4 tolas, costing 8 pies. Some ascetics consume as much as 5 tolas of ganja per diem. 31. The habit is easily formed in a few days. It is very difficult to leave off ganja ; not so difficult to leave off bhang. No doubt there is a tendency towards excess, specially in early life. But many instances met by me seem to prove that there is also a tendency to decrease the amount consumed us age advances. A highly respectable Brahmin assures me that he formerly smoked 3 tolas a day ; but now that he is getting old, only one tola. Another man says that he used to smoke 20 pipes per day, but gave it up on account of the intolerable asthma it gave him, A third has smoked one pice worth a day without increase or decrease for the last seven years. A fourth, who has smoked 30 years, now only consumes one pice worth against two pice worth formerly.
 - Evidence of MR. F. S. P. LELY, Collector of Surat


25. As already stated, I infer from the higher sums paid for the right to sell the drug that the use of ganja is increasing, but I can assign no cause except a probable improvement in income. Mr. Artal states that the habit of smoking ganja is fostered by ascetics, and as they move about more rapidly now with the improved means of communication, the increase may be partly accounted for in this manner. 26. I can make only the roughest guesses at these proportions. Of the ganja consumers, I should think 10 per cent, are habitual excessive consumers, the rest being habitual moderate consumers, there being practically no occasional consumers at all of the drug in that form. Almost all the consumers of bhang in the form of ghota seem to be occasional moderate consumers. 28. Ganja only habitually used Average allowance. Average cost. (a)    1 tola. . . 1/2 anna. (b) 4 tolas . . .    2 annas. I have been able to get no information direct from actual consumers, and the second-hand in-formation I have got varies considerably. 31. I am informed that the habit of smoking ganja is easily formed and is difficult to break off. - Evidence of MR. J. MONTEATH, Collector and District Magistrate, _Bijapur.


25. There are very few shops in this district, and the consumption seems to be decidedly on the decrease owing to the prevailing and spreading taste for the cheaper forms of alcohol. This remark is applicable to bhang drinkers and ganja smokers. 26. Roughly out of 100 consumers,— (a) 80 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 5 100 For bhang and ganja (not charas). 28. (a) About 1/2 tola, costing 1/4 anna. (b) Double or treble that quantity. 31. Not more so than in the case of alcoholdrinkers in respect to bluing. Much more frequently the ganja smoker becomes a slave to the habit and falls into excess. - Evidence of MR. H. WOODWARD, Collector, Kaira, Gujarat


25. Bhang and charas are not used at all. None of my informants says that the use of ganja is increasing. There is not enough evidence to say that it is decreasing. 26. None are excessive consumers. The Pawras are not consumers at all. Of the Chopda Bhils, all the consumers are probably habitual moderate. Of the Shahada Bhils apparently about one -fourth of the consumers are habitual moderate, and the rest occasional moderate. Of the Tadvis, all the consumers are probably habitual moderate. Of the Maochis, all the consumers are said to be occasional moderate. Of the Konkanas, all habitual moderate. 28. For habitual moderate consumers the average allowance per diem seems to be about half a tola amongst Bhils and Tadvis. Half an anna's worth is said to last a Konkana a week. For Maochis no information can be given. Pawras do not use any. -  Evidence of MR. A. CUMINE, Acting Collector, Dhulia, Khandesh.


25. The use of ganja is largely on the increase, judging from the increase in the amount imported under passes, which is the only licit means of ob taining it. 26. I can give no idea of these proportions. 28. (a) For moderate consumers I would fix the maximum limit at 1/2 tola a day, costing 3 pies. I would put 1/16 as the average, costing 3/4 pie. (b) Two tolas a day, price one anna, as the average - Evidence of MR. W. W. DREW, Acting Collector, Ratnagiri.


25. The figures available do not indicate any considerable general increase or decrease, nor does local information indicate any. The shopkeeper at Nagotna says consumption there is now about double what it was ten years ago ; but it is small—smaller than in any other part of the district. 26. In Kolaba and Janjira there are 800 to 900 habitual moderate consumers. There may be from double to treble that number of occasional moderate consumers ; but this is guess work. As to excessive consumers, I con hardly even give a guess. I should say (b) habitual excessives were a negligible quantity, and (d) occasional excessives not 1 in 10,000 of the population.  28. (a) 1/6 tola per diem ; one pie per diem. (b) No information. 31. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) Smoking, I should say but little; eating and drinking, none.  - Evidence of MR. R. A. LAMB, Acting Collector, Kolaba


25. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the use is much the same as hitherto. There appears to be no increase or decrease. 28. (a) From half to two tolas, i.e., six pies to two annas per diem for ganja. (b) About six tolas, i.e., six annas or more per diem for ganja. I do not refer to bhang, as bhang is used here to a much less extent than ganja, and I have little knowledge about it. 31. The habit appears to he easily formed and to be difficult to break off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the exces sive. The habit of taking ganja is more easily formed than that of taking bhang.  - Evidence of MR. C. G. DODGSON, Assistant Magistrate and Collector, Khandesh.


25. Statistics available do not show that the use of ganja and bhang is increasing. The figures supplied by the farmers of the drug, and those obtained from official records, do not show a tendency towards any noticeable increase in consumption. 26. Statistics are not available, as under the present system of keeping accounts at shops for sale of intoxicating drugs, no record is kept of the number of persons purchasing ganja and its preparations. Taking, however, the average allowance of ganja which an habitual moderate consumer requires daily, as also the quantity of ganja sold in the year, it appears that in the Poona district there are 2,630 habitual moderate consumers of ganja and about 130 habitual excessive consumers of it. It is not possible to give the number for either occasional moderate or occasional excessive consumers of ganja. It is very rare that ganja is smoked occasionally. The relative proportion of consumers of the sweetened drugs and the consumers of the drink preparations is so small that it would be difficult to fix the number of consumers of the various preparations of ganja and bhang. The average proportions are noted in my reply to question 34. 28.The average allowance and cost per diem of ganja to habitual moderate consumers and to habi tual excessive consumers is one and two tolas weight and one and two annas respectively per head. The average daily allowance and cost of bhang per head is (3 and 6 mashas) 45 and 90 grains, valued at 3 and 6 pice respectively. 31.The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed, and once formed, it is difficult to break off. There is, I learn, no tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. There are, however, cases of moderate consumers having developed into excessive consumers. There is, however, nothing inherent in the drug to lead to such results. An ordinary smoker is satisfied with two smokes of ganja a day, while the excessive has several. - Evidence  of  MR. A. H. PLUNKETT, City Magistrate, Poona


25. There is not the slightest indication that the use of the drugs is on the increase. 26. There could be only two classes, (a) and (b) ; not the third and fourth, (c) and (d). The majority of consumers may be taken to be moderate consumers. 28. The quantities will vary according to the habit of each consumer, the frequency with which he indulges in the drug daily, and the degree of intoxicating power of the drug used. 31. The habit may be formed and may be broken off easily. A moderate consumer may develop into an excessive consumer ; but the result cannot be said to be due to any inherent tendency in the drugs. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LALLUBHAI GORDHANDAS, Vania, Huzur Deputy Collector, Nasik


25. It is difficult to answer this question. But looking to the quantity of ganja imported from year to year, it would  appear that consumption is stationary. 28. It is difficult to say what class of consumers may be called habitual moderate consumers. There are persons who smoke only once in company with six or eight persons. One or half a tola is prepared and filled into a pipe, and is smoked by six or eight persons together in the afternoon once a day, each person paying the day's cost by turns. There are others who smoke two or three times a day and require a tola, and they are considered moderate consumers. The excessive consumers are persons who remain always under the influence of the drug. Such persons want about two to four tolas of ganja every day. They cannot do without one tola. This class of consumers is limited to a portion of itinerant mendicants who get the neces saries of life without trouble. I should think that quarter tola is the allowance of an average moderate consumer, and two tolas is that of an excessive one. The cost of one tola by retail is two pice. Wholesale prices are annas 12 to Re. 1 in the British districts and six to twelve annas in Native States. 31. The habit of smoking tobacco is the preli minary step to acquire this habit. No length of time is required in forming this habit; a week or a fortnight is quite sufficient. A man is allowed to smoke the exhausted pipe or use small quanti ties at first. The drug itself does not give a craving for increase of its use, but bad company and want of occupation lead to excessive use. On the first occasion the head is immediately affected and the smoker sometimes becomes insensible, but with habit the effect is lessened or reduced to a minimum. The habit is not difficult to break off; more moderate smokers do not feel the want of it, while habitual moderate ones feel want of it at their usual times and feel their stomach windy, and the excessive smokers sometimes get dysentery, and, besides feeling very uneasy, are subject to pains in the limbs and show most unwillingness to work.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR NARAYAN GANESH DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Belgaum.


25. The use of bhang is decreasing among the higher classes, Liquor has taken its place. The use of ganja is stationary among the mendicants and fakirs who do not take to liquor drinking. Yakuti consumers are very few. Five in a thousand. 26. Bhang. Yakuti. Ganja. (a) Habitual moderate consumers 70 100 60 (b) Habitual excessive consumers 5 . . . 40 (c) Occasional moderate consumers 25 . . . . . . (d) Occasional excessive consumers . . . . . . . . .100 100 100 Bhang is drunk in small dose occasionally by persons not accustomed to it. Ganja is consumed by those who are habituated to it; occasional consumers—classification is not applicable to ganja. Bhang consumers are generally high class Hindus, and in many cases well-to-do. Ganja smokers are mendicants and poor, living chiefly on alms. Bhang. Ganja. Tolas. Cost. Tolas. Cost. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers. 2 1/4 anna 4 1 1/2 annas. (b)Habitual excessive consumers. 6-8 1 anna 10-12 4 annas. The above figures represent the allowance of first class moderate and excessive consumers respectively. The ordinary expenses of moderate consumers vary from  1/12 anna to 1/10 in the case of a bhang consumer, and from 1/2 anna to one anna in the case of a ganja consumer. 31. The habit is easily formed; it is not diffi -cult to break off. But the mendicants will not give up ganja smoking. In the case of ganja, there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHIMBHAI KIRPA RAM, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector of Surat.


25. There is no exact data on which to base an answer to this question. Our every-day experience, however, shows that the use of these drugs amongst higher classes is considerably on the decrease ; whereas the lower classes having taken more to the use of these drugs is on the increase. The cause of increase can be ascribed to the comparatively heavy rates of country and foreign liquors at which they are sold. 26. (a) 15 per cent. (b) 10 per cent. (c) 5 per cent. (d) 3 per cent. 28. (a) One quarter of an anna's worth of ganja or bhang. (b) One anna worth of ganja or bhang. 31. The ease or difficulty in forming the habit of consuming these drugs, I think, depends on one's nature. It may be liked by some, while it may disagree with others. Experience, however, shows that it is difficult for those who are in the habit of using these drugs to break off the habit. Yes, there is a tendency in the case of all these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VYANKATESH BAPUJI WADEKAR, Deputy Collector, Ahmednagar.


25. Charas is not at all used. Bhang is used to a very limited extent only for drinking during the hot season. As to the extent of the use of ganja for smoking, please see answer to question No. 20. The use of ganja does not appear to have either increased or decreased to such an extent as to draw attention. The chief consumers of the drug are bairagis, fakirs, and mendicants, and people of the lower classes. Bairagis and fakirs live on alms, and are not able to spend much on intoxicants, which naturally confine them to ganja. The income of the lower classes is also very limited, and they, therefore, prefer ganja to other drinks or drugs as less costly. Ganja and bhang for the preparation of majum or yakuti, are not used to the same extent now as in former years. Before the introduction of the Bombay Abkari Act several persons in large towns used to make majum or yakuti of various qualities for sale. Their trade in it has been put a stop to by the restrictions of the law. Persons of respectable classes in good pecuniary circum-stances used to make majum or yakuti at their houses, and in some cases very costly, by the admixture of various ingredients and minerals. Members of the rising generation do not feel inclined to put themselves to all the trouble and expense required for yakutis of superior kinds in consequence of the facilities which have during the last few years increased for obtaining country confectioned liquor and foreign wines and spirits. Ganja, however, was to such a very limited extent required for majums and yakutis that the discontinuance of its use largely in that direction cannot be said to in any way have affected the quantity needed for general consumption. 26. Out of 100 ganja smokers— Four to six persons may be said to be excessive smokers, i.e., those who generally spend two or three pice a day on ganja. They, however, do not consume the whole quantity themselves; but each of such consumers has one or two companions either wholly smoking his (excessive consumer's) ganja, or contributing a little quantity out of his own (companion's) stock. 80 to 85 persons may be said to be moderate consumers, i.e., those who spend from one pie to three pies on ganja daily They also smoke it in company, as mentioned above. About 10 per cent. may be said to be occasional moderate smokers, i.e., those who do not themselves spend money on ganja, but avail themselves of the offers made by friends, and who, consequently, do not get ganja to smoke every day. These particulars must be taken as confined to the town of Kaira only, for which I have endeavoured to obtain particulars from several ganja smokers. It must also at the same time be remembered that it is, after all, the guess work of a few smokers. 31. The habit of smoking is acquired if it is smoked on being offered ten or fifteen times, It is not difficult to break off the habit if the man is able to practise great self-denial for a few days, as far as moderate consumers are concerned. Ex cessive smokers, i.e., those who spend two or three pice a day on ganja, find much difficulty in leav ing off the habit, and for some days suffer from want of appetite, indigestion, heavy stomach, ennui, and do not feel inclined to work. Moderate smokers suffer also in similar ways, but to a slight extent, and for about a week only. In some few cases the moderate habit develops into the exces sive, but not to the same extent as is the case with regard to opium and liquor.   - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DADABHAI DEENSHAH, Parsi, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Kaira.


25. The use of ganja seems to be stationary, and also of charas or bhang. The area of cultivation has not increased or decreased appreciably, as appears from the figures of 18 years, Ganja is sold dearer every year, and hence the increase in revenue due from license-holders. 26. Among four hundred consumers, the proportion may be put down as follows :—Ganja — (a) 250.(b) 25. (c)  100. (d) 25. The same figures may be accepted for bhang in all its preparations taken together. No figures can be supplied for chur. 28. (a)Habitual consumers. 1 pice. 2 pice. 1 1/2 tola. 1    tola. (b) Habitual excessive consumers. 3 pice. 1 anna. 1 and 1/2 tola. 2 tolas. 31. The habit is easily formed. It is a little difficult to break off the practice of smoking ganja. The tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive is to be found amongst smokers and not amongst eaters or drinkers. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHASKAR RAO RAMCHANDRA HEBLIKAR, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Sholapur.



25. Not on an increase, but might be said to be on the decrease. The reason for the decrease appears to be (1) that there is now less tendency towards encouraging the sect of gosavis, bairagis, and fakirs, and consequently their number is fast diminishing ; (2) that the old religious scruples against using alcoholic drinks are dying away and therefore those whose inclination is excited to indulge in intoxication go to the latter, leaving the former, and this is what appears to be the cause of decrease. 26. Ganja and bhang collectively (a) . . . .. 50 (b) • • • •. 85 (c) . . . . 25 (d). . . .    . 10  28. (a) Half or one tola of the drug, and in price 1/2 or 1 anna. (b) Three to five tolas, and in price 3 or 5 annas the value of the drug. 31. The habit of taking either ganja or bhang is not easily formed. Occasional smokers of ganja and drinkers of bhang are seen hundreds of times using it ; but they have no craving for it. Bairagis, fakirs and other mendicant classes who pretend to a celibate life, form the habit on pu r-pose, as they believe that the smoking of ganja keeps them from sexual and other desires; but when once it is formed, the habit is difficult to break off. I have never yet seen a moderate smoker of ganja or drinker of bhang having a craving for more. It does not appear that the habit has a tendency to develop into excess.   - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR SITARAM DAMODAR, H uzur Deputy Collector, Khandesh.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase. About twenty-five years ago its consumption was limited to a few, because the use of the drug was con -sidered derogatory from a social point of view, whereas now consumers of ganja may be found in almost all classes of the people on whom the hold of society is not so great as before. 26. The proportion of ganja consumers will be— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, 65 per cent. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 10 per cent. (c) Occasional moderate consumers are 20 per cent . (d) Occasional excessive consumers are 5 per cent. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem will be to — (a) One tola, at a cost of half an anna. (b) Two tolas, at a cost of one anna. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily contracted by keeping company with the consumers of ganja, and it is very difficult to break off the habit when it is once formed. There is a ten -dency in the case of ganja for the moderate habit to develope into the excessive, because the intoxication brought on by the drug is so exhi -larating that the smoker yearns for more, and thus goes on increasing his allowance.  - Evidence of KHAN BHADUR RATANJI ERDALJI KANGA, Parsi, Deputy Collector and Magistrate, Dharwar.


25. There appears neither increase nor decrease in the use of this drug. 26. Ganja smokers — (a) 80 per cent. (b) 10 per cent. (c) 5 per cent. (d) 5 per cent. All bhang drinkers come under the head of occasional moderate consumers. 28. (a) Two tolas and 6 pies respectively. (b) Five tolas and 1 1/4 annas respectively. 31. The answer is in the affirmative. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BAPUJI MAHIPAT KHARKAR, Kayasth, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Satara.


25. I can say unhesitatingly that the use of ganja and bhang is on the increase in the Dharwar district. The quantity of the drugs consumed in that district during the year 1891-92 was more than thrice as much as the quantity consumed in that district during the year 1883-81— vide statement hereto appended. Further, the amount of license fees realised in that district during the past year, 1892-93, as compared with that for the year 1883-84, represents an increase of more than 76 per cent—vide statement above referred to. This increase is no doubt due partly to the increase in the population during the past ten years, which is about 19 per cent. But considering that, as reported by the mamlatdars of Dharwar and Hubli in that district, there has been no rise in the retail sale price during the past ten years, I conclude that the increase in the revenue is chiefly attributable to the increased use of the drugs. The figures for the Bijapur district as regards the quantity of the drugs consumed are available only for some of the past ten years, and they show a decrease in the quantity consumed lately. But the amount of the license fees realised in that district during the past year, 1892-93, as compared with that for the year 1883-84, represents an increase of more than 178 per cent., and as compared with that for the year 1888-89, shows an increase of more than cent. per cent. This increase may be due to some extent to competition, and is no doubt partly due to the increase in the population, which is about 24 per cent.; but, as it is reported by the mamlatdar of Bijapur that the retail sale price has been uniform since 1887-88; I conclude that the increase in the revenue is to a great extent due to the increased use of the drugs in this district too. For the Belgaum district information as regards the quantity of the drugs consumed is available only for the last two years. No conclusion can be drawn from this information. The amount of the license-fees realised during the past year, 1892-93, as compared with that for the year 1883-84, represents an increase of more than 44 per cent.; but the increase during the preceding three years was not so high: it was only 16 per cent. The retail sale price is reported to have risen from 8 annas to 10 or 12 annas per lb since 1891-92. Considering the increase in the population, which is about 17 per cent. during the past 10 years, and the rise in the price lately, I am not prepared to say that the use of the drugs is on the increase in this district. 26. It is difficult to estimate the proportion, but I can say only that habitual excessive consumers and occasional excessive consumers are considerably few. Occasional moderate consumers are also few. A large number of the consumers is, I believe, made up of habitual moderate consumers. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja and bhang per diem to each of the two classes of consumers is detailed below:—(a) Habitual moderate consumers—Weight, tolas. Cost, pies. Ganja for smoking 1/2 to 1 and 1/2 3 to 9 Bhang for eating or drinking Weight cannot be ascertained 2 to 4 (b) Habitual excessive consumers — Prices are not the same in the three districts. The figures herein given represent the maximum prices. 31. The habit of consuming the drugs is easily formed among the illiterate people when they come in contact with the people making use of them, and it is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of all of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RANGO RAMCHANDRA BHARDI, Deputy Collector and Native Assistant to the Commissioner, Poona, Central Division.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase, the rate of the increase being about 2 or 3 per cent. every year. This can be attributed to the fact that if there is a sadhu, an arudh or a fakir, making his residence in a certain locality, it is invariably the case that good many people living in the vicinity flock in numbers around him, and 1 have observed that such resorts are the chief rendezvous of ganja-smoking. This contagion is spreading every day with the increased facilities of communications, as the so-called sadhus are now able to wander from place to place without much inconvenience and trouble. 26. The following is the proportion of the consumers of the drugs :— Ganja. Bhang. (a)    about 5 per cent 3 per cent. (b) " 1" . . . (c)"3". . . 1 per cent. (d)"1" . . . It is said that an habitual moderate con sumer requires daily 1 tola of ganja which costs him 6 pies, and an habitual excessive consumer requires 10 tolas which cost him about 5 annas, according to the rates now prevailing here. An habitual moderate consumer of bhang has to spend daily 1 and 1/2 pies, and an excessive consumer 3 pies. 31. Yes ; it is easily formed. It is very difficult to break off. It is said that there is a strong tendency, in the case of these drugs, for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive habit.   - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RUDRAGOWDA CHANVIRGOWDA ARTAL, Lengayet, Deputy Collector, Bijapur


25. The consumption of ganja is on the increase, which is observable among the lower
classes. The reason is the want of education among them. Their material condition is im -proved, and they therefore can afford to spend money in their vicious habits of using ganja. 26. I have stated above that 8 per cent. of the population are consumers of ganja. This propor -tion may be classified as follows :— (a) Habitual moderate consumers 5 1( b) Do. excessive do. 1 and 1/2(c) Occasional moderate consumers (d) Do excessive do. 1/2 Total 8 28. The average allowance of ganja to (a) habitual moderate consumers is about two tolas at a cost of half an anna per diem, while for (b) habitual excessive consumers about 7 or 8 tolas of ganja at a cost of two annas per diem is required. 31. The habit of consuming ganja is easily formed. It is, no doubt, very difficult to break off the habit : however, a moderate consumer might do without the use of ganja for a week or so ; but habit being a second nature, the consumer cannot altogether give it up. I cannot say there is any tendency in the ganja itself for the moder ate habit to develop into the excessive. Much depends upon society.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RAMCHANDRA RAJARAM MULÉ, Deshastha Brahmin, Administrator of Jath, in Southern Mahratta Country.


25. It appears that the use of ganja is slightly on the increase, as appears from the fact that in 1891-92 about 74 maunds were consumed for the whole district, while in 1892-93, 75 (Bengal maunds) ; but it should, at the same time, be observed that the increase of one maund does not necessarily show any increase in the number of the consumers, as it is possible that during the latter year more ganja might have been purchased for uses other than smoking. 26. About three-fourths of the number (ques tion 20) may be classed under (a) and the remain -ing one-fourth under (b) and (c) ; there are none under (d).  28. (a) From 1/2 to 1 and 1/2 tolas. (b) From 3 to 5 tolas. 31. The habit is not easily formed, but when once formed, it is difficult to break off. As regards the last part of the question, it may be remarked that it depends upon one's own circum stances, both pecuniary and social, to develop his moderate habit into excessive one.   - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR V. H. SHIKHRE, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector, Alibagh, Kolaba District.


25. I do not think it is on the increase. Indeed, the habits of the people preclude the possibility of ganja or bhang (charas is not used) ever taking hold of them beyond a moderate indulgence. 26. They are all moderate consumers, and occasional consumers in the Ahmedabad district. 28. So far as my information goes, there are no habitual excessive consumers in Ahmedabad. The moderate consumers—I mean those who have become addicted to the daily use of bhang and ganja—rarely go beyond a dose, or a smoke or two, and this may cost three or four pies, certainly not more. 31. The use of ganja and bhang is so very limited that it is impossible for me to hazard a satisfactory reply. But it may be observed that the habit of ganja smoking is formed by association with the consumers of the drug, and, unless, it has taken root, there would be no difficulty in breaking it off.  - Evidence of MR. J. F. FERNANDEZ, Retired Deputy Collector and City Magistrate, Ahmedabad.


25. The use of ganja is on the increase for the following reasons:— 1stly.—Now a-days there is no control over the private conduct of any one, owing to the freedom of action existing under the British Government. 2ndly.—The English education and the preaching of the missionaries destroy in some measure the fear of the Hindu religion without contracting that of any other. 3rdly.—The Penal Code defamation section stops the mouths and actions of respectable men, who would otherwise rebuke those indulging in bad habits and excommunicate them. 4thly.—In consequence of the removal of the fear and restraint of religion and society people are becoming more debauched, and consequently the use of narcotics and alcohols is on the increase. 26. I think the proportion of the consumers of ganja is as under :— (a) Habitual moderate consumers, 2 per cent. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 1 in a thousand. (c) Occasional moderate consumers, 1 per cent. (d) Occasional excessive consumers, none. Charas smokers and bhang drinkers are rare. 28. The average allowance and cost of ganja to each (a) habitual moderate consumer, who is supposed to smoke thrice a day, is one tola, costing three pies, and to (b) habitual excessive consumer is six tolas, costing one and a half anna. I know of a few persons who require 2 and 1/2 annas worth of ganja  per day, but the whole of it is not consumed themselves. Other smokers assemble round about them, and they partake of it a little. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is not formed at once, because they are at first occasionally and stealthily used, as it is not con sidered honourable to use them. When one has no fear for the loss of character and no one to find fault with him, then he can contract the habit within one mouth. Moderate habit always develops into the excessive, and then it is difficult to break off. - Evidence of NARAYAN RAO BHIKHAJ1 JOGALEKAR, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector ; now Karbhari of the Aundh Stale.


25. My belief is that the use of all these drugs is about stationary or slightly on the decrease in Bombay. The following figures show the average quantity of each drug brought into Bombay by the farmer during a year in the three last terms for which he held the farm :— TERM. AVERAGE QUANTITY BROUGHT IN A YEAR. Population during term.Ganja and garda. Bhang. Charas.
Ind. Mds. Ind. Mds. Ind. Mds. 1884-87    .    . 358 71 8 773,196 1887-90    .    . 417 65 8 773,196 1890-93    .    . 380 70 6 821,764.  28. Habitual moderate consumer's allowance per diem. The costs here shown are for ordinary preparations. Ganja One tola Two annas with tobacco, etc. Bhang Nine pies with pepper. etc. Garda Half an anna with pepper, etc. Charas One-half tola Two and a half annas with tobacco, etc. Exceptional preparations would be more costly, according to the ingredients used. Drug. Quantity. Cost. Ganja Three tolas Six annas with tobacco, etc. Bhang Two tolas One and a half annas with pepper, etc. Garda Three tolas One and a half annas with pepper, etc. Charas One tola Five annas with tobacco, etc. 31. I think it mainly depends upon the charac ter of the individual as to whether he will acquire the habit or not. If the individual does not happen to associate or come in contact with con sumers of these drugs, he will not probably smoke or drink himself. On the whole, I would say that the temptation to form the habit is not great in Bombay; but the habit would be very easily acquired if the individual had friends and asso ciates who were habitual consumers. I un derstand from my enquiries that the habit of smoking ganja, if of long standing, would be difficult to break off, and that the habit of drinking bhang is not so difficult to throw off. I believe the tendency is for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive; but this also depends very much on the individual himself. There are many moderate habitual consumers of hemp drugs who do not, I learn, become habitual excessive consumers. - Evidence of MR. W. ALMON, Assistant Collector, Abkari Department, Bombay


25. The use of charas is not known in the mufassal. No statistics are available in respect of the consumption of ganja or bhang. I am of opinion that there is a. gradual decrease in the quantity consumed of both these drugs, owing probably to the fact that the people of the mendicant class, who form the majority of the ganja smokers, are gradually lessening in number. But the decline does not seem to be of any appreciable extent. The increase in the realisations of the abkari revenue from intoxicating drugs cannot be accepted as an increase in the quantity consumed. The increase is to be found almost exclusively in the license fees, which only represent the amount paid by the contractor to Government for the purchase of the right to sell ganja and its preparations, without the slightest reference to the quantity consumed. In a particular year the total quantity consumed may be less than the previous year;  but the contractor would still pay a higher amount to Government as license-fees, endeavouring, of course, to recoup the deficit by enhancing the retail price at which. he would sell ganja to the consumers. 26. It will simply be a matter of opinion and conjecture to give such a percentage. I can, however, say this much, that there are very few occasional consumers, moderate or excessive, in this part of the presidency. It is not customary to use ganja or any preparation thereof on festivals, worship, or any other religious ceremonies. Drinking ghota or the drink prepared from bhang is neither enjoined by religion as a necessary ceremony to be observed on the Maha Shivaratra day, nor is it practised as a matter of fact. The occasional consumption, therefore, both of ganja and bhang, is very rare. The majority of con sumers of both the drugs is habitual moderate consumers, excessive consumers being proportionately few in number. Question 26 [oral evidence].—In the districts I have served I have not found the hemp drugs to he used as a custom at religious ceremonies. I am a follower of the Shiva side of the Hindu religion, and I do not consider the use of the drugs essential. 28. Average allowance of ganja (for smoking) per diem is to (a) one tola, (b) two tolas. The average allowance of majum and other preparations of ganja is about half the above quantity, as those preparations contain the essence of ganja, which is a more powerful intoxicant. The cost would be different in different districts, according to the. retail sale price, which varies greatly in different places. The average cost would be — for (a) half an anna " (b) one anna for ganja. I don't know about charas or bhang. 31. The habit is not easily formed ; but, once formed, it is certainly difficult to break off. Like other intoxicants, these drugs have also a tendency to develop a moderate habit into an excessive one. Among bairagis and others who form the largest class of ganja smokers this tendency is, however, kept in check by the difficulty which they find in obtaining the money sufficient to buy the required quantity of ganja. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB GANESH PANDURANG THAKAR, Deshastha Brahmin, Mamlatdar, Pandharpur, Sholapur District, at present auditing the jamabandi accounts of the Poona  District, Poona.


25. That the use of ganja is on the increase is evident from the fact that the ganja-revenue is increasing every year. 26. It is very difficult to ascertain the propro-tion of these classes to the total consumers indicated in the respective headings, but the following seems a fairly reasonable estimate:— (a) 50 per cent. (b) 10 per cent. (c ) 25 per cent. (d ) 15 per cent. 28. The habitual moderate smokers of ganja require from one to two tolas per head per diem, while habitual excessive consumers require about four tolas per diem. Its cost is half anna per tola. 31. Those, who have no association with con -sumers of the drug and those who are educated in moral and religious subjects, never become prone to this habit. Several others, too, contract this habit by association with consumers of the drug. It is very difficult to break off. Except in the case of ascetics and bairagis and fakirs, there is no tendency in this drug for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB SHESHO KRISNA MUDKAVI, Mamlatdar of Taluka Bijapur, Bijapur.


28. The daily allowance of ganja per head is one and two tolas, and that of bhang three and six masas for habitual moderate and excessive con-sumers respectively. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB L. M. DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Poona City


25. The licensed vendor in this taluka has been vending these stuffs, ganja and bhang, for the last twenty-five years ; and he states that the use of this stuff is highly on the increase, but no minimum or maximum rate for selling these stuffs is fixed; the vendor sells as he likes. The evidence is conflict-ing on this point, because, though there is a gra-dual decrease in the annual amount of auction sale, yet the quantity of these stuffs imported by the shop-keeper, and the fixed duty, is slightly on
the increase. It is also to be noted here that the habitual moderate ganja-consumers bring good ganja from other districts and keep in their pos-session such quantity as is allowed by law. 26. As far as I know, the consumers of ganja whom I have mentioned generally come under head (a) habitual moderate consumers, and their number according to the vendor's statements and other enquiries made lies between 3,000 and 4,000. 28. The average allowance of ganja, per diem is about 1/4 of a tola, and its cost is about 3/4 of a pie to habitual moderate consumers. Other stuffs are seldom used here. 31. Non-consumers form  the habit of consu m-ing these drugs in company with the consumers. it is not too difficult to break off. For I have actually induced two of my servants to give up the habit of ganja-smoking, and I have succeeded. I have also succeeded in two or three other cases regarding some of my friends. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB KRISHNAJI BALLAL DEVAL, Chitpavan, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Chiplon.


25. The use of ganja, which is the only hemp drug consumed in the State, is neither  on the increase nor on the decrease. 26. The proportion of the ganja consumers is as given below:— (a)3,750 or 75 per cent. (b) 500 or 10 ditto. (c)500 or 10 ditto. (d) 250 or 5 ditto. 5,000. 28. The average quantity of ganja which a habitual moderate consumer requires per diem is about two tolas, and its cost is about three pies. A habitual excessive consumer requires more than triple that quantity. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed, and when once formed it is difficult to break off. Ganja-smoking has a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  -  Evidence of BALKRISHNA NARAYAN VAIDYA, Parbhu, State Karbhari of Sangli


25. The use of ganja, charas, and bhang is generally on the decrease amongst the higher classes on account of their advance in civilization. But in the lower classes the use of them is on the increase, because they are cheaper as compared with other intoxicants, being at the same time less harmless to health. 26. (a) The proportion of the moderate habitual consumers is 2 per cent. (b) The proportion of habitual excessive consumers is 2 per cent. (c) The proportion of occasional moderate consumers is 1 per cent. (d) The proportion of occasional excessive consumers is 1 per cent.  28. The  average allowance  and cost of each of these drugs per diem to (a) habitual moderate consumers is 1/4 of an anna of the weight of 1/2 tola of ganja. (b) Habitual excessive consumers, 3/4 of an anna or nine pies worth of ganja, which weighs 1 1/2 tolas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is not easily formed. It is formed by company of persons who are solely given to these drugs. It is not very difficult to break off to the moderate users of it, and it has a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. But the excessive cannot break off the habit. - Evidence of DADABHAI BURJORJEE GUZDER, Parsi, District Abkari In spector, Ahmednagar.


25. The use of ganja is neither on the increase nor decrease. From the figures of consumption, it appears that it is just about what it has been for some time. There is no use of charas, and bhang is not much used. 26. Of the consumers of ganja there are about 80 per cent. who are habitual moderate consumers and about 15 per cent, habitual excessive consumers, and about 5 per cent. who are occasional excessive consumers. Charas and bhang are consumed in such small quantities in this district that they require no special mention. 28. The average allowance of ganja and the average cost per diem to habitual consumers is two tolas and six pies respectively. A habitual ex cessive consumer requires on an average five tolas worth of ganja, costing one anna and three pies, including cost of tobacco. 31. A habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, and it is difficult to break it off. There is a tendency of the habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of KHAN SAHIB NASARVANJI EDALJI SETHNA, Parsi, Abkari Inspector , Satara.


25. In the absence of carefully prepared statistical information, it is difficult to answer this question either way. But it may here be observed that, among educated classes, the use of bhang is discredited, and more so of ganja A generation or two ago bhang was sometimes served at picnics and pleasure parties among the higher classes ; but the place of bhang is now to a certain extent being taken by spirits. 26. It is very difficult to give these proportions It is said that there are among a hundred habitual consumers of ganja or bhang about ten who indulge to excess. 28. An habitual moderate consumer requires about one tola bhang, worth half a pice, per day ; while an excessive consumer may claim to require from 10 to 20 tolas. For a moderate smoker one third tola ganja, worth a pice, is sufficient for a day ; an excessive smoker takes four times as much. 31. The habit of using these drugs is not so easily formed as that of tobacco ; for ganja and bhang cannot be used in secret without time knowledge of elders, as both these drugs require some special treatment before their use. Besides, ganja emits a strong smell and at times nauseates the novice. The habit is not very difficult to break off, the uneasiness lasting only for a few days. There is not a greater tendency in the case of these drugs than in other narcotics for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of YASHVANT NILKANTH, Patana P rabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay.


25. The extent of the use appears to be stationary. People who take to alchohol generally cease to drink bhang. 26. The large proportion of the consumers are habitual moderate consumers. 28. Excessive consumers generally smoke in a party, and a party of five men would consume about 2 and 1/2 tolas of ganja per day, valued at 2 and 1/2 an-nas. Moderate smokers would consume about 3 pies worth per day when smoking alone. 31. Easily formed by being in company with other smokers or drinkers. It is difficult to break off. There is not a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of MR. G. P. MILLET, Divisional Forest Officer, West Thana, Thana


25. It is difficult to say, but probably the use of these drugs is not on the increase. The use of alcohol is gradually spreading among the classes that would be disposed to indulge in these intoxi cants. Bhang-drinking only may possibly be on the increase, if anything. 26. As regards ganja and bhang, one chatak of the drug per diem is considered moderate, two chataks excessive. At this estimate probably 20 per cent. are moderate and 10 per cent. excessive consumers. The rest probably do not take either, or only so occasionally that no distinction can be drawn between them and non-consumers. 28. (a) One chatak, costing one to two annas. (b) Two chataks, costing two to four annas. 31. Easily formed, but not so easily given up. Like tobacco smoking, it develops from the moderate into the excessive in course of time. Can be given up like smoking, but would be felt more severely. - Evidence of MR. H. KENNEDY, District Superintendent of Police, Ahmednagar.


25. The use of ganja is said to be on the in-crease. Can give no reason. 26. It is impossible with any degree of accuracy to give proportions, but it may safely be said that the greater proportion of ganja smokers are moderate consumers. 28. The habitual moderate smoker may be said to consume about 1 tola a day, the cost per tola being about half a pice. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed and is difficult to break off. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the exces-sive, but this is by no means a natural result. - Evidence of MR. J. E. DOWN, Districts Superintendent of Police, Satara.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is, if anything, on the decrease in this district, and probably throughout Gujarat, The decrease in the use of ganja is mainly attributable to its increased price, which prevents the very poorest classes from using it to the same extent as formerly, and the decrease in the use of bhang is owing to the increasing disinclination of the better classes to take the necessary trouble in preparing it, and to the more general use of liquor, especially the cheaper sorts of Europe spirits. 26 Ganja.—Assuming that 3 per cent. of the people of this district smoke ganja, which is probably over the mark, then of habitual moderate consumers there might be 2 1/2 per cent., of habitual excessive consumers 0.50 per cent., occasional moderate consumers 1 1/2 per cent., and of occasional excessive consumers 0.50 per cent., and the same percentages would fairly represent the proportion of bhang drinkers falling under these several descriptions. 28 . Ganja— Habitual moderate consumer, 1 to 1 1/2 pies worth. Habitual excessive consumer, 3 to 4 pies worth. Bhang — Habitual moderate consumer, 2 pies worth. Habitual excessive consumer, 3 to 6 pies worth a day. 31. The habit of either smoking or drinking is easily formed, but its discontinuance, except by excessive consumers, is not difficult. There is a tendency, especially as regards ganja, for the moderate use to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of MR. F. T. V. AUSTIN, District Superintendent of Police, Surat.


25. It is on the increase, it seems, in consequence of increase of population. 31. The habit is easily formed, but it is rather difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into excessive.  - Evidence of Mr. DHANJISHA DADABHOY, Parsi, District Superintendent of Police, Thana.


25. The annual consumption of bhang and ganja does not seem to fluctuate. The average sale of the former for the past three years is ap-proximately two maunds or eighty lbs., and the latter twenty-five maunds or one thousand lbs. The licensed vendors of these drugs keep no account of their sales. 26. No idea can be formed as to the proportion of habitual moderate consumers, habitual excessive consumers, occasional moderate consumers, and occasional excessive consumers. There are three licensed vendors of these drugs in this State, which has a population of 89,722. The sales of these vendors amount in the aggregate to about 35 maunds of ganja and about 5 maunds of bhang annually. In the city of Cambay, which has a population of 31,390, there is one vend or whose aggregate sales amount to about 25 mounds of ganja and about 3 maunds of bhang. He says he has about 175 regular customers, who may be either habitual, excessive or moderate consumers. The sales of the other two vendors, who have shops in villages, amount in the aggregate to about ten maunds of ganja and two of bhang. These figures include sales to travellers, visitors, and people of the surrounding foreign territories, who are not restricted from purchasing any of these drugs in Cambay limits. I may add here that ganja and bhang are much cheaper in Cambay territory than in the surrounding British and Baroda territories. 28. The average cost per diem to habitual moderate smokers of ganja is one pice. The cost to habitual excessive smokers of ganja is from six pice to two annas per diem. The habitual excessive smokers are mostly sadhus, gosains, and fakirs. The majority of these people renounce the world and its pleasures. The supply of the drug is practically no expense to them. When once a sadhu, gosain, or fakir establishes himself in a place, he is visited by his caste-fellows, who supply the drug and other necessaries of life. The cost to the moderate consumer of bhang, if taken without ingredients, is about half a pice. To the excessive consumer, from one to two pice. Bhang is drunk without ingredients by the poor classes, but those who can afford it use milk and spices with it. 31. The habit of smoking ganja is easily formed, as described in paragraph 27. The effect to a novice is usually most noxious. It produces intoxication, but if persisted in, these after-effects are overcome in time. It is decidedly difficult to leave off smoking ganja or charas, and there is a tendency for the moderate use of the drug to develop into the excessive. There are of course lots of consumers who can limit themselves to a certain quantity and rarely exceed it. In the case of bhang it is quite different. The occasional moderate use of bhang is not so likely to develop into the excessive or become habitual. There is not so much difficulty experienced by habitual consumers to break off the habit as with smokers of ganja or charas.  - Evidence of MR. T. G. FOARD, Superintendent of Police, Cambay.


25. Bhang is used to a limited extent for drink-ing. As to the extent of the use of ganja, please see answer to question No. 20. The consump-tion of ganja and bhang in this distict is on the decrease owing to their increased price, which pre-vents the poor classes of people using them to the same extent as they used to do before. Also the decrease is due to increasing general use of liquor in these days, specially cheaper kinds of Europe spirits. 26. (a) About 60 to 70 persons may be said as moderate consumers and may spend one pie to three pies on ganja per day. (b) Out of hundred ganja smokers three to four persons may be excessive smokers. They may spend about half an anna per day for it. Gene-rally they do not consume the whole quantity to themselves, but such consumers have one or more companions to whom they generally contribute some quantity out of their own. (c) About 10 per cent. may be occasional smokers, i.e., those who do not themselves buy ganja, but avail themselves of the offers made by their friend smokers. 31. The habit of smoking can be acquired if it is smoked for about ten or twelve times ; moderate consumers can break off the habit if they abstain from it for a short time. Excessive smokers of ganja may find difficulty in breaking off the habit, and for some days without it they may suffer from want of appetite, indigestion, and do not feel inclined to work. Moderate smokers may suffer also, but to a slight extent.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NANABHOY COWASJI, Parsi, City Police Inspector, Surat.


25. The use of ganja, bhang and charas is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. Taking the last fifteen years' experience, the use was on the increase for the first ten years; but for the last five years, the use of alcohol (liquor) has considerably counter - acted the slowly growing increase. Experience has shown that many ganja smokers and bhang drink ers have left the drug owing to their intimacy with liquor. 28. For ganja and charas the cost is — (a) 1/2 anna per day per head. (b) 1 anna per day per head. For bhang the cost is—(a) 1/12 anna per day per head. (b) 1/4 anna per day per head. ning it is not difficult to break off; but if the duration of the habit is longer, then it is difficult to break off. Yes, there is always a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. -  Evidence of RAO SAHIB PRANSHANKAR, Brahmin, Inspector of Police, Detective Branch, Bombay.


28. (a) About 4 tolas, cost about 4 annas. (b) Up to 12 tolas, cost 1 rupee. The above refers to the use of ganja and charas used in smoking. As regards bhang, moderate consumers, about 2 annas worth per diem, and excessive consumers, 8 annas per diem, No exact weight can be mentioned, as bhang is given in solution with sugar and bhang massala. About 1 tola full for moderate, and 3 tolas for excessive consumers. 31, The habit is easily formed, and easily left off. This refers only to the use of drinking bhang. The smoking of ganja and charas, however, is said to be difficult to leave off. There is a tendency to increase the drug. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. W. B. BOYD, Superintendent, Colaba Lunatic Asylum, Bombay


28. (a) Smoke 2 pies weight of ganja, costing 3 pies in value. (b) Smoke about a rupee's weight of ganja costing about eight pies. 31. Yes; but moderate consumers can also easily break it off ; and there is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive under ordinary circumstances. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL M. L. BARTHOLOMEUSZ, M.B.,* Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Ahmedabad.


28. Habitual moderate consumers of bhang require half a pice worth or one tola per day. An excessive consumer requires two annas worth or from 15 to 20 tolas daily. A moderate consumer of ganja requires about half a tola, costing about half an anna. An excessive consumer of ganja requires about four times the above amount. 31. The habit of taking these drugs is not easily formed ; but when formed, it is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in moderate consumers to develop into excessive consumers - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. MCCONAGHY, Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Poona.


28. (a) Roughly speaking, about two drachms and over. (b) One ounce or more. 31. Appears to be easily formed, and as a rule difficult to break off. There does not appear to be any particular tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. Nothing more I should say than an occasional instance liable to occur in the habitual use of all stimulants or sedatives. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. C. DAVIDSON, Acting Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent of the Jail and Lunatic Asylum, Dharwar


28. Habitual moderate consumer. Bhang Average allowance. 1/4 to 1/2 tola Cost. 1/2 anna per tola.. Ganja 1/4 tola. 2 annas per tola. Habitual excessive consumer. Bhang 2 to 4 tolas 1/2 anna per tola. Ganja 1 to 2 tolas 2 annas per tola. 31. In a well-regulated Hindu family it is difficult for young men to form the habit of smoking ganja or drinking bhang. Such practices in the commencement are always indulged in out of doors, in bad company. The reason is this. In the first place a boy has to know how to prepare ganja for smoking or bhang for drinking. The process of their preparation for use is always an elaborate affair. The use of either of these drugs is entirely different from that of tobacco or liquor. The latter are always obtainable ready for use in shops. Thus, if boys or young men were to commence such practices at home, they stand the risk of being discovered and reprimanded, for although a father may be a ganja smoker or bhang drinker, he very seldom is so depraved as to allow his son to follow in his footsteps ; possibly he is aware that he himself is indulging in a bad habit, and would rather that his son did not imitate his example. Judging from the effects bhang drinking and ganja smoking have on a novice in the vice, I should be inclined to the belief that it is not easy to contract either habit, unless the person is otherwise a depraved being who takes to bad habits at any cost. On the uninitiated, either drug acts as a distinct narcotic, and it does not take any thoughtful person long to find out that it is vicious to continue indulging in it. The real beginning of a systematic use of either of these drugs, which constitutes a habit, is made under the impression that it relieves certain ailments. These ailments may be real or imaginary. For in the majority of cases of confirmed bhang drinkers and ganja smokers that I know of, the history is that they resorted to either of these for relief from their ailments. Ganja smokers say they took to ganja on account of chest complaints, such as asthma, and the bhang drinkers say that they took to bhang originally to relieve dyspepsia or habitual constipation. I must say as a medical practitioner of near eighteen years' standing that in such cases their initial use of the drug was thoroughly justifiable, though I do not for a moment suppose that their continuance of the practice can be considered to be equally justifiable, or even requisite. The habit, whatever may be its origin or cause, when once formed, is difficult to overcome. The man wants his smoke of ganja or drink of bhang at the hour he is accustomed to have it, or else he is unfit for his daily avocations. He misses it, and would do anything to have his customary allowance. The habit is difficult to form, but when once formed still more difficult to break off. So far as I know, there is no tendency in the case of ordinary men of moderate habit, living in society and in the circle of their own homes, men who have to work for their living and minister to the daily wants of their wives and children, to develop into the excessive ganja smoker or bhang drinker. It is the men who have nothing to do in the world, and with the world—the Hindu ascetics who go under the name of gosains and bairagis—who could be really called the excessive smokers and drinkers of ganja and bhang respectively. But of these in my answer to question No. 32. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. R. KIRTIKAR, Civil Surgeon, Thana, and Medical Officer, Thana Depot and District Jail.


28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs depend upon the habit of the consumer of taking it once or twice a day, and the locality in which the drugs are grown and easily obtainable. (a) The dose is one tola or two drachms, and the cost one pice. (b) The dose is three tolas or 6 drachms, and the cost from one to two annas. 31. The habit is easily formed and very difficult to break off. A confirmed consumer of ganja will smoke it with the sale of all his belongings, and it is particularly with this drug that there is a peculiar tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DOSSABROY PESTONJEE, Parsi, Assistant Surgeon, Parakh Dispensary, Surat, and Honorary Assistant Surgeon to His Excellency the Viceroy.


28.(a) Three tolas, which cost about 1/4th of an anna. (b) Drink the sherbet prepared from bhang to the extent of about two or three seers, which cost about 1/2 anna. Bavas and fakirs, habitual excessive consumers, consume about 1/4 seer of ganja a day. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is generally formed by association ; but once the habit is formed it is difficult to get rid of it. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ANNA MORESHWAR KUNTE, J. J. Hospital, Bombay.


28. Quantity. Price. (a) Bhang,    habitual moderate. 1 to 2 drams about 1 pie to 1 1/2 pie. Habitual excessive 6 1/2 drams 1 pice. (b) Ganja habitual moderate. 1/2 to 2 1/2 drams 1 pie to 4 1/2 pies. Habitual excessive 3 to 6 drams 2 pice to 1 anna. Besides these, cases are seen in which large quantities of bhang as well as ganja are consumed by yogis and atits. In these exceptional cases 1/2 seer of ganja and 1/2 seer of bhang are consumed by a single individual occasionally as well as daily. 31. Habit of consuming ganja as well as bhang depends on company, and the habit is not so easily contracted like opium or alcohol. If one indulges in it for about a month or two, he gets longing for it and thus the habit is contracted. It is not so difficult to break off this habit. Moderate consumer may attain an excessive habit, but all this depends on company. Ganja-smoking is generally prevalent in working class and lower order as well as yogis, fakirs and atits; while bhang is used by all classes of people, upper, lower and middle. It is more used in hot season because it is cooling. Ganja is hot. For charas I have no experience. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR THAKORDAS KIKABHAI, Bania, Assistant Surgeon, Wadhwan Civil Station, Kathiawar.


28. Ganja being smoked generally here, a habitual moderate consumer smokes 1/4 anna worth of ganja on an average daily, and an excessive habitual consumer 1 anna per diem. 31. The habit of consuming ganja or bhang is easily formed. It requires an effort to break off the habit. There is a tendency of moderate habit to develop into excessive. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ABDUL GHANI, Hakim, in charge of Gadag Dispensary, Gadag, Dharwar District.


28. A habitual moderate ganja smoker spends about a quarter or perhaps half an anna over it. A habitual excessive ganja smoker would necessarily spend a trifle more. 31. The habit of ganja smoking is easily formed. A young man is perhaps the friend and associate of a ganja smoker, who hands him over the ganja pipe, which the former, not unwillingly, accepts. The habit is thus easily formed. I have noticed, and several ganja smokers assure me of the same, that a long and confirmed habit of ganja smoking can seldom be given up ; that if' withheld, the craving for it continues, and that the man would rather, if possible, go in search of the company where the drug is usually smoked, than do without it. A recently acquired habit can, however, be broken off with some perseverance and force of will on the part of the man. The habit of ganja smoking does not necessarily develop into the excessive, unless the man is in the company of heavy ganja smokers, e. g fakirs, jogis and others. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON B. H. NANAVATTY, Parsi, and Teacher of Surgery and Midwifery, Medical School, Ahmedabad.


28. For habitual moderate consumers, bhang half tola, worth one pie, ganja half tola, worth four pies. For habitual excessive consumers, bhang one and a half tola, worth one pice, ganja two tolas, worth one and a quarter anna. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed in the company of persons addicted to them. It is difficult to give up when once formed. There is generally a tendency from the moderate to the excessive - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT BHAU SACCARAM, Brahmin, Raipur Dispensary, Ahmedabad.


28. Ganja.—Half, cost two annas. Bhang.—One tola, cost half anna. The excessive smokers use it constantly and no average can be given. . 31. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) There is. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT RAJANA LOKAJEE, Máli Telgu, Thana.


28. ALLOWANCE PER DIEM. COST PER DIEM. Bhang. Ganja. Charas. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P.
(a) One tola. Half to one tola. 10 to 20 grains. 0 0 2. 0 0 3.  0 0 4. (b) Two to four tolas. One to two tolas. 20 to 60 grains. 0 0 9. 0 0 6. 0 1 0. 31. The habit of consuming these three drugs is easily formed in company ; and sometimes it is difficult to break off; and there is a tendency in all the three drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT JAMIATRAM JEYASHUNKER, Nagar Brahmin, West Hospital, Rajkot, Kattiawar.


28. SMOKING GANJA. DRINKING- BHANG. Tolas. Cost. Tolas.    Cost. (a) 1 to 4 1/4 to 1 anna. 1 to 2 1/4 to 1/2 anna. (b) 4 to 8 1 to 2 annas. 3 to 8 3/4 to 2 annas. 31. Yes ; the habit is easily formed by the company of smokers or drinkers. It is not difflculto break off the habit. Yes ; there is a tendency to develop the habit into the excessive.  -  Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SUDASHIO WAMON, Brahmin, Mansa, Mahikantha


28. (a) Bhang, one pice. Ganja, one pice. (b) Bhang, three pice. Ganja, two annals. Chards is not used. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed and difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency to require ever-increasing doses to satisfy the craving - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PHIROZSILAW D. COOPER, Parsi, in charge Dispensary, Ilao


28. (a) It is said that the average allowances of ganja is half an ounce in weight, and half an anna worth. (b) Ditto 3 ounces in weight, and of 3 1/2 annas worth. (a) Bhang is used daily by habitual moderate consumers half an ounce in weight, costing half anna, (b) Ditto by habitual excessive consumer, one ounce in weight, costing I anna. . The habit of consuming these drugs is not easily formed, and it is not very difficult to break it off. -  Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SHAIK SURFRAZ HAKIM, Nasik.


28. Bhang , up to tola. Ganja , up to tola. Habitual moderate consumer 1/2 1 „    excessive „ 3 6 Charas is not sold in this district. The cost is varied according to the district. 31. The habit is easily formed and goes very hard to break off. A moderate use of all these three preparations has a tendency to develop into excess. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PURSON SINGH Chattry, Sholapur


25. It would appear from Government reports that the area of hemp cultivation for the production of ganja is everywhere on a decrease during the last decade as compared with the previous years. In Bengal the successive increases of duty since 1864 have resulted in reducing the consumption of ganja by 27 per cent., notwithstanding the increase of population since that year. The same may be said to be the case here. Besides Government restriction by increased duty, another reason why ganja smoking shows a tendency to decrease is to be found in the fact that liquor is taking its place. Alcohol seems to attract people with intoxicating tendencies more than ganja. A. reference to the reports of the Abkari Department conclusively proves this by showing that there is every year an enormous increase in the revenue realised from toddy and country liquors. 28. The allowance and cost of ganja per diem are— (a) Half a tola and half an anna. (b) Four tolas and four annas. For charas — (a) half a drachm . (b) Two drachms. For bhang — (a) Half a tola and 1/4 of an anna. (b) Five tolas and 3/4 of an anna. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed but difficult to break off. Yes, there is such a tendency. - Evidence of GANESH KRISHNA GARDE, * Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City.


31. I believe so. But it is not difficult to break off. I do not think that there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of J. GERSON DA. CUNHA, Medical Practitioner, Esplanade, Bombay.


28. A moderate smoker smokes about 3 or 4 grains of ganja twice a day ; an excessive smoker about 10 grains. About 20 grains of ganja cost a quarter of an anna. A moderate consumer takes about 8 grains of bhang, an excessive consumer about double the weight. 31. The habit is easily formed in company. Some people keep on the same quantity for a length of time. Others gradually increase the quantity. - Evidence of EDALJI NASHIRVANJI, Parsi, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


31. From the limited observations it is not difficult to break the habit off. - Evidence of DR. I. C. LisBoA, Private .Medical Practitioner, Bombay and Poona.


26. (a) Habitual moderate consumers of bhang about 50 per cent ; of ganja, 20 per cent. (b) Of bhang, about 20 per cent., of ganja, 5 per cent. (c) Of bhang about 65 per cent., of ganja about 25 per cent. (d) Of bhang, about 20 to 30 per cent., and of ganja 5 per cent. 28. The average allowance of ganja to ( a) habitual moderate consumer is half a tola per diem, costing one anna, while that for (b) habitual excessive consumer is from 2 to 4 annas. In the case of bhang it is from 1 to 4 annas in the case of (a), and 2 to 6 annas in the case of (b). 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, and it is not very difficult to break off. In the case of ganja smoking there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of BHALCHANDRA KRISHNA BHATAVADEKAR, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


25. It is on the increase, as I have seen a number of cases of young men of late. 26 As to bhang only — (a) One per cent. (b) Very few. (c) A larger proportion than the above. 28. (a) Two pice. (b) Four annas or more. 31. Habit is easily formed. It is difficult to break off ; there is a tendency to develop into excessive habit. - Evidence of ISMAIL JAN MOHOMED, Khoja, Physician, Bombay.


26. A very few Parsis used bhang occasionally in a very small dose made up into a sweet drink with milk, sugar, almonds, &c. ; but that practice is much on the decrease. 31. By taking bhang drink occasionally and in very small doses, no habit is formed. - Evidence of ARDESIR DADABHOY MODY, Parsi, J.P., Member, Municipal Corporation, Medical Practitioner, Bombay


25. I think the use of ganja, bhang, and charas is on the decrease in the Surat zilla. I do not know whether the use of these drugs is on the increase or decrease in other provinces. I attribute the decrease in the consumption of these drugs here to two causes, firstly, the spread of education, and secondly, the want of company. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed. If the habit is of a long standing the man finds it difficult to break it off. The moderate habit is generally developed into excessive one. - Evidence of UTTAMRAM JEEWANRAM, ITCHAPOORIA, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat.


25. The use of ganja, bhang, and charas is on the decrease.  attribute this to the spread of education and care of honour. 28. The habitual moderate consumer requires about half to one tola of ganja, the cost of which is about quarter anna to half anna, bhang about two to five tolas, the cost of which is about half to one anna. The excessive consumer requires about quarter to half a seer of ganja, and about half seer of bhang, the cost of which is four annas and three annas respectively. 31. The habit of using these drugs is easily formed by using the drugs frequently. lf the consumer wishes, he can break off the habit gradually. The moderate use is developed into excessive one. - Evidence of KESHOWRAM HARIDAT, Chcepooria, Audesh Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya) , Render, Surat and Bombay.


25. With the advance of the natives of India in English education and ways of thought, and the influence of contact with Europeans, there has been generated amongst natives of the educated and lower class a taste for spirituous drinks. The inconveniences and trouble in preparing bhang, as contrasted with the ease with which liquor may be obtained and drunk, has stimulated the wide use of the latter, and decreased the consumption of bhang. I think the evil effects of spirit drinking are beginning to be felt, and that in the distant future bhang may be more extensively used than it is now. To vegetarians spirituous stimulants are altogether unsuitable. 28. A moderate allowance of bhang is one quarter tola, costing a quarter of an anna. This will serve for twice. An allowance of one tola of bhang or thereabout, costing about half an anna, is reckoned excessive. 31. The habit is not easily formed ; but much depends on the temperament of the man and his associates. The habit is not difficult to break off, except when of long standing. The moderate bhang and ganja consumer generally increases his allowance of the drug in time. It is always possible for the bhang-drinker to check the habit at any time, unless it has taken very deep root. - Evidence of MR. PURBHURAM JEEWANRAM, Nagar Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay.


25. I believe the use of ganja and charas is slightly on the increase, and the use of bhang slightly decreasing. 28. As regards habitual moderate consumers Quantity. Cost. Ganja. One tola. One anna to one anna and six pies. Charas. One half tola. One anna and six pies to two annas. Bhang. One tola. Three pies. The cost would be increased if the drink was made with different spices. Three pies would be the cost of the drink with black pepper, which is always used as an ingredient. Garad. One tola. Two pies. As regards habitual excessive consumers—PER DIEM. —Quantity. cost: Ganja. Five tolas. Five to seven and a half annas. Chants. Three tolas. Nine to twelve annas. bhang. Three to four tolas. Nine pies to one anna. The cost would be increased if the drink was made with different spices. Nine pies to one anna would be the cost of the drink with black pepper, which is always used as an ingredient. Garda. Three to four tolas. Six to eight pies. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed if the individual consorts with persons who use the drugs. There is some difficulty in breaking off the habit, though no bad effects physically follow if the habit is broken off. A man who desires to break off the habit can do so by not going into the company of persons using these drugs, and by occupying his mind and body. I know many instances in which persons have broken off the habit of using these drugs. There is a tendency in the case of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence Of VITHALDAS PRANJIWANDASS, Bhunksali Landlord and Trader, late Intoxicating Drugs Farmer, Bombay.


25. The vice of smoking ganja is on the increase as shown by the imports into my village. Want of control, idleness, and the inducement are the chief causes of the increase. 26. (a) Ten per cent. of the population. (b) Five per cent. of the population. 28. (a) One tola of ganja and bhang respectively is necessary per diem. (b) Four tolas of ganja and bhang respectively are necessary per diem to habitual excessive consumers. 31. No; the habit of consuming is not easily formed. Drinking bhang is not difficult to break off, but smoking ganja can never be broken off. There is some tendency to go to excess from moderate, but not like alcohol, where one soon runs to excess. - Evidence of RAMCHANDRA KRISHNA. KOTHAVALE, Brahmin, Inamdur, Taluka Wai, in Satara District.


25. Among the sadhus, bairagis, etc., the use of ganja and charas and that of bhang among the sanyasis is, so far as I am informed, the same. Ganja is most in favour with sadhus, etc. Among the common people in Gujarat the use of charas is not prevalent at all, and that of ganja is on the decrease—firstly, because public opinion is getting stronger against it owing to the influence and spread of education ; and, secondly, because liquor shops having been opened far and wide over the country and enticingly located have to a great extent replaced the former use of ganja by the labouring and lower classes. The use of bhang is also on the decrease, because the higher classes that took no objection to its use as a refreshing and a mild intoxicating drink have begun to dislike it, it being against temperate habits, and not in consonance with the modern idea of refinement. 26. Charas being hardly obtainable in Gujarat, there are almost none among the sadhus, etc., in the province who use it. Ganja is almost universally used by all of their class; and all sadhus, etc., may be said to be habitual consumers, about 40 per cent. being excessive consumers. Bhang-drinking is not so much in existence among sadhus, bairagis, etc., as ganja-smoking. From the common people in Gujarat there might be found about 400 persons who are habitual moderate consumers of bhang as a drink. On this side of India there are hardly any who can be called habitual excessive consumers of it. As for occasional moderate consumers, their number is very large but varying, and many respectable people may be among the number. 31. The habit of using bhang as a drink is not difficult to be formed. The drink preparation being delicious is liked, and may very soon grow into a habit. But the use of it for a day or two does not dispose a person to have it the next day. A long use of it does form the habit. Intoxicants when once formed into a habit are always difficult to break off, because when once habituated the person feels a sense of depression without the particular intoxicant used by him. But the difficulty does, indeed, differ in degree. Opium, for instance, is very difficult to leave off. Charas might come next, then ganja, and then bhang. The latter, however, can be left off when the habit is moderate without any great sense of depression. With a little more effort ganja can also be left off. Yes ; all these drugs when once habitually used in a moderate degree develop the habit ; and when they are assimilated with the system, the person habituated must increase the dose in order to have the same amount of intoxication.  - Evidence of DESAIBHAI KALIDAS, Brahmin (Khedaval), Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Kaira.


25. I do not think the use of these drugs is on the increase. 26. In this district among the consumers of bhang and ganja the number of habitual moderate consumers is pretty large; (c) the number of occasional moderate consumers is not very large. (d) Occasional excessive consumers are also, I think, rare. (b) The number of habitual excessive consumers is very small. 31. Not, except in the case of reckless persons when in the association of habitual consumers. It is not difficult to break off the habit, if not of a long standing , . Necessarily the drugs have no tendency of increasing the habit, but is increased by the association of people habituated to the excessive use of the drugs - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR GOVINDRAO RAMCHANDRA GARUD, Pleader Dhulia, Khandesh.


5. The use of ganja and bhang is reported to have increased, because— 1stly—Population is increasing with rapid strides. 2ndly—These are comparatively cheap intoxicants. 3rdly—Contagious influence of the surroundings in the lower classes. 4thly—Want of education among the backward classes. 28. Moderate consumers use one tola of ganja, whereas habitual excessive consumers use five tolas per diem. The price of a tola here is six pies. 31. The practice is easily formed by keeping company with habitual consumers, It is difficult to break off this habit. Moderate use of it has a tendency to develop into an excess. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR HUCHRAO ACHUT HARIHAR, Deshast Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Belgaum.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. 28. In the case of the habitual moderate consumers the average allowance is 2 tolas per day, which costs 2 annas ; and in others the allowance is 5 tolas, costing 5 annas. - Evidence of NARO DHAKADEO, Brahmin, Pleader, Jalgaon, District Khandesh.


25. I have no reliable information to enable me to answer this question, even with approximate accuracy. However from what I have heard or seen, I am morally convinced that the use of ganja has not perceptibly increased. The slight increase observable in the area of cultivation or the imports or exports, etc., may be due partly to the increase in population and partly to greater accuracy of returns. It is as a matter of fact losing its place before the spread of alcohol. If it still exists on this side of India, its main cause is to be found in the comparative cheapness of the article for the labour gatherings at mills, factories and railway workshops. The hard work the labourers are put to, the consequent necessity for some relief, the comparative facility with which consumers of ganja can carry the drug with them, and the ease with which it can be smoked anywhere even on public roads are, amongst others, the principal causes which still obtain amongst some people a preference for ganja before liquor. 26. By far the larger number of ganja-smokers will be found to belong to the class (a), habitual consumers. It is very difficult to draw the line between moderate and immoderate men. Those who consume the drug for intoxication it brings about and not for its medicinal properties are, when once at it, generally immoderate. If a smoker has the means and the necessary time at his disposal, he will not place down the “hooka” or chillum until he is so intoxicated that lie is unable to take care of himself. Some people will be found to drink occasionally preparations of ganja, but there are no occásional moderate smokers, as smoking requires a habit which drinking does not. 28. Moderate consumers do not require more than two tolas of ganja per day, and the cost per diem in this case is believed to be less than half an anna; but in the case of the excessive consumers, leaving that of bairagis and gosavis, the quantity consumed varies from 4 to 6 tolas and the allowance per diem per consumer in such cases varies on account of the cheaper ingredients with which it is mixed between an anna and an anna and a half. This class of people are generally poor, but at labour gatherings and wandering gangs they generally smoke in company, each contributing one round, so that the aggregate expenses do not rise above half an anna. 31. I do not think that the habit of smoking ganja is so easily formed as that of drinking liquor. By itself, smoking is not attractive. Habit formed in the case of ganja is less difficult to break off than in the case of opium or liquor. This is because the intoxication brought on by ganja is milder and less durable than that produced by an overdose of opium, whisky or brandy, and therefore the habitual consumer of the drug will be less indisposed to give it up by degrees than one addicted to the use of opium. Every intoxicant predisposes the consumer to run to excess; such a tendency is to be observed in the case of ganja smoking also. Ganja like tobacco is smoked by the consumer according to his convenience and not necessarily in company. The second, third, and fourth rounds which are inevitable in the case of parties or companies, do not exist, and in spite of the tendency to run to excess the aggregate result is moderate.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHWANATH KESHAWA JOGLEKAR, Brahmin, Sowkar, Karajgi in Dharwar District


28. Habitual moderate consumers consume about two pice worth ganja per diem. Habitual excessive consumers consume six pice worth ganja per diem. 31. It can be easily formed and it is difficult to break it. There is a great tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive one - Evidence of DINANATH SHIWSHANKER, Druggist and Chemist


25. I think the use of bhang is neither on the increase or decrease. 28. The habitual moderate consumer will require one-ninth of a tola of bhang, the cost of which will be about one-third of a pie. The habitual excessive consumer will require about half a tola, and the cost will be about one pie. 31. A person who drinks bhang occasionally will form no habit, but if he drinks daily for six months, he will form a habit. The habit of drink
ing bhang can easily he broken off. The moderate habit of drinking bhang does not develop into the excessive habit. - Evidence* of NAWALCHAND HEERACHAND, Jeweller, Bombay


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase in Gujarat, which is apparent from the abkari administration reports, and the increased amounts of revenue realised for the current farms of bhang, ganja and pak in the Gujarat district of Surat, Broach, Kaira, and Ahmedabad. The use of charas is unknown in Gujarat. 28. (a) The average allowance of habitual moderate consumers of bhang is 3/4 tola costing one pie, and that of ganja is half tola, costing three pies per diem. (b) The average allowance of habitual excessive consumers of bhang is six tolas, costing nine pies, and that of ganja is five tolas, costing annas two and pies six. However, there are very rare habitual excessive consumers of ten tolas of bhang costing fifteen pies and ten tolas of ganja costing five annas per diem. The use of charas is practically unknown in Gujarat. 31. The habit of consuming bhang or ganja may easily be formed by frequenting the society of the consumers of such drugs. The habit is not difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of bhang and ganja for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive when one is associated with habitual excessive consumers. - Evidence of JAMSEDJEE NASSERWANJEE GINWALLA,* Shenshai Parsi, Abkari and Opium Farmer, and proprietor of cotton-ginning factories, Ankleswar.


28. (a) Nearly five tolas, cost 1 and 1/2 annas. (b) Double the quantity. 31. The habit is easily formed. If a person daily uses one of these drugs for six months he usually becomes addicted to it. It is not very difficult to give up the habit when newly formed. In confirmed cases it is rather hard for the person to break it off. There is always a tendency in all intoxicating substances to develop into the excessive from moderate habit. - Evidence of KISAN DULICHAND, Licensed Vendor of Ganja, Nasik


25. In Sind and Gujarat the use of ganja and bhang is on the increase, as they kept the persons using or consuming them in good humour, produce appetite, digestion and rest, and are not so heating as other intoxicating drugs and drinks are. 26. Amongst the consumers there are—(a) 70 per cent. of habitual moderate consumers; (b) 20 per cent. habitual excessive consumers ; (c) 5 per cent. occasional moderate consumers ; and (d) 5 per cent. occasional excessive consumers of bhang and ganja. 28. I give below the average allowance and cost of each drug per day— (a) Habitual moderate bhang drinker comsumes about 12 pies weight, worth about 8 pies. Habitual moderate ganja smoker smokes about 24 pies weight or about 2 annas worth. (b) Habitual excessive consumer of bhang takes about half a lb. or about three annas worth of bhang. Habitual excessive smoker of ganja takes about fifty pies weight, worth about five annas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is gradually formed but not easily broken. It develops from moderate into excessive habit in company or when the person using bhang or ganja is in an indifferent health. - . Evidence of NANNU MIAN B.SHAIKH, Municipal Secretary, Surat.


25. More ganja is consumed every year. The number of consumers is therefore on the increase. The general increase of population seems to be the chief if not the only cause. 26. Respectable people of the classes stated under question 20 smoke ganja stealthily and moderately. Excessive smokers among them are very rare. Occasional moderate consumers can be found here and there among most classes, but occasional excessive consumers are not to be found anywhere. 28. Moderate habitual consumer requires about an ounce of ganja daily and an excessive consumer about double of that quantity. Ganja is sold at annas six per seer, or quarter anna's weight per quarter anna when purchased in small quantity. The rate of bhang is half of ganja, i.e., annas three per seer, or half anna's weight per pice. 1. Bairagis and fakirs who have some good objects in view, as stated further on, cannot do without ganja and bhang, and in their case the habit rarely grows to excess, But in the case of other people want of occupation and association with consumers of ganja and bhang is the chief inducement for forming the habit; laziness being next to it. The same causes may be said to develop the habit into the excessive. The habit once formed is not easy to break off.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VENKAT RANGO KATTI, Pensioner, Dharwar


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is increasing. The reasons for the increase are as follows :—
(a) The number of population is increasing gradually, as ascertained from the tables of the general census of 1891. (b) The opening of railway communication, which brings all classes of people from abroad, among whom are consumers of ganja, etc., and takes away people to places where they are compelled or induced to have recourse to it either by the effects or by the influence of company. (c) The number of consumers having thus increased, the number of friends in their company is also proportionately increased ; so the use among the friends has naturally become general. Of late the consumers, having regard to the increased number, have not been now proportionately held in so much disrespect as before. This has been a strong incentive for the people of loose characters. 26. The proportion of the consumers is as follows:— 1 per cent. (a) habitual moderate consumers. 1/2 per cent. (b) habitual excessive consumers. 3/8 per cent. (c) occasional moderate consumers. 1/8  per cent. (d) occasional moderate consumers. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem are as follows :— PER DIEM. COST.Habitual moderate consumers. 1/2 tola 2 pies. Habitual excessive consumers. not exceeding 2 tolas 8. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed by contracting friendship with those addicted, It is difficult to break off the habit when once formed. There is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of GURAPPA RACHAPPA, Lengayet, Office of Shetti (Revenue and Police), Dharwar.


25. I think there is a small increase in the number of ganja smokers in Bombay. I have formed this opinion from what I see. 28. A moderate habitual consumer of ganja will smoke one tola per diem, and this will cost him one anna. An excesssive habitual consumer of ganja will smoke three tolas a day, which will cost him three annas. An habitual moderate consumer of bhang will drink about quarter of a tola a day, costing him 3 pies, which includes the cost of ordinary spices also. The habitual excessive consumer will drink one tola of bhang, costing him about one anna with ordinary spices. The quantities mentioned here of bhang refer to quantities made clean and ready to be consumed. 31. The habit of consuming ganja and bhang is easily formed if the individual associates with persons who use these drugs. If the habit of consuming ganja and bhang becomes habitual, it is difficult to break it off. There is some tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of LALDAS LAXMONJI, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay


25. The consumption in Sind of ganja, charas and bhang is not increasing to any appreciable extent amongst classes not hitherto accustomed to the drugs, according to the best of my belief; based on enquiries rom Natives well able to judge. The population has increased in round figures from 2,200,000 in 1872 to 2,870,000 in 1891. In 1878 through communication by railway was opened between Sind and the rest of India. Partly then, owing – (a) to increase of population, (b) to the greatly increased comfort of the population ( the doubling of them land revenue in twenty years, and the great rise in wages are evidences of this), (c) to Sind having been rendered easy of access to the consumers of these drugs, (d) an increase in revenue from hemp drugs was to be expected ; and we find accordingly that the revenue has increased in nineteen years from Rs. 76,680 to Rs. 165,310, i. e., it has more than doubled. Factor (c) is, however, undoubtedly the most potent 'of the three. No one who revisited Sind as I did in 1891, after an absence of seventeen years, could avoid being struck with large number of gosais fakirs and wandering ascetics who now throng the province. Partly because Sind is on the way to Garh Hinglaj (a shrine in the Persian Gulf) and partly because the Hindu tradesmen of Sind, formerly very lax observers of their reli¬gion, are now paying greater attention to it and imitating the orthodox of India proper, gosais visit Sind in much larger numbers than before, and they meet with much favour from the Hindu community, which is growing in wealth. The small indigenous colonies of beggars have also been largely recruited. The beggars who, as a class, consume hemp drugs, are for all these reasons, both much more numerous and better off than before, and so the consumption of the drugs appears to be larger than the increase in population itself would naturally warrant. Briefly stated, the classes in Sind principally addicted to the drugs, i. e. the different classes of ascetics, have increased largely in numbers and prosperity and their total consumption has increased proportionately. The census figures of 1891 show 18,594 devotees, singers and sadhus (holy men or gosais) in Sind. I learn at the same time, on good authority, that in the large towns of Sind, and even in rural tracts near Baluchistan, the use of both bhang and ganja is extending amongst the labouring classes. Seedees (men with African blood in them, the descendants of former slaves) have always been addicted to the drugs and so have the Brahuis of Kalat and Afghans of Kandahar, from which, the last-named place, charas comes to Sind. And the unprecedented rise in wages during the last few years has led to the use of the drugs becoming more fashionable amongst men of the poorest coolie class. On the other hand, there are persons who maintain that the repression of smuggling has of late enhanced the drugs in price and actually deprived some off the poor of a luxury which was formerly , within their means. On the whole, I should say that the labouring classes of Sind consume hemp drugs more than they did twenty years ago. There is, I believe, some consumption of the drugs in the Native Army.  - Evidence of MR. H. E. M. JAMES, Commissioner in Sind.


25. The figures of retail sales for the district given below, viz. :— Mds. Srs. 1888-89 . . . . 3,065 39 1889-90 . .. . 3,041 7 1890-91 . . . . 2,691 19 1891-92 . . . . 2,779 23 1892-93 . . . . 2,902 32 tend to show that the use of bhang is not on the increase. Taking the average sales to be 3,000 maunds, the consumption is 10 and 1/2 tolas per head of population. There is no reason to suppose that the consumption of ganja and charas is increasing. 26. The consumers may be divided as follows :— (1) Habitual moderate . . . 70 (2) Habitual excessive . . . 20 (3) Occasional moderate . . . 7 (4) Occasional excessive . . . 3 Total . 100  This was the estimate of Mr. Navalrai, and strikes me as a good one. The great majority of bhang drinkers drink it in moderation, just as an ordinary Englishman drinks his beer. 28. Habitual moderate consumers of bhang are said to consume a quarter of a tola daily on an average, and excessive consumers 10 tolas, the respective prices being one pie and two annas. It is said, however, that as much as a seer has been consumed by an habitual drinker in the day, and an instance has been reported to me of a man who, having drunk bhang habitually for ten years, took three-fourths of a seer of ghundyun mixed with sugar and spices, and having smoked charas also from his pipe, collapsed and lost the use of one eye. He is now to be seen in the city of Shikarpur a complete wreck. 31. The habit of drinking bhang is easily acquired, and relinquished with difficulty if once it is used to excess. Probably bad company is the leading cause why people become excessive drinkers. The second landholder whom 1 ques ¬tioned is himself a consumer, but said, and I believe truly, that he used to drink it to excess ; but, finding how injurious it was, had for some time drunk it in moderation only, and once a day instead of twice, i.e., at evening, in the proportion of about 2 tolas to a pint. He used the expression regarding his former excessive drinking that he could not stand it, as he lost his head, and it led to his being cheated by the banias, so he had reduced his quantity to half an anna, i.e., 2 1/2 tolas per diem. - Evidence of MR. R. GILES, Collector, Shikarpur.


25. Increased, but with the population and not in consequence of greater consumption by individuals, except in the case of charas, the imports of which have increased during the past two years. 26. Bhang. Charas. Ganja. (a) 40 per cent. 60 per cent. 70 per cent. (b) 40 „ 40 „ 30 „ (c) 20 „ (d) Those persons who take charas and ganja become habitual consumers, for the habit is said to grow upon one. 28. (a) Bhang . . 1 and 1/4    tolas = 3 pies. Charas . . 1/8 tola = 6    „ Ganja .. 1/8 ,, = 3    „ (b) Bhang . . 5 tolas = 1 anna. Charas . . 1/4 tola = 1    ,, Ganja . . 1/4 „ = 6 pies. 31. The habit is easily acquired, and the habit of taking ganja and charas is comparatively diffi -cult to break off. The moderate use generally leads to excess in the case of the two drugs named. - Evidence of Mr. C. E. S. STAFFORD STEELE, Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Thar and Parkar District.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang, specially of the latter, is on the increase. Gauja and. charas, when smoked, produce a heating effect and the climate of Sind is hot.. Therefore these two drugs are consumed in a limited quantity. The drinking of bhang has cooling effects and in a hot country like Sind it is, to those who use it, an agreeable beverage. The reason of the increase in the consumption and use of bhang may be attributed to the change in the habits of the people with the march of civilization, when every young man has begun to think that he can do what he likes and may eat and drink whatever he pleases without any check as long as he does not break the law. To prove that charas and ganja are consumed to a very small extent as compared with bhang, I give the figures of consumption for the year 1891-92 for the Hyderabad district :—
Maunds. Seers. Tolas. (1) Bhang . . 1,120 15 39 (2) Charas . . 14 10 67 (3) Ganja . . 39 36 69. 26. The number of habitual as well as occasional excessive consumers of ganja and charas is very small, and the number of occasional moderate consumers is also very small. They should not be taken into consideration. But the number of habitual moderate consumers of charas and ganja may be reckoned at 5 per mille in large cities and towns and 1 per mille in the mufassal. In the case of bhang drinking the proportion may be taken as follows :— In large cities and towns. Per cent. In mufassal. Per cent. (1) Habitual moderate consumers 20 3 (2) Habitual excessive ditto 2 '5 (3) Occasional moderate ditto 1 5 (4) Ditto excessive ditto 2 1  28. The daily average cost of these drugs per diem may be estimated as follows:—Habitual moderate consumers. Habitual excessive consumers. (1) Bhang One pie per head. Six pies per head. (2) Charas Six pies    " Two annas    " (3) Ganja Three pies    " One anna. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs can be easily formed, and it is difficult to break off. There is not much tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive; but it must be remembered that those who are excessive smokers or drinkers had begun by moderate smoking or drinking.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR KADIRDAD KHAN GUL KHAN, C.I.E., Deputy Collector, Naushahro Sub-division.


25. The increase and decrease in the use of these drugs is generally fluctuating and is at present stationary on account of high prices at which they are sold. The rates at which charas and bhang are sold are given below :— (1) Charas—Rs. 10-0-0 per pound of 40 tolas.    (2)  Bhang—Rs. 0-10-0  ,,  ,, ,, ,, ,,    Ganja is not kept in stock by the farmers. The above prices being prohibitive, the consumption of the two drugs has been restricted to a great extent. It may be noted that farmers buy bhang ordinarily at an average rate of one rupee and eight annas per maund, i.e., 3 3/5 pies. per pound. The fluctuations in rates of sale depend upon the price the farmers pay to Government for the mono-poly of the farms, and raise or reduce rates according to the amounts they pay. Towns and cities. Per cent. Outlying villages. Per cent. 26. (a) Of bhang—Hindus    . 20 10 Mussalmans 6 4 Of charas Hindus    . 3 2 Mussalmans 5 3 (b)Of bhang Hindus    . 5 5 Mussalmans 4 3 Of charas Hindus    . 2 1 Mussalmans 3 2 (c) Of bhang Hindus. 22 13 Mussalmans 3 2 Of charas Hindus    . 1 1 Mussalmans 1 1 (d) Of bhang Hindus. 3 2 Mussalmans 2 1 Of charas Nil. The above figures apply to adults only. 28. 1. BHANG. Quantity. Present rate. (a) One tola including stalks..3pies. (b) One anna =5 tolas.    . . 1 anna 3 pies. I have been told by several habitual consumers that there are many habitual consumers who could consume as much as one seer of bhang in one day, but they cannot take such quantities for a number of days without reducing its quantity in the meantime for one day in every two or three days. 2.—CHARAS. Quantity. Present rate. (a) 1 and 1/6 tola. .    .    3 pies. (b) 1/4 tola    .    . .    .    1 anna. . The habit of drinking bhang is easily form ed, if a person associates with habitual drinkers and hears their accounts of the pleasures and lively sensations they enjoy. It is not difficult to break off the habit in the commencement. If a person habituated to its use ceases its consumption, loses appetite, feels thirsty and out of spirits. The use of whey or cooling syrups removes the thirst, but does not stimulate his appetite. In the month of Ramzan many drinkers of bhang and charas cease the use of these drugs without endangering their health. But they cannot forego its use entirely. In the month of Ramzan they take bhang or smoke charas after breaking the fast. It is not easy to break off the habit so easily without injuring one's health, as the use of the drugs becomes as it were part of their diet. The habit of smoking charas is not easily formed ; it requires association of its consumers for a considerable time before the habit is formed, and it cannot be broken off easily for the reasons given above. There is no tendency in the use of any of these drugs for moderate habits to develop into the excessive, as I have seen many persons consuming these drugs in moderate and excessive quantities without the risk of developing their habits into excessive use of the drugs.  - Evidence of S. SADIK ALI SHERALI, Deputy Collector and First Class Magistrate, Frontier District of Upper Sind


25. There is no perceptible increase or decrease. 28. (a) One pie per diem. (b) Half anna per diem. 31. Such habit is not easily formed, but it is very difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency for the moderate habit being developed into the excessive.  - Evidence of WADHUMAL CHANDIRAM, Pensioner, late Huzur Deputy Collector. Karachi


25. It is daily increasing. 26. (a) and (b) On an average half. (c) Ditto one-eighth. (d) Ditto one-tenth. 28. (a) 3 pies. (b) 4 annas. 31. The habit is formed by increasing the quantity - Evidence of RAHMATALA KHAN, Police Inspector, Shikarpur


25. The use of charas and bhang is increasing, for these drugs are liked by people. The use of ganja is decreasing, for it is less intoxicating. Charas-smoking produces heart-burning, makes the semen thin, and sometimes weakens the manly power, produces cough, asthma and dimness of sight. The consumers of bhang mostly like it, because it creates appetite, and gives prolonged pleasure in copulation. The consumers of bhang, after drinking it, smoke charas which gives them great pleasure and then they are gay and merry. 31. The habit is easily formed in bad company. If the consumer wishes it, he can break off the habit gradually, decreasing the quantity, provided he avoids bad company; otherwise it is very diffi-cult to break off. There is not a single excessive consumer who cannot take care of himself while under its influence.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LAKSHMANSING MATTHRAJI , Police Inspector, Hyderabad, Sind


28. (a) 20 grains ganja, 10 grains charas, 100 grains bhang, and each of these respective quan-tities can be had for 3 pies. (b) 80 to 100 grains ganja. 40 to 50      „    charas. 150 to 200    „   bhang. The cost being in proportion to the price above quoted.  The habit is not easily formed, and when once formed is difficult to give up. There is a tendency for the moderate use of these drugs to develop into excess. - Evidence of MR. GEO. JUDD, Head Preventive Officer, Karachi


25. Slightly on increase according to accounts of retail shops. Due partly to increase of population and to the suppression of the illicit importation of ganja from Cutch, Lus Beyla and other places, and charas by rail from Punjab. 26. No returns are kept of consumers. Most consumers, especially of bhang, are habitual moderate. The habitual excessive and occasional moderate consumers are a small minority. 28. Habitual moderate—Bhang, 1 pie to 3 pies. Ganja, 1 pice. Charas, 1 pice. Habitual excessive — Bhang, 2 pice (including massala). Ganja, 2 pice to 3 or 4. Charas, 2 pice to 3 or 4. 31. The habit of consuming all these drugs is easily formed. In the case of excessive consumers of ganja and charas, it is somewhat difficult to break off the habit. Except there be strong will power, there is a tendency for the moderate habit of ganja and charas to devolop into excessive. (Ascertained from close enquiries among numerous consumers). - Evidence of MR. GEO. J. BARKER, Abkari Inspector, Karachi.


31. The habit seems to be easily formed. Bhang may be used occasionally or at certain seasons without the development of a habit; those who take ganja and charas are usually habitual consumers. The habitual use of all these preparations seems difficult to break off, and liable to become excessive - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. BAINBRIDGE, Civil Surgeon, Karachi.


25. The use of all three drugs would appear to be on the increase, as the Karachi Government farmer informs me. Association with people habituated to the use of the drugs is said to be the cause of the increase in the use. 31. The habit of drinking bhang is easily formed. It can be broken off as easily. The moderate habit does not often fail to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR ALUMAL TRIKAMDAS BHOJWANI, Deputy Educational Inspector, Karachi.


28. Habitual moderate consumers minimum Bhang-2 tola=1 anna. Ganja— 1 47 tola=i „ Charas—k tola=1 „ Habitual moderate consumers : maximumBhang-1 tola=i anna. Ganja— 2 tola= 1 ,, Charas-1 tola = 1 ,, Habitual excessive consumers : minimum Bhang-2 tolas=1 anna. Ganja— 1 tola =2 annas. Charas—i tola = 3 „ Habitual excessive consumers : maximumBbang-5 tolas=2i annas. Ganja— 2 tolas=4 „ Charas-1 tola= 6. 31. Nobody forms these habits alone. They are begun in imitation of the habits of companions and are formed with ascendin degrees of difficulty. The habit of drinking bhang is easily formed, as it is not disagreeable, but one must inure oneself to the habit of ganja, and especially to charas, as their fumes are strong and disagreeable, and at first it is almost impossible for the novice to in-hale their fumes into the lungs, especially charas; at first on entering the larynx it produces a violent fit of coughing, and even amongst mawalis a full inhalation will sometimes end in a paroxysm of coughing. A man with powerful lungs will learn the habit sooner, therefore, than one with originally delicate lungs; or than those whose lungs are irritable or are debilitated by disease. I know a mawali who cannot on this account inhale ganja or charas. As a rule, for a healthy man it takes forty days of persistent effort to acquire the habit. It is the society that is difficult to break off. Divorce a man from the society and occupy his time with different motives and objects, and the habit of meeting his companions and the mere craving for the stimulant soon passes away. The practice of these habits is formed and continued in company, where the spirit of rivalry as to who will stand the most of these drugs is always present more or less amongst differently constituted individuals. There is no general tendency of the moderate towards the excessive use; for all Sindhis use bhang in moderate quantities; but the proportion of mawalis to the population would, I should think, be a very small one. - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. KEITH, Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Hyderabad, Sind


28. Charas.—Moderate  consumers use about a pice worth per diem, whilst excessive consumers about an anna's worth or more. Ganja.—Moderate consumers use about a pice worth per diem, while excessive consumers about an anna's worth or more. Bhang.—Moderate consumers about one pice worth. Excessive consumers about an anna's worth daily, the more habitual ones consuming at times two annas per diem. 31. If these drugs are indulged in daily, two or three weeks are sufficient to form the habit. If only occasionally used, the habit becomes grafted in one after three or four months, and, the habit once formed, is difficult to break off. There is said to be a tendency for the moderate to develop into the excessive habit in the use of these drugs where the consumers can afford to spend the extra money. In the case of habitual consumers who are poor the same quantity is said to be consumed daily, as they cannot afford to increase their daily outlay. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. CORKERY, Civil Surgeon, Sukkur


28. (a) From quarter to half anna per diem. (b)  Up to two annas per diem. 31. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) Excepting in the case of debauchees, moderation is the rule. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, EDWARD MACKENZIE, Manora, Karachi, Sind


28. The question of deciding as to what is the average daily allowance per head is a very difficult one to decide, because these drugs are consumed, as a rule, in company, so that at times it appears to so happen that one individual consumes more than another, besides a good deal depends upon modes of living and the temperament of the consumers. For example, a person who is able to provide himself with a good supply of saccharine and fatty food will consume larger quantity than those who are not so favourably placed. From the enquiries 1 have made the following tables have been framed, showing the approximate daily allowance per head. The cost is said to vary in different districts. For instance, in Umurkote, Khipro and Sanghar talukas of Thar Parkar districts subzi sells at 2 seers (4lbs.) per rupee, while in Hyderabad bazar at Rs. 1–4 toRs.1–8:per seer (2lbs.). 1.—For habitual moderate consumers. Names of the drug. Sabzi Average allowance per day. 1 to 2 tolas Cost. 1/4 to 1/2 anna Remarks.NOTE.—Price varies according to the districts. Ganja 1/2 tola 1 to 1 and 1/2 aunas Charas 1/5 dram 3/4 to 1 anna 2.—For habitual excessive consumers. Names of drugs. Average allowance per day. Cost. Remarks. Sabzi    6 tolas    2 annas NOTE.—Price varies in Ganja 2 tolas 3 to 4 annas different districts. Charas 1 and 1/2 to 2 drams  1 and 1/5 to 2 annas. 31. The habit of consuming subzi is said to be easily formed in many cases. The habit is, as a rule, very difficult to break off. It does happen at times that moderate habit of taking subzi develops into the excessive, especially when the consumer gets into some family squabble or misfortune. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, G. M. DIXON, Medical Officer and Superintendent, Nara Jail


31. No, provided the consumer is not naturally of dissipated habits. Yes, as regards ganja and charas. Moderate consumers of bhang can easily break off the habit, as is seen in cases where the drug has been employed for medicinal purposes, or taken as a refreshing draught during the hot season only and discontinued in the cold. Even confirmed bhang drinkers can break off the habit, but, of course, with difficulty. No ; so far as bhang is concerned, I have found from careful enquiry that individuals who have used the drug over periods varying from ten to fifty years have done so without making any appreciable difference in their daily amount of consumption. A case which came under my notice of a man fully 80 years of age, and habituated to taking daily only a pice worth of bhang for forty-three years continuously, bears out my statement ; and this is not the only instance of its kind. -  Evidence of Assistant Surgeon,J. E.BOCARRO,Lecturer, Medical School, Hyderabad (Sind).
          

28. (a) Bhang, 1 and 1/8 tolas, cost 1/4 anna. Charas, 1/16 tola, cost 1/4  anna. Ganja, 1/8 tola, cost 1/4 anna. (b) Bhang, 10 to 20 tolas, cost 2 and 1/4 to 4 and 1/2 annas. Charas, 1/4 to 3/4 tola, cost 1 to 3 annas. Ganja, 1/4 to 3/4 tola, cost 1/2 to 1 and 1/2 annas. 31. Yes ; the habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. It is also easy to break it off, more easy to break off in the case of charas ganja consumers than in those of bhang. There is a tendency, in the case of all these drugs, for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. This is specially marked in the case of bhang. Much, however, depends upon the pecuniary circumstances of the consumer. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, MULCHAND GANGARAM, in charge Larkana Dispensary.


28. The average allowance and cost of — (a)Habitual moderate consumer is— Three-fourth tola at a cost of 1 1/2 pie (?th of an anna) per diem. (b) Habitual excessive consumer— Twenty tolas to 30 tolas at a cost of 6 to 9 annas per day. 31. Yes, the habit of consuming these drugs can easily be formed. Yes, it is difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency of acquiring excessive habit for a moderate consumer. - Evidence of ELIJAH BENJAMIN, Jew, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shikarpur


28.(a) About 1 pice worth, the weight of 2 pice per diem. (b) About 2 annas worth, or 4 oz. per diem. 31. The habit is easily formed but very difficult to breakoff. Beginners start with a very small quantity about the weight of one-twelfth of an anna, and gradually increase it until they arrive at that quantity which they find sufficient to intoxicate. Yes. - Evidence of SHAIK ALI, First Class Hospital Assistant,Jacobabad


26. Per 1000 consumers habitual moderate habitual excessive - Bhang 800 200 Charas 750 250 Ganja 750 250. 31. The habit of consuming the drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off the habit in the cases of ganja and charas chiefly. There is a greater tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive in the case of young adults moving chiefly in bad company. In the case of bhang and ganja the habit develops into the excessive after a comparatively greater length of time than in the case of charas.  - Evidence of DR. S. M. KAKA, Medical Officer of Health, Karachi.


25. It is  now increasing; formerly people were more religious, now they are losing all their scru-ples. Formerly people had great fear under Muhammadan rule, but now being habituated to the use of hemp drugs, the number is increasing. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers of bhang spend 1/2 anna daily, and excessive drinkers drink bhang 1/16 to of a seer daily. (a) Moderate bhang consumers drink 2 tolas. (b) Excessive bhang consumers consume 8 tolas. 31. The habit of drinking bhang is easily contracted, and it leads to excess, and then it is difficult to break off the habit. It would not be difficult to prohibit it in the case of beginners at the habit. - Evidence of MAKHDUM DOST MOHAMMED MAKHDUM FAZUL MOHAMMED, Zamindar, Bubak, Karachi


25. The use of all the three drugs is on the increase. The following reasons have, in my opinion, contributed to this fact:— (1) The population has increased. (2) The present generation is more fashionable and more showy than the last generation. (3) The use of liquor has also increased, and the contagion has spread to bhang drinkers too. 28. (a) One-fourth of a tola of bhang per day . (b) From one tola to 20 tolas bhang. (a) Charas, and ganja. From quarter of a tola to 3 or 4 tolas per day daily. Cost to each cannot be estimated, for there are no uniform rates; hence the quantities alone are given. 31. Those persons who take them occasionally for their beneficial results never contract habits of excess. Those who always take them for their benefits fall into habits of excess. But even these can break off the habit if they do not find them beneficial. They can do so if they are strongminded, but those who are not of strong resolution cannot give up the habit. Labourers, if even habituated to the use of the drugs, cannot break it off; for if they do so, they cannot work with energy. Heavy drinkers and fakirs are convinced that these narcotics are beneficial, and they take them with pleasure. It will be difficult for such to break off the habit. Those who drink or smoke them as a luxury and as an aphrodisiac get into a habit, and as they cannot have sexual pleasure without taking them, they cannot leave them off. But it is not the case that the practice of consuming the drugs is daily increasing. They are only the foolish and dull-witted who get into a stronger habit by taking these as an aphrodisiac; and there are other wellbehaved persons who begin by taking a small quantity and stick to that quantity throughout. But those who take them as a luxury go on increasing the quantity, and at last lose all pleasure and sink into excesses.  - Evidence of SETH VISHINDAS NIHALCHAND, Zamindar, Merchant, and Contractor, Manjoo, Karachi.


25. So far as I can judge, from the information I have gathered, I should say there is no increase in the use of these drugs, except such as may result from increase of population. 28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers — Bhang . . . . 1 paisa. Charas . . . . 2 „ Ganja . . . . 1 „ (b) Habitual excessive consumers–  Bhang    .    .    .    .    anna. Charas    .    .    .    3 to 4 annas.    Ganja    .    .    .    .    3 paisa.. 31. Yes. Yes, but not so difficult for young men, and though difficult, not impossible for any one, especially if the smoker or drinker be well fed. Yes  - Evidence of the REV. A. E. BALL, Missionary, Church Missionary Society, Karachi.


25. The use of bhang and charas is increasing; but the use of ganja is on the decrease. The reason of the decrease in the consumption of ganja is that it does not produce instantaneous intoxication. People have therefore left off ganja and taken to charas. The use of bhang has increased, because it is so cooling, and because more is used in company. 26. The proportion of the consumers cannot be accurately fixed; but the following are the approximate figures:— (a) 90 per cent. (b) 50 per cent. (c) 20 per cent. (d) 10 per cent.  28. (a) Bhang 1 1/2 tolas, and cost six pies. Charas 1 1/2 masa, cost 9 pies. Ganja 3 masas, and cost six pies. 31. The habit is easily formed, and it is rather difficult to break off. The moderate habit develops into the excessive if the quantity is daily increased. - Evidence of MAHOMED LAIK, Mukhtarkar of Hyderabad.


25. Ganja on the decrease and charas on the increase. Ganja takes more time to produce the necessary effect than charas, and hence it is not smoked by many. 26. Bhangper cent. (a) 70 (b) 20 (c) 70    (d) 30 Approximate. I cannot give the exact proportion of the consumers of charas and ganja. 28. The quantity varies greatly, ranging (bhang) from 1/4 tola to 10 tolas, 1/4 (charas) from 1/8 tola to 1 tolas, and (ganja) from 1 4 tola to 1 tola. 1 tola of bhang costs 4 pies. 1 tola of charas costs 6 annas. 1 tola of ganja costs 2 annas. 31. (a) Yes, in company. (b) Yes in case of bhang if the moderate consumers become excessive drinkers, but charas and ganja smokers feel difficulty in breaking off even the moderate habit. (c) Yes  - Evidence of PRIBHDAS SHEWAKRAM ADVANI Secretary, Band of Hope, Hyderabad, Sind.


25. The use of bhang, charas and. ganja is increasing. 26. (a) Bhang, 25 per cent. Ganja 7 per cent. Charas, 5 per cent. (b) Bhang 5 per cent. Charas, 2 or 3 per cent. Ganja, 3 or 4 per cent. (c) Bhang, 10 per cent. Charas and ganja, 1 or 2 per cent. (d) Bhang, 5 per cent. Charas or ganja, 1 or 2 per cent.  28. (a) Bhang drinkers—i of an anna, s of tola. Ganja-1/4 of a tola, 6 pies. Charm—1/6 of a tola, 1 anna. (b) Bhang-1/8 of a seer, cost 2 annas 6 pies. Ganja-2 tolas, 4 annas. Charas--1 tola, 6 annas. 31. The habit of drinking bhang is easily formed and is easily broken off. The moderate use of it does not lead to a habit. Excessive consumers will find it difficult to break off the habit quickly.- Evidence of TIRITHDAS HASRAJMAL, Member of the firm of Denmal Sachanond, Karachi.


25. The use of all three is on the increase. The reasons for it are :(1) The farmers of bhang in Sind sell these drugs at very high rates. As, for instance, in Karachi bhang is sold at Rs 2-8-0, in the Hyderabad taluka at Re. 1-10-8, and in the Hyderabad district at Re. 1-4-0, and in the Thar and Parkar district at one rupee per seer, while its original price is from anna one to annas two per seer. On account of these high rates, cultivators cultivate hemp plant secretly, which they use themselves and give to others, and consequently such persons who can get it drink it in excess. If the selling price were cheaper, the cultivators would never think of planting it secretly. (2) People learn to drink bhang in bad company. This reason is equally applicable to ganja and charas. 26. (a) For habitual moderate consumers vide answers to questions 20 and 24. (b One-fourth of the number, vide answers to questions 20 and 24. (c) 25 per cent, of those whom I have excluded in the answer to questions 20 and 24. (d) Rarely any. 28. (a) Bhang, one tola, cost 4 pice ; charas, 1/2 tola, cost 3 annas ; ganja 1/2 tola, cost one Hanna. (b) Bhang, one chatang (5 tolas), cost one anna and eight pies ; charas, 1 and 1/2 tolas, cost 9 annas ; ganja 2 tolas, cost 4 annas. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed. Yes; it is rather difficult to break off. Yes, there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive in the cases of charas and ganja, but not in the case of bhang.  - Evidence of PESUMAL .NARUMAL, Farmer and Merchant, Hyderabad


25. It is not on the decrease. It keeps stationary. 31. Some persons gradually acquire the habit by keeping on smoking it occasionally. The habit is very difficult to break off.  - Evidence of AHRUMOL PRITAMDAS, Farmer of Bhang, Charas, Ganja and Opium, Karachi


25. It is on the increase. 31. Certain persons gradually get into habits of excess by continually smoking it. It is difficult to abandon the habit.  - Evidence of MANGHANMAL ALUMAL, Bhang, Ganja and Charas, and Opium farmer, Karachi


25. The use of ganja is decreasing, but that of bhang and charas is increasing. The reasons are that ganja does not produce intoxication immediately, hence its use is decreasing. Charas produces an instantaneous intoxication, hence it is extensively used. Bhang is cooling, hence it is more resorted to. 26. These preparations cannot be accurately given, but the following are estimated to be the numbers :-(a) Bhang, charas, and ganja 1/4. (b) Cannot be ascertained. (c) Bhang 1/8 charas 1/16, ganja 1/16 (d) Cannot be given. 28. (a) Bhang 1 1/2 tola, 6 pies ; charas 1 and 1/2 massa, 9 pies; ganja 1 and 1/2 massa, 6 pies. (b) Nothing. 31. The habit is easily formed in company, and it is difficult to break off ; the moderate habitual
use leads to the excessive if the quantity is daily increased.  - Evidence of DAYARAM KISHUNCHAND, Bhang, Charas and Ganja, and Opium Farmer, Hyderabad.


The use of bhang is increasing, and so of charas, but the consumption of ganja in this province is very limited. 26. No definite proportions of people consume these drugs. The proportions are given under Nos. 28 :id 30, and more quantity is consumed on festivals and gatherings. 28. The cost of bhang per diem to customers cannot be fixed. Some spend 3 pies, some 1 pie, some 2 pies, some 2 annals, and some 4 annas ; but there are very few excessive consumers. The cost of charas per diem is from 1 pice to 4 pice or 2 annas, and very little ganja is used in this province. 31. Long practice leads to the formation of a habit. It is difficult to break off. The moderate habit does not develop into the excessive. - Evidence of DIN MAHOMED, Contractor, Shikarpur.


25. It is neither on increase nor on decrease. The use of these depends on the means of persons who are addicted to their use. 26. (a) 25 per cent. of the consumers. (b) 5 per cent. of the consumers. (c) 69 per cent. of the consumers . (d) 1 per cent. of the consumers. 28. (a) One anna per diem. ( b ) Four minas per diem. 31. It is easily formed by society, but difficult to break it. There is a tendency to develop into the excessive use.  - Evidence of C. SHAM RAO, Attachè to the Resident at Hyderabad, now at Pusad, Basim District


25. The use of ganja and bhang appears to be, of late, on the decrease. From the figures given in the reply to question No. 20 the total consumption of the drug during the past two years is far below the average consumption of the past nine years. The habit of smoking  ganja or drinking bhang is considered by the better classes of people to be very degrading, and therefore less addicted to. 28. The average allowance of ganja per day to a habitual moderate consumer is said to be half a tola, while that of bhang to be one quarter tola. The average allowance of ganja to a habitual excessive consumer is said to be three tolas per day, while that of bhang to be one tola. 31.    The habit of consuming the hemp drug, especially ganja, can be very easily formed ; and when once formed it is very difficult to get rid of it. It is said that there is a general tendency in the ease of ganja smoking alone for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, which is not the case with bhang eating or drinking. - Evidence of KRISHNARA0 HARI, Officiatiny Extra Assistant Commissioner, Buldana.


25. It has increased. I say this from the rise in the price of ganja within the last ten years or so. Formerly only the old and grown up people used to partake of the drug, but now even boys also take it. 31. Yes ; it is easily formed. It is difficult to break off. I can't say about the development into excessive habit.  - Evidence of ABARAO JAUROO, Maratha, Karbhari Patel and Special Magistrate, Khamgaon, A kola District.


25. Said to be on the increase. It is much cheaper than opium and spirit. 26. Cannot say. Both ganja and bhang are consumed in moderation by most of the habituals; those that use them in excess are few.  28. (a) Six masas (1/2 tola)} (b) Two and a half tolas.  About six pies per tola. 31. Yes ; it becomes a habit if taken regularly for ten or twelve days ; but it is not difficult to break off. If the user does not control his wish to obtain the same full effect he experienced when he first began the habit. - Evidence of MR. A. ARDAGH, Deputy Superintendent of Excise, Ellichpur.


25. On the increase on account of opium being dear and cannot drink liquor on account of religious prejudices and dearness. 26. (a) Not many in this province (b).All jogis and fakirs.(c)and (d) Few. Cannot give pro-portion. 28. About 1/2 tola costs quarter anna ; 2 to 3 tolas cost one to one and-a-half anna. 31. Yes it is easily formed by daily practice. It is not difficult to break off. Yes, it is taken to excess gradually. - Evidence of MR. J. C. WATCHA, Excise Inspector, Ellichpur


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase in this taluk. Day by day the state of the people becomes poorer and poorer ; and as they have not got means to use any other costly drugs besides this they are obliged to use ganja. Among Hindus drinking of liquor is prohibited, and if they drink they are kept out of caste ; but if they smoke ganja they are not kept out of caste. Under all these circumstances, I am of opinion that there is an increase as stated. 26. The proportion of the consumers of any of these drugs is as follows : — (a) 10 per cent, (b) 5 per cent. (c) 2 per cent. (d) 3 per cent. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem are as follows :— (a) 3 pies. (b)2 annas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed. It is difficult to break off at once. There is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of WAMAN GANESH, Tahsildar, Wun


25.It cannot be stated that there is increase of these drugs in this taluk. 26.The proportion of the consumers of these drugs is as follows:— (a) 25 per cent. (b) 75 " (c) 5 " (d) 25 ". 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, but the habit of smoking is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of VICKOOJI NARAIN, Tahsildar, Kathapur


25. The increase and decrease in any of these drugs cannot be correctly given ; but there seems to be a decrease. The quantity used during the
Year. M. S. 1887-88 . . . . 39 7 1888-89 . . . . 21 14 1885490 . . . . 65 7 1890-91 . . . . 41 9 1891-92 . . . . 26 26
28. The average allowance per diem to habitual moderate consumers is 3 pies and to habitual excess consumers I anna. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is not easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. There is no tendency in any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive - Evidence of VINAYAK APPAJI KAUR, Brahmin, Officiating Tahsildar, Darwa, Wun District


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the increase. The reason is that the number of the shops of these drugs is much increased on the recommendation of contractors wherever needed. This fact evidently shows that the consumption is on the increase. 26. The following are the proportions of the consumers :— Ganja. Bhang. (a) Habitual moderate consumers    . 5 3 (b) Habitual excessive consumers    . (c) Occasional moderate consumers . 12 1 5 1 (d) Occasional excessive consumers . 2 1 20 10 28. The following is the average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem to—(a) Habitual moderate consumers—Allowance. Tolas. Cost. Annas. ••    . Ganja. 2 and 1/2 2 •    •    • Bhang.(b) Habitual excessive consumers — Ganja. 2 5 1 4 Bhang. '    •    • 5 2 and 1/2. 31. The habit of consuming bhang and ganja is easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. There is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of LAXMAN GOPAL DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Naib Tahsildar, Mangrul Taluk, District Basim


28. (a) One and a half drachm of ganja, the cost of which is three pie, will last a moderate consumer about four days. One ounce of bhang, the cost of which is three pie, will last a moderate consumer about four days. (b) Four ounces of ganja, the cost of which is two minas, will be consumed by an excessive smoker in one day. Four ounces of bhang, the cost of which is six pie, will be used by an excessive consumer in one day. 31. The habit of ganja smoking is easily contracted and never abandoned, except under compulsion. It is the same with bhang. There is no tendency as a rule for a moderate to become an excessive consumer of ganja or bhang.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR C. L. SWAINE, Officiating Sanitary Commissioner, and Inspector- General of Dispensaries


28. (a) Ganja up to 5 tolas, costing . 2 1/2 annas. Charas „ „ 3 masas, „ . 2 ,, Bhang „ „ 5 tolas, „ . 1 (b) Ganja up to 15 tolas, „ 7 or 8 „ Charas „ „ 1/2 tola, .5.5 .    4 ,, Bhang „ „ 10 tolas, „ . 2 ,,. . The habit is acquired easily, and is very difficult to break off. There is a tendency for the moderate to develop into the excessive habit. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. B. ROE, Civil Surgeon, Amraoti.


28. Ganja — (a) Twice a day. (b) Frequently during day. Bhang. — (a) Once a day occasionally. (b) Never more than once a day, and then in early evening. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN E. W. REILLY, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Jail, Akola


28. In this district ganja is the only part of the plant that is used for smoking. The average allowance and cost per diem being for (a) one-fourth of an anna or one tola for two days; (b) varies from one to two arenas. 31. The habit of consuming any of these drugs is easily formed, for the ganja chillum is always made welcome to anybody who joins the party of ganja smokers. It is not difficult to break off the habit of smoking ganja, as it is not often procurable in small villages. As a rule, no ; but in some instances moderate smokers gradually become ex.  - Evidence of DR. O. W. JONES, Civil Surgeon, Basim


28. Half a tola daily of ganja for habitual moderate consumers, cost 0-0-3 ; 1 1/2 tolas for excessive consumers, cost 0-0-9. Charas not used. Bhang used moderately in summer by a few only. Can't say cost. 31. Habit easily formed ; difficult (when unrestrained) to break off. Yes, the tendency is to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of DR. J. MORRISON, Civil Surgeon, Yeotmal


31. Yes ; the habit is easily formed and is difficult to break off. There is a tendency in a few cases only to develop into excess. In such cases the individual eats but little, and all his earnings are spent on his acquired pernicious habit. - Evidence of DR. W. J.. MONTGOMERY, Civil Surgeon, Buldana


28. (a) One-fourth to half an ounce ; 1/4 to 1 anna. (b) Half to 2 ounces or more ; 1 to 4 minas and more. 31. Not unless it is practised for some time, viz., a month or two, without interruption. The longer the period of indulgence, the harder it is to break off. Yes ; in all there is a tendency to develop into the excessive from a moderate commencement.  - Evidence of S. BAIJNATH, Medical Officer, Mady Hospital, Badnera.


28. (a) Habitual moderate consumers. (Charas is not used, not being available.) Ganja chattack . 2 annas. Bhang 4 do.    . 3 pies. (b) Habitual excessive consumers Ganja 2 chattacks . 8 annas. Bhang 16 do.    . 1 anna. 31. The habit is easily formed and not so difficult to break off as that of opium and alcohol. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of DR. S. G. STEINHOFF, Medical Officer in charge, Charitable Dispensary, Khamgaon


28. The habitual moderate consumers require one tola of ganja for smoking every day, and if they use bhang instead of ganja, they require a quarter tola of it. The habitual excessive consumers require three tolas of ganja or one tola of bhang for smoking or drinking per day. The cost of the drug in the case of moderate consumers is half anna, and in the case of excessive consumers it is one-and-a-half anna per day. The cost of the bhang is very trifling— a pie or two the most. 31. The habit of consuming the drug is easily formed, and it is difficult to give it up. There is a tendency in the ease of a moderate habit to develop into excessive use. - Evidence of MR. DINKER NARAYEN, District Superintendent of Vaccination, Buldana.


28. (a) About four or five masas, costing 3 pies per diem.(b) About 20 masas, costing 1 anna and 3 pies. 31. Yes, the habit is easily formed. It is somewhat difficult when the habit is thoroughly formed to give it up, but it is not attended with any danger. There is a decided tendency for the moderate habit to develop into excessive - Evidence of M. DOORGIAH PILLAY, 1st Class Hospital Assistant, in medical charge, AKola Dispensary


28. (a) A tola, cost half an anna, (b) Four tolas, cost two annas. 31. The habit of these drugs is easily formed. It is not difficult to break off. There is every tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of M. POONAMBALAM MOODELIAR, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shegoon


28. ( a) Habitual moderate consumers can smoke or think about an ounce of ganja or bhang in a day. The cost of an ounce of ganja is one anna, and that of bhang , is one pice. (b) Habitual excessive consumers can smoke or drink about eight ounces of ganja or bhang in a day. - Evidence of R. N. MUDHOLKAR, L.M.S., Private Medical Practitioner, Amraoti


25. On the increase certainly, and this will be found from the statistics of sale from Government. 26. Ganja smoking. Bhang eating or drinking. 1.70 per 100 0.30 per cent. 0.10 per 100 .10 „ 0'10 per 100 1.50 „ 0'10 per 100 0.2 „ The above percentage refers to smokers and drinkers only and not to all the inhabitants of a town or country. 28. Ganja smoking. Bhang eating. (a) 1/2 a tola per day (a) 1/4 tola per day. (b) 4/5 tola per day. The cost is about a pice for an habitual moderate consumer and about an anna to one and half an anna for an habitual excessive consumer. 31. More easily than other narcotics, and the habit is not more difficult to be broken off than other narcotics. There is no tendency. - Evidence of G. V. KOT, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Amraoti.


25.I believe the use of ganja, charas and bhang is on decrease. All the people who are dedicated to its use are found to be old persons, and I have hardly noticed any young man dedicated to the habit ; and it is not the case that people of elderly age take to these habits ' and I have also ascertained. from contractors that now the consumption is much less than it was before. 31.Yes, it is easily formed and it is difficult to break, and there is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into excessive. I am told the habit of consuming ganja is taken by smoking it with friends. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NAWAB MUHAMMA.D SALAMULLA KHA.N, Jagirdar, Deulghat, Buldana District.


25. It is on the decrease, partly because liquor is more easily procurable, and costs less trouble, and partly because the rates of bhang are going up. No bhang drinker will, however, as a rule, take to drink. a), (b) and (c) Yes.  - Evidence of G. S. KHAPERDE, Brahmin, Pleader, Amraoli.


25. Judging from the published returns of retail sales, the use of ganja (charas not being used) seems to have slightly increased ; the reason, apparently, being that it is a cheap intoxicant. 26. (a) About 90 per cent. (b) About 10. (c) Five per cent. (d) About one per cent. 28. (a) Ganja. From one to two tolas, cost 2 to 12 pies. (b) From 6 to 12 tolas. As regards cost, 1 to 8 annas. With regard to bhang. (a) From 2 to 4 tolas, (b) from 8 to 12 tolas. The average cost per tola of ganja is from 2 to 6 pies. Bhang is sold at 6 to 10 tolas per quarter anna. Marwar bhang is sold at 2 tolas for 3 pies. (a) Bhang : cost per diem 1 to 3 pies. (b) Bhang : cost per diem 3 to 12 pies. 31. The habit is easily formed when in company with habitual consumers of ganja and bhang. It is difficult to break off. There is a tendency to excess - Evidence of YESHWANT VAMAN DIGHE, Pleader, Basim.


25. Neither on the increase nor on the decrease. 26. For ganja. For bhang. (a) 50 per cent. 12 1/2 per cent. (b) 25 " 12 1/2    " (c) 15 " 37 1/2    " (d) 10    " 37 1/2 "  28. (a) Garda — 6 mashas . 1 pice. Bhang— 5 tolas    .    . 1 pice. (b) Ganja — From 8 to 10 tolas 4 annas. Bhang worth    . 2 annas. 31. The habit is not easily formed.    It is difficult if indulged in for a considerable time.    But it could be broken Off if attempted in a few days. There is no tendency to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of NIAMAT KHAN BILAN KHAN, Merchant, Balapur, Akola District


25. The use of ganja and bhang may be said to be on the increase. Had it been otherwise, a large quantity of hemp might have been lying idle year after year. But this is not the case. All the hemp that is produced in the province falls short of yearly requirements, and to meet them a large quantity of it is imported also. Again the import trade of hemp is on the increase, and the excise farmers bid higher at the auction every year. This shows that the number of ganja or bhang consumers cannot hut be on the increase. 26. The proportion of habitual moderate consumers of ganja to the habitual excessive occasional moderate and occasional excessive consumers of it is as 5, 2, 3, and 1, and in case of bhang it is as 4, 2, 3, and 1. 28. The average cost of ganja or bhang per diem to the habitual moderate consumers is one anna, to the excessive consumers four annas. 31. As vice has more false charms than virtue, the human nature, being frail, easily falls under the clutches of the former ; and as ganja or bhang is a vice, the habit of consuming it is easily formed. There is also a tendency in the case of ganja and bhang for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of LAKSHMAN ATMARAM MAHAJAN, Merchant, Manjrul Pir


25. The use of ganja, bhang and charas is on the decrease. It is due to education that the people are lately given. 31. Yes ; the habit is easily formed by company, and once used to it cannot break it off without difficulty.  - Evidence of KHAJA ABDUL BAKI, Money-lender, Mehkar, Buldana District


25. According to the Drug Contractor’s statement, the consumption of drug is on the decrease. 31. The habit to become a drug consumer is easily formed. It is very difficult to leave it off. A moderate consumer will in time become excessive. - Evidence of MR. G. BENNETT, Abkari Inspector, Ajmere.


28. Ganja. Charas. Bhang. (a) 1 pice worth. (b) 4 annas worth. a)1 pice worth. b) 4 annas worth. a) 1 pie worth. b) 2 annas. 31. The habit of consuming these drugs is formed in much the same way as that of tobacco smoking and is as easy (or difficult, as the case may be) to break off - Evidence of MR. G. W. GAYER, District Superintendent of Police, Ajmere


28. A moderate consumer can drink bhang from 3 mashas to 1 tola at a time. Ganja and charas too can be smoked in similar quantities. Government contractors supply a tola of bhang for two pies. Where there is no contract, it can be had gratis. Government Contractors charge an anna per tola for ganja and three annas per tola for charas. Where there is no contract, ganja can be had at three pies per tola, and charas at six pies per tola. Excessive consumers can drink a quarter seer of bhang at a time, and can smoke five tolas of ganja or charas during the whole day. The habit of consuming these drugs can easily be formed by using them in company for some time. It can be easily broken off. Those who break off have to suffer pain in the limbs and sometimes in the whole body, and have to yawn constantly for three days. Water flows from the eyes, appetite diminishes, and the person suffers from constipa -tion. After the expiration of the said period the person feels no desire for these drugs. This can be done in the case of both the moderate and excessive consumers. There is no tendency in any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DR SHEIKH ELAHI BUX, Government Pensioner and Honorary Mgistrate, Ajmere


31. The habit of drinking bhang and smoking charas and ganja is easily formed. To check this bad habit is very difficult ; and there is a tendency in the case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive ; for intoxication of these dings produces grotesque aspects, and therefore always tends to increase his habit of intoxication.  - Evidence of ASGHUR ALI KHAN, Hospital Assistant, Ajmere Dispensary.


31. Among Hindus the habit of drinking bhang is easily formed, because on certain occasions it is used amongst them as a custom ; consequently they get used to it, and if they do not get it at the appointed time, their limbs begin to pain, and they feel altogether out of sorts ; hence it is difficult to break off. Moderation and excess depend on one's temperament.  - Evidence of ABDUL KAYUM, Hakim, Ajmere.


28. The consumers of these drugs might know their average allowance and cost. Some people take bhang in one masha dose, some more than this. At first they use it in small quantity ; there is no fixed dose for it. I know nothing of its price ; those who sell it know about it. Bhang, ganja and charas are habitually used—some use moderately. 31. Habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed in company. It is difficult to break it off ; and if broken, it brings on diseases, such as loss of appetite, breaking of limbs, indigestion, giddiness, feeling fatigue on work. At first it is taken in little quantity, but some increase it gradually and some not. - Evidence of JATI AMAR HANSA, Baid, Ajmere.


25.Use of ganja is, I think, on the increase. Coffee and cardamom estates are now opened, and the large gang coolies working in them take to ganja smoking. 28.(a) Two or three pies. (b) Six pies. 31.Not easily formed. They say it is difficult to break off. There is a tendency of moderate smoking of ganja, developing into the excessive. - Evidence of MR. A. BOPPANNA, Planter, Bepunaad, Green Hills, Coorg.


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang seems to be on the decrease in this district. The country is becoming more settled, and the low class Indians, who were numerous during war time, have decreased in numbers. 28 (a) Bhang. Ganja. Charas. 2 tolas 1 tola 1 tola. Cost 5 pies As. 1-6 As. 4. (b) Bhang , Ganja. Charas. 4 tolas 2 tolas 4 tolas. Cost 9 3/5 pies. As. 3 Re 1. 31. The habit of consuming bhang is easily formed. It is not difficult to break off this. Charas and ganja develop into the excessive. - Evidence of MAJOR G. GAISFORD, Deputy Commissioner, Quetta, Baluchistan


25. Certainly in decrease in this sub-division and in other provinces too. 28. Rs. A. P. (a) 0 0 6 . . 1/8 tola at four tolas per rupee. (b) 0 2 0 . .1/2 do. do. 31. Habit of consuming these drugs is formed in two months if used daily without fail. Tendency is certain in case of any of these drugs for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive.  - Evidence of KAZI IMAMUDDIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Pishin


28. (a) Bhang 1/2 chittak for 6 pies, and charas 3 mashas per anna. (b) Bhang 4 chittaks of 2 annas, and charas 2 tolas of 8 annas. 31.The habit of consuming any of them is not easily formed, except they are used for months. It is easy to break off the habit. There is no tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, yet very rare examples are seen in some foolish persons - Evidence of MUHAMMAD YUSUF, Hospital Assistant, New Chaman.


28. (a) Bhang : 3 tolas, cost 5 pies. Charas : 2 tola, cost 2 annas. Ganja : 1 tola, cost 2 annas. (6) Bhang 1/4 seer, cost 2 annas 8 pies. Charas : 2 tolas, cost 8 annas. Ganja : 2 tolas, cost 4 annas. 31. Habit of consuming these drugs is formed easily. It is difficult to break it off amongst habitual consumers, and as regards to tendency it is a well-known fact that these drugs develop from a moderate into an excessive use in a very little time. - Evidence of WARYAM SINGH, Hospital Assistant, Pishin


28. (a) Ganja 1/2 tola ; price varies at different stations ...    1/2 to 1 anna.    Bhang    oz ; price varies at different stations. 1/4 anna, (b) Ganja 3 to 5 tolas ; price,    varies    at different stations . 3 to 5 annas. Bhang 2 to 4 oz.; price varies at different stations . 1 to 2 annas. 31.. (a) No. (b) and (c) Yes.  - Evidence of MOHAMMAD AKBAR ALI KHAN, Senior Hospital Assistant, Quetta


28. (a) Bhang 1/2 chittack, cost 0 0 6 Charas 3 mashas 45 grains, cost 0 1 0 (b) Bhang 4 chittacks, cost 0 2 0 Charas 1 tola, cost 0 4 0. 31.    (a) and (b) Yes. (c) Yes, always; most common in bad company and idleness. - Evidence of BHUGWAN DASS,    Khattri, Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


25. I have not any reason to think it increasing or decreasing. Any increase there may be is due to the large influx of natives of India (troops, military police, and followers) since the annexation of Upper Burma. Question 25. [oral evidence] — I personally know nothing of any extensive smuggling, not more extensive than it used. to be. One hears of it through the Post Office. Smuggling at ports through the Customs House would not come to my knowledge except when the Excise Officer had to interfere : this is rare. Smuggling through the post office would come to my knowledge through the Excise Officer's diaries. Only two cases have (so far as my memory serves me) come to my knowledge during the last two years while I have held charge of the Tenasserim Division. Before that I was in the Irrawaddy Division. I have no particular recollection of smuggling there. It has to be remembered that the greater portion of the smuggling from the sea would come through Rangoon; and I have no personal knowledge of that, though I used to hear a great deal about it in newspapers and in casual statements which I had neither means nor desire of verifying. I have no confidence that I have ascertained the facts about smuggling. I do not mean at all to assert that there is little smuggling, but simply that I personally have no facts. Since the Government prohibited the drug it has done nothing special to enforce the prohibition. It has left it to its officers to carry out the orders issued. It has left it to its officers to arrest the offenders and its magistrates to punish them. I have no recollection of any orders of any kind being issued by Government. I have no recollection of any censures or strictures regarding ganja in Excise Reports. The stern prohibition issued by Sir Ashley Eden still remains in force, and I understand Government considers it sufficient. In my opinion it is the most that can be done. I do not see that anything else can be done, though it is not sufficient to absolutely prevent smuggling. I consider that there is no need of increase in zeal in enforcing this prohibition in my Division. If I heard casually even of smuggling there, I should have it carefully inquired into. The annexation of Upper Burma has not had any appreciable effect in increasing the rate of immigration of natives of India into Tenasserim. The normal rate has continued. There have also been some grants of land given to natives of India in the north of my Division, and this has perhaps slightly increased immigraton. Natives of India work better than Burmans. But the Indian population is not ver y markedly greater than twenty years ago in proportion to the general increase of population in my Division. If anything, immigration will increase. There is no ground to believe that it will cease.  - Evidence of COLONEL H. R. SPEARMAN, Commissioner, Tenasserin Division


25. Decrease I should say, for I have had very few cases before me within the past few years.  - Evidence of MAJOR B.A. N. PARROTT, Officiating Commissioner, Southern Division.


25. I should say that ganja is more used than formerly. I believe the military police introduced into Burma since the annexation indulge in this when they can get it. 31. There is no tendency to excessive consumption. After indulgence for one year the habit is hard to break off.  - Evidence of MR. A. R. BIRKS, Officiating Commissioner, Arakan Division.


25. Its use among Burmans is so trifling as to be scarcely worth notice. - Evidence of MR. H. ADAMSON, Deputy Commissioner, Meiktila.


25. Hardly prevalent, except by a few natives of India and Siamese. 31. (a) , (b) and (c) Yes. - Evidence of MR. H. G. BATTEN,* Deputy Commissioner, Mergui


25. On the decrease. Reasons : I have not had any cases brought to court for some years. Illicit use, or sale, or possession is promptly reported for sake of the reward. - Evidence of MAJOR G. S. EYRE, Deputy Commissioner, Sagaing.


25. Rapid decrease among Burmans and Shans, owing to the absolute prohibition of the drug and measures adopted to enforce it. The use of the various forms of the hemp plant is rather common among natives of India. 31. Among Burmans and Shans it does not amount to a habit. They have no difficulty in refraining from its use, because they so seldom take it. - Evidence of MR. W. N. PORTER, Deputy Commissioner, Upper Chindwin.


25. The use of ganja is, I think, on the increase in Burma, because the number of cases in court have, I think, increased since more native of India troops and military police came into the country subsequent to the events of 1885. My three years' experience as District Magistrate of Rangoon leads me to say this, and the influx of natives of India steadily going on should cause this result.  - Evidence of MR. A. L. HOUGH, Deputy Commissioner, Akyab


25. Decrease amongst the Burmans. Natives of India use it when they can get it. 26. Not known. 27. The poor class. Habits of life or circumstances which lead to the practice not known. 28. Not known. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja, either because it is too strong or too expensive. Bhang massala is not known to me. 30. As ganja is prohibited in the province, its consumption is practised in solitude. Mainly confined to the male sex and not given to children. 31 (a) Yes. Not by Burmans. (b). Yes. Question 25. [oral evidence] — I do not know of the Burmans using the drug at all now. It has been prohibited for twenty years. The Indians can get the drug when they want it. I am told it is worth its weight in silver. An ordinary chatty full is worth about Rs. 50. A man I arrested told me this was the value of the drug. The prohibition has been effectual in regard to the Burmans, but has not had any apparent effect in regard to the people of India. I have no personal knowledge that the Burmans used to consume the drug, but have been told. that they did. The prohibition has been effectual in preventing the Burmans taking to it, and I have been told by Burmans that some have given it up in consequence of the prohibition- Evidence of MR. J. S. D. FRASER, Deputy Commissioner, Pegu.


28. Habitual moderate consumers take about four grains of charas, fifteen grains of ganja and about thirty grains of bhang leaves for a dose twice daily. Habitual excessive smokers take five, six or more times the above quantities. 31. I believe the habit of taking bhang is easily acquired, but ganja and charas depend a great deal on the constitution of the individual ; some acquire it easily, others suffer more or less. The habit thus acquired is not easily broken off. With some, all these drugs from a moderate use may develop into excessive habit.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL P. N. MOOKERJEE, Civil Surgeon, Sagaing, Upper Burma.


31. Easily formed. Difficult to break off voluntarily. There is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. T. THOMAS, Civil Surgeon, Moulmein.


31. As far as my information goes, the habit is easily formed and difficult to break off. There appears not to be any great tendency to develop the habit to excess. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN R. E. S. DAVIS, Superintendent, Central Prison, Rangoon.  


28. (a) About twenty grains, worth one anna in Burma, and half an anna in India ; (b) Varies a great deal, bat about a drachm in majority of cases, costing from two to three annas. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. H. DANTRA, Civil Surgeon, Mandalay.


28. Unable to give any information on this subject, as I have seldom come across habitual or excessive consumers of ganja amongst the Burmese. 31. Yes ; the habit is easily formed and difficult to break off, as in the case of any other narcotic drug, e.g., opium, alcohol, etc. There is always a tendency in ganja also to lead from moderation to excess in its use. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON O. L. MOONSHI, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of Jail, Maubin, Thongwa District.


28. BHANG. GANJA. CHARAS. Allowance per diem. Cost per diem. Allowance per diem. Cost per diem Allowance per diem. Cost per diem. Moderate . . . 1 to 2 tolas 3 pies 1/2 tola 1 anna 1/4 tola 1 anna. Excess . . . 5 to 10 tolas 9 pies 2 tolas 4 annas 1 to la 4 annas. 31. It is easily formed  and can be easily broken off. Yes, the moderate habit of using these drugs will gradually run into excess - Evidence of SONA MULL, Brahmin, First Grade Hospital Assistant, in medical charge of Dispensary and Jail, yanaung.


25. The use of all these drugs is on the increase, first because they are cheap, and second because their use is not prohibited among Hindus, who are the chief consumers. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs to habitual moderate consumers is as below:— Quantity. Cost. Ganja 2 tolas. 1 anna. Charas 2 " 1 " Bhang 2 " 1/2 - Answer 1 , Army


25. Not known, as no previous enquiries have been made on this subject. 28. Six pies per man per day - Answer 3 , Army


25. Said to be on the decrease. Owing to the increase of trade, agriculture, education, etc., and the removal of oppression, the people have fewer cares and griefs. 28. 1 1/4 tolas = 1 1/2 pies bhang a day. 1 1/2 mashas= 6 pies charas a day. Ganja is said to be unknown in these parts - Answer 7 , Army


25. The use of ganja and bhang is decreasing, and very rare now, as the men who used these drugs have mostly gone on pension. Charas is never used and scarcely known in these parts. 28. One pice worth is a usual daily allowance - Answer 8 , Army


25. The use of ganja, bhang and charas is on the decrease as compared with former times, because people are becoming more alive to the injury caused by these drugs, and the officers now exercise complete supervision. 28. The average consumption of bhang is 3 mashas, 3 pies, that of charas 3 mashas, 6 pies, and ganja 6 mashas, 3 pies, among moderate consumers. The others take larger quantities, which cannot be given exactly.  - Army, Answer 11


25. Judging from past experience, on the decrease. 28. The ganja-smokers consume about half a pice worth daily, and the bhang-drinkers consume about 1 pie worth daily. - Army, Answer No. 13.


25. The regiment is composed entirely of Dogras, who are as a race greatly addicted to tobacco, but do not use any of the hemp preparations. 28. About 3 pies per diem - Army, Answer No. 14.


25. Decidedly on the decrease. In the old days before my time, many more men used these drugs. Accounted for by men of the old Hindustani type not having been enlisted for years. 28. Have no data whence to derive this information. - Army, Answer 15.


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease, one reason being that they are expensive, another that it is considered a bad practice. 28. Bhang, about 1 1/4 tola, cost about 4 pies per diem. Charas and ganja 1/9 tola cost about 9 pie - Army, Answer No. 16.


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease. It has been found that since the establishment of regimental schools, the use of these drugs has greatly decreased and is decreasing daily. Men in former days, when they were not required to pass examinations for promotion, indulged in the drugs to pass their time in pleasure, a certain amount of which appears to be obtained from their use. But, owing to the increased state of efficiency now required from all ranks, men now devote their leisure hours to study and the mastering of their various duties. 28. The average cost per diem to a habitual moderate consumer is about 2 pies for bhang, for which he gets about 1/4 tola weight. Ganja and charas are not used in this regiment, it being composed of Brahmans. - Army, Answer No. 17.


25. No. 28. About one anna's worth - Army, Answer No. 18


25. In the battery there has been no increase or decrease. 28. 1/4 tola is the allowance per diem. 1 anna per diem for charas. 2 pies " " " ganja. Bhang is 6 annas a seer. - Army, Answer No. 19


28. Half ounce of bhang or half tola of charas is considered to be as much as a moderate man may consume per diem. Cost varies. - Army, Answer No. 20.


25. Neither one nor the other. 28. Five pies worth per diem, or on an average 1 drachm 5 pennyweights. - Army, Answer No. 21


25. Neither on the increase nor on the decreaseif anything it is decreasing, on account of the decreased age of most native soldiers. 28. About 3 "ratis," costing less than 1 pice. - Army, Answer No. 24


25. There is a decided decrease in the regiment of the use of ganja, charas and bhang, for reason that these drugs are becoming more expensive than they used to be formerly. Another reason for the decrease is that the use of these drugs is not encouraged, and the men, for fear of getting into trouble or marring their future prospects on account of the use of these drugs, abstain from taking any of these drugs in any form. 28. The average allowance for a moderate consumer is about one tola and costs about three pies. This amount also covers the expense of flavouring spices used in bhang. - Army, Answer No. 25


25. The drinking of bhang is on a lower scale, because those who drink, it do not find sufficient time to indulge in it, owing to heavy responsible duty. 28. Out of the four persons, every one requires bhang worth two or three annas. His daily expense on this account is only one pie and no more   - Army, Answer No. 26


25. The use of the hemp drug is on the decrease because when this regiment was organized the heavy duties here required have very much reduced the number of men addicted to this vice. 28. For each ordinary consumer ganja of half anna, bhang of one pice and charas of half anna is required per diem - Army, Answer No. 27


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease owing to its dearness. Charas is not used because it is not obtainable. 28. The average allowance and cost to a habitual moderate consumer is— Bhang—per diem 1 pice (3 pies) worth, weighing 2 tolas. Ganja —p er diem 2 pice (or 6 pies) worth, weighing 1 tola - Army, Answer No. 29


25. On the decrease, owing to there being a local rise in the price. 28. Two annas. - Army, Answer No. 30


25. The use of ganja, charas, and bhang is on the decrease, being too expensive. 28. The average allowance is from 2 mashas to 1/2 a tola, and costs the habitual moderate consumers from 1/2 an anna to an anna per diem. -  Army, Answer No. 31


25. It is on the decrease since most of the old hands are pensioned, died, etc., who used to smoke ganja and drink bhang moderately, but regularly. 28. Ganja costs at the average half a pice per diem or about four annas per head per month to a moderate regular consumer. Bhang costs about one anna per diem for a man -  Army, Answer No. 32


25. On the decrease, because they are abused for it by their caste-fellows in the army. It is increasing in civil life because it is cheaper than liquor. 28. Ganja—about 1 anna 6 pies. Bhang — about 6 pies. - Army, Answer No. 33


25. Ganja is not used at all. The use ot charas and bhang is on the decrease. No particular reason assignable. 28. Bhang, 1/2 a chittack, and charas 6 ratis, each costing 1 pice daily - Army, Answer No. 34


25. There is no apparent increase or decrease in the use of these drugs in the regiment. 28. Said by Kahars who indulge in it to be on the average about one masha (5 grains) costing 2 pice per diem - Army, Answer No. 36.


25. On the decrease. The reasons assigned are as they are looked upon as deleterious drugs. 28. One or two pice a day, as much as can be purchased for that. - Army, Answer No. 37.


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease. The decrease is attributable to the absence of habitual consumers, who left the service, and around whom many other casual smokers used to flock for pleasure's sake, as well as to its being expensive. Charas is not at all used because it is not obtainable. 28. The average allowance of ganja to habitual moderate consumers is the most 6 pies worth or . 2 tolas weight per day. That of bhang, which is not drunk in the cold season but in the hot season, as a cooling beverage, with a mixture of black pepper, rose-petals, almonds, poppy-seed, milk, sugar and dill, this preparation being occasional and among those that can afford to make, costs one to two annas a day; but the usual preparation by the habitual moderate drinker consists of hemp leaves, black pepper and kasni and water and costs one paisa or three pies.  - Army, Answer No. 39.


25. The use of these drags in the regiment is on the decrease, many of the consumers having left the regiment. 28. The average allowance and cost of these drugs per diem is as follows:— Bhang—25 grains, cost about 1 pie. Charas—27 „ „ „ 7 pies. Ganja— consumption nil. The custom is a social, not a religious one. It is consumed on no other account than for its pleasing, stimulating and supposed beneficial effects similar to other drugs. - Army, Answer No. 40


25. Rather on the decrease since the establishment of a battalion canteen. 28. Each man smokes about a tola's weight, its cost being one pice. - Army, Answer No. 41


25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is on the decrease, as the men in the regiment are prohibited from taking these drugs, which interferes with their health and sense. 28. Occasionally taken. Ganja— 3/4 masha, cost 3 pies. Charas— 3/4 „ „ 3 „ Bhang— 1 „ „ 1/2 pie. - Army, Answer No. 42


25. (i) and (ii) Decreasing. (iii) Few only take them now. (iv) Decreasing. (i) Spread of education, etc. (ii), (iii) and (iv) Unknown. 28. (i) Three pies. (ii), (iii) and (iv) Unknown - Army, Answer No. 43


25.. Not on the increase. Can give no reason. 28. One pice worth of charas said to be sufficient for four moderate consumers daily. - Army, Answer No. 44


25. On the decrease. General opinion of natives consulted. 28. Allowance per day. Cost. Ganja 1 masha@ 3 pies per man. Charas 1 " @ 4 " " Bhang 1 tola @ 11/2 " " - Army, Answer No. 45


15 Sikhs drink bhang in the hot weather. 25. On the decrease. The use of these drugs is, in my opinion, less on account of the increase of either. 28. 9 mashas (the 12th part of a rupee's weight) of charas or ganja, cost 3 annas. Bhang, 6 mashas, cost 1 1/2 pies. - Army, Answer No. 47


25. Use of ganja is stationary. 28. Eight annas per mensem to all except one Mahar, who spends R1 per mensem. Daily average allowance about 2 drams and 4 drams respectively - Army, Answer No. 50


25. The use of ganja is daily decreasing. The Chettri caste of Gurkhas, who were the chief consumers, being no longer enlisted. 28. The average allowance per diem per man is 1 tola, costing here about 5 annas. - Army, Answer No. 52


23. Bhang 1 1/2 annas. The actual cost of the bhang is about an anna, but another half-anna is spent in almonds, etc., to flavour it. Charas one anna. Ganja half an anna. - Army, Answer No. 53


25. On the decrease in this regiment, as the Mers are not consumers of the drug, unless taught by outsiders. The drug was introduced by sepoys who were recruited in Oudh. Now that the recruits for the regiment have for some years been enlisted from among the Mers only, the foreign element in the regiment has decreased and proportionately the consumption of the drug. 28. About 4 annas per mensem. The cost of one smoke is about 3 pies. - Army, Answer No. 54


25. On the decrease. Most of the confirmed ganja-smokers and bhang-drinkers have left the regiment on pension or discharge. 28. About 2 pies a day. - Army, Answer No. 55


25. The use of charas is said to be on the increase. I am unable to give any reasons. 28. Said to be about 3 pies a day - Army, Answer No. 56


25. Neither on increase nor decrease. 28. About 1/2 tola a day, cost 9 pies. - Army, Answer No. 58


25. According to native opinion in the regiment it is slightly on the increase, due, in most cases, apparently to the example offered to younger men by such of their seniors as already indulge in the habit. 28. Allowance about one tola, and cost about 2 pice per diem - Army, Answer No. 59


25. Charas is the only drug at all used, ganja being difficult to obtain by the few men who use it. The use of charas is on the decrease. Men know they will be punished if caught smoking it, and it is not so easily procured, on account of regimental police patrols. 28. Average allowance per diem 1/20 ounce, cost 1 anna. - Army, Answer No. 60


25. The regiment is chiefly composed of Jats, who do not use this drug. 28. About 1/4 tola daily, cost 1 anna. - Army, Answer No. 61


25. Neither ganja nor bhang are apparently obtainable here. The amount of charas sold is much less than formerly. The reason of this decrease in consumption of charas, as far as I have been able to ascertain, is that the old charas-smokers have died, or taken their discharge, and the men entertained in their place have not contracted the habit. 28. About 22 grains, worth 3 pies, per diem. - Army, Answer No. 65


25. It is certainly not on the increase, as no one has been noticed consuming them. 28. Price varies in localities. In the country where these drugs are grown the cost of them would be small. Carriage and octroi dues add greatly to the original cost. - Army, Answer No. 66


25. The number of men using ganja and bhang remains much the same from year to year. No one in the regiment uses charas. 28. About 1/2 tola bhang daily, cost about 9 pies. About 1/2 tola ganja, about 9 pies. - Army, Answer No. 67


25. Said to be on the decrease. There are none 28. About 3 pies daily for ganja - Army, Answer No. 69


25. No perceptible increase or decrease. 28. About 1/64 of a chittack, costing about 3 pies. - Army, Answer No. 71


25. On the decrease, due to improved class of men being enlisted and the increase in the cost of living. 28. Habitual moderate consumer 1 tola ganja per diem, cost about 1/2 anna in India; 1 tola bhang, cost prepared 2 annas. - Army, Answer No. 72


25. The majority of men questioned consider the use of these drugs is on the increase. But no apparently good reason is adduced save that of the force of bad example. One native officer considered that the habit was only increasing amongst those addicted to it, and that it failed to gain more adherents. One native officer believed that the growth of education and the enhanced price of these drugs was causing a diminution in their consumption. 28. It is impossible to answer this question with any degree of accuracy. Certain classes of fakirs take as much as they can get. Other consumers according to habit, probably none less than a tola in weight, or two annas worth a day - Army, Answer No. 73


25. Cannot answer this question, the opinions on this point being so very conflicting. 28. Bhang—3 to 6 pies per diem, allowance=1/2 to 1 tola diem. Charas—6 to 9 pies per diem, allowance=1/4 tola per diem. Ganja—1/2 to 1 anna per diem, allowance=1/4 tola per diem - Army, Answer No. 74


25. Charas is never used here. The use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease. Men are rather looked down upon by their comrades and by their superiors, who are habitual consumers. 28. Bhang about a tola, costing about a pie. It is only consumed occasionally, however. Ganja about 4 tolas, costing about one anna.  - Army, Answer No. 75


25. On the decrease. Perhaps owing to. the numbers of Purbias now enlisted in the corps being less than formerly. This class contains the largest number of consumers. 28. Ganja 1/3 tola 3 pies per diem. Charas 1/3 " 3 " " Bhang 1 oz. 1/8 anna " I cannot vouch tor these figures being accurate, as the number of habitual consumers is so small that reliable data are difficult to arrive at. - Army, Answer No. 76


25. Charas on the increase during very cold weather. 28. About 5 grains daily, costing 6 pies - Army, Answer No. 77


25. As far as I can ascertain from inquiry, there is no increase or decrease in use. I am unable to give any reasons. 28. Bhang—2 tolas, 3 pies. Charas—1/2 tola, 3 " Ganja—Not known. - Army, Answer No. 78


25. Said to be slightly on the increase, owing to the force of example. 28. Two to 3 pies. - Army, Answer No. 79

 
25. The use of ganja, charas and bhang is said to be on the increase. Various reasons given, but have no opportunity or means of ascertaining the truth. Is said to be used much as a protection from cold and for rheumatism and to increase appetite for food. 28. About 1 drachm of bhang and about 1/2 drachm of charas and ganja. Cost per day from 2 to 3 pice - Army, Answer No. 80


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease. I am unable to give any reasons for this. 28. About 1 anna per diem. - Army, Answer No. 81


25. Not on the increase in this regiment. 28. A few pice per diem for moderate or occasional consumers, ranging to four annas for excessive consumers.  - Army, Answer No. 82


25. As far as I can ascertain, the present use of all these drugs is much the same as it has always been; but, as has been before explained, the use of charas is now very limited. 28. The average allowance per diem to habitual moderate consumers is:— Bhang 1/2 tola. Ganja or charas 1/4 " The cost varies considerably according to locality. In these provinces the cost to a moderate consumer per diem is:— Bhang 1/4 anna. Ganja 1/2 " Charas 1 " This latter is, however, but seldom used - Army, Answer No. 83


25. Not used in the detachment. 28 Ganja, 3/4 oz. 6 annas. Charas, 3/4 " 6 " Bhang, 1 " 6 pies.  - Army, Answer No. 84


25. Not known. From the absence of admissions into hospital from the effect of these drugs it is reasonable to suppose that their use, if used at all, is confined to a few individual cases. 28. I do not know exactly. Probably— (1) Ganja 6 pies. (2) Charas 6 " (3) Bhang 1 pice. for an allowance of 15 grains per diem of Nos. (1) and (2) and 3 drams of No. (3). - Army, Answer No. 85


25. On the decrease in India: there is a slight increase when the men proceed on service, in order to keep up health from the bad effects of climate, malaria, cold, etc. 28. About one pie. - Army, Answer No. 86


25. Ganja and charas not consumed. Neither increasing or decreasing in the case of bhang. 28. Ganja and charas not consumed. When bhang is used the allowance is about 1/5th of an ounce per month, it being taken only once or twice in the month. The cost is 1/4 to 1/2 anna per month. - Army, Answer No. 88


25. So little used in this regiment, have no data to go on. 28. One pie per diem, I understand, is what a syce spends. They are paid R6-8 per mensem by silladars.- Army, Answer No. 90


25. I do not think the use of ganja, charas or bhang or any of these drugs is either on the increase or decrease. I can give no reasons for it. 28. The average allowance and cost per diem of each of these drugs is, as far as I can ascertain, about as follows:— Ganja—3/4 oz. to 1 oz., at 2 pice. Charas—1/4 to 1/2 oz., at 4 pice (1 anna). Bhang—1 oz., at about 2 to 3 pice. - Army, Answer No. 91


25. No increase or decrease observable. 28. Said to be 1/2 anna. - Army, Answer No. 92


25. Neither. 28. Charas—1/4 tola, 6 pies. Bhang—1 chittcack, 3 pie - Army, Answer No. 95


25. In our opinion it is on the increase. Liquor being forbidden in most of the superior castes, the want of stimulants is felt, and the various preparations of hemp are cheap and easily procurable. 28. Usually about one pice; a sepoy can seldom afford more. - Army, Answer No. 96


25. It is not known, nobody having ever been the worse for it. 28. The price of bhang is 3 pies for 2 tolas. - Army, Answer No. 97


25. Just about the same as in former years. 28. About 10 grains taken per diem at a cost of 2 pies - Army, Answer No. 98


25. Increaing. 28. About one pice in weight of charas daily, the cost varying according to the market rates. - Army, Answer No. 99


25. Decrease owing to stringent orders against them in regiment: these apply particularly to ganja. 28. Half tola, cost 1 pice. - Army, Answer No. 100


25. In the regiment the use of these drugs is decreasing. Reasons—fear of punishment and loss of one-third of pension, if men have to leave the serviceon account of use of these drugs. 28. About the same for each, viz., six pies per diem - Army, Answer No. 101


25. All on the increase. By seeing others do it and also because the battalion is now in an extremely cold climate, and the use of these drugs keeps out the cold. 28. Average allowance 1 tola, cost about 2 annas - Army, Answer No. 102


25. The use of bhang is reported to be decreasing. Ganja and charas seldom heard of. 28. From what I can gather, habitual moderate consumers even do not exist in the regiment.  - Army, Answer No. 103


25. The consumption of bhang by men belonging to the regiment is on the decrease, because the use is strictly forbidden in the regiment; but when the regiment was raised in 1887 some of the men transferred from other regiments were more or less confirmed consumers. These have mostly now left the regiment. As far as is known, no ganja or charas is used by any men belonging to the regiment. 28. As there are no habitual consumers in the regiment, no daily rate can be given. - Army, Answer No. 104


25. Not on the increase. Only the two men mentioned above have used drugs for some time. 28. Three pies daily. - Army, Answer No. 106


25. Ganja only is used and is on the decrease. 28. One pice worth. - Army, Answer No. 108


25. Bhang is used as a prophylactic against bad water by the Sikhs. Its use appears to be neither on the increase nor decrease. 28. Bhang—90 grains per diem, at a cost of 1/3rd pie. Charas—45 grains, cost 1 anna. - Army, Answer No. 109.


25. The use of charas is on the increase, owing to its cheapness. 28. Bhang—1 tola, 2 pice. Charas—2 masa, 6 pice. Ganja—1 1/2 masa, 1 anna - Army, Answer No. 110


25. On the decrease, in consequence of the advance of civilisation and education, just as drinking amongst Europeans has decreased. 28. No average can be struck, as the indulgence is only occasional. - Army, Answer No. 113


28. I am told about 1 anna per day - Army, Answer No. 114


25. There have not been many regular ganja or charas consumers for a long time in the regiment (exceptions see 46). Bhang was formerly taken by a certain number, say 150, in the regiment in the hot weather over ten years ago; but it is a standing order that no drugs are allowed in the lines and as known bhang or charas consumers have been passed over for promotions, there is very little of it now. Those figures refer chiefly to fighting men. It is not so easy to tell what followers do. This refers to all the questions. 28. An occasional taker of bhang may take 1/12 th of a tola; a regular user 1 tola or even 2 tolas. It is difficult to say what is a moderate consumer. In my opinion a moderate consumer of any of these drugs is one who very rarely takes them, but occasionally does so. - Army, Answer No. 115


25. In the battery the use of all the drugs has decreased. The Purbias who chiefly used ganja and charas have diminished in numbers. The Brahmins who were habitual consumers of bhang have left the battery. These were the Havildar Major and some drivers who joined the Burma police. One Mussalman who used to smoke ganja and charas has left it off, because the Panjabi Mussalmans refused to eat with him till he did so. 28. Ganja—Twice per diem, costs 1/4 to 1/2 anna. Charas—Twice per diem, costs (in smaller quantities than ganja) 1/4 to 1/2 anna. Bhang—No habitual consumers. - Army, Answer No. 116


25. On the decrease in the military service; the chief reason being that men cannot keep up to the increased standard of efficiency required, if they indulge in drugs which they know themselves to affect the intellect. 28. Cost:— Ganja = 3 rupees per pound. Charas = 5 " Bhang = 2 " - Army, Answer No. 119


25. The uses of ganja, charas and bhang are on the increase. 28. Average allowance 3/8 ounce per diem. Average cost 1/4 of an anna - Army, Answer No. 121


25. The use of bhang is very much less than it used to be. It is looked upon with so much disfavour by the upper classes. The smoking of charas is much as it has always been. 28. About 1/6 anna or 2 pies. - Army, Answer No. 122


25. The use of these drugs is said to be on the increase, but I am unable from my personal knowledge to say why this is the case. 28. I am informed that the cost of charas per diem to those few followers (noted in reply to question 20) is about 1 ann - Army, Answer No. 123


25. On the decrease. Bhang is not used at all. Ganja is used by a few, but being very expensive, is not so much used in Mooltan as it was in Mhow. Charas being very expensive, is never used by the combatants, but only by the followers, such as firemen, who get more pay. 28. Quarter oz., cost about 1 anna. - Army, Answer No. 125


25. Increasing. 28. About one pice in weight of charas daily, the cost varying according to the market rates. - Army, Answer No. 127


25. The use of charas seems not to be known in the regiment. Use of ganja and bhang on the decrease. Reasons—(1) The older sepoys, who chiefly use them, are gradually taking their pensions and the recruits do not use them. (2) They are difficult to get in Burma and sixteen times more costly than in India. (3). They can only be used on the sly, for their use is strictly forbidden regimentally, along with all other intoxicants or stupefiers. 28. Ganja—Average allowance per diem about 1 tola, probable value 2 pies. Bhang.—One tola bhang mixed with water, with milk, sugar, black pepper, khus khus added, makes a drink for 4 men; cost 3 annas. They would drink this in the hot weather for coolness, if allowed, which they are not - Army, Answer No. 128


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease. 28. The average allowance of each drug daily is 1 tola, the cost being 1 anna. - Army, Answer No. 129


25. As far as I can ascertain, it is on the decrease. I am unable to give any reasons, as it is so very rarely that these matters come to my notice, the use of these drugs being practically nil in this presidency.
28. I cannot say. - Army, Answer No. 130


25. Decrease. The native officers state that in their opinion the use is not so general as it was. 28. About 2 pies worth - Army, Answer No. 131


25. On the decrease. 28. Cost about 9 pies. - Army, Answer No. 132


25. The use of these drugs has decreased of late years, owing to the dearness of the ordinary necessaries of life. 28. For moderate consumers the average cost per man per day is for— Ganja 3 pies. Bhang 1 anna. Charas 1 -- Army, Answer No. 133


25. The use of bhang if the men be not interfered with is on increase. But I have issued strict orders not to use it. 28. The average cost of bhang is 3 pies, but ganja and charas cost 4 annas or more to the habitual consumers.  - Army, Answer No. 134


25. Very greatly on the decrease: formerly about 50 per. cent. of the men used drugs, now about 12 to 15 per. cent. The decrease is accounted for by the fact that the men in the ranks are much younger. than in former days. The men of over 30 years' service used to employ these drugs as a stimulant to enable them to do their work. 28. Of ganja about 1 tola, of bhang 1/4 tola, the cost being from 2 to 4 annas per tola of ganja. - Army, Answer No. 135


25. In Burma, owing to difficulty of supply and existing prohibitory Government orders regarding  possession of these drugs, the habit is decreasing and is only practised "sub rosd." 28. Ganja—About 6 pies worth. Charas—Not consumed at all. Bhang—About 6 pice worth. - Army, Answer No. 137


25. On the decrease. Due to education and a general moral improvement when subject to military discipline. 28. It is said to be about 1 pice a day.  - Army, Answer No. 138


25. On the decrease, because all the older soldiers who used to take it have left the regiment and the young men have not taken to these drugs. 28. Nobody uses them in this regiment as a daily consumption: those who do use them do so about twice a week. - Army, Answer No. 139


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease, because it is being realised that the use of them is inconsistent with the proper discharge of a soldier's duty. Those who are at all given to the habit are gradually leaving the regiment; the men as a body see that they are certain to get into trouble through the habit. 28. Charas is generally smoked from one hukka by several men taking it in turns. There would be about 1 anna's worth of charas in one fill-up of the hukka, to smoke which in this fashion would take less than five minutes. A man's daily expenditure of money on this drug would principally, therefore, depend on the number of times he joined one of these smoking parties - Army, Answer No. 140


25. Charas is not at all used in this regiment, and the use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease, the decrease being due to the strict orders of Gov¬ ernment regarding the use of these drugs. 28. The average allowance of a habitual moderate consumer is 2 or 3 tolas per diem; and the average cost of ganja per diem is 6 pice and that of bhang varies from 2 pice to 3 pice per diem. - Army, Answer No. 142


25. I am informed that the use of these drugs is on the decrease. My informant was unable to give me any reason. 28. A habitual moderate consumer's ganja al¬ lowance is about 1/4th of a tola, cost 1 pice.  - Army, Answer No. 143


25. The consumption remains about the same. The above opinion is formed on enquiries made from the medical officer, native officers and others. Charas is not consumed by any man in the regiment. 28. From 1/8 to 1/4 anna per diem. Consumption about 1/4 tola daily.  - Army, Answer No. 144


25. The use of ganja is on the decrease, probably owing to the increased consumption of spirit. Charas is not used in the regiment. Bhang—All the Sikhs drink bhang; its use is on the decrease owing to expense. 28. Ganja—About one tola can be procured for one pie. Bhang—A moderate consumer would drink about 4 annas worth, which is the cost when made up ready for drinking. - Army, Answer No. 145


25. Decrease. No reason noticeable, unless it is that liquor ("saindi" and "daru") has become more common, is cheap, and readily procured locally; also those addicted to these drugs are generally avoided by respectable persons. Idlers and those having a sedentary occupation seem to take to or consume these drugs. In the cavalry service there are very few so situated. 28. These drugs not being consumed by the men of the regiment, information on these points cannot be given. Enquiries made. The cost is said to be for ganja one pice per diem, for charas 1 annas per diem, for bhang 1 anna per diem; daily allowance about 1/8 of a seer - Army, Answer No. 146


25. Rather on the increase. Can give no reason. 28. Two pice worth in weight and cost. - Army, Answer No. 147


25. Ganja and charas are not used at all. The use of bhang is on the decrease, as under existing military regulations, the use of all and any intoxi¬ cating drugs is prohibited. 28. The average allowance of bhang per diem to habitual moderate consumers is 1/2 a chittack, cost 3 pies. Ganja and charas are not used.  - Army, Answer No. 152


25. The use of ganja and bhang is on the de¬ crease, as their use is strictly forbidden under military regulations in force here. Ganja is not produced here. 28. The average allowance of bhang and charas per diem to habitual moderate consumers is shown below:— Bhang—1 1/2 drams, cost 1 pie. Charas—3 mashas, cost 6 pies. Ganja is not produced here. - Army, Answer No. 153


25. I am informed that the use of these drugs is decreasing owing to the more ready sale of spirituous liquors now-a-days. Others inform me that the use is on the in¬ crease, as one man tells another. - Army, Answer No. 156


25. Said to be entirely given up; bhang is said to have been used in Afghanistan during the war. 28. The native officers think that 1/2 lb prepared bhang would be a fair daily allowance and would cost 1 or 2 pies - Army, Answer No. 157


25. I am informed that it is on the decrease, though on service probably the use would increase. Reasons are not forthcoming. 28. Ganja is smoked twice a day. Amount consumed is equal in weight to that of 2 pice, which sum is the cost also. Of bhang about 2 tolas is consumed, cost about 2 pies.  - Army, Answer No. 158


25. Decreasing apparently, as there are fewer known smokers in the regiments now than there were some years ago. 28. Three pies - Army, Answer No. 159


28. One tola of bhang per diem, costing about one pie. - Army, Answer No. 160


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease in the regiment, owing to the Purbia Rajputs, who are the largest consumers of it, being on the decrease. 28. Ganja 1/8 tola, about 6 pies; charas 1/16 tola, about 6 pies; bhang 1 tola, about 6 pies.  - Army, Answer No. 162


25. From enquiries made from the native offi¬ cers, the use of ganja, charas and bhang is on the decrease. 28. The average allowance of charas is 2 mashas per man per diem, which costs 6 pies - Army, Answer No. 163


25. The witnesses cannot say properly. As far as I can understand from them, it is on the increase—all of these drugs. 28. Average cost of each of these drugs 3 pies per diem, but those who take one drug do not take the others.  - Army, Answer No. 164


25. On the decrease; reasons unknown. 28. Charas 1/4 tola for 9 pies daily; ganja 1/2 tola for 8 pies daily; nothing known about bhang - Army, Answer No. 165


25. On the decrease. I do not enlist a man given to hemp drugs, and the men are warned that if ganja or bhang is found in their possession, specially when on duty, they would be punished. When I took command of this force, seventeen years ago, I have had to get rid of some men given to ganja and bhang, as they were idle and untidy. I think it is not very safe to entrust fire-arms to men addicted to these drugs, as they easily get excited. 28. Two to 3 pies per diem.  - Army, Answer No. 166


25. The use of one or any of these drugs is on the decrease. Any suspected of using these drugs are watched, and those given to them usually commit themselves in a way as to render them liable to severe punishments. 28. It is said 3 pies per diem per man is the daily cost - Army, Answer No. 167


25. Decrease, as there are very few persons who smoke ganja and drink bhang among the followers, and this is used to a moderate scale. 28. About 2 annas worth of ganja per mensem and bhang are used, and no charas consumed - Army, Answer No. 168


25. The use of these drugs has decreased and there is no regular consumption of them. In the hot weather a few men occasionally drink bhang mixed with "sardai." 28. The average cost of charas is 9 pies per diem, and of bhang 6 pies per diem for an habitual moderate consumer.  - Army, Answer No. 169


25. From information obtained from native officers, the use of these drugs is neither on the in¬ crease or decrease. 28. The average allowance of ganja or charas per man given to the drug is equal in weight to the lift of a pice. Price of 1 pice weight of ganja is 4 pice; of the same weight of charas, 3 pice; bhang is scarcely consumed. - Army, Answer No. 170


25. Bhang on the decrease, owing to its gene¬ rally being taken with milk, and milk being more expensive than formerly. Ganja and charas on the increase, owing to their being less expensive, and thus those who cannot afford to buy bhang take charas and ganja in place of bhang. 28. Bhang from 1/2 to 1 tola, cost 3 to 6 pies. Ganja 1/4 tola per diem, half to one anna. Charas 2 to 3 pice worth per diem - Army, Answer No. 172


25. The use of ganja and bhang is slightly on the decrease, as in the Madras presidency a kind of shame attaches to the use of these drugs. 28. In India the average allowance is about 2 tolas and the cost from 1 to 4 pies per diem- Army, Answer No. 173


25. On the decrease. Because the men given to drugs, viz., the Baluch, have many of them been discharged. 28. Bhang, 1 chittak at 1 anna. Charas 1/2 tola at 2 annas. - Army, Answer No. 174


25. Certainly on the decrease as far as I can gather. Formerly there were a very few men who were given to charas-smoking, but apparently there are none now. Great pains have been taken to ascertain the truth upon this point, and I am satisfied that the information furnished to me is correct. 25. There being no habitual moderate consum¬ ers, this question cannot, of course, be answered. - Army, Answer No. 175


25. On the increase. Formerly, i. e., twenty-five years ago, not a single man in the regiment used these drugs; now some do, especially among the later enlisted men. 28. Average allowance—3 mashas (1/12 of a tola-1 masha) per diem. Average cost—9 pies a day (all alike they say). - Army, Answer No. 176


25. The use is on the decrease, probably owing to scarcity of money and increased cost of living, also owing to the spread of education. 28. Ganja, charas, and bhang.—There are not sufficient data to enable me to give even approxi¬ mately the average allowance and cost of these drugs to habitual moderate consumers. Moreover they are never taken by solitary individuals, but are shared between several persons - Army, Answer No. 177


25. The consumption of ganja is on the decrease. Bhang is not much consumed, and charas not at all. The decrease is mainly due to the increased con¬ sumption of alcohol. 28. Ganja—6 pies per diem. Bhang drink—3 pies per diem, mixed with milk, sugar, etc. Charas—Not much taken; cannot be estimated.  - Army, Answer No. 179


25 On the decrease in the battery, I hope, as if I know of any man who is affected by it or takes these drugs in any excess, 1 at once discharge him if a syee. 28. About 12 annas a month - Army, Answer No. 180


25. A far as I can ascertain, it is on the dec¬ rease, epecially among the higher classes. 28. About 1 masha (1/6o z.), cost about 1 pice. - Army, Answer No. 181


25. Use of all on decrease. 28. 1 tola per diem, 2 1/2 annas - Army, Answer No. 182


25. Is gradually increasing. 28. Half tola of ganja, costs 3 pies. Is cheaper in Cutch than most places. Men purchase for 1/2 anna, and the amount they obtain (bhang) lasts one month. - Army, Answer No. 184


25. On the decrease. Reason not known. 28. Three pies per day. - Army, Answer No. 185


25. Charas is not used at all by any one. The use of ganja and bhang is stationary, and those who use it are moderate consumers. I can give no reasons, but base my reply on en¬ quiries I have made and personal observation. 28. A little less than a tola, and about a quarter of an anna.  - Army, Answer No. 188


25. At present stationary, but probably, now that the regiment has come on foreign service to Burma, will increase, the men hoping thereby to avoid the ill-effects of the climate. 28. The average daily allowance is about 3/4 of a tola in weight, and the average daily cost about 9 pies. - Army, Answer No. 189


25. The use is neither on the increase nor on the decrease. The use of any of these drugs is not looked upon with favour, and no new additions to the number of consumers are therefore found. 28. One pice - Army, Answer No. 190


28. Bhang—99 grains per day @ 2 1/4 pies. Charas—22 " " @ 6 " - Army, Answer No. 191


25. Neither increase nor decrease is apparent. Ganja is more generally used of the three pre¬ parations, being cheaper and more easily procur¬ able. 28. About one tical per diem. Ganja—6 pies. Bhang—4 annas. - Army, Answer No. 192


25. It has very greatly decreased as compared with former times. It is among the old men only that the habit has survived. The reason seems a little difficult to arrive at, but it is said that the habit was acquired in former times, when the men of this corps came more frequently in contact with regular regiments, in the ranks of which were many men from Upper India. Of later years such contact has ceased. The habit is not of the country, and the younger men have not taken to it. It will probably die out entirely in a year or so. 28. There are no habitual daily consumers, but the Native Officers say that a paisa worth would last any of the men in the regiment who indulge in it for four days.  - Army, Answer No. 193


25. On the decrease in every company. It used to be eaten; is now only smoked. The prices of these drugs have gone up. 28. One to 3 annas a day among the Muhammadans and 3 pies a day among the Mahrattas.  - Army, Answer No. 194


25. On the increase. Formerly liquor was largely consumed, but it has risen in price owing to taxation, and the use of these drugs has correspondingly increased. 28. Two tolas, price 1 anna.  - Army, Answer No. 195


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease. Men are better educated now than they were in former days. 28.Bhang—1/2 a tola, worth 1/2 a pie at Lucknow. Ganja—3/4 of a tola, worth six pies. Charas—1/3 of a tola, worth six pies, but the price of these drugs varies - Army, Answer No. 196


25. The number, as far as can be ascertained, is not on the increase. 28. Bhang 1 pie and ganja and charas 3 pies per diem. - Army, Answer No. 197


25. No one takes charas. The use of ganja and bhang are on the decrease, owing to poverty of those who take it. 28. Average allowance less than a tola per diem, cost per diem 1 pie.  - Army, Answer No. 199


28. Have been informed that two pice worth constitutes the average habitual moderate use of the drugs.  - Army, Answer No. 200


25. The use of ganja and charas does not exist in the regiment. The proportion of men who use bhang in the hot weather does not seem either to be on the increase or decrease, neither does the quantity taken appear to be more or less than formerly. 28. The average allowance of bhang is about one masha (or 1/12 of a tola) a day. The cost of bhang is infinitesimal,—about half an anna a month. - Army, Answer No. 202


25. It is said not to be. Bhang is chiefly consumed during the hot wea¬ ther in India. One of my native officers states that the habitual use of bhang in a cool climate gives pains in the joints. 28. The ganja plant grows in the Shan States like a weed, and there is considerable cultivation of it among the Karens. I am told that the cost to a habitual moderate consumer up here does not exceed 8 annas per mensem. - Army, Answer No. 203


25. Is on the increase. The force of example. 28. Ganja would cost about 1 pice. - Army, Answer No. 204


25. The general opinion of the native officers is that the use of these drugs is on the decrease, as liquor or spirits are now much more readily obtained than formerly. 28. Charas—8 annas per month = 2 annas per diem, three or four days a month. Ganja—8 annas per month = 2 annas per diem three or four days in month. Bhang—1 rupee per month = 6 pies daily.  - Army, Answer No. 205


28. About one pice. - Army, Answer No. 206


25. Decreasing; I believe owing to introduction of cheap liquor from Europe. 28. About one anna a week, as far as I can ascer¬ tain.  - Army, Answer No. 207


25. Decreasing. Because facilities for obtaining liquor are increas¬ ing, and the latter is preferred where a choice exists. 28. One-sixth tola, costs 2 pies - Army, Answer No. 208


25. From enquiries from those most competent to form an opinion, I consider it to be slightly on the increase. 28. Two pipes of ganja daily, costing 3 pies the two pipes, or about 8 annas a month. Bhang with sugar, etc., costs about 2 rupees a month. Charas is not sold here. - Army, Answer No. 209


25. The use is on the decrease, and is very small now. My authority for this is the native officers of my regiment. 28. To habitual moderate consumers— Ganja not procurable here. Charas not used. Bhang one tola, about 1 pie - Army, Answer No. 210


25. The use of these drugs is not common among Gurkhas: most of the men who use ganja learnt the habit from Hindustanis, of which class there is only one now in the regiment; this habit is therefore on the decrease. The consensus of opinion in the native ranks is that bhang is not used in cold hill climates, but in the hot climates of the plains. Charas is said to be not available in Shillong. 28. The amount of ganja smoked is about one tola per week per man, the cost of which is eight annas.  -  Army, Answer No. 211


25. On the decrease: most of those men who were in habit of using ganja have left the regiment. 28. One anna per diem. (In Bombay ganja is very expensive.) - Army, Answer No. 212


25. Ganja is not used at all. Use of charas and bhang appears to be on the decrease in the regi¬ ment; this is ascribed to the greater amount of work leaving less time for indulgence. 28. The average cost of bhang is about 1/32 of an anna per day and of charas about one anna per day for moderate habitual consumers.  - Army, Answer No. 213


25. The use of both ganja and bhang is on the decrease in the army, owing to the shorter service for pension and the increase of work demanded from the soldier. 28. About 6 pice a day will supply the moderate consumer with his daily dram. - Army, Answer No. 214


25. There is said to be a decrease in the use of these drugs. No reason is known. 28. One ounce costs 8 annas. The average consumption is about 1 pice worth per man per diem - Army, Answer No. 215


25. On the decrease. 28. Three pies per diem - Army, Answer No. 216


25. These drugs I am told are only obtainable at present in very small quantities and with diffi¬ culty. As formerly they were absolutely unobtain¬ able, the practice of using them may be said to have slightly increased of late years in this country. 28. In Bhamo an average consumption would appear to be as much charas as will weigh 4 annas, the cost of which is about four annas. The other forms of hemp are not procurable in Bhamo -  Army, Answer No. 218


25. On the decrease. There have been two cases of drunkenness in the last two years. One case of a man court-martialled before that. 28. Ganja is smoked in minute quantities in a chillum and costs a habitual consumer about 8 annas a month. Charas is not known in the regiment. Bhang is taken usually in the proportion of about 1/2 oz. with 3lb of food (milk, etc.), and costs about an anna a month. - Army, Answer No. 219


25. Decrease. The practice is looked down on. 28. Three pies per diem - Army, Answer No. 220


25. The use of ganja, charas, and bhang is not on the increase; it appears to be rather on the decrease, as the habitual use of any of these drugs is prohibited in the regiments. 28. The average cost of bhang and ganja per diem is about 1/4 of a pice, while that of charas is about 1/2 a pice a day. - Army, Answer No. 221


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease. 28. Two pies weight and worth per diem for habitual moderate consumers. - Army, Answer No. 222


25. Only one man eats bhang. No ganja is known in the battery. The same man eats charas. 28. About 1 anna per day, for bhang or charas. - Army, Answer No. 223


25. On the decrease. Neither charas nor bhang is used in the regi¬ ment. The use of ganja and allied drugs is prohi¬ bited, and any man found smoking such drugs or having them in his possession lays himself open to severe punishment. 28. Ganja—Smoke about 2 tolas, value 3 pice, along with country tobacco - Army, Answer No. 224


25. On the decrease. Men seem to take to the use of the drugs at a more advanced period of life. 28. About one anna per diem.  - Army, Answer No. 225


25. The use of ganja is apparently somewhat on the increase in Southern India. I can give no special reasons. 28. For ganja, which is practically the only drug used, at present prices about 3 pies worth per diem - Army, Answer No. 226


25. Is not on the increase. 28. Charas—About 6 grains, cost 6 pies. Bhang—about 1 ounce, cost 3 pies - Army, Answer No. 228


25. The use of these drugs is practically un¬ known in this regiment, as there are at the most
never more than 3 or 4 men who use them, the regiment being a Sikh regiment, and they do not smoke or use these drugs. 28. The 4 men who use these drugs do so only now and then, and in such small quantities that no average can be estimate - Army, Answer No. 230


25. The use of these drugs is on the decrease in this infantry regiment in these days. The reason is that since it has been included in the Imperial Service army, parade duties have become heavier, and the men have generally given up the habit of bhang-drinking accordingly. 28. The cost to each consumer of bhang is 3 pies, and of charas 6 pies per day. - Army, Answer No. 232


25. All asked by me say that charas is never used in the Madras presidency. That the use of ganja and bhang is on the decrease in the regiment, the reasons given are as follows. (a) That the men on the whole are a younger set and 20 years ago and in those days it was mostly the older soldiers that consumed the drug. (b) That there are fewer men from Bengal in the regiment than 20 years ago, most of whom consumed the drug. (c) That in the years 1868 to 1874 and again 1878 to 1880 the regiment was stationed in the Bengal presidency, and many men learnt the use of the drug then; these men have mostly left the regi¬ ment now. 28. From information I have been able to gather I find that for a habitual moderate consumer of ganja or bhang the cost and allowance is as fol¬ lows. (a) To a smoker-about one tola a day, the value being about 3 pies. (b) To an eater of ganja or drinker of bhang— about 1 tola is sufficient for two or three days, value in this case being about 1 pie - Army, Answer No. 233


25. The use of bhang, charas and ganja is on the decrease as will appear from the following consideration: out of 8 or 9 different tribes com¬ posing this battery there is not a single man addicted to the use of these drugs. 28. It depends upon the circumstances of the consumer. A poor man can satisfy his craving with 2 pice worth of bhang, while a well-to-do man may spend even 4 annas on it. For charas and ganja 2 or 3 pies per diem are required - Army, Answer No. 234


25. In former times only the beggars (mendi¬ cants) used these intoxicating drugs, but now many Hindus and some Muhammadans have also contract¬ ed the habit, so it is evident that the use of these drugs is on the increase. 28. Bhang—3 pies per diem. Ganja—6 " " - Army, Answer No. 235


25. In former times sadhus (mendicants) and beggars generally used these intoxicating drugs, but now-a-days almost every layman, etc., appears to be addicted to them. Hence the habit may be said to be on the increase. 28. Bhang costs 1 pie, and charas and ganja cost each 3 pies daily per man.- Army, Answer No. 236


28. The average cost of charas is 9 pies, of bhang 1 anna, and of ganja 6 pies per head (consumer) per diem - Army, Answer No. 237


25. The use of ganja and charas in the regi¬ ment is neither on increase nor decrease, but else¬ where it is on increase. 28. In the regiment none of the drugs is used. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem cannot therefore be stated. Of course a consumer would spend 1 anna a day. - Army, Answer No. 238


25. As no one uses these drugs in the battery, no increase or decrease can be stated, but in a gene¬ ral way it may be said that the use of these drugs is on the increase, because now-a-days vagabonds go into the company of such beggars who use these drugs, and thus become habitual consumers. It is evident that now-a-days it is very difficult to obtain employment, hence the people become idlers, who oblige their friends to use the drugs. 28. The daily cost of the drugs for a poor man is 3 annas and for a rich man 8 annas to 1 rupee. The above expenses include the cost of diet also.  - Army, Answer No. 239


25. In former times the beggars (mendicants) only used to consume these intoxicating drugs, but now-a-days many Hindus and Muhammadans have become addicted to their use. It is therefore evident that the use of these drugs is on the increase. 28. Charas—3 pies per diem. Bhang is not consumed by any one (in this regiment). - Army, Answer No. 240


25. In former times the beggars (mendicants) only used to take these drugs, but now many people have become addicted to their use. Hence it is evident that the use of these drugs is on the increase. 28. Bhang—3 pies per diem per consumer. Charas—6 pies per diem per consumer - Army, Answer No. 241


25. As nobody in the artillery uses any sort of intoxicants, I am therefore unable to give any information about the increase or decrease in con¬ sumption. Indeed, the general public say that the use of the above drugs is on the increase. 28. Owing to the non-use of the drugs and want of personal experience, I am unable to answer this question - Army, Answer No. 242


25. Now-a-days the use of these drugs is on the increase among the ignorant masses. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs cannot be stated. Consumers spend according to their means and the number of the companions who indulge with them - Army, Answer No. 244


25. Bhang is consumed in greater quantity than ganja or charas. Firstly, this is apparently due to habit. Secondly, charas is more costly. 28. One man spends 1/4 to 1/2 an anna per day. - Army, Answer No. 245a


25. The use of ganja and bhang is decreasing in the higher class, but in the lower class it is increas¬ ing. 28. As the cost of ganja and bhang to all the persons is not the same, no difference of the amount be given. - Army, Answer No. 246


25. I do not think that the use of ganja, bhang and charas is in a prosperous condition than before. Experience shows that people do not derive any substantial profit by the use of these drugs. These drugs prohibit the diseases only that arise from the impurity of water. 28. Nine pies are sufficient for these drugs to a habitual moderate consumer - Army, Answer No. 247


25. The use of ganja, bhang and charas is. day by day decreasing, because they are growing dear. 28. For bhang 3/8 of a seer in a month is used by one, i.e., about 1 1/2 tola a day, costing every day 3/4 of a pice. A man requires ganja about 1/4 of an anna a day. Charas is not used in this regiment - Army, Answer No. 248


25. The present use of bhang and ganja is less than before, on account of their dear charges. 28. The habitual moderate consumer requires 1/4 of an anna daily - Army, Answer No. 249


25. The use of ganja (charas and bhang not being taken) may be said to be rather on decrease than increase. The number of Bhils and Naiks who smoke ganja is very few (22 only), and they are all old soldiers, who have smoked for some time. The enlistment of other classes and castes is now prohibited, and the few Pardesi ganja-smokers who remain (6) will ere long be retired on pension or gratuity (see answer to question No. 20). 28. Charas and bhang not consumed. Three pies per diem suffices for a moderate ganja smoker. - Army, Answer No. 250


25. Not on the increase, judging from informa¬ tion gathered. 28. From 3 to 6 mashas is the usual allow¬ ance of bhang, which is taken once a day. The same quantity of ganja is the usual allow¬ ance a day, divided into two or three portions and smoked at different times. Of these drugs 6 mashas cost 1 pice, 12 mashas make 1 tola in weight - Army, Answer No. 252


25. Not on the increase. 28. About 2 tolas, costs 1 anna - Army, Answer No. 253


25. The use of charas appears to be on the increase, because in former days it used to be smoked by the fakirs only, and now its use is founed in every society and kafilas. The use of bhang is on the decrease. 28. The average cost of charas is 6 pies per diem and that of bhang 3 pies per diem. - Army, Answer No. 254


25. In this regiment the use of ganja and charas is on the decrease. Bhang is not consumed by any one at all. 28. The average cost of each of these drugs is 9 pies per diem. As the drugs are not supplied by the Commissariat. I have had to obtain this information from the consumers.  - Army, Answer No. 255


25. In this battery the use of these drugs is on the decrease, but among the public in general it appears to be on the increase, seeing that the value of leases for the sale of these drugs increases every year. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of these drugs per diem is— Price of bhang 1 1/2 pies; allowance to consumer 2 annas. Price of ganja and charas 2 annas; allowance to smokers 2 annas. [NOTE.—Apparently the witness has not understood the question.] - Army, Answer No. 256


25. Although none in this regiment consumes any of these drugs so as to form any opinion about increase or decrease in their use, yet it is believed that the use of the drugs is on the increase. 28. As no one uses these drugs in this regiment, I am unable to give average allowance and cost of each of the drugs, per consumer, per diem. - Army, Answer No. 257


25. Ganja is not used by any one in this terri¬ tory. The use of bhang is on the decrease, because the consumers now have recourse to alcoholic stimulants. The use of charas is, however, on the increase for the following reasons:— (1) It inebriates the smoker instantaneously; (2) Its dose being very small, can easily be carried; and (3) Is cheap. 28. The average allowance and cost of each of the drugs per diem is:— Quantity. Bhang— 3 to 6 mashas Cost 8 pies worth for 10 to 20 days. Charas— 1 to 6 mashas  11/2 pies to 9 pies - Army, Answer No. 260.


25. The use of charas and bhang is on the decrease. Ganja is not smoked here by any one. 28. Bhang—7 mashas 7/12 tolas per diem. Charas—2 mashas 1/6 „ „ - Army, Answer No. 261


25. On the decrease in this regiment. Former¬ ly there were more Hindustanis, who form the largest majority of consumers. 28. Average allowance of ganja about 2 ratis, equal to 1/32 of a tola and cost 6 pies per diem. That of bhang about 4 ratis or 1\16 of a tola, cost about 1 1/2 pies per diem. Charas unknown. - Army, Answer No. 262

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