Cannabis Usage in 19th Century India: The Manner and Forms of Cannabis Consumption

 

Opening Quotes.

"What is needed is a new drug which will relieve and console our suffering species without doing more harm in the long run than it does good in the short. Such a drug must be potent in minute doses and synthesizable. If it does not possess these qualities, its production, like that of wine, beer, spirits and tobacco will interfere with the raising of indispensable food and fibres. It must be less toxic than opium or cocaine, less likely to produce undesirable social consequences than alcohol or the barbiturates, less inimical to the heart and lungs than the tars and nicotine of cigarettes. And, on the positive side, it should produce changes in consciousness more interesting, more intrinsically valuable than mere sedation or dreaminess, delusions of impotence or release from inhibition." - The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley, 1954.

"Ours is the age, among other things, of the automobile and of rocketing population. Alcohol is incompatible with safety on the roads, and its production, like that of tobacco, condemns to virtual sterility many millions of acres of the most fertile soil. The problems raised by alcohol and tobacco cannot, it goes without saying, be solved by prohibition. The universal and ever-present urge to self-transcendence is not to be abolished by slamming the currently popular Doors in the Wall. The only reasonable policy is to open other, better doors in the hope of inducing men and women to exchange their old bad habits for new and less harmful ones. Some of these other, better doors will be social and technological in nature, others religious or psychological, others dietetic, educational, athletic. But the need for frequent chemical vacations from intolerable selfhood and repulsive surroundings will undoubtedly remain."  - The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley, 1954.

Questions on the subject by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1895.

23. Is bhang ever used for smoking? If so, in what localities, by what classes of the people, and to what extent?

29. What ingredients are (a) ordinarily or (b) exceptionally mixed with any of these drugs by the different classes of consumers? Is dhatura so used? What is the object of these admixtures? Do you know of any preparation (such as "bhang massala") which is sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs? Describe its ingredients.

56. How are the effects of hemp, used (a) in moderation and (b) in excess, modified by the admixture of other substances? Note specially any information you possess regarding the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others

My thoughts on the subject.

The common belief the world over is that the cannabis plant is only smoked. What history shows, however, is that before the plant was prohibited by selfish and unscrupulous forces, it was not only smoked, but also eaten and drunk extensively, probably much more than smoked, besides being applied externally to the body. All parts of the plant were used for these purposes. Today, in parts of the world where cannabis has been legalized for recreational and medical purposes, we find food and beverages in a wide variety of forms that use cannabis as an ingredient. The perception still persists, however, among the majority of the world's people that cannabis is only smoked.

Looking back at the historical methods of cannabis consumption in India, in and before the 19th century, we see that the herb was used along the length and breadth of the country by people of all classes and all ages, in a rich variety of ways comparable with that of any of India's other herbs. Coupled with the spiritual, medicinal and intoxicating benefits of cannabis, its nutritional benefits add another significant dimension to its use. Information regarding the culinary habits dating back to the time of the Buddha show that hemp flour was a staple in the daily food intake of the monks. Bhang, the common name used in India for the cannabis leaves, was, and still is very much used in preparing beverages with a number of other ingredients, including spices, milk, nuts, herbs, sugar and ghee. The types of ingredients used, besides cannabis, varied according to local tastes and preferences, besides one's ability to afford the various ingredients. While the poorer sections of society used cannabis with simple ingredients such as sugar, water and molasses, the more affluent classes used a wide range of nuts, spices and flowers, such as black pepper, almonds, anise seeds, pistachio, mace, ghi, rose petals, etc as detailed by the Indian Hemp Commission in its report of 1895. Sweetmeats and confectionery were made from cannabis flowers or ganja and sold commonly across the country. Medicinal pastes and syrups were prepared using the cannabis flowers. Curries were prepared in which cannabis was an active ingredient. 

The question 23 by the Hemp Commission of whether bhang is smoked is met with mostly responses in the negative. Some of the responses show the confusion in the minds of persons who do not view bhang and ganja as two different things. Even though most people state strongly that bhang is never smoked, a few people give responses which are nearer the truth. They say that bhang, or the leaves of the cannabis plant as the term implies in this specific context, is smoked when ganja, or the flowering tops of the cannabis plant, is not available or is not affordable. It appears that it is usually the poorest sections of society who smoke the cannabis leaves or bhang since it is they who appear to have faced the problems of non-availability or non-affordability of ganja. By the 19th century, the British administration had already started introducing curbs and increased taxation on cannabis leading to its shortage and rising cost. Already by the 19th century, we see what is today the norm. The rich and upper classes today have access to, and can afford, the ganja while the majority of the world remain without access or means of purchasing the expensive ganja. What the respondents in the 19th century had already become oblivious of was the fact that the cannabis leaves or bhang was India's tobacco till tobacco was introduced in  India. Tobacco, as we all know was discovered in South America around the 16th century and then introduced around the world by the Europeans. In his evidence, Surgeon-Captain D. Prain, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, in response to question 23 states that -"It [bhang or cannabis leaves] was 200 years ago so used [smoked] on the Malabar Coast; it would be well perhaps to find if in this region the use still persists. I have been unable to find any instance of the use in Bengal." Not only was the cannabis leaves smoked by itself, filled into pipes or rolled into cigars, it was also mixed with ganja or charas much like tobacco is used today. By the 19th century, it appears that tobacco had become an indispensable part of the smoking of cannabis, and smoking in general, in India. The wealthy European businessmen and the Indian administration took no small measures to ensure that tobacco cultivation and consumption became a part of India. The suppression of the cannabis leaves, and the cannabis plant in general, was essential to ensure that larger numbers of the Indian population took to smoking tobacco. If we compare the use of tobacco with the use of cannabis leaves for smoking, and the patterns of usage today, we see the disastrous effects of this forced modification of the Indian smoking habits. The leaves of the cannabis plant, or bhang, is a much better thing to smoke than tobacco. It does not contain as many harmful compounds as tobacco contains. It is both much more medicinal, safer and intoxicating than tobacco. The cannabis plant is much more sustainable for the soil and environment than tobacco. If bhang leaves are used more widely for smoking, it will mean the end of the millions of annual deaths globally due to tobacco. I read recently that, in Zimbabwe, hemp had overtaken tobacco as one of its leading export crops. Cannabis leaves or hemp or bhang has the potential to replace tobacco globally, and the powerful tobacco industry know this very well. This is why in the US even though hemp was legalized in the 2018 Farm Bill, it was very specifically stated that smokable hemp was still illegal. There is hardly any country in the world that permits and promotes the smoking of hemp/bhang/cannabis leaves. This is in spite of the fact that cannabis leaves or bhang or hemp is not even illegal under the 1961 Single Convention Treaty on narcotic drugs which forms the basis of all national drug laws,. The global tobacco industry is so powerful that it, working along with all national governments, has prevented bhang from being used for smoking because that essentially means the death knell for tobacco. Today, because I neither have access to nor can afford the ganja or charas available in India's illegal market and used by India's elites and upper classes, I smoke bhang grown at home, and have been doing so for the last two years. In the 19th century, I would have fallen into the category of the poorest persons in India. And to think that there was a time when I would discard the bhang leaves that came along with the ganja, considering it as not useful. Smoking bhang may not be as potent as ganja or charas but it is definitely much better than alcohol or tobacco and it does give one the same spiritual, medical and intoxicating effects as ganja or charas, albeit to a lesser degree. The incredible thing in today's world is that each and every person can grow and smoke the cannabis leaves legally but they are not aware that this is possible. If they wish to, they can replace their tobacco consumption with cannabis leaves grown at home. As the absurd cannabis laws state, it is only the flowering tops and resin of the cannabis plant that is illegal. However since hardly anybody seems to be aware of this, we see almost nobody growing the cannabis plant and smoking its leaves or bhang. Not only that, even law enforcement is ignorant of this fact, or if aware feign ignorance, and bring legal action, or rather illegal action (which would be a more appropriate term), upon persons who are in possession of the legal cannabis leaves. If every smoker concerned about his or her health decided to grow cannabis at home and smoked the leaves instead of tobacco, not only would it mean the end of tobacco, but it would also break the back of cannabis prohibition. If all those individuals and organizations that offer lip service to improving public health through the prevention of tobacco focused on promoting the smoking of bhang or cannabis leaves instead and made it a reality, it would go much further in improving public health than all the efforts done so far combined.

Cannabis based food and beverages in 19th century India, as per the Hemp Commission report, show mainly its usage in the preparation of bhang using a wide variety of ingredients and in the preparation of majum and halwas. There is the rare mention of its use in curries but this to me is an area that is inadequately covered. The respondents to the Hemp Commission were exclusively men, and that too men of the ruling and upper classes. It is their inputs that form the basis of the report regarding methods of consumption of cannabis. Women are completely ignored in the information procurement process of the Hemp Commission. What this means is that, in addition to the impression that women rarely used cannabis, the ways in which women used cannabis remained out of scope. Just as the exclusion of India's spiritual community from the study meant that the spiritual aspects of cannabis usage were grossly under-represented, and just as the exclusion of  India's native physicians from the study meant that the medicinal aspects of cannabis were grossly under-represented, so too the complete exclusion of women from the study meant that the information on the use of cannabis in food and drink was severely limited to its use by men in the beverage called bhang or thandai and sweetmeats such as majum or yakuti. The fact that cannabis was mixed with ghee to form an infusion meant that this infusion could be used in all kinds of cooking. It appears that Indians knew about the solubility of cannabinoids in oils and fats for a very long time in the past. Today, cannabis infused butters and alcohol form the basis of a wide variety of food and beverages in places where cannabis is legal. I believe that cannabis was once as pervasive a part of Indian cooking as any other herb that is found today in the Indian kitchen, such as mint or coriander. The uniformity across the length and breadth of the country, in terms of the modes in which cannabis was consumed i.e. smoked, drunk as a beverage (bhang), eaten as a sweet (majum or yakuti), and the large similarities in their recipes, is an indicator of the extent to which, and the length of time, that cannabis was embedded in Indian culture. Even though people spoke different languages and followed various cultural traditions, when it came to cannabis consumption there was truly unity in diversity. For the methods of consumption to be so similar and to be so pervasive, they had to have been around for a long, long time - thousands of years. It is interesting to note that the sweets made out of cannabis were prepared in dosages suitable for 8 year old children besides being prepared in dosages suitable for adults. This goes to show than cannabis was consumed by nearly all age groups. Compare this with the absurd lengths to which western countries are going to today to prevent children from accessing cannabis edibles, such as alcohol-like age limits, and the myths being constantly propagated that cannabis legalization will turn children into addicts.

Coming to the use of admixtures along with cannabis, the admixtures mentioned the most are dhatura, opium, arsenic and nux vomica. It appears to be a very small proportion of cannabis consumers who indulged in the use of admixtures, mostly confined to excessive users, who themselves were estimated to be about 5% of the overall cannabis consuming population. For these delinquents, the highs of cannabis in its natural form were not enough. The highly toxic substances listed above were mixed with cannabis to experience a stronger high. We find this class of people across intoxicants. Quite often, it is the non-availability of the quantities of intoxicant desired, or the cost of the intoxicant, that drive these users to add these potent toxins. Among the consumers of alcohol, especially in rural India, it is common to add toxic substances such as battery acid or methyl alcohol to illicit liquor to give a more powerful intoxication than what natural alcohol provides, often with fatal results. It is very much also the case with the admixtures used with cannabis. Dhatura, according to the Commission, contains hyoscyamine with small quantities of atropine and hyoscine, and belongs to the same natural order as belladona. It reduces an individual's brain to pulp, as was evidenced by Dr Cunningham's experiments. The common dosage of dhatura along with cannabis was said to be 2 and 1/2 seeds with anything above that being potentially fatal. Considering how small dhatura seeds are and how commonly the plant grows all over India, one can imagine the frequency of overdosing among unwary individuals. What is shocking is that some cannabis retailers added dhatura seeds to the cannabis and sold them to unsuspecting consumers. Dhatura was also said to be used by thieves to knock out victims and rob them. My belief is that nearly all cases of insanity attributed to cannabis and nearly all crimes attributed to cannabis in 19th century India were actually caused by these toxic admixtures added to cannabis when it was consumed, especially dhatura and arsenic. I am also quite certain that it was the addition of opium to cannabis that made the consumer addicted, not to the cannabis in the mixture but the opium. In all these cases, the admixtures (dhatura, arsenic, nux vomica and opium) helped strengthen the myths that - cannabis caused insanity (dhatura); led to crime (dhatura and nux vomica); was addictive (opium); caused abdominal pain, diahhorrea and poisoning (nux vomica and arsenic) - myths that the ignorant and selfish ruling and upper classes used to bring about cannabis prohibition, depriving first India's poor, working classes and indigenous communities, and then those of the world, of the spiritual, medicinal and healthy intoxicating herb.

Going through the material provided by the Commission with regard to the manner and forms in which cannabis was consumed in 19th century India should hopefully stimulate all societies across the world to explore, innovate and reintroduce this wonderful herb into their food, drink and smoking cultures.

Summary Findings of the Hemp Commission.

Following is the summary information provided by the Hemp Commission regarding the forms and manner in which cannabis was consumed in 19th century India.

Manner of smoking ganja.
416. Ganja is used principally for smoking,—almost wholly for that purpose in Bengal, where it is so expensive. The process of preparing the drug for smoking, the kind of chillum or pipe that is used, and the manner of inhaling the smoke are the same all over India. A small quantity of ganja, about 1/16 of a tola, is kneaded in the palm of the left hand with the thumb of the right, a few drops of water being poured on it from time to time. When it ceases to part with any colour to the water, it is ready to be smoked. The chillum is a bowl with a short neck issuing straight from the bottom of it, all made of clay; the same that is commonly used for smoking tobacco. It is laid with a foundation of a small quantity of tobacco. On this is placed the washed ganja which has been chopped up and another thin layer of tobacco. A live coal is placed on the charged pipe, a damp cloth is generally wrapped round the neck of it and folded into the palm of the left hand, while the pipe is grasped by the neck between the thumb and first finger. The right hand is pressed, fingers upwards, against the cloth and neck of the pipe, and the draught is made through the space between the thumb and first finger of this hand. A few short breaths are blown and drawn to light up the pipe, and when this is accomplished one long deep draught is taken with the lungs. The pipe is then handed on to a companion, and so goes the round of the circle.

Manner of smoking charas.
417. In Bengal charas is only used by people in good circumstances. It is in the Punjab and North-Western Provinces that most is to be learnt about the ordinary method of consuming it. It varies in quality and price, and is often very much adulterated. It is almost wholly used for smoking. A quantity, not larger than is usually put into the ganja pipe, is buried or kneaded up in two or three times the quantity of tobacco in the form (gurakhu) in which it is prepared for smoking with the huka. The huka is then smoked in the ordinary way, the draught being taken into the lungs. Dry tobacco may be used instead of the prepared tobacco, and the chillum instead of the huka

Other ways of smoking.
418. Ganja also is sometimes smoked in the huka, and other implements and means of smoking are mentioned. Thus in Bombay and the Central Provinces epicures occasionally use a pipe made of sugarcane in preference to the chillum. There are also certain rude expedients in vogue amongst jungle people for the smoking of tobacco, which are no doubt resorted to in connection with the hemp drug, and some of which appear in the evidence. The pipe bowl may be constructed in the ground, and a reed used to communicate with the mouth. A pipe or cigarette may be made with leaves. The leaf cigarette containing a mixture of tobacco and hemp leaves is spoken of in the Madras Presidency. A green branch of the Euphorbia neriifolia can be readily fashioned into a pipe, and is commonly used on emergency in the Satpura Hills. And in connection with the smoking of charas, there appears to be a custom at religious gatherings in Upper India for religious mendicants to sling a huge chillum containing a sér or more of the drug to a tree so that all comers may partake of it. Bhang, i.e., hemp leaves, or the very inferior kinds of ganja or ganja refuse, is only smoked under the compulsion of poverty or want of the better article.

Mixture of spices in smoking.
419. The above are the simplest forms in which the drugs are smoked. But the well-to-do are fond of flavouring the pipe with spices. The mixture with tobacco has the effect of making the pipe burn properly and go further, and of diluting the smoke which is inhaled; but other explanations are given of the reason for using tobacco with the drugs. Spices give fragrance and flavour to the pipe, and possibly, some of them, pungency. Those commonly used are musk, mace, saffron, cloves, cardamom, keori (the male flower of Pandamus odoratissimus), rose, leaves, attar, nutmeg, ginger, betel-nut, and betel-leaves.

Mixture of potent drugs in smoking.
420. Powerful and noxious drugs are occasionally introduced into the pipe; but this practice is confined to excessive consumers, and among them to a mere proportion only, on whom hemp alone has ceased to produce the desired effect of exhilaration or stupefaction. The seeds of dhatura are by far the commonest ingredient of this class. The next place should probably be taken by opium, and then follow arsenic and nux vomica, aconite, and the root of kanher (Nerium odorum or Thevetia neriifolia, the latter of which is known among the natives as yellow kanher), and after these may be mentioned certain substances to which the consumers attribute poisonous or intoxicating properties, or at least the virtue of enhancing the potency of the hemp. Such are hemp seeds, the root of the cold-weather jawari (sorghum of the kind called ringni in the Central Provinces and shalu in Bombay), the root of rice, the juice of the madar (Callotropis gigantea), and the skins and poison of snakes; and, lastly, cantharides is sometimes mixed for a special purpose. It is said that the jawari root is sometimes soaked in liquor to increase its potency. In describing these admixtures, distinction has not been made between charas and ganja smoking because the use of the ingredients is a matter of individual caprice, and they do not form part of any recognized preparation of the hemp drugs.

Simple preparation for drinking.
421. As with smoking, so in the case of drinking, there is a common and simple form, and also various compounds more or less elaborate. The simple form is merely to pound the drug very fine with a little black pepper, add water according to the strength of the drink desired, and filter the decoction through a cloth. This beverage is sometimes made with the bhang composed almost entirely of the leaves of the plant, and sometimes, most commonly outside Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, and the Punjab, of the flower heads or mixture of flower and leaves that has come away in the course of the manufacture of ganja. It goes by different names in various parts of India. In Bengal it is commonly called bhang or siddhi; in the North-Western Provinces bhang, siddhi, or thandai; in the Punjab, Bombay, and Central Provinces bhang or ghota; and in Sind ghota and panga according to its strength. In Madras the simplest form of preparation seems to be very little used, but when it is, it is probably called bhang or subzi. The Madras preparation called ramras or ramrasam seems to correspond to the dudhia of Upper India. The common names may be taken to include all forms of beverage made from the hemp drugs, except those which have special names of their own.

Spiced preparations for drinking.
422. There is next a class of beverages in which the hemp drug and pepper are supplemented by harmless perfumes and spices, the whole enriched, it may be, with sugar and milk or curds. Every bhang drinker who can afford it adds some or other of these ingredients. The spices most commonly used are anise, fennel, coriander, dill, ajwan (Ptychotis), cucumber and musk-melon seeds, almonds, rose leaves, cloves, saffron, and cardamom. But many others of the same class of innocent ingredients are mentioned, viz., hemp and poppy seeds, mace, mint cummin, endive, parsley, musk, betel-leaves, keori, attar, cinnamon, lotus seeds the seed of hollyhock, the kernels of pistachio and charoli (Buchanania latifolia), asafoetida, liquorice, cubebs, chillies, and senna leaves. The juices of fruits and trees are also employed in the concoction, such as that of the pomegranate, grape, mango, bael, cocoanuts, and date (not toddy).

Mixture of potent drugs for drinking.
423. The above ingredients are used by all moderate consumers according to their taste and means. There are others which by their potency, their uncommonness, or their quaintness are designed to meet the craving of consumers whom the compounds in ordinary use fail to satisfy. Here again dhatura takes the first place, and evidence is not wanting that the seeds of this plant are sometimes kept in stock by the grocers who supply the other ingredients, if not by the sellers of the drugs. Besides dhatura, opium, arsenic, strychnine, aconite, the oleander root, and seed of black henbane are mentioned as being introduced into hemp drinks. A mixture of two or three of these with the hemp drugs in one or two forms, and perhaps one or two other fanciful ingredients, goes by the cant name of panchratna (the five jewels), panchrangi, or panjtul. The name is apparently applied to this sort of compound, and sometimes even to more innocent ones, whether it is to be used for eating, drinking, or smoking. The poison of copper is sometimes utilized by making the decoction in a copper vessel, or putting copper coins into it while it is being prepared.

Curious ingredients for drinking.
424. There is still another class of ingredients, which are used because they are believed to have a certain efficiency of their own, or to be instrumental in enhancing the power of the hemp drug. These are the roots of grass, of rice, and of jawar, the manna and rotten knots of bamboo, soot, cobwebs, decayed string, the juice of the ak (swallow wort), and the root of mothk. These are, of course, to be regarded as curiosities of the subject, though the mention of the jawari root is rather frequent. As in the case of smoking, cantharides is very rarely mentioned as an ingredient.

Use of hemp drugs with alcohol.
425. The hemp drugs are sometimes used to doctor alcoholic drinks. In the Punjab the name lutki is given to a concoction of this kind. In Baluchistan there is also said to be a drink called mudra, which is compounded of dhatura, bhang, alcohol, and opium. The drink is also known in the Punjab. In other quarters the hemp drugs are said to be smoked after drinking liquor to add to the intoxication. The evidence of the association of the hemp drugs with alcohol in these ways is fortunately scanty. The practice is probably rare, for it implies a recklessness in in temperance which is foreign to the Indian character.

Boja.
426. There is a liquid preparation of ganja in use in the Sholapur district of the Bombay Presidency which seems to be little known elsewhere. It is called boja, and its preparation is described by Bombay witnesses 25 and 47. The consumption is considerable, amounting in the year 1891-92 to 138,100 sérs. It appears to consist principally of a gruel made from jawari, and to contain a comparatively small proportion of hemp and a little nux vomica. After brewing, it has to be kept a day, when water is added, and it is drunk.

Hemp decoctions sometimes kept ready made.
427. Bhang drink is kept for sale in Karachi. Witness 5 from Sind says that the refreshment is prepared and kept in readiness to be supplied gratuitously for the use of visitors and passers-by in almost all the places of worship. The same practice is indicated in the evidence of the manager of the dharamsala near Athari in the Punjab. Mr. Drummond describes a social custom of the same kind as prevailing among the Hindu Jats in the south-eastern districts of the Punjab.

Simple form of eating hemp.
428. Ganja and bhang are eaten as well as drunk. Charas, if medicinal uses be excepted, is very rarely consumed in any other way but in the form of smoke. The simplest form of eating ganja and bhang is to pound them up with such spices as were mentioned in the preparation of bhang, and to swallow the paste in the form of a bolus. The mass is sometimes compounded with molasses or gur. The leaves of the green plants are even chewed on occasion. It does not, however, appear to be a regular practice with any people in any part of India to consume the drugs in this manner. The habitual bhang drinker will do it when he has difficulty in preparing his drink. It is done on a journey. It would seem to be more common to eat the paste in the cold weather than the hot. A mass will sometimes be prepared and kept for use day by day. This paste is known in the Punjab, Berar, and Bombay as fakki or fanki, and it seems to be used by the poor not uncommonly.

Hemp sweetmeats.
429. There is, however, a very considerable consumption of sweetmeats made with ganja or bhang, or even sometimes charas. They are all prepared in very much the same way, their various names and properties depending on the proportion of the hemp drugs and other ingredients that they contain. Their basis is sugar and milk, and the essence of the hemp drug is extracted by the aid of heat, and compounded with them with other drugs and spices or perfumes. The most common of them is majum, and the preparation is known by that name from one end of India to the other. It is largely used at certain Hindu feasts. It is evidently credited with aphrodisiacal qualities. Many people consume it habitually, either throughout the year or in the cold season, abandoning it in the hot in favour of the liquid preparations. The names of other similar preparations are yakuti (in general use from the Deccan northwards), purnathi (Madras), gulkhand (Bombay), shrikhand (Bombay), halwa (in general use), and many others. These preparations are all considered to be aphrodisiacal, some to such a degree that they should perhaps be regarded as medicinal forms rather than articles of ordinary consumption. It is stated that in preparing these mixtures copper vessels are sometimes used or copper coins immersed in the process, and doubtless the toxic and tonic drugs mentioned in connection with the preparation of drinks sometimes enter into them.

Various ways of using hemp for consumption.
430. Hemp is sometimes compounded into cakes made of gram flour. It is used as a seasoning in the cooking of various dishes, those composed of meat as well as others. More than one witness in more than one province mentions this use at parties to make fun of the guests. A witness from the Punjab describes how powdered bhang is sometimes wrapped in dhatura leaves, the whole enclosed in a covering of clay and baked. It is not clear whether the cooked substance is eaten or drunk. It might be either. Witnesses, speaking of the northern part of the Bombay Presidency, state that gram and dates are sometimes charged with hemp. And in Calcutta the drug is occasionally used to flavour ice-cream.

Admixtures.
456. In considering the effects of hemp drugs, it is necessary not to forget the admixtures used more or less frequently with them. These are discussed more fully in other parts of the report. There are certain of them, such as the spices used to render bhang a more palatable drink and also perhaps less irritating to the digestive system, or the almonds used to emulsify the resinous matter in the bhang, or the tobacco used as the most pleasant vehicle and diluent of charas or ganja when smoked, which need not be discussed here. Their effects are unimportant. But there are certain admixtures which are taken with the hemp drugs, at least ostensibly, with the express purpose of intensifying their effects. Thus opium is sometimes smoked with ganja. This is probably sheer vice, a dissipated desire to mix intoxicants. Cantharides and nux vomica are sometimes used in bhang. The object of this is apparently to produce aphrodisiac effects. But nux vomica is also perhaps used thus as a tonic. This drug is apparently sometimes smoked, when its effect would be nullified. Arsenic is similarly used in bhang, probably from a belief in its prophylactic and tonic properties. It is also stated to be smoked with charas or ganja. In this form it would be very poisonous, but the evidence seems to show that it is smoked ostentatiously by jogis and fakirs; and probably it is not really inhaled. It is also sometimes stated that aconite is occasionally smoked. All these admixtures, as well as others of a more exceptional and extraordinary character, appear to be rarely used. More common than any of them is dhatura. It is generally the seeds, but occasionally the leaves, that are used. This drug is used by those debauchees or other excessive consumers who either cannot afford sufficient ganja or bhang, or who desire a stronger form of intoxication than either can supply. There is also some little evidence of the occasional use by those who supply the drink of an infusion of dhatura to strengthen bhang, perhaps sometimes without the knowledge of the consumers. There is a good deal of evidence both generally of the use of this drug by excessive consumers, and also in particular cases of the gradual formation of the dhatura habit when ganja or bhang has failed to satisfy. Dhatura is clearly more strongly intoxicant than the hemp drugs, and there can be little doubt that the evidence which represents it as decidedly more injurious may be accepted as in accordance with fact. There is a strong popular prejudice against this drug, and it is not used by moderate smokers at all. It does not seem likely that it would ever replace hemp drugs any more than it now supplements them among moderate consumers, but only among persons who deliberately desire intoxication and are indifferent in their choice of intoxicant. At the same time the use of Hyoscyamns muticus (or "Hill bhang of the Western frontier"), already referred to, does indicate the possibility of more general resort to dhatura if ganja were not available. The active principle of this drug is closely allied to that of dhatura in its physiological effects. There are also many witnesses who believe that consumers of the hemp drugs (especially, but not exclusively, excessive consumers) would take to dhatura if they could not obtain the drugs to which they are accustomed, and this opinion is entitled to considerable weight.

Dhatura.
457. Dhatura belongs to the same natural order as hyoscyamus and belladonna. The active principle of dhatura is hyoscyamine with small quantities of atropine and hyoscine: the active principle of belladonna is atropine with some hyoscyamine. These three alkaloids are all closely allied in their physiological action. The action of atropine has been fully studied. It is unnecessary, therefore, to say more of the physiological action of dhatura. The leaves, and in even higher degree the seeds, form a very powerful intoxicant; and the delirium which ensues from the use of the drug is well known. The effects of dhatura as introduced into the system through the stomach have hitherto chiefly received attention, but the effects of smoking have also been observed. There have, however, been hitherto no physiological experiments to ascertain the effects produced by the prolonged inhalation of dhatura smoke. The Commission requested Dr. D. D. Cunningham to conduct such experiments. His report is contained in Vol. III Appendices. The following extract is of interest: "The subject of experiment, as in the case of that on the effects of the inhalation of the smoke of ganja, was a fair-sized specimen of Macacus rhesus. The treatment was initiated on the 1st June and continued until 11th July, so that the experiment lasted for a period of about six weeks. In its conduct the same inhalation apparatus was employed as in the first experiment. At the outset the seeds of dhatura were made use of as the source of smoke; but as they appeared to be undesirably potent, leaves were presently substituted for them, and were persistently employed throughout the rest of the experiment. "The symptoms attending the treatment were not invariably quite uniform in character. On some occasions indications of a certain amount of cerebral excitement were present for some time; but, as a rule, drowsiness and gradually increasing intoxication manifested themselves from the outset, either alone or associated with symptoms of irritation of the respiratory apparatus as indicated by coughing. "The animal was killed by means of prolonged administration of chloroform on the morning of the 14th July, and a post-mortem examination conducted at once with the following results:— "The lungs wore not adherent to thoracic walls, but were both deeply congested almost everywhere, and especially towards their apices, in which numerous tubercular nodules and small cavities were present. Such phenomena were, of course, very frequent in the lungs of monkeys in confinement, but it remains possible that the general pulmonary congestion may have been partially due to irrigation incident on the inhalation of the smoke. The visceral pericardium was almost devoid of fat, and was somewhat thickened and opaque, especially over the region of the right auricle. The omentum and mesentery were also very free from fat. The spleen appeared to be rather anaemic, and was somewhat fibroid in texture. The liver, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestines, and kidneys presented no abnormal appearances. "On opening the cranium the dura-mater was found to be somewhat thickened, and especially in the neighbourhood of the superior longitudinal sinus very conspicuously congested. In this region, too, the membrane in the occipital region was fixed to the cranial walls by soft, very vascular adhesions. The piamater was thickened and so highly injected throughout that the cerebral surface had a generally diffused pink tint. The cerebral substance was everywhere abnormally soft and so friable as to render any immediate removal of the membranes impossible without the occurrence of much destruction of the nervous tissue. Like the surface, although in minor degree, it was of a pinkish tinge owing to abnormal accumulation of blood. Conditions of this kind appeared to be universally diffused throughout the whole of the cerebral centres, the texture of the hemispheres, of the cerebellum, and of the basal ganglia being alike soft, and the evidences of abnormal congestion universally distributed. In spite of this, however, the spinal cord and its membranes were to all appearance perfectly healthy. "In so far as a single experiment goes, the results in this case would then seem to show that the habitual inhalation of the smoke of dhatura, even when only practised for a relatively brief period, is sufficient to establish serious morbid changes in the cerebral nervous centres, and that it therein differs from the habitual inhalation of the smoke of ganja extending over a much more prolonged period. This clearly indicates the necessity of distinguishing between cases in which ganja alone is employed from those in which a mixture of ganja and dhatura is substituted for it, as otherwise certain prejudicial effects which are really due to the use of the latter drug may be erroneously credited to the former one."

Extracts from memos submitted by various states.

Madras Memo.
11. Intoxicating drugs prepared from the hemp plant. — The drugs usually manufactured in this presidency from the plant are of three main descriptions— (1) Ganja. (2) Bhang. (3) Majum. Other preparations from the hemp plant, such as poornadhi laghium, ramarasam bhoja, sabja, mathai, sakkarai, billai, and alwah are more or less local synonyms of one or other of the above 3 preparations. Ganja, bhang, and majum are prepared in various ways, the chief only of which will be noticed below:— Ganja is a preparation of the dried flowers of the female hemp plant, usually reduced to powder in the palm of the hand by being rubbed with the thumb of the other hand. It is generally mixed with tobacco and smoked in a "chilam" or "hooka." Bhang is prepared from the dried leaves of the male hemp plant and is usually taken as a beverage after being ground into a paste and then dissolved in some liquid, milk or water, with spices, pepper, ginger, &c. Majum is a confection made of ganja boiled in milk and then mixed with ghee and sugar. Charas, the resinous exudation from the stems, leaves, and flowers, is used but very rarely in this presidency. 12. Other preparations of intoxicating drugs.—In Ganjam and Bellary, a drink called mathath is prepared by mixing hemp flowers with opium. Mathana-kamaswaram, and poonath are medicinal preparations made from the leaves of the plant rendered palatable by the admixture of sugar, spices, ghee, milk, &c. The former is reported to be in use in Ganjam and the latter in Tinnevelly. The manufacture of intoxicating drugs is not forbidden in any part of the presidency, nor is it subject to any rules or restrictions.

Bombay Memo.
Ganja. "Almost all the quantity of pods known as ganja is used up in smoking. Three to eight pods are smoked mixed with ordinary tobacco. The process of preparing the drug for the purpose of smoking consists in soaking the pods in cold water for a few minutes; they are then separated from the little stalks, and the seeds, if there be any, are thrown away. The pods thus soaked and cleaned are rubbed on the palm of the left hand with the right thumb for about a quarter of an hour, a small quantity of cold water being poured on it at short intervals and squeezed out. This rubbing is continued until the stuff gets sticky, and when this condition is obtained it is mixed with ordinary tobacco and smoked. The intoxicating property of the drug increases with the length of the time spent in rubbing it. Ganja is mixed with madan-masta, madan-kamsi, and the seeds of black dhatura trees (all medicinal plants). All these ingredients are reduced to fine powder. A tola weight of this powder is mixed up in a kucha seer of sugar, and then administered as Deviprasad. This sort of use of the drug, as far as I know, is resorted to at big fairs by professional thieves, though now on a very small scale, in this part of the country" 8. The uses of bhang as an intoxicating drink:— Ghota. "This drink is prepared as follows:—Some quantity of bhang powder is slightly parched in the first instance, and is then carefully washed to remove impurities from it. It is then ground on a stone mixed with water. The stuff thus prepared is strained. The liquid is then mixed with the powder of black-pepper, poppy, and anise-seeds and other spices according to the taste and means of the drinkers. Jaggery or sugar and milk are also, added to the preparation, and it is drunk both by the rich and poor as a cool beverage, especially during the hot season. This drink is not considered injurious to health. The fakirs and mendicants have special liking for this beverage. Boja. "9. This is one of the intoxicating preparations in which bhang powder has to be used. It is prepared as follows:—Ordinary jowari flour is soaked in water for a night, which is boiled the next morning, and the kosht-kolanjan (the roots of Costus Arabicus), kuchla (Nux vomica), and bhang powder are then mixed in it. Some mix the powder of the roots of aconite with a view to increase the strength of the drink. The mixture thus prepared is then spread on a mat and allowed to dry in the shade. This stuff is called 'kanya.' A second preparation, called mávyáche peith, is next prepared. Best sort of jowári is soaked in water for 11 days until the grain germinates. The jowari is then dried in the sun and ground into fine flour. The two stuffs, viz., kanya and mávyáche peith, when proportionately mixed up, produce a fluid substance like nuchhu, the common staple food of all classes of people in this part of the country. This fluid substance is then stored up in a big earthen vessel called ránjan and allowed to ferment therein. A small quantity of this preparation is mixed with water, which is strained and drunk. No sugar or jaggery is used in preparing this drink. It produces a strong intoxication to such an extent that the customers seldom leave the premises of shops, but lie down there quietly until the intoxication subsides. The drink has a very sour smell, and is used only during the hot season. It is sold in common earthen pots called 'moghas.' I am further informed that the contractors, with a view to make good profits out of their farm, buy deteriorated or rotten jowári for preparing the stuff called 'kanya.' Boja farm has not been sold in the district, nor do I hear of any people of any class resorting to this drink." 10. Majun, commonly called 'majum,' is another preparation of bhang and is prepared in small cakes. Its preparation is as follows:— Ghi is allowed to boil in water for three days and is then mixed with bhang powder and boiled. When boiling it a second time, some quantity of ghi is added to the preparation, and while it is lukewarm, spices, such as cardamoms, saffron, dried ginger, sugar or jaggery, & c., are put in. The stuff thus prepared is then poured in a tray, and when cooled is cut into small cakes. It is used by both Hindus and Mahomedans, who are generally addicted to the vice. It is given occasionally to the sick as a sleeping draught, especially in small villages where medical aid is not available. Some use it as a nervine tonic. Fakki. "11. This preparation is in the form of a powder and is prepared as follows:— Bhang powder is carefully washed in the first instance. A very small quantity of ghi is put in it and is slightly parched on a frying pan. The stuff is then reduced to fine powder, which is mixed with poppy-seeds and sugar. It is used chiefly by Mahomedans and other people who are given up to the vice." 12. Bhang powder is also given, especially to plough cattle, as a tonic or preventive against inclement weather in the Mallad part of the country (i.e., districts situated close to the Sayhadri ranges). In a like manner it is also given in various forms to horses. The use of the seed. "13. Oil is extracted from the ganja seeds just as that from the safflower and other oil seeds. Generally the oil is used for burning lamps, but when fresh it is also used, however very rarely, for culinary purposes. "14. Chutney is also made from the seeds. For this purpose the seeds are slightly parched and mixed with chilly, salt, and other spices. The several ingredients are then well pounded and used as chutney with bread. It has a good taste. The seeds form one of the ingredients in native tonic medicines prepared by native doctors."

Berar Memo.
The only forms of the drug that are used by the people are ganja and bhang. Charas is not used. Other preparations that are known are these:— "Majum," "gulkand," and "yakuti." Ganja chillum. Ganja (the flowers of the plant or the flattened heads of it) is smoked in the following manner:— The smoker takes a head of the plant, places it on his left palm, puts over it a little water, and mixes it by the pressure of the right thumb. This process of wetting and pressing is repeated, says the Deputy Commissioner of Akola, 121 times over. Then it is pressed and put into a piece of cloth, and the moisture squeezed out. A small quantity of tobacco is added to enhance its effects, the mixture is then put into a chillum (pipe) and smoked. Bhang or Thandai (a cooling drink). Bhang is drunk as a cooling drink in the hot weather. The method of preparing the drink is as below. Bhang—or the flowers and leaves that drop when the plants are being tied up into sheaves—is first of all well cleaned and then boiled. Afterwards it is very carefully washed and then dried. A small quantity of this preparation is then mixed with spices such as "sonph," "miri," "badam," "khaskhas," and "rose-buds." The mixture is then well pounded, putting a little water over it. It is then mixed with cold water or milk, and sugar put in it, and after being filtered it is drunk. This is known as bhang or thandai, or a cooling drink. Majum. The method of preparing this drug is described below. A sheave of ganja is first cleaned properly, and after being boiled is carefully washed very clean. It is then mixed with ghee and is again boiled. This preparation is then filtered, and the fluid essence is mixed with spices such as jaiphal, jaipatri, kalmi, vilaichi, lavang, khurasni wora; sugar is then separately boiled, and when it is found to be quite clean and ready for being mixed with the above preparations, it is so mixed, and the whole thing is once more boiled. This preparation is called majum, which is of a green colour. I have obtained this information from a well known majum-seller at Ballapur, whose preparation is celebrated in the province and it is in many places called by name " Deolal," who was the original owner of the shop. This "Deolal" is used by many people known to be respectable. There is another preparation similar to the above and is called the gulab shakri majum. It is the same as the above, but is coloured red by mixing a small quantity of hingul. Gulkand.—Essence of ganja prepared just as it is done for majum and mixed with sugar and rose flowers or seranti flower becomes gulkand. Yakuti.— Appears only to be another name of majum, but it must necessarily contain rich spices above mentioned. Majum can be made even only by mixing sugar with essence of ganja prepared as above stated. Bhang.— Besides being drunk in the above mentioned manner a preparation of bhang is eaten. Bhang is first well boiled and washed clean and then dried. It is then pounded without water and is mixed with a powder of lavang, vilaichi, jaiphal, etc., and saffron. A small quantity of this powder is mixed with sugar and eaten by some people.  

Kashmir Memo.
22. Green or dry leaves of bhang are not sold for drinking and smoking. Bhang is very seldom used in this province for drinking and it is not at all used for smoking, and the people drinking it, whose number can hardly be more than 200, clean the dry leaves in their houses and roast them a little. A few dry leaves are put in a koondi with some black-pepper to prepare a fluid, and sometimes sugar also is mixed to make the liquid sweet to the taste. There is no prohibition for possession of the bhang leaves in any quantity. 23. Bhang is also used in the preparation of majum, which is eaten to some extent by the Hindustanis and well-to-do Kashmiris. 24. The quantity of majum does not exceed one maund a year. 25. Majum is manufactured by slightly boiling leaves, which are taken out of water and put into hot ghi; ghi possessing narcotic properties when mixed with ata and sugar makes majum for eating, but there are no habitual eaters of majum.

Mysore Memo.
21. Ganja is used for smoking by simply crushing the dry leaves and mixing them with tobacco in the proportion of two parts of the former to one part of the latter. Majum and halva are generally eaten in sweetmeats. An infusion of the withered flowers of the hemp plant is occasionally made and mixed with pepper, poppy-seed, and fried Bengal gram, the preparations being either diluted and drunk under the name of "ramras," or made up into pills and swallowed, or dissolved in jaggery water and milk or expressed juice of the cocoanut and drunk under the name of "bhang."

EXTRACT FROM MEMORANDUM REGARDING GANJA AND ITS PREPARATIONS IN MYSORE BY MR. J. G. MCDONNELL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT EXCISE COMMISSIONER IN MYSORE.
The intoxicating native productions and preparations of the plant are known as (1) ganja, (2) charas (resin), (3) bhang, (4) majum, (5) alwa, (6) churun, (7) curry, (8) preparations according to pharmacopœia, (a) Cannabin, (b) Extractum Cannabis Indicœ, (c) Tinctura Cannabis Indicœ, (d) Cannabinœ Tannas, and (e) Cannabinon.  3. (a) Bhang.—This preparation of ganja is made up of the ingredients and in the proportions noted against each in the table as per margin. The ganja was put into 10 oz. of cold water and boiled for 5 minutes. The ganja was kneaded into the hot water with the hand, and the moisture drained and expressed with the hand therefrom. The stalks and seeds were then removed. The residuum was ground on a curry-stone into a fine paste and milk added as required to keep up the consistency. The other ingredients were then cast in and ground with the ganja into a fine paste. The weight of this ball was 530 grains. The cuscus and cucumber seeds were ground and kept separately in one ball, the weight of which was 440 grains. Both these balls were dissolved in 20 oz. of milk and passed through muslin, and the sediment, which weighed 340 grains, was then thrown away, as it was of no use. Sugar was then put in and the whole mixture was again strained. This mixture is enough for two men in one day. One-fourth of the quantity was taken before, and the other after meals, by each of the two men to whom it was given by me.
 

 
Bhang is sometimes eaten dry without the addition of water or milk. A man will take one and half tolas (270 grs.) in two doses or the whole at once as he is habituated to its use or not. "Bhang" is made daily as needed. "Bhang" is made at home and consumed there. "Bhang" is not sold in the bazaar in the Mysore Province. Marwadis, when making bhang (a), omit items 4, 6, and 7, but use milk only at the Holi (Kama) feast and on other occasions they add ghee. (b) "Bhangi-Subjee" is that to which "subjee (Ocimum Basilicum) seeds" have been added.— All the ingredients used for bhang (3a) above, except sugar and milk are used for the "bhangi-subjee." Water is substituted for milk. It is a cooling drink, especially in hot weather. 4. Majum.- A recipé for making six maunds of majum is given in the margin. It is that adopted at the Government Central Distillery in this province by the contractor. The ganja powder collected in vending is utilized if not too old. It is broiled in an iron caldron. The ganja and the spices are all then pounded and kept separately. All the ingredients are now sifted, cleaned, and mixed. The jaggery is made into a thick syrup. The granular kind of jaggery is selected, as otherwise the majum will become a hard and ropy mass quite unfit for sale or use. The ghee is then put and well stirred in. While the mass is hot the other ingredients are added little by little and the whole mass thoroughly stirred up again and allowed to cool a little. Before it becomes quite cool the mass is manipulated with both hands and reduced to powder without leaving clots. The bazaar price of majum is 3 cash per tola. In every tola of majum there are 48 3/4 grains of ganja. The Government duty is 2 annas per seer (24 tolas) and the contractor's cost Re. 0-1-6. He sells it to the retail vendors at Re. 0-4-6.
 

5. (a) Ordinary Alwa.- A recipé for this preparation as made and sold in the bazaars is given in the margin with the proportions noted against each. The rollong is kneaded into a stiff paste with water. The paste is then washed over and over again with clean water and all the fluid collected in a vessel till the water runs clean from the rollong. The glutinous matter is rejected and the fluid allowed to stand for four hours. The supernatant liquid is then decanted off and the residuum alone retained. The sugar is boiled into a thick syrup, the residuum of the rollong added and stirred, till the whole mass thickens, when the ghee is poured on and is thoroughly amalgamated. The almonds are shelled, the kernels put into boiling water and allowed to soak till the outer jacket can be slipped off readily when pressed between the fore-finger and thumb. The essence of rose is then added. If a small piece of the alwa is applied to the tongue and it does not adhere to it, it is a proof that the process is completed. The almonds cleaned are placed entire on top of the alwa after it has cooled. When private parties want ganja added they supply the needful to the sweetmeat-man, who boils it with water till ebullition ensues, the water is then expressed out of the drugs and rejected, and the residuum is put into the ghee and boiled again and the syrup and residuum of the rollong are then added and the process completed as set forth above.
* According to the requirements of each private party needing the alwa. The quantity for adults in ordinary cases is given in receipts No. 5 (b) and (c) in next page.
 

 
(b) Alwa— A recipé for the preparation of alwa for children. (1) One tola (180 grs.) of ganja should be boiled with a quarter seer (5 oz.) of cold water for quarter of an hour, the ganja is then taken in the hand and all the water expressed out of the residuum. The stalk and seeds are then removed. The ganja is now boiled with half a seer (12 tolas) of ghee for half an hour and then strained and the sediment rejected. (2) The sugar is now boiled with quarter seer (5 oz.) of cold water till it becomes a thick syrup, (3) The poppy-seed, dry figs, almonds, and rose petals should be well ground and put into item (2) and well mixed. The other ingredients should be well pounded. Koonkum flower and pachchai-kurpoor should be ground with a little water to form a sauce. All the ingredients are now cast into one vessel and the honey added and well mixed. This preparation is sold at one cash per ball of 54 grains which is a dose for a child eight years old. The ball contains 2/3 grs of ganja.

 
(c) Alwa-Kamera-Jafran.- A recipe for this preparation for adults is given in the margin, (1) The ganja should be boiled well and the water expressed out and rejected. The residuum is then ground. (8) The other ingredients should be pulverized and mixed with the ganja powder after it has been well boiled with ghee. This preparation is sold at five cash per ball of 180 grains, which contains 14 2/3 grs. of ganja. The material difference between the two preparations b and c consists in the liquid infusion of the ganja after being boiled with the ghee being retained for children while in that for adults the "sediment" of the ganja after being boiled with water is bodily added to the preparations while the water is rejected.

 
 
(6) Churen.—A recipé for the preparation of churun is given in the margin. The ganja is mixed with 6 1/4 oz. of cold water and boiled for 20 minutes. The water is all expressed out of the ganja with the baud and the other ingredients are all fried properly on a metal or earthen platter and then ground to a fine powder on a curry-stone, except the cocoanut, which is cut up into minute pieces. The whole is lastly mixed with the sugar. The ghee is first dissolved and then added to the mass and well mixed up. The total quantity weighed about 22 tolas. This is enough for five men for one day, but only three men ate of this quantity—4 tolas (720 grs.) each. It is eaten little by little at intervals during the day. It will keep for six months. Each tola of churun contains 16 1/8 grs. of ganja.

(7) Curry.—With other ingredients of a native curry a tola (180 grs.) of ganja is ground on a curry-stone and added to every 1/2 seer (one lb.) of mutton used and partaken of by the meat-eating classes.


Central India Memo.
"Ganja is prepared by washing the dried tops well in water and rubbing them between the hands. It is here used only for smoking and is mixed with tobacco. "Bhang is not here used for smoking. The green bhang is occasionally used as a vegetable, but ordinarily the dry bhang is used for the preparation of a beverage. The leaves are roasted in a copper vessel, spread out on moist ground, well washed till they have lost their colour, strained and finally powdered. The powder is taken in water, sometimes sweetened or with milk added; and it is common to add pepper, anise-seeds, rose flowers, lilac flowers, cucumber-seeds, almonds, or cardamoms. "A special preparation is sold in the bazaars under the name of majum, which is an extract of bhang mixed with sugar and ghee and baked. "Charas is prepared by rubbing ganja (sometimes mixed with bhang) violently for several hours on rough woollen blankets, which afterwards are scraped with a knife. The substance thus scraped off is first class charas. An inferior kind is then obtained by washing the blanket with the least possible quantity of water and then evaporating the liquid."

19. Ganja is smoked along with tobacco, the object of the mixture being, according to some, to bring out the full effect of the ganja, and, according to others, to mitigate its bad odour. The method of using the drugs in Bhopawar is thus described:— Ganja is for smoking mixed only with tobacco. Charas is generally put on the top of the filled hookah (five to twenty grains weight). Pepper, anise-seed, cucumber seed, almonds, cardamoms, rose leaves, lilac flowers, are all classed as "bhangm assala,"b ut ordinarily only the first two are used. Bhang is also taken with milk and sugar or boiled in milk. An infusion of one to two scruples in two or three small teacups full of water taken in three doses during the day is an efficient remedy in cases of painful gonorrhæa. Bhang tel, commonly called bhang, is a decoction of bhang in fresh butter or sweet almond-oil. It is a powerful narcotic. The Indore use of ganja and bhang is thus described by the Minister— "Ganja is prepared for smoking in the following simple manner:— "For each smoker about half a tola is taken each time. Any seed or large leaf or coarse fibre is carefully removed. The ganja is then soaked in water and placed on the palm of the hand. Some water is then poured upon it and the ganja frequently rubbed and pressed by means of the thumb of the other hand until the whole water is squeezed out. This process is repeated about a score of times until the water squeezed out is perfectly colourless. Tobacco to the extent of half the quantity of ganja is then added, and the mixture, with the water completely squeezed out, is then put in into a chilum (smoking earthen bowl) and ignited by means of a live ember, generally of cowdung cake, put over it. The bowl is wrapped in a wet piece of cloth and applied to the mouth for the purpose of smoking. "Bhang is prepared in several ways. The habitual, inveterate bhang-drinkers prepare it in the following way:— "To a moderate drinker three tolas of bhang is required. It is carefully cleaned, and kept in water for some time, varying from a few minutes to half an hour. It is then washed several times, and with the addition of five or six pepper seeds reduced to the finest pulpy state over a flat stone by means of a muller worked by the hands. The pulp is mixed with about a pound of water and the mixture strained through a piece of cloth. The mixture is then poured from one pot into another many times. The number of times this is done and the height from which the mixture is poured is a very essential feature in the preparation. The drinker believes that the potency of the mixture increases in the direct ratio of the repetitions and the height. The mixture thus obtained is ready for use by the bhang habitué, who never takes it without first offering to Shiv and pouring some of it over a lingam where one is at hand. There is no end to the ways in which bhang is drunk as a luxury and as a cooling drink. Sugar and milk are added in most instances. Dry rosebuds, poppy-seeds, almonds, cardamoms, aniseseed, saffron, musk, nutmegs, cucumber seeds, pistachios, and a number of other spices, with juice of various kinds of fruit, are added to the preparation to make it palatable. "Ganja is mostly neither eaten nor drunk, and bhang is never smoked nor eaten by itself. It is, however, the principal ingredient of several intoxicating preparations, such as gulkand, majum, yakuti, manohargutka, churans, bhajiyas, etc., and is eaten in the articles both on ordinary and festive occasions. " The above answer refers to bhang and ganja obtained by cultivation only." The spices usually combined with bhang are called bhang massala. The mixture of that name is sold in the bazar ready to be mixed with the bhang. The object of mixing dhatura with bhang is to increase the intoxication. A highly intoxicating compound known as punch-ratni, into which dhatura enters, is sometimes used in Indore.

Remarks on majum.-The confection of hemp known as majum is differently made in various parts of India. In the north it is made with white sugar, in the south it is made with brown sugar and mixed with so many spices and other ingredients that it is quite black. Allahabad majum was a whitish soft mass of peculiar ghee-like odour, and containing vegetable debris similar to that from ganja. It contained 4 per cent. of ghee and 1.3 per cent. of vegetable matter insoluble in water. There was no trace of alkaloid present. Benares majum was in cakes of the same colour and odour, and was nearly pure sugar. It contained 1.4 per cent. of fat, and 1 per cent. of leafy portions; no foreign seeds were discovered and no alkaloid could be detected. Bombay majum was in the form of yellow-coloured cakes flavoured with spice, and with very little ganja. It contained 4.9 per cent. of ghee soluble in ether, and 2.7 per cent. of brown vegetable matter referable to cloves, cassia and saffron. No alkaloid was present. Amballa majum was in opaque white masses with a slight greenish tinge and odour of ghee. It contained 7.3 per cent. of ghee soluble in ether, and no vegetable structures of a green colour as in other samples. No alkaloid was found. Hyderabad majum was in the form of square cakes covered on one side with silvered paper. One kind was white and contained 2.3 per cent. of ghee, the other was coloured yellow with saffron and contained only 1.2 per cent. No seeds or vegetable structures were observed. This had been doubtless strained through a cloth before being boiled down. With these samples came a mixture, wrapped up in a leaf, of powdered raisins and white sugar. When this was examined, several other substances were found, such as pieces of almonds, seeds of various kinds, stamens of some plant, some cereal grains and spice. The little black seeds were further examined microscopically and were found to consist of two kinds, one with three angles, probably from a polygonaceous plant, and the others were, in very small quantity, the seeds of dhatura. This is the only sample in which I have found dhatura seed present. Coimbatore, Ootacamund and Tanjore majums were black soft masses of a liquorice-like odour and sweet taste. An analysis was not attempted of either sample, but they were each broken down with water, and among the insoluble portion a search was made for dhatura seeds, nux vomica, etc., but without success. The amount of leafy organs, such as would come from the ganja, was in a very small proportion. In Ootacamund there is a black majum used for adults, and a white kind given to children, but as sold in the ganja-shop they are not very powerful preparations. - REPORT BY MR. DAVID HOOPER, GOVERNMENT QUINOLOGIST, MADRAS, ON THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF HEMP DRUGS.


REPORT BY BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL D. D. CUNNINGHAM, F.R.S., C.I.E., ON THE NATURE OF THE EFFECTS ACCOMPANYING THE CONTINUED TREATMENT OF ANIMALS WITH HEMP DRUGS AND WITH DHATURA.
Three distinct experiments were conducted in the Biological Laboratory attached to the Zoological Garden in Calcutta on the effects following the continued administration of hemp drugs and of dhatura to monkeys. In the first of them a monkey (Macacus rhesus) was subjected to frequent inhalations of the smoke of ganja during a period of many months; in the second, two monkeys (M. cynomolgus) were treated with almost daily doses of charas for more than two months; and in the third a second specimen of M. rhesus was caused to inhale the smoke of the seeds and leaves of dhatura periodically during a period of about six weeks. I regret that no experiment on the effects following inhalation of smoke derived from a mixture of ganja and dhatura was carried out. On learning that the Hemp Drugs Commission were desirous that such an experiment should be tried, I gave instructions for its immediate initiation, but as I was obliged to leave Calcutta almost immediately after doing so, my orders were apparently forgotten, and, on my return to Calcutta in July, I ascertained that no continuous administration of dhatura had been begun until the receipt of reiterated instructions from Europe reached the laboratory in the end of May, and that then dhatura alone and not a mixture of dhatura and ganja was made use of. Whilst regretting that the wishes of the Commission have not been fully complied with in this respect, I do not feel sure that the results of the experiments, conducted as they have been, are not really more instructive than they would have been had the mixed drugs been made use of in the third, seeing that, in so far as isolated instances are capable of furnishing grounds for inference, a comparison of the phenomena present in the first and third experiments appears to indicate that, whilst prolonged, habitual inhalation of the smoke of ganja alone fails to give rise to any appreciable morbid effects on the cerebral nervous centres, a comparatively brief exposure to the influence of habitual inhalation of the smoke of dhatura alone is accompanied by conspicuous injury to them.
 
In carrying out the experiments there was no difficulty in securing the administration of charas so long, at all events, as the animals did not dislike the drug, as it can be mixed with milk, and the mixture was for some time freely partaken of. In order, however, to secure efficient inhalation of smoke of ganja or dhatura, it was necessary to provide a special apparatus, the nature of which is illustrated in the accompanying photograph.* It consisted of a chamber which could be hermetically closed at all points, save where a supply and a discharge tube were connected with its opposite extremities. The walls of the chamber were composed of wood covered externally by a coating of zinc, and contained two windows closed with plate glass, one in either of the lateral walls. At one end there was a sliding door fitting accurately into a brass lined groove. The supply-tube entered near the bottom of one of the terminal walls and the discharge one emerged towards the top of the opposite one so as to secure an even diffusion of the smoke throughout the interior of the chamber as far as possible. The supply-tube was connected distally with a large washbottle, through which the smoke from a chillum of ignited ganja or dhatura passed, and the discharge one with two large water-aspirators, which served to draw the smoke through the entire apparatus. The great difficulty was to secure that no leakage should take place at any of the numerous joints which were present throughout the apparatus, but this was overcome by the liberal application of cerate and clay, and it then worked most satisfactorily; the only trouble which was encountered lying in the tendency which the portion of the supply-tube nearest the wash-bottle had to become choked by resinous matter which had not been completely removed from the smoke during its passage through the water. The following notes indicate the details of procedure and results in the individual experiments.

EXPERIMENT I. On the effects of the systematic inhalation of the smoke of ganja. Nature of the animal employed: Macacus rhesus weighing 16 lbs. The first inhalation was administered on the 7th of November 1893 and the last on the 12th of July 1894, so that the experiment extended over more than eight months. During this period one hundred and eighty one inhalations were administered. During the greater part of the period the administrations were repeated almost daily save on Sundays, but during March they were repeated only on alternate days, and during April and May only at irregular intervals owing to the fact that at that time the animal was suffering from a mild but prolonged attack of dysentery. During the earlier part of the course of the experiment the animal apparently disliked the treatment as he violently resisted introduction into the inhalation-chamber, was restless when the smoke began to enter it, and not unfrequently attempted to prevent its entrance by plugging the orifice of the supply-tube. As time went on, however, and the experience lost its strangeness, his objections gradually diminished and were ultimately replaced by a positive desire for the treatment. He then readily entered the chamber, resisted any attempts to remove him from it before he had had a full dose, was restless and uneasy on days on which the treatment was omitted, and on two occasions on which he managed to make his escape from his cage, showed an evident desire to enter the chamber on his own account. The symptoms attending the process of inhalation were not invariably of precisely uniform character. As a rule they came on quietly and insensibly and consisted in steadily increasing drowsiness, leading on to quiet sleep. During the course of exposure the conjunctivæ and eyelids frequently became considerably congested, but this may, of course, have been merely dependent on direct irritation incident on their contact with the smoke. When removed from the chamber ere profound sleep had supervened the animal was evidently intoxicated. In many cases he was incapable of sitting up without supporting himself by means of grasping the bars of his cage, and, when less profoundly affected, being very unsteady on his legs. On being introduced into his cage, he not unfrequently either at once or after a short delay lay down and slept quietly for some time. On awaking from such sleep, as well as in those cases where sleep did not intervene, he almost invariably showed symptoms which appeared to indicate that he was for some time the subject of optical delusions. He gazed about attentively in directions in which nothing which seemed likely to excite his curiosity was present, and carefully scrutinised the floor of his cage for objects which did not exist. Such symptoms continued to persist for a considerable time after all other indications of intoxication had disappeared, continuing to manifest themselves in greater or less degree during the entire course of the latter portion of any day on which the treatment had been administered in the morning. On a certain number of occasions, however, the symptoms did not follow this normal course. On these the onset of signs of drowsiness was greatly delayed and had hardly begun to show itself ere the animal was suddenly seized with violent general convulsions and immediately thereafter became profoundly unconscious. The symptoms on the recovery of consciousness in no way differed from those in cases where the earlier ones had followed the normal course. No satisfactory explanation of the occurrence of such exceptional phenomena could be arrived at, and it must remain uncertain whether they are to be regarded as the consequence of certain temporary subjective peculiarities on the part of the animal or of variations in the quality of the drug. In no instance was there any appreciable indication of the development of any cerebral excitement either during the administration of the drug or after intoxication had been fully established. The normal symptoms were those of simple drowsiness and loss of will-power accompanied by optical delusions-those characterising the exceptional cases of temporary abnormal activity of the spinal cord and basal ganglia which may very probably have been dependent on diminution in the inhibitory power of the higher cerebral centres. The general health of the animal remained excellent during the entire course of the experiment save for a period during the months of April and May, in which he suffered from dysenteric symptoms. The occurrence of these, however, cannot be in any way definitely ascribed to the use of the drug as they are of frequent occurrence among monkeys in confinement apart from any special treatment. The only permanent appreciable effect resulting from the treatment manifested itself in the form of a very considerable diminution in appetite for food, which set in shortly after the initiation of the experiment and thereafter remained persistent throughout its entire course. At the desire of the Hemp Drugs Commission the experiment was brought to a close on the day following my return to Calcutta on the 12th of July 1894. Death was induced by means of prolonged administration of chloroform, and a post-mortem examination was conducted immediately it had occurred. The results of this were as follow in so far as mere casual naked-eye-inspection goes, for, as I have already pointed out, the detailed histological examination of the condition of the various organs and tissues is a matter not of a few hours' but of many weeks' work, so that it has been impossible for me to carry it out and at the same time to meet the wish of the Commission for the immediate submission of a report. Specimens of all the more important organs have, however, been carefully preserved and will form the subject of detailed histological examination hereafter. Results of post-mortem examination of the animal.— The body weighed 13 lb. 7 oz., indicating a loss in weight of 2 lb. 9 oz. during the eight months of treatment. This, or at all events, the whole of this loss, is certainly not fairly creditable to the treatment, seeing that for a considerable period not long before the close of the experiment the animal had been subject to an attack of dysentery, which would alone have been sufficient to occasion considerable loss of weight. On laying the body open the phenomenon which at once attracted attention as unlike any ordinarily present in caged monkeys, was the great amount of fat accumulated in the omentum, the mesentery and the visceral and parietal pericardium. This was specially noteworthy in connection with the markedly diminished ingestion of food which had characterised the subject of the experiment during the greater part of its course, and with the coincident considerable reduction in body-weight which had occurred. The body generally appeared to be fairly well-nourished and a considerable amount of subcutaneous fat was present. The lungs were quite exceptionally healthy for a caged monkey; neither of them being in the least degree adherent to the thoracic walls, the left one being apparently perfectly healthy, and the right merely showing a few patches of deep congestion towards the base. Under the influence of the osmic acid contained in the fixing solution in which specimens of it were immersed, the muscular tissue of the heart showed unequivocal signs of the presence of a certain amount of interstitial fat. Whether, however, these were due to true fatty degeneration of the muscular elements proper, or, as is more probably the case, to mere fatty accumulation in the connective tissue, must remain an open question until the detailed histological examination of the tissues has been carried out. The liver, spleen and pancreas appeared to be perfectly normal, save that, as in the case of the cardiac muscle, a slight excess of interstitial fat made its appearance under the influence of osmic acid. The kidneys, the stomach, the large and small intestines and the cerebro-spinal nervous centres were all apparently perfectly healthy. The only peculiar features in the body, then, which could in any way be rationally regarded as connected with the treatment to which the animal had been exposed, were the excessive accumulation of fat in the tissues of the omentum, peritoneum, and pericardium, and the tendency to the establishment of a similar accumulation in the cardiac muscle, the liver, the pancreas and the spleen. But the only persistent symptom attending the treatment during life was a considerable diminution in appetite for food, so that, in so far as the results of a single experiment afford any ground for inference, it would appear that the most important effect of the habitual employment of inhalations of the smoke of ganja is to give rise to diminution in the normal processes of tissue-waste to such a degree that local accumulations of fat are liable to occur even in spite of the coincident and similarly originating diminution in the ingestion of food. The diminution in activity of the normal processes of tissue-waste tends, on the one hand, to give rise to decreased ingestion of food and on the other to local accumulations of fat in spite of this. But, if the habitual practice of inhalations of the drug really do produce such effects, it is clear that, in place of being hurtful, it may be positively beneficial to people who are obliged to undergo exertions without having the means of procuring a diet fully adapted to make good the amount of tissue-waste normally associated with these. As has been already pointed out, it is necessary to exercise extreme caution in coming to any definite conclusions from the experiment, first, because it is an isolated one, and, second, because the post-mortem examination has not yet been histologically completed, but the evidence which it has afforded, is, in so far as it goes, rather in favour of the use of the drug under certain conditions than adverse to it.

EXPERIMENT II. On the effects of habitual ingestion of charas. In this experiment two small monkeys (M. cynomolgus) were employed. One of them, A, weighed 5 lb 7 oz., and the other, B, 4 lb 1 oz. A standard globule of the drug, representing the amount of his ordinary dose, was obtained from a habitual charas-eater. It weighed 1.05 grain and at the outset of the experiment one-twentieth part of that amount was daily administered to A, and one-twentyfourth part to B, as approximately proportionate doses weight for weight, as compared with those of the man and his ordinary doses. The drug was rubbed up with a little milk and the animals readily partook of the mixture. Doses of the above amount were daily administered for some time, but, as they failed to produce any appreciable symptoms, the quantity was then gradually increased, until towards the close of the experiment as much as 3 grains, was given daily to each of the animals. The experiment was begun on the 31st October 1893 and continued until the 6th January 1894, and during this period doses were administered on 62 days. The original small doses were employed until the 12th November when the amount was somewhat increased. On the 25th November the dose was raised to 0.52 grain, on the 28th December to 2 grains and on the 30th December to 3 grains. No conspicuous effects manifested themselves during the entire course of the experiment. At the outset the animals appeared for a time to be somewhat quieter than they had been previous to the administration of the drug, but, if this were in any way a consequence of the treatment, it was one of very transitory nature as it soon wore off, and during the whole of the latter part of the course of the experiment they appeared to be entirely unaffected in any way, and were quite lively. Their appetite for food underwent no appreciable alteration throughout. The rapid and considerable increases in the amount of doses of the drug which were latterly made unfortunately had the effect of bringing the experiment to an abrupt and untimely termination, for after they had for a few days partaken of doses of 3 grains both animals simultaneously absolutely declined to touch the milk containing the drug, and, in spite of repeatedly renewed attempts to induce them to resume the habit, they have persistently refused to do so up to the present time. They were therefore only under treatment from the 31st October until the 6th of January, which was the last day on which they could be induced to partake of the milk, and the only noteworthy phenomenon which presented itself during the entire course of the experiment was the abruptness with which an extreme distaste for the drug set in. This is the more remarkable when compared with the phenomena which presented themselves in connection with continued treatment by inhalations of ganja. In the case of the ingestion of charas continued treatment was accompanied with the development of a distaste for the treatment, whilst in the case of ganja-inhalation it led to the acquisition of an abnormal craving for it.
 
EXPERIMENT III. On the effects of habitual inhalations of the smoke of the seeds and leaves of dhatura. The subject of experiment, as in the case of that on the effects of the inhalation of the smoke of ganja, was a fair-sized specimen of Macacus rhesus. The treatment was initiated on the 1st June and continued until the 11th July, so that the experiment lasted for a period of about six weeks. In its conduct the same inhalation-apparatus was employed as in the first experiment. At the outset the seeds of dhatura were made use of as the source of smoke, but as the latter appeared to be undesirably potent, leaves were presently substituted for them and were persistently employed throughout the rest of the experiment. The symptoms attending the treatment were not invariably quite uniform in character. On some occasions indications of a certain amount of cerebral excitement were present for some time, but as a rule drowsiness and gradually increasiug intoxication manifested themselves from the outset, either alone or associated with symptoms of irritation of the respiratory apparatus as indicated by coughing. The animal was killed by means of prolonged administration of chloroform on the morning of the 14th July and a post-mortem examination conducted at once with the following results: The lungs were not adherent to the thoracic walls,but were both deeply congested almost everywhere, and specially towards their apices in which numerous tubercular nodules and small cavities were present. Such phenomena are, of course, very frequent in the lungs of monkeys in confinement, but it remains possible that the general pulmonary congestion may have been partially due to irritation incident on the inhalation of the smoke. The visceral pericardium was almost devoid of fat and was somewhat thickened and opaque, especially over the region of the right auricle. The omentum and mesentery were also very free from fat. The spleen appeared to be rather anæmic and was somewhat fibroid in texture. The liver, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestines, and kidneys presented no abnormal appearances. On opening the cranium the dura-mater was found to be somewhat thickened and, especially in the neighbourhood of the superior longitudinal sinus, very conspicuously congested. In this region, too, the membrane in the occipital region was fixed to the cranial walls by soft, very vascular adhesions. The pia-mater was thickened and so highly injected throughout that the cerebral surface had a generally diffused pink tint. The cerebral substance was everywhere abnormally soft and so friable as to render any immediate removal of the membranes impossible without the occurrence of much destruction of the nervous tissue. Like the surface, although in minor degree, it was of a pinkish tinge owing to abnormal accumulation of blood. Conditions of this kind appeared to be universally diffused throughout the whole of the cerebral centres, the texture of the hemispheres, of the cerebellum and of the basal ganglia being alike soft, and the evidences of abnormal congestion universally distributed. In spite of this, however, the spinal cord and its membranes were to all appearance perfectly healthy. In so far as a single experiment goes the results in this case would, then, seem to show that the habitual inhalation of the smoke of dhatura, even when only practised for a relatively brief period, is sufficient to establish serious morbid changes in the cerebral nervous centres, and that it therein differs from the habitual inhalation of the smoke of ganja extending over a much more prolonged period. This clearly indicates the necessity of distinguishing between cases in which ganja alone is employed from those in which a mixture of ganja and dhatura is substituted for it, as otherwise certain prejudicial effects which are really due to the use of the latter drug may be erroneously credited to the former one.
The 21st July 1894. D. D. CUNNINGHAM.

Individual witness responses.

Following are the individual witness responses regarding the manner and forms in which cannabis is consumed.


23. I have never seen or known it to be so used, but have heard of it being so used in Orissa. 29. (a) Tobacco. (b) Dhatura 56. See question above. The ordinary ganja smoker does not use dhatura. - Evidence of the HON'BLE MR. D. R. LYALL, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta.


23. Very little, I fancy. Generally used as a drink. 29. The Naihati notes give all I know - Evidence of MR. E. V. WESTMACOTT, Commissioner, Presidency Division; late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


For smoking purposes the amount of care and manipulation bestowed on the preparation varies with the taste and means of the purchasers. A common method, where a smoke is wanted quickly, is to break off a bit of the chur or broken ganja, and after adding a smaller quantity of tobacco leaf, to mix the two together on the palm of the left hand by rubbing them with the fingers and thumb of the right hand, a few drops of water being applied to give consistency to the whole. After being pressed into a compact shape, the mixture is again broken up and separated and put into a chillum, a small pellet of stone or some other hard substance being placed at the bottom to prevent choking of the stem. The chillum is only a few inches long, and a light being applied, the smoker holds the lower part to his mouth and draws the smoke by quick inspirations into his lungs, and then slowly emits the fumes, while he passes on the pipe to his companions, a single pipeful, costing a pice or half a pice, being made to do service for half a dozen persons. A more careful method of preparation is to pick out the small leaves and flowers and discard the leave-stalks. These are pounded on the left hand by the thumb of the right, water being applied, to promote adherence, and after being strained through a cloth, the ganja is chopped upon a board and mixed with fine tobacco leaves in the proportion of two or three to one to suit the taste of the smoker. Those moderate smokers, who prefer it strong, add no tobacco. Instead of a piece of stone, a plug of tobacco may be inserted in the chillum to prevent the clogging up of the stem. For eating, bhang or siddhi is prepared as a confection, and is called majum. It is mixed with water and boiled down to a quarter of the original quantity, and, with the addition of atar of roses, ghee, syrup, and cream, is warmed into a kind of toffy, which is cut up into small slices for sale. For drinking, the leaves are pounded up small and mixed with water, pepper and other spices being added to give a flavour; the concoction is drunk with sugar and milk. In order to preserve the leaves of bhang, they are first dried in the sun, and then boiled in the milk and water and again dried. Charas is also used for smoking. Being glutinous, a quantity of tobacco is placed around it to make it burn in the chillum when lighted...The ingredients mixed with the drugs are— (a) Ordinarily, tobacco leaves with ganja; and black-pepper, sugar, milk, and cucumber seeds with bhang, in order to reduce the strength and render the mixture more agreeable. (b) Exceptionally, dhatura is used with bhang to strengthen the mixture. Aniseed is some times used with bhang to cool the mixture. The admixture of sugar with bhang has the effect of increasing its intoxicating powers.  -  Evidence* of MR. W. H. GRIMLEY, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur


23. I have never heard of such a case; but it is alleged to be so in the Excise Manual. 29. Ordinarily tobacco, ghi, or milk, and sugar in the case of majum and ganja. I have never heard of dhatura being added. The other ingredients are added to form a confection, add flavour, and increase its strength. I have never heard of bhang massala being sold - Evidence of MR. H. G. COOKE, Officiating Commissioner, Orissa Division


23. No. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja in smoking, to correct the harshness of the more potent weed. Ganja by itself burns the throat, even though only five or six whiffs are taken at a time. I understand dhatura is used by sanyasis, jogis, and others for the purpose of inducing intoxication in smoking ganja. I have no idea what bhang massala is. It is not known here.  - Evidence of MR. J. C. PRICE, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja by excessive consumers, in order, as they say, to increase the narcotic power of the drug. Sometimes prepared tobacco is mixed with the drug to sweeten the flavour, and this is generally done by the moderate consumers. Dhatura is seldom mixed, except sometimes by sanyasis, fakirs, and sadhus. Bhang massala is known and is sold for being mixed with bhang. It consists of poppy and aniseseed, black pepper, cucumber seed, and petals of rose flower, and is sold in Calcutta, Hughli and similar large towns. It is not in use in this district. 56. Dhatura is admixtured to siddhi or ganja to increase their intoxicating or even stupefying power. Siddhi or ganja is thus used by the people for their own use, with a view to securing greater pleasure. Ganja with dhatura, or with nux vomica, or with both, given generally in excess, for administration to others with a criminal motive when some object is to be gained from the stupefaction of the victims. Unpleasant effects have also resulted from one of such admixtures when given to friends simply for fun. - Evidence of MR. F. H. BARROW, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura.


23. Not known. 29. (a) Khaini or dry tobacco with ganja; and sugar and water, and sometimes milk with bhang. (b) Perfumes of various sorts, besides dry tobacco with ganja; and milk, and else spices which are usually used with betel, besides sugar and water with bhang. Dhatura is not mixed with either ganja or bhang. The object of the admixture is to make it palatable. No preparation as "bhang massala." 56. Not known. - Evidence of MR. F. H. B. SKRINE, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura is mixed with bhang sometimes in order to make it strong. The ordinary bhang massala is black pepper and anise-seed. It is made rich by mixing milk, sugar, rose-water, and cardamom, which are used by the higher classes. 56. I believe dhatura is mixed with it to act as an antidote against the bad effects of charas on the lungs - Evidence of MR. A. C. TUTE, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur.


23. Not as far I am aware. 29. Ordinarily with ganja and charas prepared tobacco is mixed, and with siddhi spices, sugar, and milk. I am not aware of any thing exceptionally mixed. I have heard that dhatura seeds are used with ganja to increase its intoxicating power, but I have not seen any one use it. In case of tobacco with charas and ganja the object is to soften the narcotic effect and to give a better flavour. Spices, etc., are used with siddhi to improve the taste and also to increase its intoxicating effect. No. I do not know "bhang massala." 56. I have no personal knowledge of the admixture of other substances than what I have already noted -  Evidence of the HON'BLE F. R. S. COLLIER, Magistrate and Collector, 24-Parganas.


23. Never in this province. 29. Ganja is used in smoking with tobacco. Bhang—(a) Ordinarily by the poor Pepper, and occasionally molasses. (b) Exceptionally by the rich. Bhang sherbet —ingredients: sugar, milk, rose water, almond, cucumber seed, coriander, cardamom, and pepper. Massala or majum—ingredients: ghi, milk, sugar, almond, pistachio. Dhatura (stramonium), used with bhang rarely. The object of the admixture of the above ingredients is to make the drug agreeable, and that of dhatura (stramonium) to intensify the narcotic effects. - Evidence of MR, C. R. MARINDIN, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad.


23. Wild bhang is said to be smoked in Dacca and Mymensing, but only by very poor people. The extent of such use cannot be large. 29. Tobacco is almost always mixed with ganja in the proportion of one-half or one-third. Dhatura seed is very occasionally used, and only by debauched smokers, to increase intoxication. Various ingredients are mixed with bhang, such as cucumber seeds, ginger, sugar, spices, milk, curd, etc. 56. . I have information of one case in which a ganja-smoker mixed dhatura with his drug for greater intoxication. - Evidence of MR. K. G. GUPTA, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal.


23. As far as is known, no. The consumption is not restricted to any locality. 29. (a) Ganja and charas are generally consumed along with tobacco leaf. Charas is also consumed mixed with prepared tobacco. (b) Sometimes rose leaf and other spices are mixed to add flavour to the smoke. The Sadhus, in exceptional cases, mix dhatura seed with bhang to make it more intoxicating. Generally bhang is consumed with the admixture of sugar, black pepper, rose leaf, aniseed, cardamoms, and sometimes milk or curd. The object is to make the drink more tasteful and palatable. There is no special preparation such as bhang massala in the district. The following spices and articles, however, form the chief ingredients in bhang massala: mirch (black pepper), sonf (aniseed), kasni, seed of cucumber, almond, saffron, rose leaf. 56. Dhatura is not mixed for personal consumption. When mischief is intended, dhatura is mixed for others. A few sanyasis, however, use dhatura as admixture for personal consumption.  - Evidence of MR. L. HARE, Magistrate and Collector of Muzaffarpur


29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco leaf is mixed with ganja ; (b) rose water and flower are also used with it for flavour. Dhatura is not used with ganja. Tobacco is used with ganja to make it suit the taste, and also to weaken its effect. Bhang. (a) Black paper is ordinarily used with bhang; (b) bhang massala, sugar, and milk. Dhatura is not used with it. Bhang massala. We know of the preparation called "bhang massala." Its ingredients are aniseed, kasni, rose flower, and seed of cucumber and melon. The object of the admixture is to have a cooling effect and agreeable taste. 56. Ganja smoked with tobacco leaf has less effect than when taken alone, in which form it is rarely used. Alcohol and opium enhance the intoxicating effect of ganja and bhang. Bhang mixed with sugar produces much more lasting effect than taken alone. Both are used with tobacco to increase the intoxicating effect.  - Evidence of MR. G. E. MANISTY, Magistrate and Collector of Saran


23. Bhang is never smoked, but always mixed with water and sugar or milk. Up-country people are the main consumers. It is also made into a sweetmeat and this is consumed both by Bengalis and up-country people. The name of this sweetmeat is majun. 29. (a) Dried tobacco to get more of a smoke. (b) Dhatura seeds to make it more intoxicating and lasting. Bhang massala is compound of bhang, black pepper, aniseed, cucumber seeds, milk, sugar, dried rose leaves. Bhang drinkers generally use it. 56. Moderate consumers generally mix it with tobacco and excessive consumers with dhatura.   - Evidence of MR. J. KENNEDY, Magistrate and Collector of Murshidabad


23. The poorest consumers who cannot afford to pay for ganja regularly, occasionally smoke bhang. 29. Ganja is ordinarily mixed with tobacco leaves and exceptionally mixed with bhang, ginger, opium, charas, dhatura seeds, sandalwood, chilly seeds, milk, curd, rosewater, and attar. The object of this admixture is to heighten the intoxicating power or to add flavour. Charas is ordinarily used with the prepared tobacco to make it soft and easy of smoking. As regards bhang massala, please refer to answer to question 15. 56. Bhang used even in moderation with milk or sugar causes more, and when drunk with salt and black-pepper produces less, intoxication. Ganja smoked with tobacco leaves produces ordinary intoxication. In a very few cases dhatura is used with ganja for personal consumption with the object of obtaining the highest inebriation.   - Evidence of MR. T. L. JENKINS, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca


23. In this connection I take bhang to mean the same as siddhi. It is used for smoking, but I cannot give figures. 29. Ganja, so far as I know, is usually taken pure or mixed with tobacco, more commonly the latter. The object of this is to improve the flavour, I think. I have not heard of dhatura being so used. - Evidence of MR. H. F. T. MAGUIRE, Magistrate and Collector of Khulna


23. Not so far as I can ascertain. 29. Ganja is generally used by itself, but is sometimes used with tobacco leaves. Bhang is usually mixed with other ingredients. The chief ingredients are sonf, kasni, kira seeds, dhania, golmirrich, loung (cloves), elaichi, khurfa seeds. Gur is sometimes used with it, and sometimes milk by people who have to sing. Dhatura is said to be occasionally used to make the mixture very strong. 56. Admixture with dhatura is said to be dangerous - Evidence of MR. W. R. BRIGHT, Deputy Commissioner of Palámau


23. No. 29. Dhatura seeds are not known to be mixed with ganja by any smoker in this district. Powdered tobacco leaves (dry) and ganja mixed together are used by some. No bhang massala is known here. 56. Admixture of dhatura with ganja enhances the intoxicant effect of the latter. Dhatura seeds are mixed with bhang for administration to others with criminal intent.  - Evidence of MR. N. K. BOSE, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali.


23. No. 28. Ganja is mixed with tobacco, charas with tobacco and molasses. With siddhi milk, spices, etc., are sometimes mixed to form what is called a "majum" numerous references to which will be found in the latter part of Baber's Memoirs. Dhatura is not mixed with charas, but is sometimes mixed with siddhi to make it more intoxicating. 56. Spices, rose-leaf, sweets, milk, curd, and cucumber-seeds are mixed with bhang, the purpose, it is said, being to temperate the intoxi¬ cating effect. Dhatura is used by hard smokers to aggravate intoxication. A preparation known as thandai is sold, the ingredients of which are chiefly spices and cucumber-seeds.  - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur


23. I do not know of such cases. Ganja is generally the drug smoked. 29. Dhatura is sometimes mixed with ganja to increase its effect. The seeds of the kuchila (nux vomica) are also mixed with ganja for the same purpose. Bhang is also, when drunk, mixed with black pepper and other spices as cloves and mace and cinnamon, the object being to give an aromatic flavour. 56. Hemp used in moderation is not generally mixed with other drugs. When used in excess, kuchila seeds or dhatura are sometimes mixed. Their effect is injurious. It intensifies the action of the ganja and prolongs its effect -  Evidence of MR. E. H. C. WALSH,* Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack


23. Yes, but rarely. There is no particular locality where it is used. It is used instead of ganja. 29. With ganja and charas tobacco is generally used, and with siddhi, pepper and other spices are used. Dhatura is occasionally used with siddhi to increase the intoxicating power. Yes, I have heard of such a thing as bhang massala, but I do not know its ingredients. 56. Hemp taken moderately is not so harmful as that taken in excess. The effects I am told cannot be modified by the admixture of other substances - Evidence of MR. J. H. BERNARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia


23. I am informed that ganja smokers, when they cannot get ganja, sometimes, smoke bhang, but this is rare. No instance of this practice has come within my personal observation. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. No other ingredient is ever used. In preparing bhang, milk and sugar are ordi¬ narily used, and rose water and other flavouring matters exceptionally. I am not aware that any intoxicating or injurious ingredient is ever used with bhang. I have never heard of dhatura being voluntarily used with either bhang or ganja. I have heard of dhatura being mixed with ganja by professional poisoners for the purpose of drugging their victims. I have not heard of any preparation such as "bhang massala" being sold. 56. Tobacco is commonly mixed with ganja; it merely moderates the effect. I am not aware that other substances are mixed with ganja. I have not heard of dhatura being mixed with ganja for personal consumption, but I have heard of it being used in the manner by professional poisoners. Dhatura is a powerful and dangerous narcotic poison. It produces complete stupefaction, which lasts for a considerable time. It often causes death.  - Evidence of MR. A. E. HARWARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Bogra


23. It is sometimes used for smoking when ganja is unavailable. Its use is not confined to any particular locality or to any particular class. 29. Dry tobacco leaf is ordinarily mixed with ganja; in exceptional cases, prepared tobacco is mixed in addition. By "prepared tobacco" is meant tobacco leaves pounded and mixed with treacle to the consistence of paste. Dry leaf is mixed in order to reduce the ganja to the con¬ sistency required for smoking. Prepared tobacco is used in order to make it sweet. Bhang massala is ordinarily mixed with bhang, and in exceptional cases sweetmeats. (Dhatura is not used with either of these drugs.) Bhang massala is used in order to make the stuff tasty. The exceptional admixture of sweets makes it a luxury and at the same time stronger in its effects. A preparation known as bhang massala is sold by the Banias (country druggists) in packets containing— (1) Sonf (aniseed). (2) Cucumber seed. (3) Golmirich (black-pepper). (4) Chhota elaichi (cardamom). (5) Kasni. 56. By admixture of some of the substances the intoxicating power of the drugs is increased, while others lessen the feeling of heat in the brain after intoxication has disappeared. The use of dhatura as an admixture produces all the bad effects men¬ tioned before  - Evidence of COLONEL C. H. GARBETT, Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh


23. Bhang is generally used as a drink, occasionally chewed; largely used by up-country men. 29. Tobacco is used with ganja when smoked or chewed. Dhatura is not mixed with ganja ordinarily. In preparing siddhi or bhang drink, sometimes black pepper, cucumber seeds and treacle or sugar are mixed. 56. Ganja smoked without tobacco leaves is irritating to the throat, producing violent cough¬ ing. Bhang used with black pepper has a cooling effect. Nothing special. -  Evidence of Mr. C. A. S. BEDFORD,* Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum


23. No. 29. Tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja and dhatura is mixed with bhang only. These admixtures are intended to increase intoxication. The ingredients mixed with bhang are anise, a species of parsley, and cardamom. They are known by the name of bhang massala. - Evidence of Mr. R. H. RENNY, Deputy Commissioner of Singbhum


23. No. 29. Tobacco leaves are mixed with ganja, because the smokers say that ganja alone cannot be smoked. Black pepper is ordinarily mixed with bhang, and occasionally mace, cardamom, cloves, and other spices, as well as milk and sugar, are mixed with it. 56. Dhatura is not used in these parts. The admixture of pepper with bhang and of tobacco with ganja is considered essential, and pepper and other spices mixed with bhang are considered to have the effect of cooling - Evidence of RAI NANDAKISORE DAS, BAHADUR,* District Officer of Angul, Cuttack


23. It appears to be used here only when the supply of ganja runs short. 29. (a) Tobacco, to diminish the effect. (b) Dhatura could be used to make the consumer unconscious for criminal purpose. 56. Tobacco lessens the effect - Evidence of MR. W. MAXWELL, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore


23. No. 29. For smoking, tobacco is usually mixed with ganja. Dhatura seeds are sometimes mixed with bhang, especially by ascetics, to make the mixture extremely intoxicating. Bhang massala is sold in the bazars, and is usually made up of black pepper, cardamoms, nutmeg, cinnamon, allspice, anise, carraway, poppy seeds, and flowers of the nageswar (Messna ferrea). 56. I cannot say further than this that the admixture of dhatura renders the drug more violently intoxicating and causes great excitement, amounting occasionally to homicidal frenzy. - Evidence of MR. W.C .T AYLOR, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and Pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Khurda, Orissa


23. I have never seen it (bhang) used for smoking. 29. Ganja is smoked with a preparation by mixing it with dried tobacco leaves moistened with a little water while it is squeezed into a ball. Bhang is prepared with an admixture of cucumber seeds, pepper, mouri, spice, sugar, and other spices by better class of consumers, while the lower order mix it with pepper and molasses. Dhatura is not used. The object is to increase the power of intoxication and give flavour to the beverage. The ingredients have been stated above. 56. This question has been given reply to in dealing with other previous ones. I have no information on the subject of dhatura admixtures.  - Evidence of BABU RAM CHARAN BOSE, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Only dry tobacco is mixed with ganja; no dhatura is mixed. The object of mixing tobacco with ganja is to make it tasteful, to produce flavour and prevent coughing. No "bhang massala" is sold in this sub-division. 56. Ganja is not mixed here with any substance except tobacco. It is not mixed with dhatura in this sub-division either for personal consumption or for administration to others.  - Evidence of MR. E. MCL. SMITH, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


23. No. 29. Nothing is mixed with ganja and charas; dhatura is mixed with bhang to make it strong; some people are known to mix tobacco with ganja. 56. Thugs, criminals and dacoits administer dhatura mixed with ganja to unwary travellers and pilgrims and to children to rob them of their gold.  - Evidence of BABU GOPAL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour


23. I have never heard of bhang-smoking. 29. (a) See answer to question 15. I do not know of any case of dhatura being mixed with ganja or siddhi. Dhatura generally brings on insanity. I do not know what a bhang massala is.   - Evidence of BABU NAVIN KRISHNA BANERJI, Brahman, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, District Manbhum.


23. In a few cases I heard of the very poorer classes smoking bhang or rather the leaves of wild hemp plant. As far as I can now remember, I think I learnt of the smoking in Tippera and Dacca districts. 29. With ganja tobacco is used. This is more for economy. I heard of two or three cases of smoking dhatura at Gaya. Dhatura seed ground with siddhi is consumed, but by a very few people. Dhatura is used to make it more intoxicating. I may note that dhatura-smoking is considered good for asthma and this conduces to its use in some cases of asthma. Bhang massala is sold in a few of the large towns. Its ingredients are generally anise, pepper, dried rose-leaves, and poppy seeds, but it differs in different places. 56. I have known dhatura smoked with ganja, and in drugging cases generally dhatura is used. It intensifies intoxication, and when taken by people not accustomed to it, it has serious effects —makes one quite insensible,—and I know of cases of death from dhatura-poisoning mixed with ganja or tari. - Evidence of BABU PRAN KUMAR DAS, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking when ganja cannot be got by the consumers. In all localities; by all habitual smokers; and to a very small extent. 29. Dhatura leaves are exceptionally but rarely used with bhang. This is done to increase the narcotic effects. Ganja is ordinarily mixed with tobacco. Dhatura seed is exceptionally mixed with ganja by habitual excessive consumers to increase the narcotic effects. No bhang massala is mixed here. 56. No admixtures are made here. Ganja is sometimes prepared with rose-water to make it mild. No dhatura is used here.  - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA BASAK, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District.


23. Yes, rarely. It is not confined to particular localities or classes of people. When ganja is not available, siddhi is smoked; but this, too, is very rarely used. 29. Ganja.—Ordinarily ganja is mixed with dried leaves of tobacco plants before smoking. The richer class mixes rose-water to give it a good scent. In exceptional cases, tobacco is mixed up with ganja. Tobacco is used for the purpose of making it milder. Dhatura is not used with ganja, but is used with siddhi for the purpose of increasing the alcoholic power. I do not know of any preparation such as bhang massala. 56. If a man is drunk with siddhi, he is given ghi and the juice of jack leaves to drink to moderate the alcoholic strength. I know of a case in which siddhi, pepper (round), and dhatura were ground together, made into a paste, and then mixed with water and drunk. The man was dead drunk for nearly twelve hours, after which he came round.  - Evidence of BABU DINA NATH DÉ, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia.


23. I don't know of bhang being used for smoking. My experience is that it is used for drinking only. 29. The only ingredient mixed with ganja is tobacco leaf. I am not aware of any other ingredient being used ordinarily or exceptionally. Dhatura is not used. The object of mixing tobacco leaf with ganja is to give it a flavour. I have no experience about " bhang massala." 56. Ordinarily no substance except tobacco is mixed with ganja. I have no knowledge if admixture of other substance would make any difference in its effect, either used in moderation or in excess. I have no information regarding the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others - Evidence of BABU GANENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon.


23. Yes, but only by inveterate ganja-smokers when they have failed to procure ganja, which happens very rarely. 29. Ordinarily nothing is mixed with ganja. After being washed with water it is placed in the hollow of the palm of one hand, kneaded, and then cut into pieces. The cutting and kneading are repeated three or four times, and the quid thus prepared is filled in a chillum and smoked. Exceptionally milk is used instead of water in washing the drug when the smoker is a rich man to make it more relishing. Dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja to make the smoke more intoxicating, but this is seldom, if at all, practised. As regards bhang, ordinarily a few grains of aniseed are mixed with it and pounded, and the paste so prepared is diluted with water and then drunk. Exceptionally in the preparation of the paste, milk, sugar, cucumber seed and other spices besides aniseed, such as black pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc., are made use of. Aniseed and cucumber seed make the drug cool, milk and the other spices make it refreshing and flavorous, and the sugar heightens the strength. I am not aware of any bhang massala being sold in this district. 56. The intoxicating power of ganja or bhang may be tempered by boiling the drug in milk, but this is not done by the consumers. The intoxicating power of ganja or bhang may be increased by the admixture of sugar, opium, pumpkin root, and dhatura seed. Sugar is often used in the preparation of the bhang by both moderate and excessive drinkers; but I have no personal knowledge of any consumer addicted to use ganja or bhang by admixture of the other ingredients. I know of no person using the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others.  - Evidence of BABU GANGANATH ROY, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Tobacco leaves generally called "dokta" are ordinarily mixed in the preparation of ganja. In the decoction of bhang, small quantities of pepper, aniseed, cucumber seed and sugar or molasses are used to enhance its stimulating effects. Dhatura is never heard to have been so mixed with these drugs. 56. The smoking of ganja with tobacco leaves in moderation causes a mild intoxication, while its excessive use induces stupor and constipation. The effects of siddhi are almost similar. I have no information to lay down regarding the ad¬ mixture of dhatura -  Evidence of BABU BHAIRAB NATH PALIT, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum.


23. Yes; in the districts of Patna and Bhagalpur Divisions by Marwaris, Chamars, and other low up-country people. 29. Tobacco is generally used with ganja. Some spices, cardamom, cinnamon, black-pepper, sugar, and milk are ordinarily used with bhang, and this admixture is generally called siddhi. The object of such admixture seems to be to add to the narcotic powers of the respective drugs and to render the drink palatable and nourishing in respect of bhang or siddhi. Bhang massala is not prevalent here, and is not therefore sold in the bazar. A preparation like this is sold in the Patna and Bhagalpur Divisions consisting of nutmeg, cardamom, cinnamon, black pepper and other ingredients.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRO NATH BANDYOPADHYA, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jalpaiguri.


23. Yes; in Mymensingh and Dacca to a very small extent by the lowest classes as a substitute for ganja. 29. Black pepper is pounded with bhang, and drunk in a solution of sugar. 56. I am not aware that anything is mixed with ganja or charas and smoked. In the drink prepared from bhang, sugar is added to fortify it. The admixture of dhatura is not known to me. - Evidence of BABU JAGA MOHAN BHATTACHARJYA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to Commissioner, Chittagong


29. Ganja (Rajshahi or Gurjat) is ordinarily mixed with tobacco leaves and rubbed on the hand before smoking. Smoked unmixed, ganja produces cough and irritates the throat; and its effect is said not to last long; exceptionally is mixed with dhatura, to increase intoxication; or with musk, attar, sandal powder, and small cardamoms, to give fragrance to the smoke. Bhang (Rajshahi or Gurjat).—Patti ordinarily washed, and then mixed with water. The decoction is then strained, and the strained liquid mixed with poppy-seed, small and large cardamoms, jayitri and pudina leaves, to give flavour; exceptionally milk or surgarcane juice or sugar added, to make the drink palatable. Sugar is also said to add to the intoxicating effects. Bhang massala is sold only at Puri. It consists of poppy-seeds, pollens of nageswar flowers, and spices such as labong, jayitri and marich. When the person is suffering from cold or cough, he often takes patti in balls of mashed leaves, called lubdhi. In feverish state attended with cold, the bhangdrinker sometimes takes phanki. This consists of patti, fried in ghi, and then powdered with sunth, peepul, marioh and saindhab salt. Appendix - For the effects of the drug when taken in mixture, the following will suffice:— Translation— With milk, water, ghi, honey products (such as honey, wine, etc.), saindhab salt, sugar or molasses, or with ripe sweet fruits, such as plantains, mangoes, jacks, etc., vijaya (ganja) can give power to do all acts. Taken with milk, vijaya gives all sorts of pleasures, is strongly stimulating, and prevents eye diseases. Taken with water, it removes indigestion. Taken with ghi (clarified butter), it strengthens memory, helps in subduing the goddess of speech, raises the fallen, and clears the intellect. Taken with honey, it cures all sorts of bodily illnesses. Taken with saindhab salt, it increases the fire of appetite. Taken with sugar or molasses; it removes stomachic spasms springing from acid-bile (amlapitta) humour, allays diarrhcea, puts a stop to cough and asthma, and prevents chronic dysentery rising from ambat.- Evidence of BABU MANMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa.


23. I have not seen but heard of bhangsmoking in Jangipur, but in very rare instances, and by men of low classes. Generally speaking, bhang is not used for smoking. 29. In the case of bhang— (a) ordinarily pepper or sugar is mixed. (b) exceptionally coriander, cucumber seeds, milk, etc. In the case of ganja— (a) raw tobacco, i.e., tobacco without molasses called karshan. (b) exceptionally rose-water, white sandal, cardamom, and atar. I know no instance of admixture of dhatura. The admixture of pepper in bhang increases flavour, and sugar and those under (b) increase intoxicating power. In case of ganja (a) is essential to produce intoxication, and those under (b) give flavour and is resorted to by well-to-do men.   - Evidence of BABU NAVAKUMAR CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jangipur, Murshidabad.


23. Yes; occasionally by people who wish to induce the habit of ganja smoking in future. 29. (a) For ganja—ordinarily tobacco leaves, as also prepared tobacco. For bhang—golmirich (black pepper), sugar and mowri. (b) Exceptionally for ganja, dhatura; for siddhi, rotten knots of babui thread in old thatches and sugar and dhatura and powdered seeds of cucumber. Bhang massala is not heard of here. 56. Ganja smoked without tobacco leaves is oppressive on the throat, producing violent coughing. Bhang used with golmirich has a cooling effect.   - Evidence of MAULAVI ABDUS SAMAD, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, Manbhum


29. (a) Ordinarily with ganja and charas prepared tobacco is mixed, and with siddhi spices, sugar and milk. (b) I am not aware of anything exceptionally mixed. I have heard that dhatura seeds are used with ganja to increase its intoxicating power, but I have not seen any one use it. In case of tobacco with charas and ganja to soften the narcotic effect and to give a better flavour. Spices, etc., are used with siddhi to improve the taste and also to increase its intoxicating effect. I know of no preparation such as bhang massala. 56. I have no personal knowledge of the ad¬ mixture of other substances than what I have already noted.  - Evidence of BABU GUNGADHAR GHOSE, Excise Deputy Collector, 24-Pargana


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. In ganja, khaini or dry leaf of tobacco is ordinarily used. In exceptional cases, if the consumer can afford it, attar is used. With bhang, anise and pepper are ordinarily used. In exceptional cases, milk, sugar, and spices are used. It is said anise and pepper give taste and flavour to bhano, but milk and sweets make it more effective. Dhatura is rarely used. Ingredients of bhang massala are given below:— Bhang massala is sold by the Banias for being mixed with bhang. Its ingredients are as follows:— (a) Anise, (b) pepper black, (c) cucumber seeds, (d) kakri seeds, (e) khurbooza seeds, (f) Kaho-Lactuen sativa, garden or Roman lettuce, (g) kurfu, (h) rose leaf, (i) chota ilachi (small cardamom), (j) kasni. 56. I have never known a case of admixture with other substances of ganja. Sadhus sometimes use a little quantity of ganja with bhang balls. Sometimes dhatura is so used by the sadhus in order to increase the effect of intoxication. - Evidence of BABU PROKASH CHUNDER ROY, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna


28. Bhang seldom used for smoking. The lower classes sometimes take fancy to smoking bhang, but instances of this are few. 29. With ganja.—Hingli or dry tobacco leaves. Well-to-do consumers mix rose water or otto of roses to impart fragrance. The object is to reduce the strength of the drug and make it more palatable. With bhang—(1) cucumber seed, (2) aniseed, (3) pepper, (4) endive. In other cases, sugar, milk and rose-water to make the preparation cool and palatable. Chimney smoke (jhul) is sometimes mixed with bhang to strengthen the intoxicating properties. 56. Ganja is always mixed with tobacco leaves before smoking (vide question 15). So charas (reply to ibid.) and bhang (reply to ibid.). Both in moderation and excess the actual effects are modified remarkably by these admixtures. The nauseating effects vanish and the acuteness of intoxication reduced; and dhatura is not used as an admixture in these parts. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRANATH MOZOOMDAR, Brahmin, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


23. Seldom. It is used by habitual ganjasmokers for smoking when ganja is not available. I have seen this smoked by the Maghs and low class Muhammadans of Tippera. 29. (a) Dried tobacco leaves or prepared tobacco for ganja, in order to tone down the pungency of the smoke and the intoxicating power, and also to increase bulk so as to enable several men to enjoy the same preparation (chillum). Prepared tobacco is mixed with charas. (b) Dhatura is so used. The object is to increase the power of intoxication in the ganja. Yes; bhang massala is occasionally mixed with bhang and ganja. It consists of rose petals, aniseed, black pepper, sandal-wood powder, and sugar or molasses. 56. I have no information to give under this head other than what is already recorded in answer to question 29.   - Evidence of BABU A. K. RAY, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bangaon, Jessore District.


23. I have known only one man, a Muhammadan fakir, to smoke bhang or patti. He said that he preferred ganja, which he could not always afford to smoke on account of its high price. 29. Ganja.— (a) Tobacco leaves. (b) I have been informed that seeds of dhatura and sometimes of kuchila (nux vomica) too are mixed with ganja to make its effects more lasting and strong. One consumer informed me that when he and others could not afford to purchase ganja on account of its high price, they would smoke, without it, with ganja or the kernel of the seeds and the root of the plant known in Bengal by the name of kalika and in Orissa as kaniar (Thevetia neriifolia), which is known to be a poisonous plant. Patti or bhang.— (a) Ordinarily, patti is mixed with black pepper and drunk with water, and sometimes with the addition of a little sugar. These admixtures are made to give a relish to the taste. (b) Exceptionally, spices generally known by the term of bhang or patti massala, the particulars of which are given below, are used. I sent for half-an-anna worth of patti massala from the bazar, and found it to contain the following ingredients:— Elachi (small). Cardamoms. Elettaria Cardamomum. Slightly astringent, aromatic, and carminative aromatic (expelling flatulence and relieving painful cramps, spasms, hiccup, and other forms of distress in the stomach and intestines); Elachi (large). Do. Amomum Cardamomum. Slightly astringent, aromatic, and carminative aromatic (expelling flatulence and relieving painful cramps, spasms, hiccup, and other forms of distress in the stomach and intestines); Golmarich. Black pepper. Piper nigrum. Stomachic causing flow of saliva, mucus, and gastric juice, aromatic, slightly astringent, and is believed to possess antiperiodic and antipyretic properties; Labanga. Cloves. Flower of Caryophyllus arematicus. Stimulant, stomachic, antispasmodic, and carminative. Jaitri. Mace. Perisperm of the nut of Myristica moschata. Stimulant, antispasmodic, and aromatic; Mahuri. Anise (common native fennel). Fruits of Anetham panmori. Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic and produces stimulant action on the bronchia mucus membrane; Darchini. Cinnamon. Bark of Cinnamon zeylanicum Stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, stomachic, and astringent; Nageswar. Nagkeshur. Flower of Mesua ferrea. Used in medicine as well as esteemed for fragrance; Jira. Jira. Fruit of Cuminum cyminum. An ordinary condiment in the kitchen; Posta. Posta or opium poppy seeds. Seeds of Papaver somniferum (album). Anodyne. The object of the admixtures is to neutralize the bad smell of the patti and reduce its ill effects. I have known also cucumber seeds to be mixed, which is evidently done to produce soothing effects. Marwari and up country men generally do it and term it thandai. I have stated in reply to question No. 15 that Gurjat ganja is also drunk with spices as above. 56. Patti.—The admixture of sugar hastens the effect of patti, while the other ingredients (gene¬ rally known as bhang massalas) seem to improve the taste and to moderate the ill-effects. Ganja.—In cases of moderation any admixture, except dry tobacco leaves, is seldom made. In cases of excess, however, dhatura, kuchila, and other drugs that are themselves as narcotic as ganja, or more so, make the effects of ganja more deleterious and lasting. I personally know a case where a man having a grudge against one of his companions in society induced the latter to smoke ganja in which dhatura was mixed. This man had never smoked ganja before. He got a fit of insanity which lasted about a fortnight. Afterwards he was placed under native medical treatment, and recovered completely to be able to resume his own former duties - Evidence of BABU KANTI BHUSHAN SEN, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack.


23. Wild bhang is to a small extent used by lower and poorer classes rarely for smoking. Those that smoke bhang cut the sir kali, the top of the plant, and dry it and preserve it. When ganja is not available, bhang is smoked like ganja in chillums (no huka is used). Poor people who cannot pay for the high price of ganja, or who cannot procure ganja at the hour of smoking, at times smoke bhang. The bhang leaves are mixed with tobacco, and then smoked as tobacco in a chillum. In all places where wild bhang grows, especially in the Dacca and Mymensingh Districts. By the poorer classes who cannot afford to pay for ganja, to a very small extent. 29. Ganja— Ordinary—Ganja is covered with dry tobacco leaf before cutting, and a small quantity of tobacco is put in the chillum on which prepared and cut ganja is put; over it charcoal fire is put. Sanyasis do not cover with tobacco leaves. When tobacco leaf is not available, the ganja is mixed with prepared tobacco. Ganja is sold by itself. People taking it make their own preparations. Exceptional— (1) The excessive consumers sometimes mix powdered dhatura seeds or dhatura leaves with the ganja before smoking for greater intoxication. But this is rarely done by sanyasis. Rich people add rose-water and attar for fragrance. (2) Those who are unable to pay for their adequate dose cut supari (betelnut) in very small pieces and mix with ganja. It is then washed and cut, pressed and smoked, as in the case of ganja. (3) Ada (ginger) is cut in small pieces, and is then mixed with ganja. and then rubbed, cut, and prepared like ganja, and then smoked in chillum. This form is supposed to be a preventive against cough and bronchitis. (4) Ganja and charas are mixed together, and smoked as ganja to produce greater intoxication. (5) Ganja and opium are mixed (each three pie worth) and smoked as ganja to produce greater intoxication. (6) Ganja and bhang are mixed together and eaten by poor men, who cannot pay for the high price of ganja for their adequate dose. (7) Young mango leaves and ganja are mixed and pressed together and smoked. It is said to produce greater intoxication. (8) Dadhi (curdled milk), attar, rose-flower and powdered dhatura seeds are also mixed with ganja and then smoked. (9) Ganja is immersed in dadhi (curdled milk) and smoked. (10) Ganja and ghi (clarified butter) are chewed, and swallowed by sanyasis. Gurjat ganja is drunk by the pandas at Puri, Bhubaneswar, and Satyabadi. (11) White sandal wood is sometimes cut in very small pieces and mixed with ganja for imparting to it a good fragrance. Bhang, ordinary— (1) Salt is mixed with Jal bhang—simple bhang drink, where milk is not added. (2) Black pepper, cucumber seed, melon seed, sugar, milk, dhania, kabab chini, and aniseed are generally mixed with bhang when used for drinking. Milk and sugar are mixed to improve taste and to help digestion. In some preparations attar and rose-water and cocoanut water are added to produce greater intoxication and for refinement, luxury, and pleasure in eating and drinking. Exceptional— (1) Dhatura seed powder is mixed with the bhang to produce greater intoxication. (2) Ganja seed is mixed with the bhang for greater intoxication. Charas— No ingredients are exceptionally mixed with charas. Prepared tobaco is ordinarily mixed with charas. Dhatura is sometimes so used. The object of these admixtures is to produce greater intoxication. Bhang massala is sold for the purpose of being mixed with bhang. (I have got sample packets.) It is sold at Dacca and Calcutta in packets at one pice each. The ingredients of the bhang massala are:— Sold in Calcutta and the Dacca District - (1) Kira bichi, seeds of the cucumber. (2) Kakri bichi, seeds of kakri or melon. (3) Kahu (seeds of salad). (4) Kagji lemon. (5) Gakhuru kata or like kanti kari. (6) Sounf, aniseed. Up-country people use the following ingredients with bhang in drinking:— (1) Buds of roses. (2) Melon seeds. (3) Kasni, a demulcent and soothing flower. (4) Seeds of the cucumber. (5) Almond (for increasing fat). (6) Aniseed. (7) Black pepper. (8) Kahu. (9) Leaves of the bel fruit for enhancing retentive power. (10) Asafœtida and curdled milk. The asafœtida is boiled and its smoke is passed into dadhi (curdled milk) or ghole (skimmed sour milk). The bhang is mixed with this dadhi or ghole. It increases the appetite and is considered soothing. 56. For admixtures, vide answer to question 29. Moderate consumers do not use any admixture, except with—ganja, dried tobacco leaves; bhang, sugar, milk, and bhang massala; charas, prepared tobacco. Excessive consumers use admixture with— ganja, mango leaf, betel-nut, dhatura seed, etc. Bhang, dhatura seed, etc. Charas, ganja. Dhatura seeds are powdered and mixed with ganja or bhang. It is not generally done by the consumers themselves, but is added by others for producing greater intoxication and for amusement without the knowledge of the consumer.  - Evidence of BABU ABHILAS CHANDRA MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal


23. Bhang is often used for smoking; but I am not aware of any special classes of the people amongst whom this practice is prevalent. It is, I think, confined to individuals who may have a fancy to this form of consumption rather than to any special classes. The common notion is that bhang is the stepping-stone to ganja. A novice begins with tobacco, then passes on to the smoking of bhang, and finally takes up the ganja. 29. Ganja is smoked with tobacco leaves, the proportion being half and half for moderate consumers, and varies with others who want to make the preparation stronger or weaker according to taste and habit. No one, however, can take ganja without tobacco. Dhatura is used by persons who have gone to a fearful excess. The object of mixing tobacco is to render the prepara¬ tion mild—pure ganja being too strong to be smoked alone. The object of mixing dhatura is to render ganja stronger than it naturally is Dhatura smoking often leads to insanity. I have not heard any thing of bhang massala. 56. See answer to question 29. Question 29.[oral evidence] — My statement that dhatura smoking often leads to insanity is based on the general belief that dhatura is a very powerful drug. I have known one case of an insane who used to take dhatura, but I cannot say if the insanity and the drug were related as cause and effect - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA DAS, Baidya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Malda.


23. Not known. 29. (a) Kheni or dry tobacco with ganja; and sugar and water with bhang. (b) Some kind of scent (essence) besides dry tobacco with ganja; and milk and various sorts of spices, which are usually used with betels, in addition to sugar and water, with bhang. No use of dhatura with either ganja or bhang known. Its use by itself is known. The object of the admixture is to make it palatable and to impart to it more of intoxicating power. No preparation as bhang massala.  - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CHANDRA KAR, Excise Deputy Collector, Bhagalpur.


23. Bhang is smoked very rarely by habitual consumers of ganja if the latter drug cannot be procured with the utmost endeavours. It is only so used by the lower classes of consumers who happen to be very poor. 29. Ganja is taken with a dry leaf of tobacco, and when that is not available, with a small quantity of prepared tobacco. Dhatura is never mixed with ganja. Pepper and salt are ordinarily mixed with bhang and dissolved in water. It is also sometimes made into a paste with sugar and milk. The former preparation is generally used for medicinal purposes and the latter for intoxicating purposes. No such thing as bhang massala is known to me. 56. The effects of bhang used in (a) moderation, and (b) excess, are much intensified by admixture with sugar and milk. Tamarind destroys its effects. The effects of ganja are not much modified by the tobacco leaf with which it is taken. It only improves the flavour. I am not aware of dhatura being mixed with ganja or bhang. - Evidence of BABU RAJANI PRASAD NEOGY, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh


23. Not in this district. 29. (a) Dry tobacco is mixed with ganja; and aniseed, black-pepper, and water with bhang for counteracting the bad effects of the drugs. (b) Milk, sugar, cucumber and musk-melon seeds are mixed with bhang to produce a cooling effect. No bhang massala is sold in this district.  - Evidence of GHULAM LILLAHI, Excise Deputy Collector, Ranchi, District Lohardaga.


23. I have never seen any bhang smokers. But I have heard that the poorest of the labouring classes sometimes substitute it for ganja. 29. Tobacco is generally mixed with ganja and charas to make the smoking milder. Bhang is generally mixed with sugar when used for drinking. The object is to increase intoxication. I have never heard of dhatura being mixed with any of these drugs. No particular preparation called bhang massala is sold in the bazar. But various kinds of spices sold in an ordinary spice shop are mixed with bhang to add to its flavour and perhaps to increase intoxication. 56. I have heard that the veteran ganja smoker sometimes uses one or two seeds of dhatura to improve the strength of the drug. I do not know whether any of the hemp drugs is mixed with dhatura for administration to others.  - Evidence of BABU SURESH CHUNDRA BAL, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.


23. As a rule, bhang is not used for smoking. Very poor people addicted to the use of ganja, if unable to obtain it, reluctantly gratify their desire for smoking by having recourse to bhang. Bhangsmoking is rare and not confined to any particular locality or any particular class of people. The smoking of bhang produces severe headache. 29. The following is a list of the ingredients used with bhang:— [bhangingredients] Besides these, the drug is consumed in several other ways:— Bhang pua (pancake). Bhang-ka-pakouri (a kind of dish made of bhang and pea meal). Bhang-ka-majun (confection), etc. 56. The effects of hemp used (a) in moderation are modified by eating sour things, and (b) in excess, by either vomiting with warm water mixed with cow's ghee or by taking strong sour drink. I have seen a man (very strong) boiling his bhang with capsules of dhatura to make the drug stronger in effect. - Evidence of BABU ROY BRAHMA DUTT, * Kayasth, Excise Deputy Collector, Darbhanga.


23. The Sadar Sub-Inspector was telling me that when ganja smokers are in need of ganja and can't afford to get it, they semetimes use bhang for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja, probably to render it less strong. We have not much of bhang here. No, I do not know bhang massala. 56. Ganja is mixed with tobacco to moderate its effects. Opium is sometimes mixed with ganja to heighten its effect.  - Evidence of BABU BANKU BEHARI DUTT, Excise Deputy Collector, Backergunge


23. Yes, by the lower and poorer classes and persons addicted to ganja when they cannot get it in time, but not to any marked extent. 29. With ganja is mixed dry tobacco. Dhatura is sometimes used with bhang by confirmed drinkers when their object is to render themselves perfectly reckless or delirious. Bhang massala is also used. It consists of the following, viz.:— Sonf (aniseed), lowng (cloves), ilaichi (cardamom), gol mirich (black pepper), dalchini (cinnamon), chini (sugar), seeds of cucumber and melon, kashni, rose leaves. 56. The effect of bhang is sometimes modified by the admixture of cooling ingredients   - Evidence of BABU WOOMA CHARAN BOSE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector; Manager, Raj Banaili, District Bhagalpur.


23. I don't know if bhang is ever used in smoking. 29. Dhatura is very rarely mixed with bhang to increase its intoxicating power. Tobacco is mixed with ganja to make it soothing. The name "bhang massala" is almost unknown to the people of this district, but well known to the upcountry people. It consists of black pepper, poppyseeds, dried leaves of roses, cardamom, mohuri, kashni, seeds of khira, and seeds of kakri. 56. I have nothing more to add than what I have already stated regarding moderate and excessive use of ganja. Dhatura is sometimes used as medicine.  - Evidence of BABU RASIK LAL GHOSE, Court of Wards' Manager, Dinajpur.


23. I am not aware that bhang is anywhere used for smoking. 29. With bhang the following ingredients are ordinarily mixed:— Black pepper, aniseed, coriander seed, cardamoms, cucumber seeds, musk melon seed, almonds, rose leaves. Well-to-do people also use milk and sugar and rose water. Pomegranate and grape juice and saffron are specially used during the cold weather. In exceptional cases bhang sherbet is prepared with either unripe mango juice, ripe mango juice, bael fruit, phalsa fruit, or curd; but some or other of the eight ingredients named above are indispensable in making the draught. In sweetening the sherbet, sugar must be used, and this as well as milk is supposed to heighten the intoxicating power, and they are therefore preferred by the consumers. When acid juices are mixed, milk and sugar are dispensed with, but assafœtida and cumin seeds are used. Ganja is ordinarily smoked with tobacco leaves or prepared tobacco. Ganja in excess is made of the following ingredients, and is called pancha ratna (five gems), viz., ganja, charas, dhatura, opium and arsenic. There are people who smoke this deadly mixture. Pancha ratna also means a kalika, i.e., tobacco-pot having five receptacles for five following ingredients : ganja, charas, tobacco, tobacco leaves, opium or dhatura, the smoke from five receptacles passing through the pipe. Charas is not smoked by itself, but mixed with tobacco leaves and kneaded in the palm with the thumb: it is then rolled into a ball and put on fire till it is partially fried. When filled up with it and fire, the kalika is smoked. The bhang massala is composed of the six or eight ingredients mentioned above, and is sold in the bazar by the dealers of bhang. 56. Dhatura is smoked by itself or with ganja, always with tobacco leaves or in a diluted form.  - Evidence of BABU GOUR DAS BYSACK, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta.


23. I have heard that the wild bhang mentioned above is used by the natives for smoking and drinking when they had the chance. It is not restricted to any particular class or locality. 29. I know nothing about this. - Evidence of MR. W. SARSON, retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, formerly Abkari Superintendent, Chittagong.


23. I have only heard of its being drunk as a sherbet - Evidence of MR. W. M. SMITH, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


23. Bhang is now very seldom used for smoking. 29. Ordinarily the drugs are taken by themselves, except bhang, which is mixed with aniseed, pepper, sugar, etc. Dhatura is mixed with bhang or ganja to produce uncontrolled intoxication for the purpose of committing some violence. The drugs are also mixed with other dangerous drugs, such as nux vomica and strychnine, etc. 56. In general the hemp drugs by themselves, if taken by habitual smokers in moderate dose, are harmless, but when mixed with other injurious substances, such as nux vomica, cantharides, etc., the effects are aggravated, and the drugs become harmful more or less as they are taken in moderation or in excess. - Evidence of BABU HEM CHUNDER KERR, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah


23. Bhang is very rarely used for smoking. I have seen only one case in which a Brahmin of some respectability once smoked bhang for want of time and apparatus to grind and dissolve the drug. 29. The ordinary ingredient mixed with ganja and charas is tobacco soaked in molasses In exceptional cases both these drugs are kept in rose water for hours before consumption. This is said to be done for the sake of flavour only. Siddhi is usually ground into a paste with some black pepper and anise, and then dissolved into water. This is the general way followed by 75 per cent. of the consumers. The object of this method is to secure the good effects of the drugs as described in paragraph 27 of this report. The most well-todo sections of the consumers use milk and sugar instead of water, and the object of such a mixture is to make the drug more palatable and more intoxicating. I know no case of dhatura being used with any of these drugs.  - Evidence of BABU KALI DAS MUKERJI, Sub-Deputy Collector and Superintendent of Distillery, Serampore, Hughli.


23. No. But the Nepalase people do not know the preparation of bhang as in Bengal or the North-West. They prepare a crude sort of ganja which they call bhang and this they always smoke. 29. With ganja tobacco powders are sometimes mixed up in the proportion of 3 : 1. Dhatura is sometimes mixed with bhang to induce excessive intoxication. Bhang massala contains cucumber seeds, black pepper, coriander seeds and some other substances. Where the massala is not obtainable, only black pepper, milk and sugar are added. 56. Bhang is mixed with sugar to increase its power of intoxication and with sugar and milk to give taste to it. Dhatura is used by hard drinkers only for personal consumption. It is administered to others only in cases of bad motives.    - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA NATH MOZUMDAR, Brahmin, Deputy Inspector of Excise, Darjeeling.


23. No. 29. Ordinarily with ganja and charas, prepared tobacco is mixed, and with siddhi, spices, sugar and milk. I am not aware of anything exceptionally mixed. I have heard dhatura seeds are used with ganja to increase its intoxicating power, but I have not seen any one to use it. In case of tobacco with ganja and charas to soften the narocotic effect and to give also a better flavour; spices, etc., are used with siddhi to improve taste, and also to increase its intoxicating effect. I do not know much of bhang massala. 56. I have no personal knowledge of admixture of other substances than what I have already noted. - Evidence of BABU DIGENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Inspector of Excise, 24-Parganas.


23. I do not know whether bhang is ever used for smoking. 29. The ingredient mixed with ganja is ordinarily tobacco leaf. Dhatura is not used. The object is to make the smoke sweeter and stronger. 56. The effect of ganja is modified by the admixture of ingredients, viz., the admixture of dhatura and other narcotics heighten the power of the drug, whereas rose-water, etc., diminish the power. I have no knowledge of the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others.  - Evidence of BABU SIR CHUNDER SOOR, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi.


23. No; it is said that it is used only for drinking. 29. (a) Tobacco is mixed with ganja, as it makes it burn slowly. Milk, pepper, dhania, salt and water, and sugar are used with bhang. (b) Dhatura seed is mixed with ganja to improve the flavour and render it more intoxicating, and is also supposed to strengthen the powers of digestion. 56. I have noted above the fact that dhatura is so mixed with ganja, and that it increases the intoxicating and other effects; but I have no specific information on this head.  - Evidence of MR. W. C. FASSON, District Superintendent of Police, Bogra.


23. No. 29. Nothing is mixed with ganja or charas. Milk and sugar is exceptionlly mixed with bhang to make it more intoxicant. I don't know anything of bhang massala.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. TUCKER, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur.


23. To my knowledge bhang is never used for smoking. It comes into use in some of the Hindu religious ceremonies. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja to adulterate it. I do not know if anything else is exceptionally mixed with this drug. I do not know also if dhatura is ever mixed with it If it is at all mixed, it must be by ascetics, who are habitual excessive smokers. Some spices and a little salt is mixed with bhang. Tobacco is mixed with ganja, as I am told by a ganja smoker, for the purpose of preventing the ganja being burnt to ashes quickly. As a rule, ganja cannot be prepared for consumption without mixing tobacco. Bhang massalas are of various kinds, according to the choice of the consumers of different localities. In Calcutta bhang massala is sold in the bazaar, but I cannot say what its ingredients are. - Evidence of MR. R. L. WARD, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi.


23. I never saw or heard of bhang being smoked. It is only, as I know, drunk. 29. Tobacco leaf is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking. To make the bhang drink strong sometimes dhatura seeds are mixed with bhang, but is done by the sanyasis. Bhang massalas are—mouri, pepper, milk, sugar, almond, etc.  - Evidence of BABU MATHURA MOHAN SIRKAR, Inspector of Police, Jhenida, District Jessore.


23. Yes; can't say to what extent, but only, I think, as a substitute for the ganja when the latter is not obtainable. 29. For ganja, tobacco and spices; for bhang, see answer to 15. Yes. Contains usually, pepper, nutmeg, cloves, cucumber seeds, cinnamon and cardamoms, sugar or molasses.  - Evidence of MR. H. P. WYLLY,* Government Agent at Keonjhar, Orissa.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in Orissa or the Native States here. 29. Raw tobacco is indispensable for ganjasmoking, and is alone used. Dhatura is very seldom used with bhang, and only by excessive consumers. Bhang is mixed with water and spices to give it a flavour, and the addition of sugar makes it stronger. It is also generally believed that spices mollify the evil effects of bhang. Tobacco increases the narcotic effects of ganja. In this province a bhang massala is sold, consisting of pepper, aniseed, poppy seeds, cloves, cardamoms, and the seeds of the cucumber. This massala when mixed with bhang has a decidedly mollifying effect. 56. Moderate consumers of ganja and bhang hardly ever use any admixture, except tobacco which is essential to smoking ganja. Those who take the drugs to excess frequently mix dhatura with both, more especially with bhang. In cases of criminal drugging, bhang is often mixed with dhatura, which causes almost immediate and complete stupefaction.  - Evidence of Mr. W. R. RICKETTS,* Manager, Nilgiri State, Tributary Mahals, Orissa.


29. Sugar, spices and fragrant leaves, such as rose leaves and sometimes rose water also are mixed with bhang. Ganja is generally smoked alone or with tobacco leaves. Dhatura is sometimes mixed. - Evidence of MAHAMAHOPADHYA MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.


23. Bhang is used for smoking, but rarely. 29. Raw tobacco is used as an ingredient for ganja. Dhatura is not used. Tobacco is used to tone down the pungency of the smoke. I know of no preparation, such as bhang massala. 56. I cannot say. Confirmed smokers sometimes mix dhatura to induce sufficient intoxication. - Evidence of BABU JADUB CHANDRA CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Civil and Sessions Judge, Kuch Behar.


23. I don't know. 29. Yes; bhang massala is composed of bhang, seeds of cucumber, black pepper, and coriander seeds. 56. The admixture of dhatura is used occasionally for personal consumption and for administration to others. A Brahmin leper of my native village used dhatura for personal consumption.  - Evidence of BABU SREENATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Cashier, Public Works Department, Darjeeling Division.


23. The tops of bhang plants are sometimes smoked when ganja cannot be obtained. No particular localities can be mentioned where this practice is in vogue. It is so used by the poorer classes of consumers, who may not have the means to purchase ganja at the time. 29. (a) A leaf of tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. It destroys the bad smell of ganja. (b) Dhatura is mixed with ganja occasionally by excessive consumers to increase the intoxicating properties. (a) Bhang is ordinarily drunk with black pepper. (b) Other spices are also occasionally mixed with it. 56. Dhatura is occasionally mixed with ganja for personal consumption in order to increase its intoxicating properties. I am not aware of the effects of the admixture of any other substance with bhang - Evidence of BABU HARA GOPAL DUTTA, Kayasth, Retired Excise Daroga, Mymensingh.


23. I do not know. Ordinarily black pepper and anise-seed are used in the preparation of bhang for drinking purposes. Those who can afford add kasni seeds and lesser cardamoms. Dhaturá seeds are added by those who require exceptionally strong potation; the ordinary ingredients mentioned above are mixed, some for giving a flavour to the drink, and the black pepper to give a taste. I do not know of any preparation known as bhang massálá, but I do know of a collection of certain ingredients sold in the bazar as bhang massálá. They generally consists of:— (1) Golmarich (black pepper); (2) sounf (anise-seed); (3) kasni seeds; (4) Khirá (cucumber) seeds; (5) kharbujá (muskmelon) seeds; (6) guláb (dried rosebuds); (7) eláchi (lesser cardamoms); (8) labanga (cloves). Nos. 2, 3, and 4 are supposed to have a cooling effect; Nos. 1, 6, 7, and 8 flavour the drink. To these some add loaf-sugar and milk. It is believed that sugar, whether taken with bhang or after bhang, deepens the intoxication. While on this subject I may add that the expressed juice of the following leaves is supposed to counteract the evil effects of bhang and some other narcotics: (1) leaves of the jack fruit tree (Artocarpus integrifolia); (2) kalmi (Ipomœa aquatica); (3) tamarind leaves. - Evidence of BABU PRATAPCHANDRA GHOSHA, Registrar of Calcutta.


23. I do not know. 29. By almost all the classes tobacco or dokta is mixed with the ganja to make it more agreeable. Tobacco or gurak tamak is mixed with charas for the same. In preparing majum, a kind of sweetmeat, consisting of milk, sugar and siddhi or bhang, a little dhatura or dhuntara is sometimes mixed to make it strong.  - Evidence of RAI KAMALAPATI GHOSAL BAHADUR, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas.


23. Bhang is very seldom used for smoking purposes and only by those who, being habitual ganja smokers, happen by chance to be unable to procure their ganja. Bhang when used for smoking produces a weak kind of intoxication; is less intoxicating than ganja. 29. Generally tobacco leaf (the form of tobacco used for eating) is mixed with ganja, and sometimes smoking tobacco. In this part of the country none of the drugs mentioned are mixed with ganja at the time of smoking. Many things are used with bhang, such as flowers of roses, melon seeds, etc., but I know of no preparation sold for the purpose.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. FLOOD MURRAY, Civil Surgeon, Shahabad


29. I have heard that dhatura is sometimes mixed with both siddhi (the drink), and majun, the sweetmeat manufactured from hemp leaves. No, I do not know bhang massala.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. P. MCCONNELL, Professor of Materia Medica, etc., Medical College, Calcutta.


23. I think not in Eastern Bengal. 29. I do not think it is much mixed.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. CROMBIE, M.D., SurgeonSuperintendent, General Hospital, Calcutta.


23. Rarely, if ever, in Bengal. 29. (a) With ganja.—Tobacco. With bhang.—Sugar, flour, milk, pepper, ghee. (b) With bhang.—In form of sweetmeat or of infusion—dhatura, opium, nuxvomica. 56. (a) Bhang.—With dhatura or opium, early stupefaction. (b) With nux-vomica (koochla) or cantharides, possibly sexual excitement. Ganja (smoked).—Not much open to such admixtures. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. G. RUSSELL, Civil Surgeon, Darjeeling.


23. I have never seen bhang used for smoking. 29. Ganja and charas are ordinarily mixed with dried tobacco. The two drugs are rubbed together with a few drops of water in the palm of the left hand, which in ganja smokers leaves a characteristic brownish black stain, affording a means for detection. This mixture is smoked in pipes. Siddhi or bhang is used in the form of cold infusion in water generally, mixed with black pepper, cucumber, or melon seeds. Hindustanis take it in this form. Muhammadans and Bengalis add milk and sugar and rose water occasionally. Dhatura is not infrequently mixed to enhance its intoxicating properties. Siddhi or bhang is used also in the form of majum or sweetmeat with sugar, milk, and rose water. Dhatura is often added, especially by those who resort to crimes with its help. Nux-vomica is added to siddhi by Indian kabirajes or hakims mainly to obtain its aphrodisiac properties. I have never heard of cantharides being used in Bengal, though opium might be used. 56. I have noted that dhatura enhances the narcotic effects of the different preparations of hemp, so does opium; nux-vomica increases their aphrodisiac property, and betelnut, containing a volatile narcotic, behaves like dhatura or opium, but to a very limited extent. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUSSICK LALL DUTT,* Officiating Civil Surgeon, 24-Parganas.


29. Dry tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja when smoked, and betelnut when eaten. Moist tobacco is mixed with charas when smoked. Bhang, when drunk, is usually prepared with sugar and water, occasionally with bhang massala. The object of the admixture is to make them more tasty. Bhang massala contains:— Cucumber seeds, kharmuja seeds, rose petals, black pepper, aniseed. Although bhang is usually drunk, it is sometimes eaten, mixed with sweetmeats, when it is called majum.  56. I have never heard of the admixture of dhatura, nux-vomica, cantharides or opium with hemp drugs. When ganja is eaten mixed with betel-nut, I am not aware of the latter producing any modification of the action of the hemp drug. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. PRICE, Civil Surgeon, Burdwan.


23. Is not sold for smoking here. 29. Ordinary ganja-smoking—three parts of ganja, one part of khaini (leaf tobacco); exceptionally, essential oil of flowers, as rose, jasmine, etc. Bhang massala is not sold; people make it themselves. Bhang 1 pice, aniseed 1/2 pice, black pepper ½ pice; exceptionally, bhang, sugar, ilachi (cardamoms), badam (almonds), golmirch, sonf (aniseed), kashun (succory), cucumber seeds, and milk. Sometimes dhatura seeds are added by confirmed smokers to increase the intoxicating effects. Two kinds of majum are sold in the bazar—(1) majum, (2) barji. A kind of cake is made at home called katchori, containing powered bhang, dall and flour fried in ghi.  - Evidence* of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. BOVILL, Officiating Civil Surgeon of Patna and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.


23. No. 29. As far as I could discover, nothing (except in the case of bhang massala) is ordinarily or exceptionally mixed with these drugs in Dacca. Dhatura is not so used here. Bhang massala is used for the purpose of mixing with. It is composed of— Dried rose leaves, lettuce seeds, aniseed, poppy seeds, black pepper, cucumber seeds, mowri, kakoor seeds, kashni seeds, gokhura thorn. 56. Bhang massala disguises the smell and taste of the bhang, and is supposed by the natives of this country to increase its cooling effect - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. COBB, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Dacca.


23. I do not know. It was 200 years ago so used on the Malabar Coast; it would be well perhaps to find if in this region the use still persists. I have been unable to find any instance of the use in Bengal. 29. My knowledge of this part of the subject is derived from information obtained by direct enquiry, and is not therefore of the nature of directly hearsay evidence. It is contained in my report. Dhatura and opium are given to increase the known narcotic effect of hemp. Nux-vomica and cantharides are given to increase the supposed aphrodisiac property of hemp. Betel-nut (aniseed, pepper, and the other ingredients of a simple bhang massala are used for the same purpose) is given to counteract the effects arising from the indigestible nature of the substance when taken internally. 56. On this subject I regret I am unable to give any direct evidence. Most of the information I have received regarding this matter has been of the nature of surmise.   - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN D. PRAIN, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.


23. Bhang is used for smoking, mixed with tobacco by the poorer classes. 29. Ordinarily tobacco with bhang or ganja. Dhatura is said to be used to increase the narcotic effects of bhang or ganja, but I have no personal knowledge - Evidence of DR. S. J MANOOK, Civil Medical Officer, Singhbhum.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Ganja when used for smoking is mixed with bits of tobacco leaf, moistened with water, and kneaded in the palm of the left hand with the right thumb; then cut up and put in an earthen pipe (chillum), placed on a huka, and smoked. Occasionally dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja, chiefly for purposes of theft, by unscrupulous men to render their victims helpless. Before smoking, charas is first enclosed in the middle of a little prepared tobacco (thick paste of powdered tobacco leaf and molasses), and gently heated over a fire (the fire of a chillum ready for smoking answers best). The charas is then taken out and mixed with the tobacco and smoked in a huka. The ingredients mixed with siddhi before pounding it into a paste are usually black pepper, poppy seeds, cardamom seeds, aniseeds, cucumber seeds, dry rose petals, and similar other spices. Occasionally dhatura seeds are used. The motive for such practice is almost invariably to facilitate the commission of crime or mischief. Sometimes the active principle of siddhi is extracted by being parched in hot ghee, which is subsequently strained and made up into cakes with sugar and dried milk. This preparation is called majum. It is used as a narcotic only. When siddhi is used for drinking, the leaves are washed and ground into a paste with spices, and made into a sherbet with sugar and water. I do not know if opium, nux-vomica, cantharides, or betel-nut is ever used with these drugs. 56. Moderate consumers of the drugs usually take them in an unmixed state, or mixed with comparatively harmless substances only, such as tobacco with ganja and charas, and spices with siddhi. Veteran ganja-smokers are occasionally known to take dhatura seeds with ganja to heighten its effects; but more commonly dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja to be administered to others for criminal purposes. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon RAI TARAPROSANNA RAI BAHADUR, Baidya, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta


23. I am not aware of bhang being used for smoking.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KANNY LOLL DEY, C.I.E., late Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta.


29. To intensify its intoxicating powers, dhatura seeds are occasionally mixed with bhang, and even with ganja.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON UPENDRA NATH SEN, Officiating Civil Medical Officer, Malda.


29. Dhatura is exceptionally mixed with ganja for smoking; and also with bhang or siddhi for drinking to increase the narcotic power of the drugs. 56. The admixture of dhatura seed with ganja and bhang increases the narcotic action of these drugs.   - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON BOSONTO KUMAR SEN, in Civil Medical Charge, Bogra.


23. No. 29. Dried tobacco leaves are mixed generally with ganja by the ganja-smokers here. Dhatura is not used. Tobacco leaves are mixed with ganja in order to remove its pungency. While bhang is drunk, it is generally mixed with milk and sugar. Dhatura seed is occasionally mixed with bhang for drink. 56. The effects of the hemp plant used in moderation or in excess are modified by the admixture of other substances. Dhatura is mixed with bhang to increase its narcotic effects. I have no knowledge of the use of ganja and charas in eating or drinking purposes.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON NORENDRA NATH GUPTA, Baidya, in Civil Medical charge, Rangpur.


23. Bhang is occasionally used for smoking by habitual smokers, who are too poor to procure ganja every day. 29. Ganja is ordinarily (a) mixed with tobacco and exceptionally (b) with charas. Charas is generally taken with tobacco. Bhang is ordinarily mixed either with salt and black pepper or with milk and sugar. The following are the ingredients of the bhang massala sold in the shop, viz., (1) dry rose leaves, (2) cucumber seeds, (3) kakur seeds, (4) kasni, (5) kahu or lettuce seeds, (6) poppy seeds, (7) gokuro kanta (seeds), and (8) aniseed. 56. The only substance mixed with ganja is tobacco to improve its flavour and to make it bulky. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon CHOONEY LALL DASS, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence and Therapeutics, Medical School, Dacca.


29. Ganja is (a) ordinarily mixed with tobacco, to make it bulkier, and with tobacco leaves, to make it stronger. It is (b) exceptionally mixed with charas to make it stronger. Dhatura is not so used. Bhang massala is sold here for the purpose of being mixed with bhang. Its ingredients are dry rose petals, cucumber seeds, kakur seeds, kashni seeds, kahu (lettuce) seeds, poppy seeds, gokhura seeds, black pepper, aniseed.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON PREONATH BOSE, Teacher of Materia Medica and Practical Pharmacy, Dacca


23. Only as a substitute for ganja, when that is not available. 29. Ingredients of bhang—(a) ordinarily, black pepper, (b) exceptionally, anise-seeds, milk, and sugar. Dhatura is so used to make the intoxicating property stronger. Thandai and bhang massala are both sold by the North-West people. Of the former, cucumber seeds, almonds, and petals of rose form the chief ingredients; of the latter, cinnamon, cubebs, anise-seeds, black pepper, and coriander form the chief ingredients. 56. The ingredients I have mentioned before, and which are mixed with bhang, are used to make the drink palatable. Dhatura is mixed with bhang for personal consumption. I do not know the mixture to have been used for criminal purposes; it is quite possible to be thus used though. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON DEVENDRANATH ROY, Brahmin, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence, Campbell Medical School, Calcutta.


23. Bhang is generally used for drinking and not for smoking. But when the habitual smoker of ganja and charas has got none in his possession, he then, with great reluctance, uses bhang for smoking only to satisfy his mind; but this does not satiate his craving so much as ganja or charas would do. 29. (a) Dried tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja, khamira (of tobacco) with charas, and black pepper with bhang. (b) Nothing is mixed exceptionally with ganja and charas. Raisins, pistachio nuts, almonds, etc., milk, sugar, saffron, seeds of cucumber, leaves of rose flower, rose water, cardamom, musk, aniseed, black pepper etc., are exceptionally mixed with bhang. The admixture of bhang in (a) is used by the poor and that in (b) by the rich who can afford to buy all these. Dhatura is never mixed with any of these drugs. The object of admixture in ganja and charas is to diminish their intoxicating power to some extent. As regards bhang, the admixture makes it cool, refreshing, and palatable. Preparation of bhang massala is generally sold by grocers. The ingredients are almost the same as mentioned in (b). 56. The admixture of other substances in moderation or excess makes the drugs more or less mild. Dry tobacco leaves and khamira (of tobacco) diminish the effect of ganja and charas respectively. Rose water, raisins, etc. (mentioned in 29) make the bhang milder and cooler. I do not possess any information regarding the admixture of dhatura, nux vomica, cantharides, opium or betel-nut for personal consumption or for administration to others.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON AKBAR KHAN, Teacher, Temple Medical School, Patna.


23. Bhang is sometimes, though very rarely, used by the indigent in outlying places for smoking, when ganja is not available. 29. Bhang is ordinarily taken with black pepper by the Hindus, especially of the poor class. The well-to-do Hindus and Muhammadans use a more elegant preparation. In addition to the black pepper they mix it with cucumber and melon seeds, sugar, milk and water, or better still with rose water. This mixture is supposed to have a cooling effect, and as such, is a favourite drink in hot places, but it is more intoxicating. Dhatura is sometimes added to increase the intoxicating effect. Majum or hemp confection is a preparation of bhang, made with sugar, butter, flour, and siddhi or bhang. Sometimes otto of rose is sprinkled with the mixture during the process of making majum cakes to add to the flavour and elegancy of the preparation. Sometimes, by special order of the customers, dhatura seeds are introduced to add to the intoxicating power. Majum is a very intoxicating preparation; in fact it is an extract of bhang made into confection, and is chiefly used for its pleasingly intoxicating and aphrodisiac effects. Bhang massala consists of souf (anise seeds), kasni (a species of succory), khira and kakri seeds (cucumber), black pepper, cubeb, cardamom seeds, kahu (garden lettuce), karfa. Ganja and charas are smoked with tobacco. I do not know of opium, nux-vomica, cantharides or betel-nut being mixed with these drugs. 56. Tobacco is generally mixed with ganja and charas, and bhang massala with bhang to modify their effects. I have heard of dhatura being mixed with bhang, majum or ganja, either for personal use, or with a view to administer them to others, but I do not know of nux-vomica, cantharides, opium or betel-nut being so used.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SOORJEE NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Bankipur.


23. I have never seen or known the smoking of bhang. 29. I don't know of any admixtures. I don't know of any such preparation. But when bhang is drunk by well-to-do persons as a stomachic, they generally mix with the bhang aniseeds, cloves, cardamoms, dried rose buds, cucumber seeds, and such like things.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon NEMAI CHURN CHATTERJI, Brahmin, Bhagalpur.


23. Not known. 29. Some spices and sugar are ordinarily mixed with bhang. I do not know of any preparation, such as "bhang massala". 56. Admixture of dhatura increases intoxicating power. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon BEHARI LAL PAL, Sadgop, Krishnagar, Nadia.


23. I have never known bhang to be used for smoking. 29. Ganja is smoked by itself and siddhi is taken as drink mixed with sweets and spices or eaten with bread (luchis). The object of the admixtures is to make it palatable and increase its strength. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon HARI MOHAN SEN, Baidya, Chittagong.


23. Ganja-smokers, in the absence of ganja, sometimes smoke siddhi in the subdivision of Basirhat. By lower-class people, about double the quantity of ganja at a time. 29. (b) Sometimes dhatura, opium and tobacco are mixed with ganja for the purpose of more intoxication. Dhatura, spices as cloves, black pepper, cardamom, etc., and sugar are sometimes used with siddhi for the same purpose.  - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant TRAILAKYANATH BANERJI, 24-Parganas.


23. I have never come across in my experience a person using bhang for smoking. 29. The following ingredients are ordinarily mixed with bhang by the different classes of consumers:— (1) Pepper, (2) panmohori, (3) water, (4) sugar. And the following exceptionally:— (1) Kasni, (2) yellow substance of nageswar flower, (3) cardamom (small), (4) rosewater, (5) milk, in addition to the above. As regards ganja only dry tobacco leaf is mixed and rubbed with it before smoking, and nothing else that I know of. 56. The admixture of tobacco with ganja, used in moderation or in excess, serves as an accessory, but that of spices, sugar, etc., as hereinbefore mentioned, with bhang, alleviates its dryness and renders it palatable and delicious. Dhatura and nux vomica are mixed with bhang, not for personal consumption, but for administration to others with intent to commit crimes - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant MEER KOOMAR ALLY, Municipal Dispensary, Cuttack.


23. No. 29. Dried tobacco leaves are generally mixed with ganja by the ganja-smokers here. Dhatura is not used. Tobacco is mixed with ganja in order to remove its pungency, while bhang is drunk mixed with milk and sugar. Dhatura seed occasionally mixed with bhang drink. The preparation of bhang massala is not known here. 56. The effects of hemp plants used in moderation or in excess are modified by the admixture of other substances. Dhatura is occasionally mixed to increase the narcotic effect of the drug bhang.  - Evidence of BABU DURGA DASS LAHIRI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rangpur.


23. It is, by those who cannot afford to get the ganja; but to a limited extent. 29. Don't know that anything is mixed with it except tobacco when smoked. 56. Answered previously as to effects. I am not aware of dhatura being used with it.  - Evidence of REV. D. MORISON, M.B., C.M., M.D., Medical Missionary, Rampur Boalia.


23. Bhang is not generally smoked, and, when smoked, it is not much intoxicating. It is not much used. 29. Dhatura seeds are sometimes known as an adulterant of ganja, but used only on rare occasions. 56. Dhatura seeds give greater power of intoxication, and excessive adulteration of it has produced temporary insanity. - Evidence of PYARI SANKAR DASS GUPTA, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society, Bogra


23. No. 29. All classes of ganja-smokers use the same ingredients, tobacco leaves and little water, whilst the charas-smokers use only prepared tobacco. Of those who indulge in bhang, the poorer class use a small quantity of black pepper only; whilst the well-to-do class of consumers use sugar, roseleaves, aniseed, seeds of cucumber, black pepper, almonds, cloves, cardamom. Bhang massala— aniseeds, rose petals, cucumber seeds, seeds of musk melons, almonds and sugar-candy. 56. Admixture of tobacco is supposed to increase the intoxicating properties of the drugs; but virtually it does not. Sugar, when added to bhang, increases its potency, but this statement of the bhang and ganja consumers requires verification.  - Evidence of KAILAS CHUNDRA BOSE, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


29. Ganja and charas are ordinarily prepared with tobacco for smoking. Bhang is usually prepared with black pepper for either eating or drinking purposes. Coriander, cinnamon, cloves and rose petals are also sometimes used in the preparation of bhang. Occasionally the preparation is sweetened with milk and sugar. I have not heard of opium or dhatura, etc., being ever mixed with either of these drugs. Bhang massala is sold in the North-West, not in Bengal.  - Evidence of MOHIM CHUNDER, ROY, BRAHMIN, Medical Practitioner, Nator, Rajshahi.


23. Bhang is smoked by ganja-smokers only on the contingency of ganja not being available. It is, however, so much despised as an article for smoking that weak ganja is condemned as bhang. Generally speaking, however, bhang is not smoked. 29. The only ingredient ordinarily mixed with ganja is tobacco leaf. A chillum of ganja is prepared thus: a bit of ganja is taken in the palm of the left hand, moistened with a little water and then rubbed against the palm with the right thumb; the water is then squeezed out and the bolus is mixed with finely-cut tobacco leaves and rubbed again as before. The mixed mass is then cut into small pieces, when it becomes ready for smoking. Before putting the mass into the kalika (the earthenware portion of a huka which holds the tobacco), a small quantity of prepared tobacco is placed at the bottom, and over that the ganja mass prepared as before. Tobacco is mixed with the object of making the ganja soft and mellow. As to exceptional ingredients, I know of only opium; it is mixed with ganja by those who are opium-eaters as well, and with the object of heightening the effect of the ganja. Charas is mixed with a little tobacco, and prepared as ganja. I know the preparation known as "bhang massala." Its ordinary ingredients are cucumber seeds, aniseed, poppy seeds, black pepper and rose petals. There is a richer variety which consists of, in addition to these, liquorice, sweet almonds, cardamom and saffron. - Evidence of KEDARESWAR ACHARJYA, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia.


23. I am not aware of bhang being ever used for smoking. 29. I have been told that confirmed habitual smokers of ganja and charas sometimes mix other substances with them to enhance their effects, but what these adjuncts are I have never made it a point to enquire. I am not aware of any preparation as bhang massala being sold in the bazaar. 56. I am not aware of other substances being mixed with the preparations of hemp to enhance their effects  - Evidence of MOHES CHUNDER GHOSE, G.M.C.B., Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Ramnagar, 24-Parganas.


29. I have no knowledge of such a massala. Dhatura and nux vomica are generally put in to increase the narcotic effect. - Evidence of DR. MOHAMMAD SADRUL HAQ, Medical Practitioner, Patna City.


23. Yes. My observations in this respect are confined to Eastern Bengal and specially to the district of Jessore. There bhang or siddhi is used in smoking by those who are accustomed to ganja and charas generally, and sometimes by those who do not smoke these preparations; but to a very limited extent. 29. With bhang, ordinarily, milk, sugar or molasses, aniseeds and pepper seeds are used; and exceptionally, both with bhang and ganja, dhatura seeds are used to make it stronger. I do not know of any preparation such as "bhang massala."   - Evidence of TRAILOKYA NATH MAJUMDAR,* Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Bankipur.


23. Never, as far as I am aware of. 29. Aniseed, black pepper, sugar, with or without milk, are usually mixed with prepared bhang. Dried rose leaves are also sometimes added. Dhatura is rarely added. The object of these admixtures is to render bhang palatable or to enhance its intoxicating properties. 56. The intoxication caused by hemp is more intensified by admixture with other substances, whether used in moderation or excess. Dhatura is most commonly mixed with bhang to heighten its intoxicating effect for personal consumption or for administration to others. - Evidence of PRASAD DAS MALLIK, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli.


23. No; not used for smoking. 29. Tobacco leaf is ordinarily mixed. Dhatura is scarcely mixed. 56. I have heard of dhatura leaf mixed with ganja and seed mixed with bhang and given to smoke and drink to induce complete stupefaction.  - Evidence of NIMAI CHARAN DAS,* Vaidya, Medical Practitioner, Chittagong


23. I am not aware of bhang being ever used for smoking; it is generally used in the form of sherbet or bolus. 29. Charas is generally mixed with ganja for smoking, Ganja is exceptionally mixed with bhang for the purpose of drinking. Dhatura, opium, nux vomica, cantharides, or betel-nut are not so used to my knowledge. The object of above-mentioned admixtures is to induce greater degree of intoxication.  - Evidence of TARA NATH BAL, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Mymensingh


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in this part of the country. 29. Tobacco in the form of khaini or tobacco mixed with lime is mixed with ganja, which is used for smoking, and the bhang is mixed with golmarich or black pepper, elachi or cardamom, badam or almonds, sonf or aniseed, supari or betel-nuts, kesur or saffron, and kasni or endive chicory. The above ingredients are called bhang massala. There is another preparation called bhang barfi or majum, which is made up of bhang, sugar, ghee, and other spices as mentioned above.  - Evidence of NOCOOR CHANDER BANERJI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur.


29. The ganja-smokers generally mix tobacco leaf with it, and the following ingredients are at times mixed with it, in order to increase its narcotic actions, viz., dhatura, opium, roots of grass, and also mix sandal-wood and cardamom to make it soothing and perfumed. Moreover, there is a preparation called majum, which is ordinarily sold by ganja vendors in this country, which is prepared with sugar, ganja, flour and milk, i.e., somewhat like lozenges. This majum is prepared for the private consumers, i.e., for those who are unable to smoke ganja publicly, as it is hateful. - Evidence of LUCKHMY NARAIN NAIK, Mahanyak, Medical Practitioner, Cuttack.


23. I have never witnessed bhang or siddhi used in smoking, but it is heard it is used in Bengal and Behar amongst the middle class of the people. 29. Black pepper is ordinarily mixed with siddhi, and tobacco with ganja and charas. I have experienced dhatura mixed with bhang in strengthening intoxication. Yes; cucumber seed, rose leaf, black pepper, aniseed, cardamom, cinnamon, are the ingredients known to me for the preparation of bhang.  -  Evidence of GURU CHARAN GHOSH, Medical Practitioner, Monghyr.


56. Dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja and bhang to intensify their effects. Dhatura is administered in mixtures for criminal purposes. People are thus drugged and robbed very often.  - Evidence of ANNADA PRASANNA GHATAK, M.B., Private Medical Practitioner, Arrah


It is unnecessary to say how ganja and charas are smoked; suffice it to say that before smoking, ganja is pulverized, mixed with tobacco leaf, and made into a sort of pill mass by the manipulation of the operator's right thumb over the left palm, with the addition of a few drops of water; while charas is mixed with prepared tobacco after drying it over fire. The smoking is generally done by chillum or huka. Bhang or siddhi is taken as a drink, and is prepared by pounding it on a pestle and mortar with rose leaves, black pepper, cucumber, water-melon, cardamom seeds, and then either mixed with milk and sugar or plain water. Sometimes siddhi is chewed with pan.  - Evidence * of RAKHAL DAS GHOSH, Private Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


23. No. I have seen one man only who smoked bhang occasionally. 29. Ganja for the purpose of smoking is ordinarily taken in its simple form without any admixture. Bhang mixed with ganja, betel-nut, cantharides and nux vomica, in the shape of sweetmeat, is exceptionally taken for heightening its aphrodisiac property. Ganja mixed with bhang is used by sanyasis (hermits) to keep them absorbed in religious meditation. Bhang is taken here in the form of liquid. At first the leaves are made into a pulpy mass and then mixed with water and salt, or milk and sugar, and taken internally by mouth. 56. As to administration to others, dhatura is often given to produce sleep for the purpose of theft. Bhang and ganja mixed with dhatura is often administered in the country to produce madness  - Evidence of DURGA NATH CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, in charge of Tangail Dispensary, Mymensingh.


23. No. 29. The following ingredients are mixed with bhang:— Pepper, salt, souf, rose, cardamom, seeds of cucumber, nut, sugar, milk, etc. Tobacco is mixed with ganja to lessen its severity. I do not know whether dhatura (nux vomica) and cantharides are generally mixed with bhang or ganja, but I have heard that wicked persons sometimes mix dhatura with these drugs to increase their severity or make them stronger. The ingredients mixed with bhang, as stated above, are known to be sold in the bazar as bhangmassala. 56. Ganja and siddhi, moderated by the admixture of other ingredients, remove the fatigue, increase the appetite and stimulate the system of labourers. But the effect is contrary to excessive consumers.  - Evidence of BIJOYA RATNA SEN*, Kaviranjan, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


23. Bhang or siddhi is not used in smoking, so far as I know. 29. With ganja dried tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed by the habitual consumers. In exceptional cases, dhatura is sometimes mixed, as well as opium. The latter practice is sometimes observed with the mendicants in order to heighten the effect of intoxication. With charas, ordinarily no ingredients are mixed except prepared tobacco. With siddhi the following ingredients are generally mixed, viz., aniseed, black pepper, dried rose buds, milk, sugar, cucumber seeds, etc. The admixtures are known as bhang massala and sold at bazars. As to admixture of other ingredients, such as opium, nux vomica, cantharides, etc., there may be rare cases but not generally used.  - Evidence of GOPEZE MOHUN ROY, Baidya, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


23. It is seldom used for smoking. 29. As far as I have been able to ascertain on enquiry, I am come to know that pepper and clove are ordinarily mixed with siddhi. Some also mix cucumber seed in addition. I have never heard of dhatura, opium, nux vomica, cantharides or betelnut being mixed with any of these drugs for drinking or smoking purposes. But instances have come to my notice of mixing dhatura and opium with siddhi for poisoning. The object of the said admixtures is relishing. Yes, I have heard of bhang massala being sold in the bazar for the purpose of being mixed with bhang, but I know not what its ingredients are.  - Evidence of PIYARI MOHAN KAVIRAJ, Vaidya, Native Physician, Calcutta.


29. (a) Ordinarily no ingredients are mixed with any of these drugs by the consumers. (b) In exceptional cases the following ingredients are mixed with bhang, called the bhang massala, viz., cucumber seeds, melon seeds, sugar, and aniseed. Dhatura and opium are so used. The object of these admixtures is to increase the intoxicating power of these drugs. These admixtures are generally used by the poorer classes of the consumers, who cannot now afford to pay the higher prices of these drugs. 56. Dhatura seeds, etc., are mixed with the drugs for the purpose of increasing the intoxicating powers of the drugs. - Evidence of BINOD LAL SEN,† Baidya, Kaviraj, Calcutta.


23. Those who smoke ganja sometimes smoke bhang for want of ganja. Where there is ganjasmoker there is to be found the use of bhang smoking; but to what extent it is used I do not know. 29. Some people drink bhang mixed with milk and cocoanut water, gur or sugar, but for want of the above things, a mixture of bhang with water and salt is made. Gur, milk, sugar, etc., are used for the purpose of making the preparation of bhang sweet and more intoxicating. Sometimes ganja is mixed with prepared tobacco for smoking. Probably this is done for lessening the intoxicating power of ganja.  - Evidence* of RAM CHANDER GOOPTA, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District.


23. Yes. Bhang is used for smoking purpose, but to a very limited extent. It is so used only by those persons who are hard ganja-smokers and have become needy, or have run short of it; such persons are mostly found among the villagers. 29. In this part of the country different classes of consumers ordinarily mix with the ganja dry tobacco leaves, or along with it tobacco stuff, and exceptionally there are persons among the consumers who mix leaves of rose flowers or rose attar or opium or kundoo (the root of betel plant). Nothing is mixed with the charas ordinarily or exceptionally except smoking tobacco stuff. Bhang consumers mix with this drug ordinarily sugar, seeds of melon and cucumber, dry leaves of rose flower, cardamom, aniseed, kabab chini (a kind of spice), and exceptionally dhatura seed and karejui are mixed with it (these are too very very heating and stimulating drugs obtained from the plants so named). In this part of the country dhatura, opium, nux vomica, cantharides, or betel-nut is never mixed with ganja or charas, except dhatura, which is exceptionally mixed with bhang. Ordinarily, people mix with the ganja dry tobacco leaves or smoking tobacco to prevent certain diseases, such as asthma or consumption, and exceptionally dhatura seeds, etc., in order to get easily affected or intoxicated. The ingredients which are ordinarily mixed with the bhang are so used in order to have a cooling effect upon the system. Dhatura is exceptionally mixed with bhang in order to increase simply the intoxicating effect of the drug. Nothing is sold, such as bhang massala, to be mixed with ganja or charas. Certainly bhang massala is sold for being mixed with bhang, and its ingredients are the same which, as stated above, are ordinarily mixed with bhang by the consumers. - Evidence of BRAHAM DEO NARAIN MISRA, Vaid, Arrah.


23. In absence of ganja, smokers sometimes smoke siddhi, though with less effect. This recourse is adopted very rarely and by low class of men. 29. Ganja is ordinarily used by smokers with a bit of tobacco leaf. But exceptionally it is mixed with dhatura, opium, nux vomica, cantharides, and yellow arsenic to make the action more strong. Such admixtures are generally had recourse to by inveterate smokers, such as Hindu ascetics and others. The ingredients of the bhang massala, as sold in the bazar, are simple things to make the preparation cool. These are black-pepper, cucumber, seeds, poppy seeds, aniseed, and rose petals. To make it rich some use milk or curd, almond, rose water, and such other things. Soot makes the preparation strong to the extreme. 56. Ganja is mixed with other substances either to increase or diminish its effects. Dhatura, nux vomica, cantharides, opium, or betel-nut makes the composition stronger. There is a preparation made of powdered ganja and boiled opium. The paste is formed into small pills known by the name of grape-shot. These produce graver effects than ganja or opium taken separately.  - Evidence of MADHAB K. DAS, Kayasth, Private Practitioner, Calcutta.


23. I am not aware of bhang being ever used for smoking. 56. The only substance which is usually mixed with ganja is tobacco, for the purpose of improving the flavour. - Evidence of RAJA PEARY MOHUN MUKERJI, C.S.I., Zamindar, Uttarpara, Hughli.


23. People who are too poor to purchase ganja use the dried leaves of bhang sometimes. But such instances are very rare. 29. Ganja (a) Tobacco leaves and water. (b) Rose-water, tobacco leaves, cardamom, saffron, and sometimes charas. Bhang (a) Aniseed and black pepper. (b) Black pepper, aniseed, and cardamom. Charas (a) Prepared tobacco or singly. (b) Prepared tobacco and juice of betel leaf. Cocoanut water, milk, and sugar are sometimes mixed in bhang to make it more intoxicating. Dhatura is very seldom or never mixed with ganja and bhang. Exceptionally inveterate ganja smokers and evil intentioned persons sometimes mix dhatura seeds in the ganja, and I have seen a few bhang drinkers who do not fear to mix arsenic in the drink. The bhang massala generally consists of— Cardamom, badam, cucumber seeds, kasni, aniseed, rose petals, and saffron, and mace and nutmeg during cold season. It is taken with bhang only. - Evidence of MAHARAJA GIRIJANATH ROY BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


23. Bhang is also used for smoking. Those people who cannot afford to purchase ganja, use bhang in smoking. 29. Tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja to make it mild and to prevent coughing; kneaded tobacco is mixed with charas. Black pepper, milk and sugar are mixed with bhang to make it tasteful and to improve its power of intoxication. Dhatura is not used with any of them.  - Evidence of RAJA MAHIMA RANJAN ROY CHOWDHRY, Zamindar, Kakina, Rangpur.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. The ordinary bhang massala is black pepper and aniseed. It is made rich by mixing milk, sugar, rose-water and cardamom, which is used by the higher classes -  Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


23. Bhang is not used here for smoking. 29. Cinnamon, cardamom, pepper, cloves, aniseed, musk and sugar are used as ingredients in preparing the bhang, but it is not always used. Pepper, cloves and sugar are necessary massalas without which no preparation of bhang can be made; dhatura is not so used. The apparent object of these admixtures is to render the drug more strong than it originally is. 56. The effect of hemp is not modified by the admixture of other substances. I have dealt with the subject in my answer to question 29.   - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RADHA BALLAV CHOWDHURI, BAIDYA, Honorary Magistrate and Zamindar, Sherpur Town, Mymensingh District.


23. Bhang is scarcely used for smoking. 29. Opium and dhatura are mixed with ganja to increase its intoxicating power. Dhatura is also sometimes mixed with siddhi or bhang, which makes the drug more intoxicant. Dry tobacco leaf is always mixed with ganja. No bhang massala is sold here for the purpose of being mixed with these drugs. People mix golmirich (pepper), dhania, and mahuri with siddhi or bhang, and sometimes milk and sugar.  - Evidence of BABU HARI KRISHNA MAZUMDAR, Baidya, Zamindar, Islampur, District Murshidabad.


23. Barely bhang is used for smoking by the ganja-smokers when unable to obtain ganja either for want of money to purchase it or any other cause. 29. Dry tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja, golmirich ordinarily with bhang, and bhang massala is exceptionally mixed with it (bhang). No dhatura is used as ingredient thereof (either ganja or bhang). Bhang massala is sold in bazar, the ingredients of which are (1) roseflower, (2) seeds of cucumber, (3) golmirich, (4) pimpinella anisum, (5) chiraunji, etc., etc., etc. Ganja without admixture is specially injurious to health, hence the necessity of admixture. The admixture of bhang is for taste.   - Evidence of BABU RAGHUNANDAN PRASAD SINHA, Brahman, Zamindar, District Muzaffarpur.


23. Yes, but rarely. Not in any particular locality or localities. 29. (a) Black pepper and aniseed with bhang, dry tobacco leaves with ganja and prepared tobacco with charas are ordinarily used. To assist digestion and to prevent cold the mixtures are used with bhang. To impart mildness in smoking is the object of admixtures with ganja and charas. (b) With bhang, spices are used for making it flavoury; milk and sugar, to sweeten it and make it stronger; as are also dhatura and soot with bhang, and dhatura with ganja, used with the object of increasing and retaining for some length of time the intoxication. There are a collection of seeds, called bhang massala, which are used with bhang to increase the flavour of the drink. 56. (a) Bhang— (i) Mixed with milk seems to make a man merry, and nourish the body. Bhang and milk are said to cure eye-diseases. (ii) When diluted with pure water and honey and mixed with ground black pepper and aniseed, it is believed to increase the appetite and to remove cough. (iii) Bhang administered with ghi is said to sharpen memory. (iv) When used with salt is said to promote digestion. (v) When used with sugar and molasses, it is said to nourish the body and invigorate the system, etc. (b) The effects of hemp used in excess, modified or not by the admixture of other substances, are always detrimental. The admixture of dhatura with ganja or bhang tends to bring on insanity. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRA NATH PAL CHOWDHURY, Zamindar, Ranaghat, District Nadia


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Round pepper with bhang is generally used, Dhatura is never used with bhang - Evidence of BABU GIRJAPAT SAHAI, Kayasth, Zamindar, Patna.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is mixed with charas and ganja for smoking. Black pepper and aniseed are ordinarily used as bhang massala, and in hot weather well-to-do people put (khira) dwarf cucumber seeds, khurbooza seeds, cardamom, and cloves; also sugar and other palatable things, such as milk, with saffron, in the beverage.  - Evidence of BABU RADHIKA CHURN SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar, Berhampur.


23. I have never known bhang being used for smoking. Probably it is never so used. 29. The ingredients ordinarily mixed with bhang are dried rose leaves, black pepper, rose water, keora, aniseed, almond, cardamon, sugar, and other spices to improve the taste. Dhatura is sometimes mixed with it by those whom bhang by itself fails to intoxicate. A small quantity of dried tobacco leaves is probably the only ingredient which is ordinarily mixed with ganja. A preparation called bhang massala is sold in the bazar. 56. In moderation, the effects of bhang are modified for the better by the admixture of cooling stuff like rose leaves, rose water, keora, aniseed, almond, the seeds of different kinds of melon and cucumber, etc., etc., etc. These substances have the tendency to counteract the excess of laryngeal dryness and constriction which bhang alone would produce. As a rule, no such substances are mixed with ganja; only a little dry tobacco leaves is all that is mixed with it. Excessive consumers of bhang do sometimes mix dhatura seeds with their draught, because bhang alone after a time fails to intoxicate them sufficiently.   - Evidence of BABU RUGHU NANDAN PRASADHA, Zamindar, Patna


23. Bhang is very seldom used by more than a very small number for smoking. 29. Ganja is usually mixed with tobacco leaves. Bhang massala consists of poppy seeds, petals of roses, seeds of cucumber, aniseed, and pepper.  - Evidence of BABU NUNDO LAL GOSSAIN, Brahmin, Zamindar, Serampore


23. No. 29. Tobacco leaves are ordinarily, and powders of sandal wood are occasionally, mixed with ganja. Sugar, rose, seeds of cucumber, pepper, mohuri, ice, elaichi, milk, badam, posto-dana are occasionally, and mohuri and pepper are ordinarily, mixed with bhang. Dhatura is seldom used. Tobacco leaves are mixed with ganja for preventing
cough, and powders of sandal wood are mixed for perfuming the ganja. The ingredients that are occasionally mixed with ganja are for the purposes of luxury, and the ingredients that are ordinarily mixed with bhang are for cooling purposes. The answer of the second paragraph of this question is not known. - Evidence of GOSSAIN MOHENDRA GIR, Sanyasi, Zamindar, English Bazar, Malda.


23. I am not aware that bhang is ever used for smoking. 29. Dried tobacco leaves and tobacco leaves sweetened with molasses are often mixed with ganja to my knowledge. Dhatura is never so mixed. The object of these admixtures is to make the ganja a little more mild and sweet too. I know of no preparation which is sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs. With bhang I am informed that spices, such as cardamom, saffron and pepper, are used for drinking purposes. Milk and sugar are also mixed with it. - Evidence of BABU KALIKISTO SARKAR, Kayasth, Talukdar, Kasundi, Jessore.


23. Bhang, as understood by this district people, is never smoked, but only used by a few in form of sherbet. 29. I have heard that some exceptional ganjasmokers mix dhatura with ganja to make it more strong, but the number of such men is very limited. I don't know whether any other massala is mixed with bhang except some spices to make it fragrant. Sometimes patti, as stated in paragraph 14, is used by certain bhang drinkers who find bhang not strong enough to afford them that height of intoxication to which they like to indulge. Some use bhang and patti mixed together. 56. I have not much knowledge on these matters, as referred in this question.  - Evidence of BABU JAGAT KISHOR ACHARJEA CHAUDHURI, Brahmin, Zamindar, Muktagacha, District Mymensingh.


23. No. 29. Dhatura is not used. Bhang massala is mixed with bhang. Its ingredients are black pepper, aniseed, endive (kasni), seeds of cucumber, and sugar.  - Evidence of BABU KAMALESWARI PERSAD, Zamindar, Monghyr.


23. I have not seen nor heard that bhang is ever used in smoking. 29. In the districts I mentioned before, no ingredient of any sort is mixed; at least I am not aware of any mixture. Dhatura I learn on enquiry is never used. I know nothing of "bhang massala." 56. I have no information to answer this question. I can only say that dhatura is seldom or never used in this country (East Bengal) as an admixture. - Evidence of BABU KRISHNA CHANDRA RAI, Baidya, Government Pensioner and Zamindar, District Dacca.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking.  - Evidence of BABU BEPIN BEHARI BOSE, Kayasth, Zamindar, Sridhanpur in Jessore


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking when ganja cannot be obtained by the consumers. In all localities. By all habitual smokers To a very small extent. 29. Dhatura leaves are mixed with ganja to increase the narcotic effects. Ganja is ordinarily mixed with tobacco. Dhatura seed is exceptionally mixed with ganja by habitual excessive consumers to increase the narcotic effects. 56. No admixtures are made here. Ganja is prepared with rose water to make it mild. No dhatura is used here.   - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


23. Bhang is sometimes also used for smoking. - Evidence of SYAD ABDUL JABBAR, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera


29. To increase intoxicating power sweets, including milk, are mixed with bhang; ganja is mixed with tobacco leaves. 56. Anything sweet to the taste, such as milk, sugar, honey, etc., if mixed with bhang, adds to its intoxicating power. As already noticed above, ganja being of the same class with bhang, it is likely sweet things add to its power. From what I know, dhatura is never used as an item of requirement. It is always used, so far as I know, purely for medicinal purpose.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA KISHORE RAI CHAUDHURI, Zamindar, Ramgopalpur, District Mymensingh.


23. No. 29. Ganja is smoked with dried tobacco leaves and pepper is mixed with bhang.  - Evidence of BABU KALI PRASAD SINGH, Rajput, Zamindar, District Bhagalpur.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking by the lower classes. 29. Black pepper and rose are ordinarily mixed with bhang.  - Evidence of BABU GOPAL SINGH, Zamindar, Kumarsar, Bhagalpur.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. (a) With ganja, ordinarily "khaini" or tobacco for chewing. Dhatura is never used. With bhang are mixed sounf (aniseed), ground peppercorns, the seeds of cucumbers, rose leaves, and sugar. These admixtures are said to prevent the heating properties of the bhang and to reduce the intoxicating effects. This mixture is taken with water as a sherbet or as a "quid" for the mouth. - Evidence of MR. L. H. MYLNE, Zamindar and Indigo-planter, Justice of the Peace, President of Independent Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Chairman of Jugdispur Municipality, District Shahabad.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Ganja is mixed with tobacco for smoking.  - Evidence of MR. F. G. GIBSON, Indigo Planter, Jessore.


23. I have not seen it used for smoking. 29. Bhang, I know, is mixed with sugar and consumed like tea. - Evidence of MR. JOHN D. GWILT, Tea Planter, Longview Company, Limited, Darjeeling.


23. I do not know if it is used at all for smoking - Evidence, of MR. JNO. RUDD RAINEY, Proprietor of "Khulna Estate," Khulna.


23. Not known to me. 29. See No. 14 answer. Dhatura is very seldom used by consummate bhang drinkers to encourage intoxication. I know of no bhang massala prepared and sold for mixing.  - Evidence of Mr. A. G. M. WODSCHOW, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea.


23. Bhang is never used as a smoke when the object in view is to get intoxicated; nor is it made a substitute for ganja unless the smokers are driven to extreme privations. But I know that pure bhang is smoked by asthmatic patients when the spasmodic fit is on. It is antispasmodic, and is generally a sure means of arresting the progress of the disease for the time being. 29. The smokers of ganja invariably mix tobacco leaves with ganja. I should here specially note that I have gathered information about this fact from a lot of confirmed ganja smokers. The majority of them are unintelligent beings and do not know the how and why of such admixture. However, the conclusion I have come to, is that tobacco leaf does neither increase nor decrease the narcotic principle of the drug. I believe tobacco is smoked by about ninety per cent. of the natives of Bengal. It is a peculiarity of tobacco smoking that it always causes a temporary irritation of the air passage. But the smoking of pure ganja does not produce any such, and its narcotic effect is almost instantaneous; consequently there is every likelihood of there being very long and bold whiffs, thus making the indulgence a fatal one. That is why ganja is mixed with tobacco. This mixture makes the bold whiffs to some extent very difficult. I believe originally this admixture of tobacco leaf was introduced as a safeguard against any such accident. To explain the admixture briefly, it may be said that it serves the purpose of a safety-valve with the hemp smokers. I am not aware of dhatura being used as an admixture with ganja for ordinary smoking purposes. Those who drink bhang for pleasure's sake use the following ingredients with it:—(1) seeds of cucumber; (2) black pepper; (3) aniseed; (4) poppy seeds. To increase the active principle of the drug (bbang), people generally mix the following articles with it:—(1) stalks of betel leaves; (2) grass (durba roots); (3) rice (atab powder); (4) sugar; (5) pumpkin roots. To make the drug sweet to the taste and to increase the flavour of the drink the following are added:—(1) milk; (2) sugar; (3) spices; (4) rose water. 56. My answer to question 29 will explain the cause of admixture of tobacco leaf with ganja. I do not possess any such information - Evidence of BABU SASI BHUSAN ROY, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District.


23. Bhang is seldom used for smoking, and only when ganja is not procurable. 29. I have seen a little tobacco leaf used with ganja, but no dhatura; the object is to prolong the smoke. Bhang massala is composed of aniseed, cardamom, and ground with bhang, to which a little salt is added for drink. 56. I have never seen hemp drugs mixed with dhatura, but I have met cases in which dhatura is mixed with country spirits. - Evidence of Mr. H. M. WEATHERALL, Manager, Nawab's Estate, Tippera.


29. Tobacco is used as admixture with the hemp drug, the object being to soften the narcotic effect of it. No other noxious drugs (such as dhatura, etc.) are consumed knowingly with hemp drugs. - Evidence of BABU SASHI BHUSHAN ROY, Chairman, Satkhira Municipality, District Khulna.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking in the district. 29. Ganja admixture - Tobacco leaves, Guruk tamak; Charas admixture - Goorook tamak; Bhang ordinary  admixture - coriander, mauri (anise), poppy seeds, rose flowerbuds, cucumber seeds. Ingredients exceptionally mixed—1, Sugar. 2. Milk. 3. Dhatura seeds. Objects.—(1) To increase the narcotic power. (2) To decrease pungency. (3) To sweeten and give flavour and make palatable. (4) To remove constipation and flatulency. Bhang massala.—(1) coriander, (2) mauri (anise), (3) poppy seeds, (4) rose flower buds, (5) cucumber seeds. 56. I have heard some excessive ganja-smokers finding no intoxication with ganja were observed to mix dhatura leaves with ganja and smoked them.  - Evidence of BABU AGHORE NATH BANERJI,* Vice-Chairman, Serampore Municipality, District Hughli.


23. No. 29. Pepper, aniseed, cardamoms, milk and sugar are mixed with bhang generally, and they are called bhang massala. With ganja tobacco leaves, and with charas tobacco ordinarily prepared with molasses is used. As far as I know dhatura is not ordinarily used. Some sadhus in taking their panch ratna (or five precious things) make use of charas, ganja, dhatura, sankhya, and one more ingredient, probably opium.  - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya.


23. No. 29. Bhang is pounded with cinnamon, cloves, other spices and sugar; then mixed with milk and drunk as a sherbet. Ganja is rubbed with dry tobacco leaves before smoking. Dhatura is not used except for criminal purposes. 56. Made very terrible by admixture with dhatura. Not usually mixed with other drugs. Not used for personal consumption; a fear lest it should kill. But used by criminals to stupefy others. Written statement - (c) Mode of consumption.— (1) Usually smoked in a small-sized huka; (2) three parts of ganja are mixed with one part of dry tobacco leaf: (3) the ganja is first put in the palm of the hand with a little water and rubbed by the thumb; then the tobacco is added and rubbed in. The intoxicating power of the drug increases according to the amount of rubbing it gets.  - Evidence of the REVD. W. B. PHILLIPS, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Calcutta.


23. Not in my experience. 29. People ordinarily mix tobacco leaves with ganja. I have never seen the use of dhatura with ganja.  - Evidence of the REVD. G. C. DUTT, Missionary, Khulna.


29. Chur is exceptionally mixed with bhang to make it more intoxicant. In Behar bhang massala consists of the following ingredients:—Sounf (Anethum), kasni (senna), seed of khira (Cucumis sativa), seed of kakri (Cucumis utilessimus), gul khairo, zeera (Cuminum), mulhatti (liquorice), and misri (sugarcandy). Rich men also add almond, raisin, cardamom, musk, and saffron.  -  Evidence of BABU PURNENDU NARAYAN SINHA, Kayasth, Pleader and Zamindar, Bankipur, District Patna.


23. Not aware that bhang is used for smoking. 29. Ganja is smoked with a little tobacco leaf mixed with it. The compound is moistened with water and cut with a knife repeatedly till it becomes thoroughly mixed and ready for the fire. Charas, before being smoked, is placed in the heart of globule of manufactured tobacco and slightly heated; then the two are mixed up together and smoked. The admixtures are given to modify the action of the drug and to give an agreeable flavour. Bhang is made stronger by the admixture of sugar, kitchen cobwebs, black-pepper, and some other ingredients of a pungent nature. Ordinary drinkers do not mix dhatura, except the sanyasis. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA CHANDRA MITRA, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas.


23. Bhang is very rarely used for smoking. It is never smoked except when confirmed and habitual smokers cannot get ganja to smoke or cannot procure it for want of means. Its use for smoking even among the poor ganja smokers is only temporary, for they have an inveterate tendency to procure ganja with the first penny that they can turn. 29. Dry tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja in order, I fancy, to dilute the smell and soften the strength. Some or all of the following ingredients are ordinarily mixed with bhang, viz.-—(1) seeds of cucumber (sasa), (2) poppy-seeds, (3) anise, (4) cloves, (5) cardamom, (6) pepper, and (7) milk. Exceptionally, bhang is mixed with—(a) cocoanut-water, (b) juice of date-tree (not toddy), (c) syrups, (d) rose-water, (e) keora-water, &c. In very exceptional cases, dhatura may be used for enhancing the intoxicating effects of the three drugs, but I have never known any such case, excepting one, in which dhatura was mixed with bhang without the knowledge of the consumers in order to perpetrate what I consider to be a practical joke. The object of using the above admixtures, especially those marked (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e), is to make the drinks spicy, cool, sweet and fragrant. Yes; a kind of bhang massala is sold in the bazar, consisting mostly of articles marked (1) to (6) above, together with some others of which I have no idea. I have seen such massala in Calcutta  - Evidence of BABU MADHAVA CHANDRA CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Dinajpur.


23. NO. 29. Yes, occasionally; the object of mixing dhatura is to make it stronger and more effective where the consumer cannot afford to pay for the price of the larger quantity of ganja he would have otherwise required.   - Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra.


29. Ordinary dry tobacco leaves are mixed with ganja by the labouring classes. I am not aware if dhatura is used. Dry tobacco is mixed to soften it, but dhatura is sometimes used with bhang to make it stronger. Bhang massala consists of black pepper and aniseed generally, but sometimes rose water, milk and sugar are used to make it palatable.  - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur.


23. No. 29. Nothing is mixed with ganja and charas. Dhatura is sometimes mixed with bhang or siddhi to make it more strong. I do not know of any preparation such as bhang massala. 56. When used in moderate quantity it gives additional strength to labour hard; it increases appetite, etc.; and when in excess, makes a man idle and makes him head-strong. With ganja no admixture is made. Dhatura is sometimes used with bhang to make it more stimulant.  - Evidence of PUNDIT RAKHAL CHUNDER TEWARY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Diamond Harbour, 24-Parganas.


23. BHnag is not used. 29. With bhang the ordinary "massala" is mixed, also milk, curdled milk, etc. With ganja tobacco is sometimes mixed. Dhatura is given to add to its intoxicating power. I should say, in this part of the country, no special preparation is sold by the shop-keepers. It is the ordinary garam massala of the country.  - Evidence of BABU SASADHAR ROY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Rajshahi


23. I do not know whether bhang is used for smoking. 29. (a) Milk, sugar, mouri, golmarich are mixed with bhang or siddhi. (b) Ganja and charas are sometimes dipped in spirit and then made dry again. Dhatura is also used by veteran smokers. 56. The effects caused by the admixture are well perceptible. Milk and sugar are sometimes mixed with siddhi to increase the intoxicating effect. Majum is prepared for the same purpose. Dhatura is seldom used as an admixture. Only veteran smokers do the same for personal consumption. It is used by designing men for administering to others, either for satisfying a grudge or to rob the helpless man of his property. - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.  


23. Very seldom. But, as a variety, it is smoked everywhere in India. 29. Tobacco leaf with ganja. Prepared tobacco with charas. Very seldom dhatura is mixed by religious mendicants, and that when it is too rainy or too cold. Bhang massala is not used in this part of the country. A preparation so called is given to horses when they do not drink water. 56. Ganja is taken with tobacco leaf, charas with prepared tobacco. Fakirs and sanyasis sometimes put in a seed or two of dhatura to make the ganja stronger. But ordinarily neither they nor the lay consumers use dhatura.  - Evidence of BABU BEPRODAS BANERJEE,* Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality.


23. When smokers of ganja do not get ganja, they use bhang. 29. Some jogis use serpent's kholos along with ganja, and some ganja-smokers use dhatura along with it. The ingredients for the preparation of bhang are—dhatura seed, ghargara, atap rice, roots of lau plant, cucumber seeds, milk, sweetmeats, cinnamon. 56. Moderate use of ganja with good food improves health. The moderate habitual consumers never mix any other ingredients with ganja Excessive smokers use dhatura seed and snake-kholos along with ganja to make it more powerful and strong. - Evidence of BABU NOBO GOPAL BOSE RAI CHOWDHOORY, Kayasth, Talukdar and Judge's Court Pleader (late Munsiff of Nator), Memari, Burdwan District.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking. But this is resorted to only in extreme cases, that is to say, when ganja is not available to smokers. 29. The ingredients which are ordinarily mixed with bhang are—seed of the cucumber, kernel of almond, poppy seed, round pepper and mouri. These are crushed along with siddhi, and made into a drink with the mixture of water. Bhangdrinkers say that this mixture has a soothing effect. The ingredients which are exceptionally mixed with bhang are—sugar, milk, and seed of dhatura. This mixture makes the drink highly intoxicating. 56. When people want to be well intoxicated, they mix dhatura with siddhi. - Evidence of BABU ABINAS CHANDRADASS, M. A., B. L., Pleader, Judge's Court, Bankura.


23. To my knowledge, bhang is not used for smoking. - Evidence of BABU KAILAS CHANDRA DUTTA, Baidya, Vakil, Judge's Court, Comilla, Tippera District.


23. Bhang is generally used for drinking purposes by people, and largely used by kabirajes (native physicians) for medicinal purposes. It is sometimes, but on very rare occasions, used for smoking also by confirmed ganja smokers, only when, on account of poverty or some other causes, they are unable to obtain the necessary supply of the stronger narcotic, viz., the ganja. 29. (a) Ordinarily they mix dried leaves of tobacco with ganja, with no other object but to reduce the strength of the drug. But sometimes they take without mixing it with any other ingredients. Bhang is generally mixed with milk, sugar and water, and made into a sherbet. But occasionally sweetmeats are prepared with it by mixing with sugar, milk, cocoanut and some spices, with the object of making the thing palatable. Dhatura is not in common use in this part of the province. It is very rarely used for smoking by persons suffering from asthma, phthisis, and other pulmonary affections with wonderful medicinal effect. But when so taken it is never mixed with any other ingredient. No such preparation as bhang massala is sold in any part of this district. 56. It becomes much stronger in its effects when mixed with dhatura. This is the drug with which ganja is rarely, if ever, mixed by people. The effect of taking such a mixture (a) even moderately is much more pernicious than that produced by it when taken singly. But the use of it in a large dose is attended with dangerous consequences. It acts instantaneously in the brain, and produces temporary insanity. Ganja is generally mixed with tobacco for smoking. When thus mixed it becomes milder in its effects.  - Evidence of BABU MOHINI MOHAN BURDHAN, Kayasth, District Government Pleader of Tippera.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja. Salt, pepper and water are ordinarily mixed with bhang. Sugar is now and then used. Dhatura is not used. Admixtures are for making it more palatable. - Evidence of BABU TARA NATH CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Faridpur.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking by habitual ganja-smokers, in case ganja is not available. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. Pepper, salt, mouri, and sometimes milk and sugar, are mixed with bhang. The object of these admixtures is either to soften the strength of the particular drug, or to make the preparation delicious. Milk and sugar mixed with bhang increases its intoxicating power. I am not aware that dhatura is ever mixed with any of these drugs, except bhang. I know of no preparation called bhang massala. 56. I am told dhatura is sometimes mixed with siddhi to increase its strength.  - Evidence of BABU AMVIKA CHARAN MAZUMDAR,* Vaidya, Pleader and Zamindar, Faridpur.


23. I have heard that it is so used, but I have never seen it so used. 29. Ganja.—(a) Ordinarily dry tobacco leaves are mixed with ganja when smoked. (b) Exceptionally opium is mixed when taken as medicine for diarrhœa. I am not personally aware of dhatura being mixed with it, but I have heard it stated that a hard smoker would sometimes mix dhatura with it to produce a stronger and more lasting effect as an intoxicant. Bhang.—Black-pepper and anise are ordinarily, and milk and sugar are exceptionally, mixed with it. These are mixed with it to make it an agreeable drink, producing a stronger effect as a narcotic. I am not aware of any preparation which is sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs. 56. Bhang, when used as modified by the admixture of substances, such as sugar, milk and spices, produces stronger and more durable effects than when used alone. - Evidence of BABU BHUVAN MOHUN SANYAL, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Purnea.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking by ganja-smokers, when they have not ganja at their disposal. I am told that in rare cases people out of curiosity use bhang for smoking. This is done by people of low class generally - Evidence of BABU AMRITALAL RAHA, Kayasth, Pleader, Judge's Court and Talukdar, Khulna.


23. Bhang is sometimes used, when ganja is not available. 29. Raw tobacco is generally mixed with ganja. Dhatura is never used - Evidence of BABU PARES NATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, Satkhira, Khulna District


23. Never. 29. With ganja khaini or dry leaf of tobacco is ordinarily mixed. Keora and atar are used to perfume it, when used by the high class people who are rich enough to afford. With bhang pepper is ordinarily used. In exceptional cases milk and sugar with other spices are mixed to add flavour and to mitigate its heating effect. Sugar, however, increases the intoxication. The use is confined to the male sex except in cases of prostitutes. Bhang massala—(a) sonf, (b) pepper (black), (c) cucumber seed, (d) kakri seed, (e) kharbuza seed, (f) kahu, (g) kurfa, (h) rose leaf, (i) chota ilachi (small cardamom), (j) kasni, (k) almond (increases intoxication). 56. The effect of bhang is increased by boiling with pice and mixing with dhatura, and that of ganja by mixture with khaini. Cannot say any thing about charas. - Evidence of BABU JADUBANS SSHAI, Pleader and Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.


29. (a) Tobacco leaf. (b) I am not aware of any. The chief or indispensable ingredients of bhang massala is black-pepper (golmirich); other spices, such as aniseed, mace, cloves, etc., are added according to taste. 56. I am not aware of any admixture with ganja or bhang - Evidence of BABU GOWREE SUNKER ROY,* Kayasth, Secretary, Cuttack Printing Company, Cuttack


23. Bhang is used for smoking by ganja-smokers when ganja is not available or when they cannot afford to pay for it. 29. Dhatura is not used or mixed with ganja. Bhang massala is not sold here.  - Evidence of BABU GURUDAYAL SINHA,* Kayasth, Honorary Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner and Secretary, Total Abstinence Society, Comilla, Tippera


23. The Committee are not aware of bhang being ever used for smoking - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RAJ KUMAR SARVADHIKARI, Secretary, British Indian Association, Calcutta.


23. As far as my experience goes, bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Milk and sugar or gur are ordinarily mixed with bhang to make the mixture palatable, and a little more stimulant; roots of pumpkin (lau) and seeds of dhatura are sometimes mixed with the said mixture for the purpose of increasing the intoxicating power of bhang  - Evidence of UMAGATI RAT, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association.


23. Bhang is sometimes used as a smoke, but such use of this drug is extremely rare, so rare that it is impossible to obtain any reliable information on this head. Such peculiar use of bhang is not, however, confined to any locality or class of consumers. I have heard on enquiry of one instance only where the consumer used it on account of his inability to procure ganja. 29. The ingredient ordinarily mixed with ganja and charas is common tobacco. The object of mixing it is perhaps to sweeten the drug and render it less powerful. Bhang is used in several ways— (a)—The green tops are fried in ghi and taken with rice as a vegetable. This is, however, extremely rare. (b)— The dried leaves are soaked in water, and then made into [a paste, which is swallowed as pills with water. (c)—The above paste is mixed with sugar and milk, and the solution, being enriched with spices, is drunk cold. (d)—The paste being mixed with flour of wheat, a sort of pastry fried in ghi is prepared and eaten as food. (e)—The dried leaves are fried in ghi, and the extract thus procured is used in preparing a sweet cake called majun. (f)—Dhatura is sometimes mixed in small quantities with the preparation of bhang. Dhatura seeds alone are used for such purposes, and the object of such admixture is to procure increased power of intoxication. Bhang massala is not sold here in the market, nor is any such substance known to the people. It is sold in the North-Western Provinces, where I have found bhang shops selling not only the dried leaves, but also ready made bhang paste in almost all the principal cities. In the absence of any specific bhang massala, the people of Bengal, when they have occasion to use bhang, mix with it spices, rose powder, and various other cooling substances. 56. Ganja is mixed with dried tobacco leaves, to which is added a little lime, and in some cases a few drops of rose-water are also added to sweeten the drug and produce a cooling smoke. Those who use it in excess seldom mix anything with it to lessen the effect; they are, on the contrary, sometimes found to add dhatura seeds to increase the power of intoxication. The sanyasis and other excessive smokers of ganja generally make use of dhatura seeds for personal consumption. Moderate consumers of bhang are sometimes found to mix ganja or dhatura with bhang to increase the power of intoxication. I know nothing definite about charas.  - Evidence of BABU AKSHAY KUMAR MAITRA,* Secretary, Rajshahi Association, Pleader, Judge's Court, Member, Rajshahi District Board, Commissioner, Rampur Boalia Municipality.


23. No. 29. Milk, pepper and sugar are mixed generally in making bhang. Dhatura is not used. Mixtures are made to make them delicious and to increase their intoxicating power. 56. Some rich people boil ganja in milk and use the cream. Its effects are moderate. Bhang is mixed with milk and sugar and generally with pepper which does not modify its effects.   - Evidence of BABU KAMALA KANTA SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar and Pleader, President of the Chittagong Association.


23. No; I mean the dry leaves of the special bhang tree. 29. I am told, among hard smokers when they want to increase the power of intoxication, opium or dhatura is mixed; but it is not generally the case, as they often extend the rounds of chillum for the said purpose. Bhang massala is not sold separately in this district, but the consumers buy the ingredients from different shops. I am told the ingredients are cloves, pepper, sugar, milk or water, and sometimes to make the potation strong adds ganja leaf with it. 56. Use of hemp in moderate degree is not very serious, but the excessive indulgence of it or compound admixture of it for the purpose of increasing the intoxication is very injurious to health. Dhatura is more mixed for administration to others than for personal use. - Evidence of BABU NITYA NANDA ROY, Teli, Merchant and Zamindar, Chittagong.


23. Bhang is smoked rarely. 29. Nothing with ganja; but with bhang— milk, sugar and spices are used for increasing the intoxicating power of the drug. "Bhang massala" is not known here, but majum is used. 56. Inveterate smokers sometimes mix dhatura seeds with gauja; the effect is increased intoxication and frequently results in temporary insanity, and easily provocating temperament.  - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CAHNDRA SARKAR, Kayasth, Wholesale and retail vendor of ganja and bhang, Barisal.


23. No. 29. A leaf of tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. I do not know of any practice of mixing
515 dhatura with ganja. The leaf of tobacco increases the flavour of ganja. 56. The admixture of tobacco with ganja improves its flavour. I have no information about dhatura being mixed with ganja or bhang.  - Evidence of BABU DHANI RAM SAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh


29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. I am not aware if dhatura is ever mixed with it. I have no information as to what ingredients are mixed with bhang. 56. The effect of mixing tobacco with ganja is to increase the flavour. No information about the admixture of dhatura.   - Evidence of BABU RAM NIDHI SHAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensing


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Bhang massalas are known to be cucumber seed, rosebuds, aniseed and round black pepper, with the admixture of milk, rosewater, attar and sometimes dhatura seeds to make it more effective.  - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA NATH ROY, of Santa, Jessore


23. Yes, but rarely, and principally by the natives of the North-Western Provinces. 29. Charas (a) ordinarily mixed with paste tobacco, and (6) exceptionally with tobacco and molasses, while ganja is mixed ordinarily with dried tobacco and exceptionally with rose leaves. Siddhi is ordinarily pounded to a fine paste diluted with water and sugar. Dried rose leaves, pounded black pepper, rosewater, aniseed, milk are also added to give flavour to the beverage. The above are the ingredients of bhang massala. Dhatura, cucumber seeds, and kuchla are seldom used. These admixtures increase the power of intoxication, and act as poison. 56.  The effects are intensified. The SubCommittee possesses no information.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, 24-Parganas (Sub-Committee)


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. In bhang the following ingredients are used:— Ordinary.— Golmirich (black pepper), kasni (endive), sounf (aniseed). Thandai.—To bring cool effect— Golmirich (black pepper), kasni (endive), sounf (aniseed), khira-ki-bija (cucumber seed), harchickar, jatadhari-ki-biya, bara elaichi (cardamom), gulab-ki-patti (rose leaves). Garam.—To have intoxicating effect— Golmirich (black pepper), musk, kesar (saffron), sugar or sugarcandy, curd or milk or malai (milk cream), basaundhi (a preparation of milk with sweet fruits), banslochun (manna of bamboos). Panchratan bhang.—Otherwise punch, to have a very intoxicating effect— Golmirich (black pepper), kuchla (nux vomica), opium (a very small dose), sankhia-ki-lakir (one stroke of it on the bowl in which it is prepared), dhatura. To ganja, the following ingredients are used:— Ordinary tobacco leaves. Exceptionally for increased intoxicating effect and to make the drug cooler as well:—Benarsi khamir, a preparation of tobacco, chewed with betel; itter, otto rose leaves. It is also soaked in rosewater for three or four days before use. No ingredients for charas, but it is sometimes mixed with ganja. When mixed, it is called grapeshot, which means the effect it produces on the consumer.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Patna.


23. Bhang is seldom used for smoking. The occasion is very rare. Ganja-smokers failing to have a supply of ganja, smoke bhang, though reluctantly. 29. Bhang is mixed with a little quantity of sugar, pepper, and water. Ganja is mixed only with a little bit of dry tobacco leaf. Dhatura is sometimes mixed. 56. The effects of hemp do not seem to be particularly modified by the admixture of other substances. No such information could be given.   - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Mymensingh (Sub-Committee).


23. Is very rarely used by ganja-smokers as a substitute for ganja and then mixed with tobacco leaves (surti). 29. (a) With ganja, dried tobacco leaf and otto of roses. With bhang, aniseed, pepper, cucumber seed, sugar, milk, rosewater, and kasni. The above is the bhang massala in use in these parts. Dhatura is not ordinarily used. The object of bhang massala is to reduce the strength of the intoxicant and to make it more palatable, improve the flavour, etc. 56. The effects of all these drugs are modified by the admixtures noted in previous answers. Dhatura is not used in this district.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Monghyr (Sub-Committee).


29. Ganja used in smoking with tobacco. Bhang.—(a) Ordinarily, by the poor—pepper and occasionally molasses. (b) Exceptionally by the richBhang sherbet, ingredients—Sugar, milk, rosewater, almonds, cucumber seeds, coriander, cardamom and pepper. Massala or majun ingredients—Ghi, milk, sugar, almond, pistachio. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Arrah.


23. Yes. But to a small extent only, and is not confined to any classes or locality. 29. (a) Only tobacco. (b) Occasionally sugar and water and made into a drink. I have not heard of the use of dhatura. I do not know "bhang massala." - Evidence of MR. J. J. S. DRIBERG, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails.


23. Bhang is occasionally smoked when people cannot get ganja, but it is said to be very deficient in intoxicating qualities. 29. Only tobacco is mixed with ganja. - Evidence of MR. J. D. ANDERSON, Deputy Commissioner; Officiating Commissioner of Excise.


23. Used but so seldom as to be inconsiderable. 29. Chiefly tobacco. It is said that ganja mixed with tobacco becomes deleterious, is more intoxicating and has after-effects, while pure ganja has no after-effect. Smokers, however, say tobacco makes the preparation milder - Evidence of MR. C. W. E. PITTAR, Officiating Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup.


29. When preparing the ganja for the chillum, a small quantity of tobacco leaf is mixed with it, for the purpose of flavour it seems. I am not aware of any bhang massala being sold here..  - Evidence of ISHAN CHANDRA PATRANAVISH, Bengali, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Sylhet


23. Yes, not limited specially to any locality in the plains. Probably not more than one or two per cent. of the people of this district (Darrang) smoke bhang. 29. See reply to questions 14 and 19. Dhatura is sometimes, but rarely, mixed with bhang when drunk, to increase the effect. Bhang massala is not sold, but black pepper is at times used to make bhang palatable. Tobacco is mixed with ganja to make it light. 56. Tobacco is the drug most frequently mixed with ganja to make the effect mild as well as to economise. Dhatura is mixed with bhang to increase the effects in cases where habit has rendered the dose large, and the use of the drug has been very excessive. I can give no further information about the effects of modifying additions.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR J. W. U. MACNAMARA, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Tezpur.


29. With ganja— (a) Sada or tobacco leaf. (b) Dhatura, opium, nux vomica. With bhang— (a) Milk, sugar, black pepper, aniseed. (b) Dhatura and nux-vomica seeds. Ingredients (a) to make the smoke or drink pleasant. Ingredients (b) to increase the intoxicating effects. Bhang massala is not sold here. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I have heard of dhatura or nux vomica or opium being used with ganja, but I have never come across a case. Some men told me that they themselves used these things when they wished to increase the intoxicant effect of ganja. These were mostly excessive consumers. I accept those statements as true. I should suppose they preferred to take these things to increasing the allowance of ganja, because they were poor men, such as dhobies and syces and mendicants. The men who gave me this information were some 8 or 10 out of 18 or 20 whom I examined. Nearly all the 18 or 20 were excessive consumers. The proportion of those who admitted that they occasionally took dhatura and such drugs was 50 per cent. Nux vomica is a nerve stimulant, not an intoxicant. Still it does increase the effect of the intoxicant with which it is used. My informants did not lead me to suppose that dhatura was dreaded for its bad effects. I believe it to be an intoxicant. 56. Ganja— (a) Is generally used with tobacco leaf; its effect is probably to give more flavour; it does not, as far as can be ascertained, lessen the intoxicating effect of the drug. (b) In excess it is sometimes mixed with dhatura and nux vomica seeds and even opium, and the effect of this admixture no doubt is to make the composition highly intoxicating. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. C. BANERJI, Civil Surgeon, Sylhet


23. Sometimes by lower classes when ganja is not obtainable. 29. (a) With ganja, tobacco leaf, and rose water. With bhang, molasses, pepper, cucumber seeds, ghi, milk, and aniseed. (b) Dhatura is mixed with bhang to increase the narcotic effect.  - Evidence of DR. H. A. MACLEOD, Civil Medical Officer, Garo Hills.


23. The wild hemp is said to be used for smoking sometimes by people who cannot afford to buy the excise ganja; but this is to a small extent, as it is not so palatable. 29. Not as far as known. No - Evidence of DR. J. MCNAUGHT, Civil Medical Officer, Nowgong.


23. Yes, used for smoking occasionally—perhaps more so in Assam than in Bengal. Drinking of bhang, of course, is by far the more common practice in both these provinces. I cannot say if any particular class of people has any special liking for smoking it in preference to drinking this drug. 29. (a) Ganja is usually smoked alone or mixed up with tobacco. Bhang is usually drunk mixed up with milk and sugar. Sometimes a little black pepper in powdery form is also thrown into it. (b) I have heard of dhatura being exceptionally taken with bhang and not opium and nux-vomica, etc. The object of the ordinary admixtures is to make the thing palatable and also to increase its effects, and that of the exceptional admixtures is simply to increase the effects of the drugs. I have no knowledge of any such preparation as bhang massala. 56. I have no personal knowledge on the subject except in cases of ordinary admixtures, such as sugar and milk, etc. Sugar at least seems to increase the intensity of the effects. I have only heard of dhatura being mixed with bhang for consumption or for administration to others, but not of nuxvomica or opium being so used.   - Evidence of ATUL CHANDRA ROY,* Bengali Vaidya, Assistant Surgeon, Emigration Department, Tezpur.


23. Yes; I met with a ganja-smoker who told me that bhang is used for smoking by the poorer classes of people in the Mufassal when the shop runs short of the stock of ganja. 29. (a) Dried tobacco leaves are ordinarily mixed with ganja to make it mild. (b) Dhatura seeds are sometimes mixed to intensify the intoxicating power of ganja. I have heard of the bhang massala, but have never seen it, nor do I know the ingredients of which it is made.  - Evidence of BAIKUNTHA KUMAR NANDI, Hindu Kayasth, Assistant Surgeon, Nayasarak, Sylhet.


23. Siddhi or bhang is used in two different ways. Some people smoke siddhi, and some take it in the shape of sherbet mixed with milk, sugar, and spices, and this is sometimes used in Assam by the people in case of colic and in diarrhœa; but it is not so prevalent in Assam as in Bengal. 29. When taken as sherbet only, black pepper and a little sugar are used; and when as exceptional, it is made a little rich by mixing milk, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, sugar, etc. Scarcely more than a quarter of a grain of dhatura is used with the sherbet in order to make the people a little jolly. Opium, nux-vomica, cantharides, or betelnut are not used in this part of the country, nor are they ever heard of so doing. No special bhang massala is sold in Assam except the ingredients mentioned above. Sometimes well-to-do people use castor (mirgonavi) and sandal, to give it flavour and other spices. 56. Their effects depend on the quantity of drug used according to the choice of the taker to make it milder or stronger. Dhatura, quarter of a grain is sometimes used to induce intoxication, but nuxvomica, cantharides, opium, or betel-nut are never used as admixture for personal or other consumption.   - Evidence of AZHER HOSSEIN, Hospital Assistant, Gauhati.


23. Only used for drinking. Mixing with sugar, milk, and black pepper by the general public, except people of superior station in life. 29. Used with milk, sugar, black pepper, dried cucumber seed, and sometimes raisins to give delicious taste. Dhatura is very scarcely used. It produces more intoxication. 56. (a) Refreshment of the mind. (b) Injurious. On religious festivities, excessive consumers of bhang are accustomed to mix dhatura seed, which is a poisonous drug, to produce immediate intoxication, the after-effect of which is deplorable, as it is a very sedative substance, and shortens life.  - Evidence of LATCHMAN PERSHAD, Kayasth, Hospital Assistant, Manipur State.


23. As far as my experience goes I have not found bhang being ever used for smoking. 28. The average per diem is about, half a tola worth about 1 anna 6 pies. The general average for habitual consumers is about half a chattack worth 7 annas 6 pies. In rare cases the average rises up to one chattack which costs annas 15. I knew of a consumer who required sometimes more than a chattack, but that was an exceptional case. 29. (a) Ordinarily dry tobacco leaf is mixed as an ingredient in preparing a chillum of ganja. Some people (up-country men generally) use molla as a substitute in filling up the chillum with ganja. (b) The other ingredients mentioned in the question are not used here. Some people are suspected to mix dhatura to make the drug strong, but that is done privately. Tobacco leaf is mixed with the object of making ganja burn well in the chillum and also to make it more tasteful. Bhang massala is not known nor sold here. 56. I am not aware of any of the substances mentioned being ever used as admixture with ganja or other drugs.   - Evidence of PROSUNNO KOOMAR DAS, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Silchar, Cachar.


29. (a) Dried tobacco leaf with ganja, and milk and sugar with siddhi. (b) Dhatura with both ganja and siddhi. Dhatura is used to increase intoxicating power. No. I do not know bhang massala.  - Evidence of KRISHNA CHANDRA SANYAL,* Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Sylhet


23. Always smoked and by all classes. 29. Only tobacco that I know of. I do not know bhang massala.  - Evidence of MR. F. C. MORAN, Tea Planter, Khoniker, Lakhimpur.


29. Ordinarily leaf tobacco. Dhatura is not mixed with it; but dhatura is sometimes mixed with the rice-fermented liquor in order to produce greater intoxication.  - Evidence of Mr. ALFRED SPICER,† Tea Planter, Pathecherra, Cachar


29. (a) Tobacco; (b) Betel-leaves; dhatura seldom mixed. The object of these admixtures is— (a) For preventing the ganja from burning too soon and neutralizing dryness or pungency. (b) Is used to enhance the effect.  - Evidence of MASDAR ALI, Pleader, Sylhet.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Water and tobacco are the ingredients ordinarily mixed with ganja by different classes of consumers, but rosewater and milk are exceptionally added to it. I have not seen any one using dhatura with ganja. - Evidence of BABU ABANTINATH DATTA, Kayastha, Pleader, Judge's Court, Cachar


23. Bhang is used for smoking sometimes by people who have contracted the habit of smoking ganja, but cannot get it. 29. I have known of bhang drink being mixed occasionally amongst higher classes of people with rose-buds, cucumber seeds, and spices and sugar to make the drink fragrant, cool, and tasteful; and have heard of dhatura being mixed to increase the effect of ganja, but had no experience of it. -  Evidence of BISHUN CHANDRA CHATTOPADHAY, Pleader, Dhubri.


23. No. 29. Ordinarily a small portion of tobacco leaf is mixed up with ganja when preparing for smoking. Dhatura is used rarely and by confirmed excessive consumers, the object being to increase the strength. I have no information as to bhang massala. - Evidence of KAMINI KUMAR CHANDRA, Kayastha, Bengali, Pleader, Silchar.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco leaf is ordinarily mixed with ganja, to sweeten it to the taste. Sugar and milk are mixed with bhang both to sweeten its taste and to enhance its effects of intoxication. (b) Dhatura is exceptionally mixed with ganja, mainly to enhance its intoxicating effects. Spices, such as clove, etc., exceptionally mixed with bhang to have its intoxication further enhanced and lasting. Bhang massala is unknown. 56. (a) The effects of hemp used in moderation are modified by the admixture of tobacco leaf; and (b) the effects of hemp used in excess are modified by the admixture of dhatura and sweet things. The admixture of dhatura for personal consumption is practised specially by the fakirs and for administration to others by criminals.   - Evidence of GANGADHAR SORMAH, Brahmin, Pleader, Jorhat.


29. Dhatura is used at times. It is believed that dhatura mixed with ganja cures certain kinds of skin diseases. 56. I only know that dhatura and ganja is mixed for medicinal purposes.  - Evidence of REVD. J. P. JONES,* Missionary, Sylhet.


 23. Yes, cultivators and doms (fishermen), and not to any great extent. 29. The tea-garden coolies sometimes mix dhatura seeds in small quantities with ganja or bhang to increase intoxication. Tobacco is also mixed to increase the quantity. Yes, bhang massala is prepared out of the following ingredients, viz., poppy-seed, black pepper, mauree, dried cucumber, dried rose petals, chestnut. Most of these can be obtained from the local bazaar. 56. Admixture sometimes moderates and sometimes increases intoxication, according to the quantity and quality of ingredients. Sometimes sanyasis mix dhatura seeds.  - Evidence of HARIBILASH AGARWALA, Merchant, Tezpur


23. Bhang is not used for smoking here. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco leaf is mixed with ganja, (b) but in very rare occasions dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja. Tobacco leaf is mixed to sweeten; maki; and dhatura seeds are mixed to increase the strength of ganja. I know of no bhang massala in use in this district - Evidence of LAKSMIKANTA BARKAGATI, Brahma, Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats' Association, Tezpur, Darrang.


23. Yes, by people of Upper India. 29. Ordinary curry spices, but principally nutmeg, cloves, and musk are mixed by well-to-do luxurious consumers. Heard of dhatura being used. The object of these mixtures is only to show luxury. No, I do not know bhang massala - Evidence of RADHANATH CHANGKAKOTI, Brahmin, Proprietor, "Radha Nath" Printing Press; Municipal Commissioner; Member of Local Board; Secretary to the Upper Assam Association; and Secretary to the Government Girls'  School, Dibrugarh.


23. I did not see any using bhang for smoking. 29. Tobacco leaf for smoking ganja; dhatura never seen used. - Evidence of JADU RAM BOROOAH, Assamese Kayasth, Local Board Member; Pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department, Dibrugarh
 

23. I am informed that bhang is never used for smoking in this part of the country. 29. Ordinarily, ganja is, I am informed, smoked with an admixture of tobacco only, but gosains and other religious mendicants, who are almost invariably excessive ganja consumers, are said frequently to add dhatura in order to increase the intoxicating effects.  - Evidence of COLONEL M. M. BOWIE, Commissioner, Nerbudda Division.


23. Neither foreign nor local bhang are used for smoking. 29. Ganja is generally smoked with tobacco ; dhatura is sometimes added in order to produce a greater intoxicating effect, but only by the viciously inclined. In the drink prepared with bhang, cucumber seeds, ginger, etc., are mixed in order to make it more “tasty.” I do not know the term "bhang massala." Question, 29.—My answer is founded on gene -ral information. A man in the lunatic asylum informed me the other day that he smoked dhatura with his ganja. I do not remember his caste. I do not think he was a bairagi or devotee.
  - Evidence of MR. F. C. ANDERSON, Officiating Commissioner, Nagpur.


23. I have never heard of this practice. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja, and musk, cardamoms, dhatura, opium and betel-nut are sometimes also so used. Musk and cardamoms, for the fragrance they impart, and the others because they are believed to increase the intoxicating power.  - Evidence of MR. A. C. DUFF, Deputy Commissioner, Jubbulpore.


23. Its use for smoking is not known here. 29. Ganja is almost always smoked with tobacco. But see answer to question 19 as to its being sometimes prepared as majum. This is very uncommon. Bhang is used with cardamoms, cloves, black pepper, almonds, melon seeds, and various other spices. The only reason for this is to make the compound palatable and tasty. Occasionally copper coins are boiled in an emulsion of bhang. This is said to increase the intoxicating power of the drug. I have no information as to the use of dhatura with bhang. 56. The only admixture of which I am cogni -zant is that of bhang, and very occasionally ganja, with spices and condiments in the form of a re-freshing drink or of majum. The only reason given for the admixture is to make the compound pleasant to the taste. The boiling of copper in an emulsion of bhang is said to increase its intoxicat-ing effects. I have been unable to get informa-tion as to the admixture of dhatura with bhang or ganja.  - Evidence of MR. B. ROBERTSON, Deputy Commissioner, Nimar.


26. Bhang, locally known as pardesi bhang (see 27. answer to question 2), is never smoked. 29. Ganja is nearly always mixed with tobacco for smoking purposes, two parts of ganja to one of tobacco being the usual proportions. Ganja is always washed in water before smoking, and the tobacco is added after the water has been squeezed out as far as possible, in order to facilitate "drawing." The mixture is said to have a pleas anter taste and to be less powerfully intoxicant than plain ganja. Dhatura is mixed with ganja only by excessive smokers, and they sometimes smoke the former plain. From replies to inquiries made by this office in 1882 I find that this use was in vogue before ganja came to be taxed at all. This mixture is far more intoxicating than plain ganja or than ganja and tobacco mixed. It is not the practice in these provinces to sell "bhang massala": those who drink bhang mix the necessary ingredients at home themselves. For tolas of bhang the quantities of the ingredients in common use would be:-1 tola black pepper, 20 almonds, 10 cardamoms, 1/2 tola rose leaves, pounded 50 seeds of cucumber, 1/2 tola aniseed, 1/2 seer sugar, 2 seers water, 1/2 seer milk. 55 and 56. I understand that to induce stupefaction admixture of dhatura is necessary. I have met with no cases of such admixture, and my office files do not contain any special information in regard to it. - Evidence of MR. H. V. DRAKE-BROCKMAN, Officiating  Commissioner of Excise, Central Provinces.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. In smoking ganja, tobacco is generally mixed. Dhatura is sometimes mixed. In the preparation of bhang for drinking, the articles ordinarily used are black pepper, sugar, water, and cucumber-seed, but specially the following articles are used : dahi (curd), milk, sopa (aniseed), kankol (cubebs) , rose-flower, black cobweb, copper, and dhatura seed. The admixture of tobacco and dhatura with ganja is to give it a better taste and make it more intoxicating. The articles mentioned above are mixed with bhang when it is prepared for drink. These admixtures are to give good taste and to make it more intoxicating. Bhang massala is generally sold in the bazar ; it consists of the articles described above as ordinarily used. Question 29.—[oral evidence] The confirmed smokers only use dhatura to make the ganja more intoxicating. The bairagis principally indulge in this admixture. I do not think dhatura is mixed with bhang for drinking. My answer should be corrected in this respect. Dhatura should also be omitted from " bhang massala." - Evidence of BHARGOW LAXMON GADGIT, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Nagpur.


23. Bhang is used for smoking in the absence of ganja, but not in preference to it. 29. Ganja pure and simple is never smoked. Tobacco is always mixed with it, whether the consumer is a habitual, the excessive or a moderate smoker. Men of the latter class wash ganja clean first, but those of the former are not so parti-cular about washing it. Three of the persons questioned by me admitted that they smoked the mixture of—(a) dhatura and ganja; (b) opium and ganja; (c) dried roots of paddy ; (d) saliva of cobra; (e) kuchla (nux vomica) ; (f) nutmeg. These three men were habitual excessive con-sumers of ganja. I did not believe that it was possible to get saliva of poisonous snake, so ques-tioned them to describe how they obtained it. They all stated that the mixture had been pre-pared by other men in their absence and they were only told that it was that mixture and then they smoked it. They said they found it much stronger than ganja mixed with tobacco. They said that the mixture of dhatura and ganja is the strongest of all the other mixtures mentioned. They use the mixture of these ingredients only occasionally: they increase the strength of the drug (ganja). The effect of the smoke of these mixtures lasts longer more or less than ganja mixed with tobacco. A person requiring to smoke ganja four or five times in a day is satisfied with smoking the dhatura mixture only once. These mixtures are used by only habitual excessive consumers. If it be taken by habitual moderate or occasional consumers, it will produce its injurious effect in them immediately. There is no preparation such as "bhang mas-sala " either understood or sold in this part of the country, but if a bania be asked to supply "thandai massala" he will give (1) cloves, (2) poppy-seed, (3) pepper, (4) cardamon and such other flavourous articles, sonp, dry rose flower, cucumber seed, milk, sugar. "Bhang massala" known in Northern India contains these ingredients, Pepper is generally mixed: the mixture is called "ghota," used by habitual consumers (excessive or moderate). It is then, ground fine. The finer it is ground the stronger its effect becomes. The other ingredients are occasionally mixed. The other liquid prepared of bhang is called "thandai," which contains a less quantity of ganja than ghota. 6. I have not come across a ganja smoker in moderation mixing with it any substance except tobacco. It is only the excessive smokers who mix the several substances mentioned before whenever they desire to use the drug of increased strength. Dhatura is mixed for personal consumption in order that the effect may last longer than the mixture of ganja and tobacco. For the same object dhatura is sometimes mixed with bhang for personal use. If the mixture of ganja and dhatura, or bhang and dhatura, be taken one consuming only ganja or bhang it produces a stupefying effect on him. So this mixture is very often used by road poisoners for the purpose of effecting some criminal motive. These men put the mixture of dhatura and bhang or ganja in sweetmeat intended for their victims, in order to make themselves sure of producing the stupefying effect in them without exciting suspicion. If ganja or bhang be alone mixed, a larger quantity is required to produce the same effect produced by the mixture than that used with dhatura, and it will retain its strong smell, which will raise suspicion about the drug.    - Evidence of TRIMBAK RAO SATHE, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and Diwan of the Sonepur State.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking here as far as I know. 29. It is only exceptionally that dhatura is ever mixed with these drugs. This is done only by those whom the ordinary intoxicating effects of the ganja or bhang do not satisfy. Rich people mix jaiphal (nutmeg), láichi and perfumes with ganja as a luxury. The " bhang massala," ordinarily consists of sonf, kásni, kali mirach, kakri ké bij (cucumber seeds), khas khas (poppy seeds), and sugar. Well-to-do people also add the following to this massala—késhar, láichi, bádám, and sometimes kismis. - Evidence of RAGHUNATH RAO, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Damoh.


23. Bhang is not smoked ; if done so it causes no intoxication. 29. Ganja is generally smoked with tobacco, but on special occasions city people in order to increase its effect, add the following ingredients:—saffron, cloves, jaiphal, sandalwood. It is sometimes moistened by milk or sugarcane juice. The mendicants also mix a little dhatura seed and leaves of thoar plant. Cowdung fire is preferred. Sometimes ganja is smoked in a pipe made of sugarcane (vide answer No. 19). The following are the ingredients of bhang:black pepper, cardamoms, roses, poppy seeds, cucumber seeds, sugar and milk. Sometimes bhang is ground together with the ingredients given above and made into pills. This is generally done during the monsoons. 56. By adding cloves and jaiphal to the hemp drugs the effect is enhanced but not so much as by an addition of the dhatura leaf. This ingredient is often used by mendicants and habitual criminals in order to stupefy their victims. Question 56.—[oral evidence] Dhatura seeds are generally used for mixture to enhance strength of the drug, and when they cannot be procured the leaves of dhatura are used. - Evidence of SYED MOHAMED HUSAIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner ; Diwan, Khairagarh State.


 23. Bhang is not used for smoking, the leaves of the ganja being generally destroyed. 29. Ganja— (a) Tobacco invariably, (b) dhatura rarely by gosains and fakirs. Opium is also used, but very rarely, for more intoxication. Bhang — Bhang massala is not sold in the bazar by that name, hut people purchase sugar, pepper, cardamom, almonds, dalchini, and other spices for mixing with bhang. Question 29.[oral evidence]—Several fakirs and gosains have told me that they find ganja loses its effect, and they add dhatura. I think this is not commonly done. It is comparatively rare. Large numbers of such classes use hemp drugs (90 per cent.) ; but the use of dhatura is comparatively rare. I have seen dhatura put into a chilam of a devotee, but cannot say what amount. I have heard opium asked for. On inquiry also I learned that it is used, but less frequently than dhatura.56. In moderation, if mixed with spices, its effect is light, such as table wine or beer. In excessive, its effects with admixture of dhatura and opium are severe and of long duration and intensity. Bairagis and fakirs mix dhatura and opium for personal consumption.  - Evidence of RAM KRISHNA RAO, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara.


23. Not in this state. 29. (a) In ganja smoking ordinarily tobacco is mixed. (b) Exceptionally the consumers mixed opium, the juice from the root of dúb grass and dhatura is also mixed to it. All this is done to enhance intoxication. In bhang also dhatura seeds are mixed to increase intoxication. Usually with bhang black pepper and souf (anise) are mixed. But in hot season and on occasions, cardamom, cucumber, and kakri and melon seeds, kasini, rose leaves, almonds, saffron, and javitri are also mixed with pepper and souf. Rose water and keuara flower water are also mixed. I have observed bhang drunk as follows : — (1) Mixed with milk and sugar, as sherbet. (2) Mixed with cream and sugar, ditto. (3) Mixed with ripe mangoes and sugar, ditto. (4) Mixed with phalsa fruit berry, and sugar, as sherbet. (5) Mixed with kasini seed and sugar, as sherbet. (6) Mixed with water and sugar, as sherbet. (7) Mixed with bel ripe and sugar, ditto. (8) Mixed with curd and salt, ditto. (9) Mixed with curd cream and salt, ditto. (10) Mixed with raw mango roasted and salt, as sherbet. (11) Mixed with raw tamarind fruit roasted or boiled and salt, as sherbet. (12) Mixed with orange juice and sugar, as sherbet. These are drunk on occasions by rich and well-to-do people. When salt is put, a little assafœtida roasted is also mixed. Rose water and keuara flower water is also mixed. 56. The dhatura for personal consumption with bhang is used in a moderate quantity to increase intoxication. But it is used in large quantity with bhang on others with criminal intentions and to commit crimes. - Evidence of BATUK BHARTHY, Superintendent of Kalahandi State.


29. Ordinarily tobacco is the ingredient of ganja, but some people mix 2 1/2 seeds of dhatura, in order to increase intoxication. Admixture of tobacco decreases the intoxication. Bhang massala consists of rose flowers, sonf, kasni, pepper, sugar, unrefined sugar, khashkhasha, keora, cucumber seeds and milk. These are mixed during hot weather, and only pepper during other weathers.  - Evidence of ALAM CHAND, Superintendent, Bastar State


23. No, it is never used for smoking. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with ganja by all classes of consumers ; (b) dhatura is rarely used by bairagis. The object of admixture is good relish and facility of burning. Bhang massala generally consists of black pepper, badam, cardamoms, cucumber seeds, somph,kausni,gulab flower leaves, sugar, and milk. -  Evidence of T. GOONDIAH, Tahsildar, Janjgir, Bilaspur District.


23. No. 29. Ganja, is smoked with tobacco. Bhang is drunk in water with saunf, kasni, pepper, rose leaves, saffron, kakri seed; dhatura never used. For majum, ganja or by preference bhang, is boiled in ghi, and cardamoms, pepper, saffron mixed. The ghi, after the ganja (or bhang) is taken out, is allowed to harden, and is cut into cakes for eating. Used especially at the Holi festival.  - Evidence* of MUNSHI THAKHT SINGH, pensioned Tahsildar, Bata, District Damoh.


23. Yes; it is also used for smoking. It is so used by the bairagis in all parts of India generally. 29. The consumers of bhang mix pepper generally and other articles for the sake of physical benefits. Sometimes dhatura is mixed with a view to make it stronger. 56. According to treatises on medicine, ganja, if mixed with different kinds of medicines, different sorts of effects are modified. - Evidence of CHINTAMANI NAND VIDYÂ BHUSHANA, Uria Brahmin, late Tahsildar, Sonepur, Sambalpur.


29. Tobacco is invariably mixed with ganja. Dhatura stupefies a smoker, and it is therefore not mixed unless there is some object in view. The necessity for mixing tobacco is occasioned by the fact that before ganja is brought into use, it is required to be thoroughly washed, in order to remove its bilious quality, and all water dropped by pressing the drug with all force on the palm of the left hand by the right hand thumb. This done, the ganja still remains in wet condition and
difficult to be burnt, and therefore the admixture of tobacco helps it, if any seed, kadi or patti, are allowed to remain,
they produce phlegm. Bhang is never prepared without massala, and the proportion of ingredients, as given in the margin, are required for 5 tolas of bhang preparation. 56. The admixture of dhatura with ganja or bhang will completely stupefy a moderate consumer and may cause danger to life when it is done in excess. Cases have occurred in which ganja mixed with dhatura was administered to persons with an object to rob them of personal ornaments. - Evidence of VINAYAK BALKRISHNA. KHARE, Brahmin, Excise Daroga, Nagpur.


23. The people of these provinces do not smoke bhang. 29. They do not smoke charas here. Generally they mix tobacco with it and then smoke it. They mix black pepper, sonph and coriander seed with bhang. They do not mix the seed of dhatura with it; but if they intend to trouble or injure anybody, they mix the seeds of dhatura with it in order to heighten the intoxication, whereby the smoker is put to great troubles. Bhang is also used as medicine, which is then called thandai. Grocers sell it, but it is not used in these provinces. It is sold in the cities of North-Western Provinces, where they much consume bhang. Sonph, coriander seed, black pepper, rose flowers, seeds of kakri, kashini, cardamoms are mixed with the powdered drug. They also drink it with sugar and milk. 56. Something else is added to hemp when smoked. Generally they mix dried tobacco with it and then smoke it, that is to say, they first powder it, wash it with water and mix tobacco with it and then they smoke it. They very seldom smoke ganja mixing seeds of dhatura with it. When they intend to intoxicate anybody deadly, they mix seeds of dhatura, which makes people insane.  - Evidence of ANANDI PERSHAD, Excise Daroga, Hoshangabad.


23. It might be used if ganja cannot be got. Brahmins and Kurrans mostly use bhang. 29. With ganja.—(a) Tobacco. (b) Dhatura. Tobacco is mixed to make it more intoxicating. Dhatura makes it very much more intoxicating. With bhang.—(a) Poppy seeds, cardamom, cloves, pepper and other fragrant spices are commonly mixed, in order to lessen the intoxicating power and make it pleasanter. I know no items exceptionally mixed with bhang. " Bhang rnassala " is a mixture of the things I have named. 56. See Answer 29. I do not know much about this. Excessive consumers of ganja like to put dhatura seeds in their pipes to make the ganja more intoxicating. If given to one not accustomed he might die of its effects.  - Evidence of BRIJMOHUN PATNAIK, Mahanti, Treasurer, Sambalpur.


23. Bhang is used for smoking only as a substitute when the supply of ganja has run short. It is only used by the Gonds and Muhammadans in the centre and south of the district, and only to a small extent. 29. Nux vomica seed powered and dhatura seed are exceptionally mixed with ganja to increase its intoxicating powers. The following is the "bhang massala" prepared here :—Pepper, almond, cardamoms, cloves, milk, sugar, and aniseed. Question 29.[oral evidence]—A chaprassi of mine told mabout the occasional mixture of nux vomica and of dhatura with ganja. He himself used the mixture with nux vomica. He is a moderate smoker, has indulged the habit for a long time, and is perfectly strong and healthy. He is also a hard drinker. I cannot give any idea of the amount of nux vomica used in the mixture. Other people have also informed me about the mixture of dhatura. The mixture of nux vomica was also confirmed by other information. I am not aware of these poisons being mixed with bhang. The jungle people only smoke ganja. They do not drink or eat bhang as far as I know.   - Evidence of MR. A. E. LOWRIE, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking by any class of men. 29. The ganja is used ordinarily with tobacco, and exceptionally with tobacco and some additional ingredients, such as dhatura, arsenic, or the root of a poisonous plant known as bachnaug. These preparations are only used for smoking, and the last three admixtures are intended for production of stronger effect than that of ganja itself. The charas for smoking is mixed ordinarily with gudakhu and rarely with plain tobacco. Bhang is prepared in two ways. The ordinary preparation is called siddhi, while especially one is commonly known as sabzi. Siddhi is prepared only with aniseed and pepper, while sabzi requires the following massala sold for the purpose :—(l) dry seed of cucumber; (2) aniseed ; (3) rose flower ; (4) dry ginger ; (5) cardamom ; (6) poppy-seed ; (7) pepper ; (8) kasni seed ; (9) cocoanut. Both siddhi and sabzi are made in water ; but the latter is mixed ordinarily with sugar, or exceptionally with sugar and milk together.  - Evidence of MUNSHI MAHOMED GHOUSE, Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Raipur


23. Yes. 29. I am told dhatura is occasionally used to add to the exciting qualities of the drug, but have no positive knowledge. In the days of palki travelling, dooly-bearers used to mix ganja in small quantities with tobacco to chew as they went along to lessen the sensation of fatigue.  - Evidence of COLONEL H. HUGHES HALLET, Officiating Inspector-General of Police and Prisons. Central Provinces.


23. No. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed, and very exceptionally dhatura, and this by excessive habitual consumers to increase the strength of the drug. Bhang massala is made of bhang, cucumber seeds, sugar, rose leaves, ajwain, aniseed, sweet almonds, black pepper, poppy-heads. These are mixed in a mortar with a neem stick, and often a copper coin is included. The bhang in Nagpur is the leaf of the ganja (chur). Question 29.[oral evidence] — My statement about dhatura being very exceptionally used, is based on information. I myself have only come on one case in which the man admitted it. He said that one seed only was used at a time by him. He (Rajaram) thought that 2 1/2 seeds would be an overdose. I think dhatura would increase the intoxicant power of the drug and also tend more to brain mischief. Rajaram was not a fakir, but regarded himself as a holy man and devoted to religious    practices. The natives say that the copper coin is used because verdigris increases the power, and that the neem stick is used to give a good taste. I ound in a recent post-mortem the presence of aconite. On inquiry I found that the man used aconite with his ganja. This was being discussed with his friends; he said it was harmless; and he swallowed a dose equal to what he ordinarily used with his ganja. It killed him. This would show that smoked with ganja, the aconite became innocuous. This may he due to the effect of heat. I have not heard of arsenic or anything called "jawari root" being used with ganja. I shall inquire and report.   - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. K. MCKAY, Civil Surgeon, Nagpur.


23. I can obtain no evidence of the use of bhang for smoking. It is said never to be used for this purpose. Probably the small amount; of the active principle contained in the leaves precludes its being consumed in this manner. 29. Tobacco is always mixed with ganja. Exceptionally two to four dhatura seeds are added to increase the intoxicating effect by those who use the drug excessively. For the sake of the aroma, nutmeg, cloves, cardamoms, betelnut and sandalwood are sometimes added. Bhang is almost invariably mixed with massala, which consists of black pepper, cardamoms, rose leaves, almonds, cucumber and melon seeds, poppyheads and endive. Milk and sugar are also added to the bhang liquor. Occasionally even in Chang one or two seeds of dhatura are added. Question, 29.—Are the aromatic admixtures used with ganja for smoking ? Answer.—Yes, occasionally. Betelnut is used only for the aroma, not for increasing the intoxicating effect.  56. Dhatura is mixed with ganja used in excess, and, so taken, the dhatura must affect the mental functions very powerfully, increasing the intoxi-cating effect and producing delirium and temporary insanity. In dhatura poisoning the person often tears off his clothes and wanders about quite out of his mind for one or two days. The effect on the  brain  of moderate doses of dhatura continued for some time must be also injurious. Question 56.—In the latter part of answer No. 56, do you refer to moderate doses of ganja admixed with dhatura? Answer.—Yes; and I think the habitual use of dhatura would have the effect even when used with moderate doses of ganja. It is generally used with excessive doses of ganja. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. QUAYLE, Civil Surgeon, Nimar


20. The word "bhang" is not used in these parts, but ganja only. 20. The word "bhang" is not used in these parts, but ganja only. 56. It is generally administered in strong doses and often mixed with dhatura. A strong decoction is made of ganja with the seeds of dhatura strained and kept for the purpose and, when re-quired, given either in food or in drink. Question 56 [oral evidence].—I have heard of this decoction being still used on pilgrim routes. Bhang is used because people will take that. The poison is the dhatura. - Evidence of HONY. SURGEON-MAJOR J. E. HARRISON, Retired List, and Civil Surgeon, Kalahundi.


23. True bhang not obtainable now ; the ter mis becoming synonymous with " chur" ganja. 29. Ganja—(a) tobacco invariably, (b) dhatura or opium very rarely, by religious mendicants. Bhang—see definition ante—(a) sugar, black pepper, spices. (b) Perfumes, expensive spices, milk, almonds, sugar, i.e., a posset, or pleasant highly spiced exhilarating drink. No preparation kept for sale in Central Provinces : each consumer has a different formula. Question 29 [oral evidence] (b).—My information about mixture of dhatura is derived from enquiry. One bairagi, and only one, told me he had used it, and given it up because its intoxication was too intense. He did not volunteer the information. The information about mixture of opium is of the same kind, derived by enquiry. The above bairagi did not, he said, experience complete intoxication from ganja alone. He lives at Bhandara still.  - Evidence of APOTHECARY J. PRENTIE, Civil Surgeon, Bhandara.


23. Bhang is not used to smoke, as it is too mild in effect. 29. With ganja, tobacco only is used in very small quantities. With bhang—(a) almonds; melon and cucumber seeds; black pepper ; cardamom, dill, aniseed and other spices ; sugar ; gur ; (b) dhatura and opium in addition to above ingredients. These drugs are mentioned by fakirs and vendors as being sometimes used to increase intoxication ; but no case has been examined who indulged in these admixtures. " Bhang massalas " are not prepared for sale here. Question 29. [oral evidence] — Tobacco is only used in small quantities, i.e., about equal quantities of tobacco and ganja. It is used to " dilute" the ganja. I have never heard of other admixtures with ganja. People say, for example, that dhatura is mixed by others with bhang ; but I have never come across a case of a man who himself admitted the use of dhatura in bhang. I have never heard of it in ganja.   - Evidence of APOTHECARY GEORGE MURPHY , Civil Surgeon, Mandla.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking here. 29. Tobacco is mixed invariably, and dbatura occasionally, with the ganja ; the former to moderate, and the latter to increase its narcotic effects. Massala, such as black pepper, seeds of cucumber, cardamom seeds, dried rose leaves, sweet almonds, etc., are generally mixed with bhang; sometimes sugar and milk instead. Dhatura is never mixed with it, except in some rare cases, when it is recorded to have been used with criminal intent. Question 29.—[oral evidence] My information regarding the criminal administration of dhatura is derived from books. 56. Bhang, when freely mixed with dhatura, is a very strong narcotic. Cases are on record where the mixed drugs have been administered to others with criminal intent, chiefly with the object of robbing the victims. Dhatura is seldom or never mixed with bhang for personal consumption. - Evidence of DOORGA DAS SEN, Baidya, Assistant Surgeon, Warora.


23. No. 29. Exceptionally excessive consumers mix dhatura with ganja to increase the intoxication. Nux vomica is sometimes added as an aphrodisiac and opium to increase intoxication, but general ingredient of ganja is tobacco. Bhang massala consisting of cardamoms, black pepper, rose petals, saffron, cloves, cummin, etc., is made and sold for this purpose. 56. The admixture of other substances, such as dhatura and tobacco, changes its effects. However small quantity of dhatura be adulterated, it greatly enhances the effect of intoxication, as it is one of the principal ingredients of Cannabis sativa ; but the consumers for their personal use mix it in a very small quantity, but while administering to others mix a greater quantity of it. Question 56.[oral evidence]—I think that dhatura is generally mixed with ganja. I mean it is one of the commonest admixtures, i.e., those who mix anything generally mix dhatura with their ganja.  -  Evidence of MUHAMMAD HABIBULLA, 1st grade Hospital Assistant, Seoni.


23. In this province, bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Ordinarily, dried leaves of tobacco are always mixed with ganja in order to make it stronger; dhatura seed is also seldom mixed with ganja and bhang to make them strongly effective. 56. (a) The effects of these drugs even in moderation are injurious, as I have shown before. (b) It becomes more dangerous when modified by the admixture of other substances, such as dhatura, etc.; dhatura is generally mixed for administration to others.  - Evidence of MIR ZAMIN ALI, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Jabalpur.


23. No. 29. Dhatura is so used to increase the intoxicating effect. I know of no other ingredient. I know of no such substance being sold. - Evidence of KHUSHALI RAM, Honorary Magistrate, Chhindwara.


23.Those who are excessively addicted to ganja smoking, and who cannot get a sufficient quantity of it by reason of its high price, generally make use of bhang for smoking purposes, but very few do so. 29. Ganja is generally smoked with tobacco. Habitual excessive consumers who consider smoking ganja by itself a light intoxicant, mix it with dhatura, bachnag, arsenic, and kuchla. Question 29.[oral evidence]—It is the fakirs, not the labourers, who usually use the drug to excess. My information leads me to believe that fakirs, mendicants, and such persons use dhatura with ganja pretty often. My information regarding bachnag, arsenic, and kuchla is hearsay; but I know mendicants who say that they use dhatura, who have told me so. 56. Ganja mixed with dhatura, bachnag, arsenic, and kuchla produces a very bad effect. It produces very bad intoxication, and criminals generally use it to fortify themselves to commit deeds of violence. To those who are used to it, it gives effect of fortification, but it quite stupefies those who are its first victims. Question 56.[oral evidence]—I have no case that I can narrate. I can quote no definite case. - Evidence of GANGADHARRAO MADHO CHITNAVIS , Honorary Magistrate, Nagpur


29. Tobacco ordinarily : dhatura very rarely. Sometimes aconite and even copper are mixed with ganja in making majum : object to increase strength. Sometimes jowar root, which is said to possess medicinal properties, is mixed with majum. 55 and 56. Ganja is not so used unless mixed with dhatura. Knows of a case in which a bairagi gave ganja and dhatura mixed to some boys to smoke in order to obtain their ornaments. The boys died. - Evidence* of MIR IMDAD ALI, Honorary Magistrate, Damoh


23. Bhang is not smoked. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. White arsenic and dhatura are occasionally mixed with ganja. This is especially done by religious mendicants to increase its intoxicating effect. For bhang massala, see answer to question 15. It is prepared in the house and not sold. To increase the intoxicating effect of bhang it is cooked in a copper vessel and heated pice are dropped into it. Milk is occasionally also mixed with bhang. Question 29.[oral evidence]—It is sadhus who mix white arsenic with ganja for smoking. I have made enquiries at the Durdadari temple in Wardha. A masha or half masha is put into a pipe. A masha is 1/12th of a tola. Some sadhus take as much as 3 mashas in a pipe full of tobacco. I have not seen it so used. My information is derived from enquiries. It is mixed for purposes of intoxication and not to keep up warmth. Copper pice are employed in manufacturing bhang for drinking in order to increase the intoxicating effect. 56. Tobacco mixed with ganja, produces less intoxication. It is used by moderate consumers. Arsenic produces more intoxication. Its effects are more powerful than ganja, and it produces complete stupefaction. It shortens life and produces madness. Dhatura is also mixed with ganja; but its effects are less than the admixture of white arsenic and ganja. These two are only used by excessive habitual consumers. Dhatura and ganja mixed are used occasionally by bad characters to stupefy their victims if for any reason they wish to produce greater insensibility.  - Evidence of SETH BACHRAJ, Honorary Magistrate, Wardha.


23. Bhang is not smoked here. 29. Tobacco is mixed up with ganja and charas ; bhang is drunk and eaten with ingredients mentioned in answer 15. Dhatura is not mixed up with bhang; but some fools do so. 56. The hemp used in moderation does not cause any injury, but the admixture of dhatura, kuchla, jawr root, etc., stupefy or even cause death.  - Evidence of MODAN MOHAN SETH, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


29. With ganja ordinarily nothing is mixed. Well-to-do people sometimes mix spices such as " jawatri " and " jaiphal." Jogis and gosains sometimes mix dhatura. This is to strengthen the ganja. With bhang a very few people mix dhatura. Everybody mixes " massala." This consists of kasni maloti, cucumber seeds, rose petals, almonds, pistachios, black pepper, sugar, saffron. 56. The admixture of other substances strengthens the effect of ganja. The admixture of dhatura makes the drug cheaper and stronger. - Evidence of KAPUR CHAND, Honorary Magistrate and Gumasta, Raipur


23. Sometimes, if ganja cannot be procured. It is not used by any special caste. 29. Ganja smokers usually mix dry tobacco. Habitual consumers also sometimes mix spices. Bhang drinkers mix sugar, and habitual con -sumers spices. Dhatura is sometimes mixed with bhang to make it stronger; rarely with ganja. "Bhang massala" contains pepper, cucumber seeds, rose petals, kachni, and somp. 56. Ganja and bhang are rendered stronger by the admixture of dhatura.  - Evidence of RAGHOBA MAHADIK, Malguzar and Honorary Magistrate, Rajim.


23. Bhang or pati is not used for smoking. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with the ganja for smoking. (b) Some men, in order to get themselves more intoxicated, smoke ganja, having mixed dhatura seed and keskar (or pistil) of champa flower with it. The only article sold for being mixed with the ganja is tobacco. modified by the admixture of other substances, produces good effect, and, similarly, what they use in excess produces bad effect. Those desiring for more intoxication mix dhatura seed with ganja, etc., and some men, I hear, in order to commit theft of another's cloth, fulfil other bad desires , and stupefy others, administer ganja mixed with dhatura seed, etc.  - Evidence of HARI HAR SINGH, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate, Sambalpur District.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking here. 29. No ingredient other than tobacco is mixed with ganja. Some people mix anise seed, white succory, cardamoms, almonds, sugar, etc., with bhang before they use it, but no dhatura is mixed, and if it is done so by any one, it may be for the purpose of producing senselessness or causing an excessive intoxication. 56. When the persons who are habitual excessive consumers of ganja do not get the drug in sufficient quantities, they use some dhatura with it, so that they may be intoxicated. But as they are accustomed to it, they do not become senseless. A person who is not habituated to it becomes senseless if he smokes dhatura with ganja.   - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR SETH TIKA RAM, Brahmin, Money-lender and Malguzar, Narsinghpur.


29, With ganja is mixed tobacco and water. Sadhus and excessive smokers of ganja on exceptional occasions mix dhatura with the ganja. Dhatura being cheap, intoxication can be produced more cheaply if it is admixed. With bhang are mixed kasni, saunp, black pepper, dhaniya, cardamoms, cucumber seed, sugar, khus -khus, kabab-chini. In the rains almonds and ajwain and milk are especially mixed with bhang. At other times it is taken with water.  - Evidence of DIWAN PREM SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


29. Tobacco is always mixed with ganja; charas is also mixed with it and also dhatura and kuchla, especially by the sadhus. With bhang is mixed kasni, saump, black pepper, dhaniya, rose petals, cucumber seed, khas -khas, cardamoms, almonds, sugar, kesar. When drunk, it is mixed with milk or water.  - Evidence of LALL UMED SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. I do not know of any admixtures - Evidence of LALL NROOPRAJ SINGH, Chatriya, Zamindar of Barpali, District Sambalpur


23. In these provinces bhang is not used for smoking. 29. While smoking ganja they mix tobacco with it to improve its taste. Dhatura is not mixed. Bhang massala is neither prepared nor sold in this district.  - Evidence * of PANDIT NARAYAN RAO GOBIND, Brahmin, Zamindar, Hurda.


23. Not in this district. 29. Nothing is mixed with ganja, but dhatura is commonly mixed with bhang. Yes I know 'bhang massala,' but it is not sold in this district. People make it for themselves. Its ingredients are rose-flowers, poppy seeds, black pepper, carraway seeds, kasni, cucumber seeds, milk and sugar, and almonds, 'Majum' is made of ghee, sugar, and bhang. Question 29.[oral evidence]—Poor people mix dhatura with their bhang when they cannot get bhang in suffi -cient quantity. It is the liquid compound I refer to. Dhatura excites heat, and headache. 56. Dhatura is often mixed with bhang by poor people for their own consumption, and not with any criminal purpose. It increases the bad effects of the drug.   - Evidence of CHANDI PERSHAD, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda.
 

23. No. 29. "Gadaku" is mixed with ganja; "bhang" is mixed with pepper, almond, cucumber seed, sugar, and spices. Dhatura is sometimes used in "bhang." The object is to increase the intoxicating strength of the drugs. The bhang massala is made of the ingredients above described. 56. I know of no cases where the effects are modified by admixture. In cases of poisoning dhatura seed is sometimes mixed with bhang or ganja and administered.   - Evidence of THAKUR MAHARAJ SINGH, RAI BAHADUR,* Malguzar, Saugo


23. Bhang s never used for smoking in this province. 29. Dhatura seed is sometimes mixed with ganja and bhang to increase the intoxicating effects. I do not know of any bhang massala being sold.  - Evidence of RAO VENKAT RAO, Brahmin, Malguzar, and Political Pensioner, Saugor.


23. I don't know of people ever using bhang for smoking. 29. The ingredient ordinarily mixed with ganja is tobacco. The ingredients exceptionally mixed are:— (1) Gudakhoo for suppressing its bad smell; (2) poison root, (3) arsenic, (4) nux vomica, (6) dhatura, for raising the degree of intoxication. No particular class can be named by which the above are so mixed. (1) Pepper, (2) aniseed, (3) almonds, (4) dry rose buds, (5) cardamoms, for giving it a taste and flavour and for accelerating its cooling effects. The ingredients exceptionally mixed are :—(1) chicory, (2) kamalkakdi (lotus seed), (3) cucumber seeds, (4) poppy seeds, for above rea ¬sons in hot weather; (5) poison root, (6) dhatura, (7) arsenic, (8) roots of jowari, (9) roots of kanher, to give it exceptionally high intoxication power. 56. Substances, such as dhatura, arsenic, poison root, nux vomica, are sometimes mixed with ganja by habitual consumers for producing higher degree of intoxication.    - Evidence of RAO SAHIB BALWANTRAO GOVINDRAO BHUSKUTE, Brahmin, Jagirdar of Timborni, Barhanpar, .Nimar District.


23. No. 29. Tobacco is generally mixed with ganja when smoked. The tobacco makes it affect the brain less. Therefore it is used. Dhatura seeds are sometimes mixed with ganja. They have the effect of increasing its intoxicating power and are therefore sometimes used. With bhang, pepper, poppy heads (the seeds of these), coriander seeds cardamoms, sugar, and other spices are mixed. These things are used because they cool the head. Poppy seeds do not intoxicate much, and also tend to cool the head. All these things are called bhang massala. I don't know of any other ingredients. 56. See my answer to 29. I do not know details. Too much dhatura will cause death. - Evidence * of DAMODHAR DASS, Brahmin, Mafidar, Bargarh, Sambalpur District.


29. (a) Ordinarily, tobacco is mixed with ganja for smoking. (b) Exceptionally, the habitual, excessive ganja-smoker mixes with it the seeds of "dhatura" and "kuchla" (nux vomica). The object of these admixtures is to give ganja more intoxicating power. I have not heard of "bhang massala" being sold in the bazar in this district. But the follow -ing ingredients are usually mixed with the "sum -mer beverage" called "bhang":—(1) Sugar, sometimes "gur" (treacle); (2) almonds; (3) raisins; (4) khaskas (poppy seeds): all these are ground finely in milk or water, well strained, and added to "bhang," in order to give the beverage a flavour and zest. Some spices are also added to it, such as nutmeg, cardamom, etc. This is the Indian home-made liquor which is in special favour with all communities of Hindus. 6. With admixtures, an inexperienced man will fall an easy prey to the thief. I am informed that gosains, bairagis, etc., mix dhatura with ganja for the sake of greater intoxication. - Evidence of the REV. I. JACOB, Church of England Missionary, Chairman, District Council, etc., Chanda.


29. Many mix ganja with tobacco for smoking. A sweetmeat or drug is made of the extract of hemp mixed with sugar and is called majum. I am told it is often served to guests at social gatherings after the meal, and that it causes a pleasant intoxication - Evidence of the REV. A. G. DANIELSSON, Missionary, Chhindwara.


23. No. 29. Tobacco is sometimes mixed and smoked with ganja. I have come across no cases of dhatura being so used. I do not know of any preparation such as bhang massala. . I never came across any such admixture. As far as my experience goes, the pure ganja is always used.  - Evidence of the REV. O. LOHR,* Medical Missionary, Bisrampur, Raipur District.


23. No, for the simple reason that it contains the least resinous matter which is the active ingredient in producing intoxication. 29. Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with ganja in the proportion of 1/3 to 2/3 ganja. Exceptionally cardamoms and otto of roses or other otto. Yes. Dhatura seed is sometimes smoked with ganja, when the latter fails to give requisite intoxication. Bhang is seldom or never drunk alone. Bhang massala consists of the following:—(1) black pepper, (2) sonph kasini (Faeniculum panmorium), (3) dora (large cardomoms), (4) gulab-ka-phul (rose flower), to which, if circumstances permit, other things are added as kesar (saffron), gul khairu (hollyhock), badam (almonds), etc. The secret of intoxication consists in the fact that bhang and this massala must be kept in water for about an hour, and then the whole thing well pounded for two hours at least, before it is strained. When strained, sugar and milk are added to it.  - Evidence of ADHAR SINGH GOUR, Kshattri, Barrister-at-law, Hoshangabad


23. Yes; Jatrawalas and worthless young men in the villages smoke bhang, but not to any considerable extent. A ganja-smoker run short of his stock, sometimes smokes bhang. 29. Bhang drinkers mix sounf, kali mirch, khas khas, kakri ke gulab ke phul, gulbairi ke phul, allaichi, kawab chini, dhania, mithi lakri, badam, dudh, shakkar. This is bhang massala. Those who take it in pills use only kali mirth and one or two of the above. Those who smoke it do not ordinarily mix anything with it except a little of tobacco or guraku. Ganja smokers, who can afford it, dip the ganja in rose-water and put a few—mse petals with it. First a little tobacco is put at the bottom of the chillum and on the top of it the ganja. Some people substitute the tobacco by " guraku." Question 29.—[oral evidence] I have seen " aghoris" putting dhatura seeds into the chillum. 56. Dhatura is mixed only by excessive smokers of their own free will. It is, however, administered with ganja for criminal purposes. The object of the mixture in either case is to procure inebriation. I have given above the ingredients of bhang "massala." It is sold in large towns in Pansari shops in bundles; elsewhere people procure the ingredients separately and mix them themselves. Dhatura is mixed only by excessive smokers of their own free will. It is, however, administered with ganja for criminal purposes. The object of the mixture in either case is to procure in -ebriation. I have given above the ingredients of bhang "massala." It is sold in large towns in Pansari shops in bundles; elsewhere people procure the ingredients separately and mix them themselves. Question 56.[oral evidence]—I have heard of soot being admixed with bhang. This soot is the dust and smoke collected on a cobweb or other thread or rubbish in a cook-room which had not been cleaned for a long while. The young man who took dhatura with his ganja was a married man. I don't know why he took dhatura. He died of snake bite. I believe the man contracted the habit when he went to Murshidabad to study music. He was reported to have taken ganja in moderation after his recovery. - Evidence of MR. TARA DASS BANERJI, President, District Council, Raipur.


23. Never used for smoking, so far as I know. 29. Ordinarily with bhang—black pepper, kasni, khas khas, anise, sugar, kakri seeds. Occasionally with bhang—milk, kesar, rose flower. Exceptionally Ordinarily with ganja—tobacco leaves. Exceptionally —ilachi seeds and atter. "Bhang massala" is sold in the banias' shops for admixture with bhang, and consists of those ingredients which are ordinarily mixed with bluing, as stated above. Dhatura is mixed to cause stupefaction, but it is neither ordinarily nor exceptionally used for the purpose of intoxication. The object of the other admixtures is to make the drink cooling when it is bhang, and less stupefying when it is ganja. Bachnag (aconite) and kuchla (nux vomica) are also mixed with ganja either to increase weight or to intensify intoxication. 56. Ganja and bhang are changed in their effects when mixed with dhatura, whether used in moderation or in excess. Dhatura, I am informed, is always mixed with the drugs to cause stupefaction in others, and not when the drugs are used for one's personal consumption. - Evidence of BABU KALIDAS CHOWDHRY, Brahmin, Pleader, Hoshangabad.


23.Bhang is not used for smoking, as it is not sold. The leaves imported with the ganja generally destroyed. Broken ganja or chur is used as a substitute for "bhang" for eating and drinking. 29.See my answer to Question No. 19 for mixtures. Dhatura is very rarely used by Gossains to get more intoxication. "Bhang massala," is not sold in the bazar. 56. In the admixture mentioned in Question 19 the effect of ganja (b) is modified as to convert it into a cooling drink. In excessive use in admixtures the effects are not speedily felt but last long. With regard to dhatura admixtures, see my answer to Question 29.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB RANGRAO HARRY KHISTY, Pleader, Bhandara.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Ordinary tobacco is mixed with ganja and charas. Dhatura is a rare admixture, and it is not mixed here. 56. Sadhus and fakirs sometimes mix dhatura seeds for personal use. It is also mixed with ganja when given to others to produce stupefaction with intent to crime. - Evidence of Mr. J. A. MAUGHAN, Manager, Central Provinces Collieries, Umaria, Jubbulpore District.


23. No. 29. (a) Tobacco is generally mixed. (b) Dhatura is mixed, the object being to make its intoxication more strong. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KUSTOORCHAND DAGA, Bania, Banker, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


23. No. 29. In ganja, the ordinary ingredient is the dry tobacco leaf, the exceptional ingredient is atar, musk, cardamoms, cloves, mace, and nutmegs. No ; the dhatura is not so used. The object of these admixtures is to make it palatable and more intoxicating. Yes, bhang massala contains the following ingredients :—anise, hasni, coriander, almond, cucumber seeds, lotus seeds, opium seeds, rose flower, black pepper, cardamom, saffron, milk or curd, and sugar. Habitual excessive consumers do sometimes mix dhatura seeds. Generally during the Holi festival confectioners in general, and house-holders in a few cases, prepare majum by heating bhang with water and ghee. The ghee when well boiled is taken out and mixed with syrup, and again put on the fire till it turns into a solid paste, which is artistically cut into small pieces and eaten. 56. In my opinion they are always used in excess of admixture. The admixture of dhatura is generally used for administration to others to stupefy and to overcome the victim.  - Evidence of LALA NIINDKESFIORE, * Agartcal, Merchant, Banker, Contractor, Malgoozar, Honorary Magistrate, Secretary, Municipal Committee, and .Me.mber, District Council, Saugor


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. People do not eat bhang 29. Tobacco is the only ingredient ordinarily mixed with the ganja. The proportion is about three parts ganja and one part tobacco. Just sufficient water is added to moisten these ingredients, and enable the consumer to rub them well together with his thumb in the palm of his hand. No one smokes unmixed ganja; all mix tobacco with it. A few add a little opium to obtain a more staying exhilaration or intoxication—not more than one per cent. of consumers ; and this, too, only exceptionally on their part. I have heard that dhatu.ra is sometimes mixed with ganja ; but I have never come across such cases. The effect, I believe, is at once to incapacitate the consumer. No ready-made bhang massala is sold in this district. 56. I have heard of hardened ganja smokers mixing dhatura seed with the ganja they smoke to increase its intoxicating effect; but I have no special information on the subject.  - Evidence* of GIRDHARI LAL, Oswal Bania, Merchant and Banker, Seoni-Chapara


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking purposes. Occasionally dhatura seed is mixed with ganja; this is by people who suffer from asthma; an exceptional few mix dhatura with ganja to enhance the intoxicating effect. Traveller-thieves are credited with administering dhatura with ganja to their victims; it makes them te m-porarily insane for about three days. No special bhang massala is sold for admixture with bhang. 56. There are four or five persons in Sewan who mix ganja with opium and chew it. They are hardened consumers, but poor, so adopt this mixture to effect intoxication at small expense. They are enfeebled people, with ruined constitutions.  - Evidence* of ONKAR DAS, Agarwalla Bania, Mahajan, Seoni-Chapara.


29. Tobacco is the ingredient generally mixed with ganja for a smoke. No one smokes ganja by itself. The general proportion is about 3 parts ganja to 1 part tobacco. A few add 2½ seeds of black dhatura seed with the ganja. Those who wish to increase the intoxicating effect do so ; also persons suffering from cough and asthma add dhatura in their ganja to relieve the cough. About 5 per cent. of ganja consumers use dhatura with their ganja, and 2 1/2 seeds is the recognized addition per pipe. Still fewer add a little opium to the ganja for their smoke ; they do so to relieve looseness of bowels and ease a cough. About 1 per per cent. of consumers use a little opium with their ganja. Two or four persons in Seoni town add madak to ganja to get a very intoxicating smoke ; they call this mixture "bharra." The only motive for this is to enhance the intoxicating effect, and none but seasoned habituals can stand this mixture. Nothing is sold as "bhang massala" in Seoni. 56. Moderate consumers of ganja do not mix anything but tobacco with their ganja. It is only excessive consumers who desire to enhance the in toxicating effect, who add dhatura (2½ seeds is the proportion to a pipe) or opium. See my answer to Question 29. Consumers afflicted with the asth ma, which results from indulgence in ganja, use the above admixture of dhatura to alleviate their cough. Persons, unaccustomed to ganja, could not smoke this mixture to relieve ordinary asthma. Similarly, ordinary dysentery patients could not smoke the mixture of opium with ganja—only habitual excessive smokers of ganja suffering from the dysentery thereby caused by the admixture of ganja. But the dysentery caused by excessive indulgence in ganja is a fatal malady; the dis charge of blood is so great that the victim soon dies. This was the case with my brother afore said (Answer to No. 53).  - Evidence* of HUSEN KHAN,† Pathan, Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Ganja.—The ingredients mixed (a) ordinarily—one part tobacco to two parts of ganja with a little ghuraku added; (b) panch-rangi chil-um of ganja, which is of superior sort, is prepared in addition to the above given mixture (a) ; kesar (saffron), jaifal (nutmeg), lawang (cloves), elaichi (cardamom), kasturi (musk), with a little otto of rose or kewra. For this purpose, the ordinary earthen chillum (pipe) would not answer; it is cut out of a piece of sugarcane; the fire also is obtained by burning coir-rope, or dry dung of sheep, goat or horse. The object of this special mixture is to make the pipe give a rich flavour and more intoxication, and is only resorted to by the wealthy. Dhatura (2 1/2 seeds) is only used by habitual excessive consumers for more intoxication. Regarding bhang massala, ordinary bhang massala is made of one tola bhang 3 pies purchase, kalli-mirch (black-pepper), sonf (fennel) and kashni, one pie worth each: to be well powdered and mixed in one seer of water. A special massala mixed by the wealthy people for bhang for a company consisting of 12 to 16 persons, and is called ganga-jamni, panch-rangi, and dudhia-sarbati; and the following ingredients are used in preparing the same:—2 chittacks bhang, 2 seers sugar, 4 seers milk, 1 chittack badam (almond), 1/2 tola elaichi (cardamom), 1/4 tola kaisar (saffron), 1 quart bottle either of rose, anar or kewra syrup, 1 chittack kalli-mirch (black pepper), 2 tolas sonf (fennel), 1 tola kashni, 1 tola talam khaneke-bij, 1 tola kakrike-bij (cucumber seed), 1 tola kharbujeke-bij (melon seed), 1 tola dhania (coriander seed), 2 tolas pishta, (pistachio), 2 tolas kismiss, 4 khaira flowers, 6 dry rose flowers, 4 kasheru and 2 1/2 seeds of dhatura. 56. The use of ganja and bhang, in addition to other admixture, is described in my Answers to Nos. 29 and 55. The admixture of dhatura for personal consumption is to obtain more intoxica tion ; while administered to others, it is chiefly done for the purpose of stupefaction.  - Evidence of COWASJEE MEHERWANJEE HATTY-DAROO, Parsi, Merchant and Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


23. No. 29.  Ordinarily tobacco, exceptionally dhatura, to make it very strong.Yes; black pepper, almonds, cardamoms, rose leaves dried, cucumber seeds, aniseed, sugar, milk. 56. The admixture of dhatura in any way is liable to produce excitement akin to madness  - Evidence of BIJRAJ, Marwari, Wholesale ganja vendor, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. In ganja : (a) Tobacco is ordinarily mixed. (b) Sages mix dhatura for intoxication.  - Evidence of LALA RAMSAHI AND LALA SITARAM,  Abkari Contractors, Nagpur.


23. No. 29. Vide answer to question 15. Dhatura is not mixed here. No preparation specially known as bhang massala is prepared here; but the name might be applied to any of the preparations with spices.  - Evidence of MR. J. STURROCK, Collector, Coimbatore.


23. Bhang is not used. 29. For ordinary ingredients vide answer to question 15. No exceptional ingredients are mixed. Dhatura is not so used. Tobacco is admixtured to add flavour, the other ingredients are used to make the preparation palatable and to promote digestion. Bhang massala is the ingredient already described, vide answer to question 15. 56. The substances mixed with it here are used to add flavour. Dhatura is not admixtured  -  Evidence of MR. E. TURNER, Collector of Madura.


23. Not as far as I can ascertain. 29. vide question 19. I cannot find that dhatura is used as an ingredient. The name of " bhang massala " is unknown. Purnâdhi probably takes its place.  - Eviclence of MR. H. M. WINTERBOTHAM, Collector of Tanjore.


23. Opinions differ on this point. but I believe that bhang is sometimes smoked when ganja cannot be obtained. 29. Tobacco is usually used with ganja for smoking to improve the taste. Opium is sometimes used to increase the intoxicating effect. Spices of all sorts are largely used in making up the preparations which are eaten or drunk. None (massala) seems to be known here.  - Evidence of MR. W. A. WILLOCK, Collector, Vizagapatam.


23. Not used for smoking. 29. (a) and (b) With ganja in smoking, only tobacco is used for keeping the fire and also for preserving the throat from getting parched up. (a) With bhang, poppy seeds, pepper, ginger, sugar or jaggery, aniseed, cow milk or cocoanut milk to. give flavour, improve the taste, and to render it medicinal. (b) Bhang is mixed with dhatura in toddy and arrack to produce excitement and sexual passions and to produce a longing on the part of the consumer to partake of more liquor. Cantharides is also said to he mixed with bhang in toddy and arrack to produce sexual excitement. No bhang massala sold here. Ingredients not known. 56. The injurious effects of ganja are relieved to some extent by the admixture of some cooling substances, such as ghee, milk, poppy seeds, etc., and aggravated by that of cantharides and dhatura so as to produce undue sexual excitement; nux vomica, dhatura, and bhang are introduced into country liquor to produce cerebral excitement and intoxication.  - Evidence of MR. J. THOMSON, Collector of Chingleput.


23. No; not in Salem district. 29. Ganja, when used for smoking, is invariably mixed with tobacco. It is by the admixture of things, such as pepper, garlic, milk, sugar, etc., that bhang and other preparations are made. The object of the mixture was to lessen the bit-terness of the drug and render it more palatable. Datura is not used. The preparation of bhang massala is not known in these parts. 56. Ganja is always mixed up with tobacco before it is used for smoking. In this case, tobacco removes much of the bitterness in ganja. The admixture of sugar, milk, almonds, etc., in the preparation of bhang removes much of its ill-effects and renders the drug highly palatable. In this district, dhatura is not used in the preparation of the drug, either for smoking or for eating and drinking - Evidence of MR. G. STOKES, Collector of Salem,.


29. Tobacco is mixed for smoking, and spices, sugar and jaggery for eating and drinking. Dhatura is not used ; bhang massala is unknown ; but a mixture of spices for use as above is sold, the chief ingredients being pepper, cardamoms, saffron, nutmeg, and camphor.  - Evidence of MR. S. H. WYNNE, Collector, Godavari District.


29. Sugar and jaggery ; I do not think dhatura. - Evidence of MR. M. HAMMICK, Acting Collector of South Arcot.


23. No. 29. To ganja(a) Tobacco to improve the flavour or to make it more intoxicating. (b) White poppy seeds are added. One authority, the Chitvel Hospital Assistant, says dhatura is exceptionally used for the same purpose. Bhang massala is composed of poppy seeds, spices, pepper, cloves, cinnamon, saffron, sugar, and almonds. Apparently two parts of bhang are used to one of each of the other substance. 56. I could get no information. I give the Chitvel Hospital Assistant's reply, viz:— "(a) The effects of hemp use in moderation are modified by the admixture of lime juice and sugarcandy in the form of con-fection and majum. "(b) Effects of hemp in excess are also modi-fied by the above admixture of lime juice and sugarcandy. For personal consumption and for administration to others, if more intoxicating effect is required, it is generally used with dhatura, nutmeg, nux vomica, or bonda seeds."  - Evidence of MR. C. H. MOUNSEY, Acting Collector of Cuddapah


23. Yes; to a small extent by Muhammadans throughout the district. 29. Tobacco and dhatura. To give a piquancy to the drug. 56. Dhatura and tobacco strengthen the effects. Vide the secret police reports. - Evidence of MR. F. D'A. O. WOLFE-MURRAY, Acting Collector of the Nilgiris.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking here. 29. (a) Tobacco is used in smoking to give taste. (b) Those who are not habitual consumers and wish to excite themselves much mix dhatura or nux vomica. No bhang massala is sold in this district. Jaggery, other spices, milk, etc., are used in other confections or drinks to give taste.  - Evidence of MR. L. C. MILLER, .Acting Collector of Trichinopoly.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco is mixed. (b) Exceptionally opium, while sweets and spices are also often mixed to give the whole flavour, taste and appetite. Dhatura exception-ally mixed. The consumption of bhang not being universal in this district, the demand for bhang massala is not such as to create a supply regularly offered for sale. The ingredients are ginger, sugarcandy, opium seeds (cuscus), black pepper. 56. Admixture of tobacco with ganja and sweetmeats with halwa modify intoxicating power.  - Evidence of MR. K. C. MANAVEDAN RAJA, Collector, Anantapur.


23. Very rarely, and only on account of its cheapness. 29. Details will be found in many of the answers appended. The object of admixture is apparently generally to increase the intoxicating effect or to make the drug more palatable. -  Evidence of MR. C. J. WEIR,* Acting Collector, District Magistrate, and Agent to Govr., Ganjam.


29. The ingredient ordinarily used with ganja for smoking is tobacco, and those exceptionally mixed are sandalwood powder, musk, and opium. For drinking purposes pepper is ordinarily mixed; and cloves, cardamoms, nutmegs, cinnamon, and various other spices are exceptionally used. Dhatura is used both in smoking and drinking to increase intoxication. - Evidence  of  MR. J. G. D. PARTRIDGE,  Assistant collector, Ganjam.


23. The common notion prevalent about bhang is that it is a drink and is not used for smoking. 29. The ganja procurable in the local markets is, I understand, adulterated ordinarily to increase its weight, and exceptionally to intensify its in-toxicating power. It is difficult to obtain the pure drug. Among the deleterious substances mixed with ganja may be mentioned opium, stramonium seed (dhatura), aconite or monk's hood and nux vomica, each of which is in itself a strong poison, except when used in very small doses. The seeds of dhatura are known to be used in in-tensifying the narcotic effects of bhang and in adding to the strength of country spirits and toddy. - Evidence of MR. H. CAMPBELL, Acting Sub-Collector, Guntoor.


29. For lahiam, syrup of jaggery, dried ginger, ghi, pepper, cloves, etc., are ordinarily added to give taste to the preparation. Nothing exceptional. The method is as follows: Ordinary flat ganja is cleaned several times, soaked in milk, and dried in the shade. The roots of vilra, sara-saparilla, kuskus, and sirukirai are powdered, and a decoction prepared therefrom. Dried ginger , pepper, thippili, thesavaram, cardamom, etc., are dried and powdered. The dried ganja is boiled in ghi and the juice extracted. The powder of gin-ger, etc., being then mixed with the decoction, the extracted juice, honey, sugar, etc., is again boiled and converted into lahiam. 56. Dhatura is known here as "Ooma thangai." It is not known to be ever mixed with the drug in this division - Evidence of MR. E. L. VAUGHAN, Acting Sub-Collector, Dindigul.


23. No. 29. Ganja is often (perhaps ordinarily) mixed with tobacco for smoking. Dhatura is not used, and bhang massala is not known. 56. The substances mixed with it here ( vide supra) are used as flavouring rather than for modifying its effect. Dhatura, as stated above, is not here used. It is said to add to the intoxication produced by the drug. - Evidence of MR. W. FRANCIS, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Ramnad.


23. No. 29. It is said that dhatura is used by those on whom, owing to long habit, bhang massala has ceased to operate with its former intoxicating effect. These persons are said to coat the inside of the pot which they use with dhatura juice and to pour in bhang massala after the juice has dried. It is said that bhang (i.e., powdered ganja) is only used as bhang massala.  - Evidence of MR. R. E. GRIMLEY, Acting Head Assistant Collector, North Arcot.


23. Not to my knowledge. 29. Tobacco is the only ingredient mixed with ganja and charas, and sugar, milk, and spices with bhang. There is no preparation named bhang massala used here. 56. Hemp is not mixed with any other drugs. - Evidence of Mr. H. F. W. GILLMAN, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Nilgiris.


23. Vide answer to question 15.    The dry leaves are used for smoking. 29. Vide answer 15. It is not known that dhatura is so used. - Evidence of MR. J. H. MERRIMAN, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari, Central Division


23. No. 56. The admixture of ummetta kaya (dhatura) increases intoxication. This is not resorted to here. - Evidence of P. PUNDARIKAKSHUDU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Venukunda, Kistna District.


23. Bhang as defined in section 2, chapter I, is not used for smoking. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco, and (b) exceptionally opium, and very rarely dhatura are used to increase intoxicating effects. No. 56. Ganja is used alone for smoking in excess In moderation it is mixed with tobacco. For eating and drinking it is always mixed with other substances, as explained under question 15. Dhatura is not mixed in this part of the country. - Evidence of  D. JAGANNADHARAO PANTALU, Brahmin,Deputy Collector, Anantapur.


23. I cannot understand how a liquid can be smoked ; probably the word bhang as used in this question means a dry preparation of the leaf. If so, such bhang is not known here. The bhang as understood here, is used by 1 per cent. of the population. 29. Vide my answer to question 15. Dhatura is never mixed here with ganja. Bhang massala is not sold in the bazar, but a preparation of cardamom, nutmegs, pepper, Kunkumapuvvu (saffron), patcha karpuram (fair-coloured camphor), etc., is the powder usually mixed in the beverage of bhang. - Evidence of M. R. R. DEWAN BAHADUR S. VENKATA RAMADAS NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Godavari.


23. In these parts the leaves of hemp plant or its flower tops go by the name of ganja. Bhang is the name given generally to the preparation made by the mixture of ganja and jaggery. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29.    (a) Jaggery, ghee, milk, sugar, chick pea, parched rice, tobacco, poppy are ordinarily used as ingredients. (b) Dhatura, jaggery, ghee, milk, chick pea and parched rice are used to lessen the bitterness of the hemp leaf. Tobacco and dhatura are used to increase the intoxication. Nothing like bhang massala is sold in the bazar.  - Evidence of M. AZIZUDDEEN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Deputy Collector, North Arcot


29. (a) 1. _Drinking (Bhang).—Pepper and aniseed. 2. Eating Majum.—Dry ginger, cloves, cinnamom and jaggery. Madanakameswaram (used by the higher classes to increase virile power) the above things except jaggery, and several other spices, sugar, ghee, honey, besides medicinal roots. 3. S MO king.—Pure ganja is smoked, but is often mixed with tobacco before it is smoked. (b) 1.Drinking Bhang.—Besides the drugs shown in (a) (1), nutmeg, cardamoms, dry ginger, milk and sugar are added with a view to give the preparation more intoxicating power. 2. Eating.—Dhatura seed is mixed to give the majum more intoxicating power. 3. Smoking.— Ganja is mixed with tobacco and smoked. Bhang massala is not known here. 56. (a) The effects of hemp used in moderation and modified by the admixture of other substances, such as spices and native medicines, are harmless. (b) If taken in excess is injurious in proportion to the quality and quantity of other substances with which it is mixed. Dhatura is unknown here.  - Evidence of B. NARAYANAMURTY, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Ganjam.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking, vide answer to question 15, chapter III. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja for smoking purposes to lessen the bilious character of pure ganja. Dried ginger and jaggery are also used with bhang for taste. Dhatura is also said to be rarely and clandestinely used to increase intoxication. Bhang massala is quite unknown in these parts -  Evidence of K. NARAYANA IYER, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Gooty.


23. YeS ; in the villages where the hemp plant is grown. The cultivating classes smoke it. 40 per cent. of the population use it. 29.  Usually tobacco is  used with bhang  by ordinary smokers ; but confirmed smokers add the smashed seed Of nux vomica to make it stronger. - Evidence of MR. J. H. GWYNNE , Deputy Collector, Wynaad, Malabar District.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja and resin. Rich people mix with it sweet plantains, milk and sugar and take the mixture as a cool refreshment. But the poor purify the ganja, then make powder of it, and make a mixture of the same with water and jaggery and drink the mixture. Dhatura is not mixed with ganja. - Evidence of M. R. RY. P. VEERASWAMI NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Masulipatam.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29.    For smoking, tobacco is usually added. Dhatura seeds are added only for rendering it highly intoxicating when making Pooranathi conserve. For medicine, several sorts of non-intoxicating stuffs are mixed with this drug. 56. When dhatura is added for increasing intoxication, the habit is said to gradually lead to permanent insanity.  - Evidence of M R. W. E. GANAPATHY, Retired Deputy Collector, Palamcottah, Tinnevelly



23. Bhang is not ordinarily used for smoking. A man whose stock of ganja is exhausted may take to it on the consideration that it is better than nothing. Its effect in smoking is not so good or strong as that of ganja. 29. No ingredients are ordinarily or exceptionally mixed with this except those mentioned above. (Answer to No. 15.) The dhatura seed is used only by persons who can eat poison and yet bear it, but such men are very rare.  - Evidence of A. KRISHNAMACHARULU, Tahsildar, Bapatla, Kistna District.


23. I am not aware of bhang being ever smoked. 29. For smoking — (a) Tobacco to give flavour and heighten the intoxication. (b) Dhatura and tobacco to intensify the intoxication. For eating— (a) Ghee, jaggery, spices, almonds, etc., to render it pleasant to taste. (b) Ghee, jaggery, spices, almonds, fig seeds and opium, etc., to intoxicate. 56. (a) For smoking, tobacco is added to give flavour and heighten intoxication. For eating and drinking, the addition of spices, perhaps, adds a little to the effect of the ganja, but not to any extent. (b) I don't know about dhatura.  - Evidence of P. S. SINGARAVELU PILLAI, Tahsildar of Erode


23. Bhang is not used for any purpose in this taluk. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja for smoking purposes. The object is to lessen the bilious character of pure ganja. Dhatura is not used.  - Evidence of S. VASUDEVA. RAO, Tahsildar, Tadpatri.


23. No distinction is drawn between ganja and bhang in this taluk. 29. Only tobacco is mixed with ganja. Dhatura is mixed with ganja by criminal classes to facilitate robbing the victims. No bhang massala is used here. 56. The admixture of tobacco with hemp does not increase the effects of hemp. Dhatura is admixtured for being administered to others.  - Evidence of ADAKI JAGANNADHA RAO, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco. (b) Dried ginger and jaggery. Dhatura not used. These admixtures are used to add to the taste and to lessen the intoxication. Bhang massala is not known here.  - Evidence of G. JAGANNAYAKULU, Acting Tahsildar, Gooty.


23. My enquiry shows that bhang leaves are not used here for smoking. 29. No other ingredients than those already mentioned are mixed. Dhatura is not used here nor sold for the purpose. The articles which form bhang massala are stated in the last paragraph of answer to Question 15.  - Evidence of A. KATCHAPESWARA. IYER, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Cuddapah Taluk.


23. Mahrattas, Bondilas, Rajputs, Pandarums, bairagis, gossains, and Musalmans smoke bhang. 24. The above-said classes eat or drink bhang all over Southern India. 29. The most inveterate consumers are said to mix dhatura seeds (ground) or the roots of paddy plants to make them much intoxicated. Some of the bazar men sell bhang massala. The ingredients are poppy seeds, senna leaves, rose, sompu and kopra. - Evidence of M. SESHACHALA NAIDU, Baliya, Pensioned Tahsildar, Vellore.


23. No. 29. (a) No ingredients are ordinarily used. (b) Exceptionally. The following articles are used for preparing pills :-(1) Sheep's brain, (2) chillies, (3) onions, (4) other substances used for curry powder. For bhang-(l) Cow's milk or cocoanut milk, (2) poppy seeds, (3) cloves, (4) nutmeg.  - Evidence of R. SAMINATHA IYER, Brahmin, Acting Deputy Tahsildar, coono or.


23. In this district the preparation being a mixed one, it is used for smoking also. 24. Among the consumers of this article, twothirds are smokers and one-third are eaters. 25. Neither increase nor decrease. 26. Habitual consumers only are found in this district. They are, as specified above, 5 per mille. Habitual, excessive consumers are very few—per-haps a couple of hundreds for the whole district. Occasional consumers are not to be found here. 27. Answer to Question 20 answers this. Wandering tribes take it with the hope that it checks malarious poison. Others, viz , mendicants, etc., practise it with the expectation that it concentrates tile mind. 28. Not more than 1/4 of an anna for moderate consumers. Perhaps double that for intemperate habits. 29. Ordinarily no ingredients are mixed. Many smoke it unmixed with other things. But some mix tobacco to make it milder. For taking inter-nally, it is ordinarily mixed with jaggery or sugar, milk and spices to give relish to the preparation. No dhatura is mixed. No bhang massala is prepared in this country. 56. No answer to the first part. I know a case in which a traveller who had some property with him was administered bhang mixed with dhatura and sugar, which caused immediate stupefaction and thus facilitated the theft. The man recovered his senses after 24 hours. - Evidence of K. NARAINASWAMY NAIDU, Velama, Huzoor Sheristadar, Masulipatam.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in these parts. 29. In this part of the presidency tobacco is mixed with ganja by different classes of consumers. The object of these admixtures is to give the smoke a flavour and increase the power of intoxication. Bhang massala, which is sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs, is as follows : Black pepper, khus khus, aniseed, dry ginger, cocoanut, and at times a little over-ripened plantain is used also. - Evidence of MR. H. E. G. MILLS, Superintendent, Central Jail, Triehinopoly


23. The distinction between bhang and ganja by Dr. Prain in his definitions is not observed by the natives of Southern India, they indifferently using the name bhang and ganja for the same drug. 29. The ingredient ordinarily mixed with flat ganja for smoking is tobacco. Dhatura is never used by habitual moderate consumers. The object of mixing tobacco is to remove the acrid vegetable taste of ganja and to prevent the secretion of phlegm. The habitual excessive consumer becomes so accustomed to ganja that sometimes it has not the desired effect ; dahtura is then used with ganja and gives the necessary intoxication. Bhang massala is sold. The ingredients are mace, cloves, almonds, etc. 56. (a) and (b) by admixture of tobacco the effects are lessened; by admixture of dhatura the effects are increased.  - Evidence of MR. G. CLONEY, Superintendent of Jail, Tanjore.


56. Dhatura is frequently mixed with ganja in the preparation of the mixture known as subja to increase its narcotic effects -  Evidence of MR. R. W. MORGAN, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ootacamund, Nilgiris.


29. Tobacco, piggery,, flesh and fried peas -  Evidence of Mr. G. HADFIELD, Deputy Conservator of Forests, South Malabar.


29. Ordinarily tobacco forms the only admixture. Exceptionally opium is added to make it more powerful. The well-to-do also add sandalwood.  - Evidence of MR. C. E. HARDIE, District Forest Officer, Manantoddy, North Malabar.


23. No. 29. (a) With ganja-tobacco. With bhang, saut, black pepper, poppy seed, milk, sugar, water, Yes, dhatura is used for greater effect - Evidence of COLONEL II. S. ELTON, Commandant, 16th _Regiment, Madras Infantry, Bellary.


23. Yes, sometimes, and by the same class as before mentioned. 26 Ganja, the one most commonly used. But bhang is used on special occasions, such as festivals or dinner occasions. 28. (a) One anna per diem (about). 29. Ordinarily jaggery and ground poppy seeds are mixed with bhang. Dhatura occasionally, the object being to let the drug take greater effect. - Evidence of CAPTAIN F. L. JONES, Commandant, 3rd Madras Lancers, Bellary.


23. No. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja for smoking. Dhatura is used to strengthen the effects of ganja. Bhang massala is composed of poppy-seeds, pepper, dry ginger, cucumber seeds, sugar, milk, plantains, etc., etc. - Evidence of SUBADAR MAJOR MAHAMMAD MURTUZA, 1st Madras Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


29. The flower tops are usually sold mixed with tobacco for chewing in small packets. 56. In every bazar through all hours of the night majum is sold for the use of prostitutes and their devotees. This is a sweetmeat made with a decoction of the flower tops. -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. G. KING, Acting Sanitary Commissioner, Nadias.


23. No. 29. No information. I know of no preparation such as bhang massala. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL II. HYDE, District Surgeon, Trichinopoly


23. Not used for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacoo. (b) Opium. I am told that if tobacco is not used with it, cough is produced. Opium is added to produce greater intoxication. Bhang massala is occasionally used. It is said to be composed of coriander, poppy seeds, aniseed, black pepper, cinnamon, cardamoms, sugar and milk. Question 29. [oral evidence]—My statement that opium is added to produce greater intoxication is based on information given me by the Vizagapatam ganja vendor. I visited the shop and made inquiries from him. I did not gather that the mixture of the two drugs was general. One or two prisoners said they ate a little opium and then smoked their ganja. I do not know why this is done.- Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A.H. LEAPING-WELL, District Surgeon, Vizagapatam.


23. Bhang is never smoked. 29. Ordinarily spices, such as black pepper, etc., are mixed ; exceptionally dhatura, etc., to make the drink stronger. These mixtures only refer to bhang for drinking purposes. I don’t know of any preparation such as bhang massala. 56. As I have said before, dhatura is mixed with bhang to make the drink a more powerful intoxicant. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR CIIATTERJIE, Medical Officer in charge 13th Madras Infantry, Cannanore.


23. Yes. In some of the large towns of this presidency, chiefly by Muhammadans, fakirs, and sanyasis and wandering mendicants. It is also used in some malarious tracts, as it is popularly supposed to have anti-malarious properties. It is not used to any large extent. 29. Opium, nut vomica, and betel-nut and leaf are occasionally so used ; to flavour the mixture and to add to its intoxicating properties. I know of no preparation such as bhang massala, but I believe ginger, pepper, poppy seeds, cinnamon, fennel, milk, and sugar are sometimes added. Question 29.[oral evidence]—Nux vomica and betel-leaf are not intoxicating. 56. The effects of the drug are weakened when taken in moderation by the admixture of opium, betul-nut and nux vomica for personal consumption. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR JOHN LANCASTER, District Surgeon, North Arcot.


23. It is not known that bhang is ever used for smoking. 29. 0rdinarily, only tobacco dust. Exceptionally, not known. Composition of bhang massala—Dry ginger, pepper black, cubebs, cloves, cinnamon, cardamons, poppy seeds, Bengal gram, tippli or pippili, Mahratha moga, sugar, cocoanut, milk and ganja. Instead of milk in the above mixture, the juice of the water-melon is used ; or sometimes merely black pepper and water. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. O ' HARA, District Medical and Sanitary Officer and Superintendent of Jail, Bellary.


29. The lower class Muhammadans mix ganja with 18 different spices, and work it up into a ball with jaggery; in this form they eat it as an aid to appetite and digestion.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. L. WALKER, Civil Surgeon, Ootacamund.


23. I am not aware that bhang is used for smoking. If so used, it is used as a substitute for ganja, if this latter drug is not available. 29. (a) Ordinarily mixed with coriander, nut -meg, ginger, cardamoms, poppy seeds, aniseed, cloves. (b) Exceptionally mixed with dhatura or nux vomica.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. C. SARKIES, District Surgeon, Nellore.


23. Yes, chiefly used in Bengal and in the Central Provinces. It is used to a considerable extent by the native army, particularly the Muhammadan section of it. The habit is by no means general among them. 29. (a) Majum is a compound of bhang, butter, sugar, flour and milk; (b) poppy seeds, cocoanut milk, milk, plantains and dried buds of roses are also used in making bhang. (b) Bhang is mixed with poppy seeds, pepper, ginger, jaggery and milk. Bhang is occasionally mixed up with dhatura in toddy and arrack to produce excitement and sexual passions, and to produce a longing on the part of the consumer to partake of more liquor. Cantharides is mixed with bhang in toddy and arrack to produce sexual excitement. 56. As stated in a previous article, dhatura and cantharides are mixed (a) to produce undue sexual excitement. Nux vomica, dhatura and bhang are introduced into country liquors to produce cerebral excitement and intoxication. A certain class of people administer these admixtures to unprotected women to produce narcotism with a view to sexual indulgence.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. F THOMAS, Acting District Medical and Sanitary Officer, Chingleput.


23. Not usually in the district. 29. For smoking, tobacco is always used for eating, spices and tonic roots, liquor, etc., for drinking, milk, sugar, and spices. Dhatura not used for strength, constipation, spasms, etc. Bhang massala is prepared and sold in the bazars. Its ingredients are — (1), all spices; (2), kuskus seeds; (3),     - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN C. F. FEARNSIDE, Acting District Surgeon, Ganjam.


23. Bhang is smoked by the classes enumerated in paragraph 20. Ganja and bhang are used here for smoking, eating, and drinking. 29. Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with bhang and ganja, and occasionally dhatura seeds. The object in using the latter is to increase the intoxicating effects of the drug.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. PEMBERTON, Civil Surgeon, Cochin.


29. This is said to be composed of bhang, pepper, milk, poppy, aniseed, cocoanut, plantains, ginger, water, and subza or "ryana" seeds. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR A. J. STURMER, District and Sanitary Officer, Masulipatam, Kistna District.


23. No bhang is used here for smoking. 29. For smoking, tobacco is generally added to heighten the effect of ganja by all classes of consumers. Dhatura is not used here. No such preparation as bhang massala is sold here. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I think that though tobacco is weaker than ganja, the admixture of the two poisons makes each stronger. - Evidence of Civil Apothecary T. M. CHERIYAN, Manantoddy.


29. Carminative and honey or jaggery generally. - Evidence of Apothecary G. A. W. VELLONES, Chetambaram, South Arcot.


29. Ordinarily tobacco. Yes, to make it more intoxicating, poppy-seeds, spices, pepper, sugar, etc.  - Evidence of Apothecary N. H. DANIEL, In charge Police Hospital, Koraput, Vizagapatam District


23. Yes. Occasionally in the absence of ganja. 29. Smokers use tobacco with it; eaters, aniseed, pepper, dry ginger, rose buds, poppy seeds, and sugar and milk, and plantains. Dhatura is never used in these parts. A mixture of dry ginger, aniseed, pepper, poppy seeds, sugar, plantains and rose buds. 56. Not known. Not known in these parts.  - Evidence of Apothecary MUHAMMAD ASADULLA, Ellore, Godavary District.


23. It is reported that bhang is often used by some classes of people for smoking. 29. (a) Milk and sugar are ordinarily used ; (b) dhatura, mace, nutmeg, etc., are exceptionally used. Milk and sugar are used to make the preparation pleasant to eat or drink; dhatura, mace and nutmeg, etc., to increase the intoxicating properties of the drug. A preparation is called bhang massala and is composed of ganja, coriander, carraway, nutmeg, mace, poppy seeds, almonds, rose petals, milk and sugar. - Evidence of DR. ARTHUR WELLS, Medical Officer, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


23. Patti or bhang is scarcely used for smoking. If used at all, it is by those that are too poor to purchase ganja. 29. The ingredient that is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking is tobacco; and the ingredients exceptionally mixed are sandalwood powder, musk, poison, opium, attar, Hibiscus tortuosus and Cyperus rotundas. The ingredient ordinarily mixed with ganja or patti for drinking is pepper, and those exceptionally used are cloves, cardamoms, nutmeg, mace, cassia leaves, poppy, cinnamon and various other spices. Dhatura is used both in smoking and drinking. Poison, dhatura, opium, and nutmeg are used to give greater intoxication. Other articles are used only to give flavour. - Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU,* Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


23. No; not in Salem. 29. (a) Ganja-smokers invariably mix tobacco with it, to get, it would appear, the full effect of the drug, and also to make the smoke more palatable and less irritating, as otherwise it tastes bitter and nauseates them. Again, it is only by the admixture of things like pepper, garlic, milk, sugar, etc., to the ganja, that the bhang is prepared. I am told that dhatura is never mixed. 56, As observed before, ganja is always smoked with an admixture of tobacco, which would seem to bring the effect of the drug out to full advantage, nod also to mitigate its ill-effects, notably the nasty bitter taste of the drug and the tendency to produce dryness of chest. The ingredients entering into bhang would seem to remove the illerects of the drug to a large extent, at the same time considerably enhancing its efficacy as an appetizer, narcotic, aphrodisiac, and general excitant of spirits. In this district dhatura is never known to be mixed with ganja or bhang before consumption. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SALDANHA, Salem.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking in this district. 29. (a) Tobacco is mixed ordinarily. (b) Opium by fakirs to increase the intoxicating effect of the drug. Aconite in cold weather, when fogs are heavy, and when suffering from fever. Dhatura when suffering from severe cold, bronchitis and asthma by ascetics of excessive consumers on rare occasions. Bhang massala contains poppies, liquorice, cucumber seeds, cinnamon, cardamons, aniseed, coriander, mace, nutmeg, pepper, ginger, and dried rose buds. Halwa—Hemp leaves, sugar, poppy, nutmeg, cloves, cardamons, aniseed, mace, almonds, honey, asparagus racemosus, asteracantha lon gifolia, curculigo orchidioides. Majum—Powdered avaloo rice, sugar, essence of ginger, hemp leaves, and milk. 56. (a) The effects are moderate when the preparation of hemp halwa is taken. (b) No admixture of any drugs with hemp will modify its effects so as to take it excessively. Dhatura is mixed when excess intoxicating effect is required, or persons suffering from asthma for personal consumption only ; and never given to others mixed with dhatura.   - Evidence of Hospital Assistant T. RANGANAYA KULU NAID00, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


23. In the absence of ganja, persons smoke bhang irrespective of any class. 29. Some people mix tobacco along with ganja for smoking. I have not known instances where dhatura is mixed with any of these drugs. The object of adding other ingredients is to increase the intoxicating power of the drugs. There is a preparation called bhang massala which is sold in large stations, such as Madras, etc., and the following are the ingredients:— Almond, poppy seeds, cucumber seeds, nutmeg, nutmeg flowers, cloves, cinnamon, cummin seeds, cocoanut, dried rose flowers, Mahratti mogar, zaffran flowers, milk, sugar, salap misri, rumim -usthaki, pepper, ginger. 56. The effects of the drugs, if used in modera -tion or in excess, modified by the admixture of other substances, are one and the same. I have not known instances where dhatura is used for per  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M. IYASWAMY PILLAY, Saint Thomas' Mount, Madras.


29. Dhatura is never used. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M . V. RAMANUGULU NAIDU, Peddapur, Godavari District.


23. Never. 29. For drinking it is mixed with small quantities of aniseed, pepper, coriander, nutmeg, cardamom, sugar, jaggery and milk or water. In smoking ganja, tobacco is generally added. The above said spices are used as bhang massala. The ingredients are ground into a paste before they are mixed with water or milk. Confection: Ordinary ingredients—spices, resins, sugar, honey, ghee. Exceptiona l ingredients—dhatura, opium, musk, metallic oxides, various roots (hundred sorts). 56. The effects of hemp vary according to the substances mixed with it. Certain confections prepared by native doctors contain dhatura, opium, certain resins, almonds, walnut, musk, spices, ghee, honey, sugar and some roots; and in some metallic oxides and compounds are mixed, such as oxides of iron, copper, silver, and gold. One of the noted consumers of the confection of ganja prepares yearly 4 maunds of the confection for his self use. Those who eat pure ganja., one Iola twice a. day, told me that they cannot eat this gentleman's confection more than the size of a hazel nut. It is made with all the roots that can be found in the world from poisonous to inert, with most of the native metallic preparations, with all spices and with drugs procurable in bazaars. This gentleman eats it twice a day, balls of the size of a large lime.   - Evidence of Hospital Assistant CHINNY SREENIVASA RAU, Prapanna Komity, L. F. Hospital, Bobbili Vizagapatam District.


29. Ordinarily tobacco is mixed for smoking, for what reason I cannot say. Those who use it have stated to me that the admixture at tobacco improves the taste of the smoke and prevents cough.   - Evidence of Hospital Assistant P. NARRAINSWAMY TELEGA, Parvatipur Vizagapatam District


23. When ganja is not procurable, bhang, leaves are very rarely used for smoking ; but the intox i-cation thereby produced being very slight it is not cared for. 29. In ganja, tobacco is ordinarily mixed, and dhatura is exceptionally mixed with the object that they may promote and retain intoxication for a longer time. In bhang, bhang massala is used. The ingredients of bhang massala are nutmeg, mace, poppy seeds, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, dry ginger, etc. The articles are mixed to increase intoxication and to produce good smell and taste. The ingredients of bhang massala of this district are generally the abov e-mentioned articles. 56. Moderate use of ganja and bhang by a habitual consumer does nothing but a slight intoxica-tion and satisfaction to him, but to a new person it makes timid and causes excessive thirst, etc. If taken in excess, the above-mentioned symptoms are aggravated more and sooner to a new person than to a habitual consumer. If dhatura is mixed in them, they make the person worse. I know not how it is administered to others. I do not know about charas.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant JAGANNATII PANDIT, Uriya, Russellkonda, Ganjam District.


23. Yes ; it is used in these localities by a few Boyas and Muhamamadans. 29. Equal parts of tobacco and ganja are mixed for smoking. For eating a confection is prepared. The following ore the ingredients:—Ganja 1 part, nut-meg 1/4 part, maize 1/4 part, cloves 1/4 part, cardamoms 1/4 part, jaggery quantity sufficient, rubbed well in a mortar and made into paste or confec-tion. About 20 grains taken at a time.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant C. M. APPATHORAI MUDALIAR, Vellala, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


23. No ; bhang, as understood here, is prepared by making dried flowering tops into a paste and mixing it in certain proportion in milk along with spices and sugar. So bhang is in liquid form for drink. 29. (a) Ordinarily along  with flowering tops (ganja) is added tobacco in equal parts. (b) Dhatura is seldom used. However, there are instances of the drug being smoked with dhatura. Dhatura is used to heighten the intoxicating quality. Tobacco is said to modify intoxication of the bare drug. Bhang is, as it is made, but a component of dried flower-tops with sweetened sugar and spices. I don't know anything of bhang massala. 29.[oral evidence]—I know a case of a man smoking dhatura with ganja. He was a sepoy for some time. He then became a peon in the Collector's Office. I never saw him take dhatura. He was under me for a time, and I know for a fact that he used ganja, My friends told me that he took dhatura. He once committed homicide under the influence of dhatura, and was convicted and punished for it. I do not personally know any other case of the mixture of dhatura with hemp. I don't know what part of the dhatura plant he used.  56. (a) The effects, if moderately  used, are at the first time in a newly practising man peculiar visions, he complains that he is taken to some height in the skies and made to fall therefrom ; he will find many lights in one. If he begins to laugh he will be continuously laughing for a time. If he begins to do a thing he will be at it longer than usual, eat, drink or pass water for a longer time. Habitual moderate consumer on his usual dose feels refreshed and exhilarated, talks and sings, and feels healthy and happy. Eats his food with an increased appetite, and goes to sound sleep. (b) If excessive, he is found at times violent or stupefied. If used in admixture with dhatura, he is violent, with tendency to commit crime. I know a case where the man was led to temporary homicidal frenzy.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant I. PARTHASARATHY CHETTY, Penukonda, Anantapur District


23. Bhang is used only for drinking purposes ; it is like an infusion mixed with milk, sugar and some aromatics. Some of the Musalmans, Hindus and Rajputs of Madras, Vellore and Arcot, etc., use it in a limited manner. 29. The different classes of consumers do not like to mix any ingredients with these drugs, and no one uses dhatura in this part. Bhang massala is not prepared or sold here. 56. The preparations of hemp are used only to act on the brain a little, and is not preferred to have any admixtures, and I am aware that they do not add dhatura for their use.  - Evidence of MIRZA DAVOOD BEG, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Trichinopoly.


29. In smoking, ganja (the flower top) is not put into the pipe by itself. Ganja is freed of its seeds and sticks (pedicels), rubbed with a little water in the palm of the hand, and after the water has been squeezed out, placed in a tubular vessel called silumbay, along with bits of prepared tobacco, fire being placed above all. In eating, the bhang or hemp leaf is not chewed by itself. The leaves are cleaned and washed in water seven times, soaked in milk one whole day, then the leaves may be thrown away. The milk is strained and boiled, the cream converted into butter, and then melted into ghee. To this ghee are added syrup, various seeds, roots and flowers, reduced to powder, and the whole stirred into proper consistency. While the goli or bhang (as it is termed here) sold in the ganja shop contains only a few roots, flowers, etc., those prepared in the house for private consumption have materials added to the number, they say, of even a hundred and more. This is known here as purnathi or bhang. This cannot be taken daily, being too intoxicating, but the bazar article, from not containing so many ingredients, may. (b) The flowers of stereospermum, suaveolens (kamapoo or the flower of Kama or god of love) or cycus circinalis are added to make the preparation aphrodisiac. A few of the eaters simply fry the leaves in ghee, powder it nicely, mix it with palmyra jaggery and eat. The drinking is an even more cumbrous process. 5 or 10 ozs. of hemp leaves freed of their stalks and seeds and washed several times in water, are put in 40 seers (Madras, of 24½ tolas) of milk, along with powdered almonds, cardamoms, cloves, nutmeg and mace, date fruits, currants, poppy seeds, rose-buds, sugar and plantain fruits fully ripe. After being boiled the leaves are removed. Then the mixture is strained and made to absorb freely the fumes of frankincense, put in an air-tight vessel some time before being drunk. The effect is overpowering, and the intoxication in many cases lasts for more than a day, and in some for three days even. Cocoanut milk is substituted for cow's milk where the latter is not available, and the intoxicating power of the liquid is augmented greatly thereby. The mixture can be kept only for a few days. The above is the recipe of Rajputs and Mahrattas
here. Majum is another preparation of the cannabis, the composition of which varies. The ingredients of the majum sold in the ganja shop here is composed of hemp leaves, palm jaggery, long pepper, black pepper, coriander, cummin seed, liquorice and ghee (in a small quantity). Dr. Ainslie says that the flower of dhatura and the powder of nux-vomica are used ; at any rate, not here. This is used by adults only. Majum is sometimes given to children to put them to sleep, the composition being slightly different, the ingredients being Ashtagram sugar (very superior) 15 times the hemp leaf, nutmeg, and ginger. The dose is the size of a tamarind seed - Evidence of P. S. MOOTOOSAMY MODELLIAR, Retired Native Surgeon, Tanjore.


29.Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja by that class of consumers which wishes to increase the intoxication of the drug. I do not know if dhatura is so used. I know the preparation " bhang massala," which is sold for the purpose of being mixed with ganja. Its ingredients are: (1) aniseseeds, (2) poppy seeds, (3) melon seeds, (4) dry ginger, (5) cow's milk, (6) milk taken from the cocoanut kernel, (7) sugar. Bhang massala is used on account of its good taste, strengthening power, and the quality of improving the appetite.  - Evidence of H. S. A. M. MUNJUMIAH, Native Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


29. The mixture of various ingredients with ganja and bhang gives different tastes and produces various sorts of intoxication. The remaining answers are contained in the answer to question 19, which forms part of chapter V. - Evidence* of SAIYID MAHMUD alias H AKEEM NHANNAY MIAN, Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


23. No. 29. Bhang is prepared with the following ingredients : poppy seeds, dry ginger, pepper, milk, rose buds, cucumber seeds. Dhatura unknown. The above ingredients are used to make the drink palatable. Some of the ingredients possess medicinal properties.  - Evidence of M. ETHERAGULU PILLAY, Land-owner, Bezwada, Kistna District


23. Yes, by fakirs, bairagis, and sanyasis, and by only a few of the other classes ; 4 per cent. 29. (a) Ordinarily dried tobacco. Dhatura is used to cause much intoxication. These are mixed merely to cause intoxication. I do not know of any bhang massala. 56. (b) The effects of hemp are increased by admixing dhatura for personal consumption only, and not for administration to others. - Evidence of AZIZ-UD-DIN ALI KHAN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Jagirdar, Cherlopalle, Gurramkanda, District Cuddapah.


29. Dhatura is used to increase intoxication. - Evidence of SAGI RAMA SASTRY, Brahmin, Inamdar and Native Doctor, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


23. Yes; in fact both bhang and ganja are used in smoking by the classes above named. 29. See under 15. - Evidence of M.R. RY. V. VENKATARO YER, Brahman, Managar, Ettayapuram Estate, Tinnevelly District.


23. Bhang is also used for smoking. The use is not confined to any particular locality or to any particular class here. It is freely made use of by the Bairagi pilgrims. 29. It is generally mixed here with an equal quantity of tobacco. Dhatura is not used here. Tobacco is mixed with it to season the effects of bhang. Bhang massala is also sold here. Its ingredients are not so well known. - Evidence of E. SUBRAMANA IYER, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Con jevaram, Chingleput District.


23. Bhang also is used for smoking in pipes. They smoke till they get quite stupefied, say about 15 minutes. 29. Ghee and sugar. No, I do not know of any bhang massala. - Evidence of the REV. J, DESIGACHART, Missionary , Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Badvel, Cuddapah District.


23. Bhang is occasionally used for smoking by the poorer classes on account of its cheapness. They can generally get it for nothing, but only resort to it when they have no money to buy ganja. 29. Tobacco is commonly mixed with ganja for smoking. I have never known dhatura to be so used. No, I do not know of any bhang massala. - Evidence of the REV. W. H. CAMPBELL, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Cuddapah.


23. Please see my answer to question 2. 29. One man told me that dhatura was some times mixed in ganja by the sellers to increase the intoxicating properties, but by-standers tried to hush him up. A ganja smoker told me he took dhatura. I had not, however, much talk with either of these men. 56. See 39. Majium is ganja mixed with other things, and in 39 I have mentioned how its effects differ from ganja smoking. Admixture of other substances with, ganja. — One maker of majium gave me the following as the principal ingredients : Sukku, milaku, thippili, pattai, kirambu, jathikkai, jathibatthiri, thatkolam, thalisbatthiri, mathanakamappu, sutthimathuram, sirunakapu, marahmuk, jadamanji, elakkay, akalakkaram, ganja, valimilaku, ganjachedi, ghee, honey, jaggery. To make the majium, the ganja head has the seeds removed ; it is then well washed and dried and mixed with above substances and some others. Another maker said the chief ingredients of majium are ganja, black vellam, plantain, viram fruit, but there are some 30 other ingredients. The chief ingredients of white majium, bilvathi, javathu, thathupushti, and ganja roti, were said to be as follows :— White majium - Ganja mixed with sugar, Jathikkay, Jathibatthiri, Elarisi, Marattimokku, Mathanakamapu, Kirambu, Ganja. Bilvathi - Cleaned ganja satthu, Atthi, Alai, Purasux. Javathu - Vellore ganja, Thattai. Thathupushti - Salami batthiripal, Milk, Vitthuvakai, Ganja. Ganja roti - Kothuripai flour, Ganja powder, Ghee, Salt. N. B.—I give these lists with the admission that they are far from complete. The ingredients are probably correct, but are only some out of many.  - Evidence of the REV. S. J. LONG, Missionary, Coimbatore.


23. Never. 29. Generally tobacco is mixed with the ganja, and spices, sugar, and milk are mixed with the charas and bhang. These are mixed with the drug either to make it cool or palatable. Bhang massala is a mixture of many kinds of spices and is sold to be mixed with bhang.  - Evidence of the REV. W. V. HIGGINS,* Missionary, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


29. Tobacco and spices for smoking, sugar anal meat for eating, and milk and water for drinking. Dhatura is mixed with tobacco for asthma, but not with ganja. A " massali" is used for horses and people that has ganja or bhang in it. Its ingredients are garlic, pepper, assafœtida, onion, dried ginger, galanga, piper dichotomum, piper longum, allspice, nutmeg, arrack, and bhang. - Evidence of the REV. JOHN S. CHANDLER, Missionay Madura.


23. Mr. Garside is the only one who volunteers information under this paragraph. He says bhang is used for smoking by the weaver caste. 29. With ganja, tobacco ; with bhang, cow's or cocoanut milk, pepper, ginger, aniseed, sugar, cloves, cinnamon, nutmegs. Only one case is reported where the bhang was mixed with dhatura to intensify its intoxicating effects. But of that case more later. One man reported cases in Rangoon and these districts where the consumers mix poppy seeds with a paste made from the leaves of the hemp plant and chew the compound much as they do tobacco. These were exceptional cases.   - Evidence of the REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, Canadian Baptist Mission, Yellamanchili, Vizagapatnam


23. Not according to the local terminology used by my informants, who distinguish it as the drink preparation. 29. Ghee, belhum, acacia leaves. One to make palatable, another to increase the smoke and provide other stimulants.  - Evidence of the REV. J. F. BURDITT, Missionary, Narsaravupet, Kistna District.


23. Bhang is a liquid and cannot be smoked. 29. It is not known that dhatura is ever used along with any of these preparations made from the hemp plant. The following ingredients are ordinarily mixed up with the hemp drugs, as stated below :—(1) With ganja tobacco is necessarily mixed up in equal share before it is smoked. This admixture is intended to make the drug more wholesome than its being taken separately. (2) With bhang water, sugar and spices are mixed up so as to cause the drink tasteful. Milk or water is used according to the choice of the consumer. (3) With charas—not known. "Bhang massala" consists of the following ingredients pounded up together :—(1) Cloves, (2) cardamoms, (3) coriander seed, (4) poppy seeds, (5) cocoanut juice, (6) garlic, (7) ginger. All these articles are pounded up, mixing with them an equal quantity of the flowering tops of the hemp plant. This muddy matter is called " bhang massala." It is mixed up with mutton and cooked up as common curries are boiled and roasted with ghee. This is termed " bhang gosht " or " bhang dalli."
 - Evidence of the REV. J. HEINRICHS, Missionary, Vinukunda, Kistna District.


23 and 24. Vide question 20. 29. Ordinary people use equal quantity of tobacco. Habitual people mix double the quantity of tobacco. Opium is also mixed with at times to add power. The ingredients of bhang massala are:—ginger, pepper, poppy-seeds, cocoa, cloves, nutmeg, sombu, milk, sugar, etc. 56. The effect may be caused by purifying it. - Evidence of S. P. NARASIMMALU NAYUDU, Editor of the " Crescent," Coimbatore.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, but very poor people may do so sometimes. 29. Ganja leaves, dry ginger, pepper, poppy seeds, cow's milk, all in equal parts, are the ingredients of bhang.  - Evidence of N. KOTHUNDARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Editor of "Suneeti" Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


23. I am not aware of its being used for smoking. 29. Pepper, "maratimoggalu," cloves, and other kinds of spices are the ordinary ingredients forming the mixture. Dhatura is also used in some cases. The object of these admixtures is to increase the intoxicating effects of the drug to a greater or less degree.  - Evidence of GANJAM VENCATARATNAM, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader, Coconada, Godavery District.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. There is very little intoxication, if any. It is imported here from Gujrat and other places. 29. Tobacco is mixed in using the drug for smoking very often. Dhatura is very rarely used. It is considered to be very strong. 56. Dhatura is mixed by sanyasis and bairagis. Ordinary people do not use it. - Evidence of P. C. ANUNTHACHARLU, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, and Government Pleader, Bellary


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Vide answer to question 15, Chapter III. Dhatura is not used as an admixture.  - Evidence of V. SIVA YOGI, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader and .Municipal Chairman, Vellore


23. Bhang is unknown. 29. Tobacco is mixed with it to give it a better flavour and neutralize its bad effects. No dhatura here.  - Evidence of P. KESAVA PILLAI, Karnam, Pleater, and Honorary Secretary of the Gooty People's Association.


23. We don't know anything about this. 29. Some people use tobacco also in smoking ganja, but Hindu ascetics use it without any other ingredient. Some people mix dhatura in bhang, being desirous of having greater intoxication. Bhang massala is nothing but bhang prepared with milk or water, in which they mix costly spices. This bhang massala is generally drunk by rich people. 56. No harm when taken moderately. It does some harm when taken excessively, and when it is not agreeable to the constitution. When it is mixed with dhatura, it produces bad results.  - Evidence of CHODISETTY VENKATARATNUM, Merchant, Coconada, Godavari District


23. Some very poor people who cannot afford to use alcoholic stimulants resort to bhang. 29. Some people mix tobacco in smoking the drug. The object is to increase the intoxication. I do not know of bhang massala. 56. To stupefy an habitual user of hemp drugs dhatura is given admixed with this drug.  - Evidence of MR. D . MANECKJI, Parsi, Merchant and Contractor, Calicut.


23. Bhang is not used at all in this district for smoking. 29. Tobacco is ordinarly mixed with ganja for smoke. This ingredient is a necessary adjunct. Dhatura is never used as an ingredient. I know the preparation of bhang massala for the purpose of mixing it with bhang. Its ingredients are :—Poppy-heads, cardamoms, mace, nutmeg, aniseed, dry ginger, pepper, dried cocoanut, sugar and milk, etc.  - Evidence of ABDUL KHADER, Agent of the Ganja Shopkeeper,—Rajahmundry


29. Tobacco is generally mixed with ganja and smoked, the object of admixture being pungent taste given by the tobacco. Dhatura is not so used in these parts. I have not heard of the preparation called bhang massala. - Evidence of T. RATNASAMI NADA.R, Arrack Supply Contractor, Malabar.


29. Tobacco is generally mixed with this. No dhatura is used. If used, it would prove poisonous. 56. It is not mixed with dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others. - Evidence of MULAGULA KONDIAH, Goldsmith, Rajahmundry


29. (a) Tobacco is ordinarly and always used mixed with ganja while smoking. With tobacco there will be no intoxication in smoking ganja. To be eaten as matti lahiam, only jaggery and ghi are mixed with fried and powdered ganja. (b) To be eaten as poornathi, which is excep -tional, some mix fig seeds. banion seeds, nutmegi, cloves, etc., numbering 68 kinds, including ghi and jaggery. I know not what bhang massala is'. 56. Admixtures soften the intoxicating power of and deprives the ganja of its poisonous effects    - Evidence of ANGAPPA GONUDEN, Blacksmith, Salem.


23. Bhang also is used for smoking. It is much used in Northern India. 29. In this country ganja is ordinarily mixed with plain tobacco. Sadhus mix tobacco and also (nablie) aconite and snake poison also. Those who live on Himalayas generally so use to keep themselves warm. I do not know dhatura being mixed. Those who suffer from asthma and severe cough smoke dhatura separately. In bhang massala the following articles are mixed :—Spices, sounf (anise), cardamoms, poppy seed, pepper (mittulaledi), liquorice, coriander seed, cucumber seed, jaggery, ganja or bhang, all in equal shares. 56. Even moderate use produces bad effects on persons sitting in one place. It produces no bad effect on persons who travel and frequent malarious places. - Evidence of SAMDASU BAVAJI, Brahmin, Priest in the Matt of Sri Jagannadha Swamy, Rajahmundry.


29. Tobacco is one of the ingredients. Ganja alone, without the admixture of any ingredients, is never used for smoking purposes, If so used, it produces cough. People who use it with the admixture of dhatura are very rare. Question 29[oral evidence].—I have never taken dhatura. Those who take dhatura are very few, one in a lakh of consumers in Rajahmundry. Sanyasis, bairagis and more degraded consumers take dhatura. I have never heard of bhang with dhatura mixed in it being sold at temples. Bhang is used at the temples here, though less than in the north. I do not think that any bawajis in charge of temples ever take dhatura; a few wandering bairagis do.  - Evidence of BALDEVDAS, Brahmin, Priest of Hanuman Math, Rajahmundry.


29. Smoking ganja.—The ganja is taken in the palm of the hand and washed and kneaded in a dozen or more changes of water. After the final squeeze it is mixed with about a third of its quantity of dry tobacco, and placed in the chillum , with a lighted lump of cowdung or charcoal atop. As seen by me, the chillum was a conical bowl of clay about eight inches long. A piece of damp rag was placed round the lower aperture, the chillum was held in both hands, clasped so as to be air-tight, and the smoke was sucked between the thumbs. The chillum was passed from hand to hand after two or three whiffs, and the form of rinsing the rag in water was generally gone through as a preliminary by each smoker. Drinking ganja a or bhang. Receipts for ghota. — (1) One tola ganja or bhang fried in ghi ; half tola pepper ; half tola dry ginger. Soak in water and pound well, mix with two seers of milk and two seers of water. Shake and mix thoroughly and pour from pot to pot. (2) Soak the drug in water for a few hours, then pound and strain through cloth. Add milk, sugarcandy, pepper, almonds, kismis and spices to taste. Eating th e same.— (1) Grind to powder and mix a little ganja or bhang, sugarcandy, almonds, and kismis. Mix with the milk and bake over a slow fire till solid. (2) Dry ganja is thoroughly washed and then mixed with ghi in the proportion of four seers of ganja to one seer of ghi. The mixture is boiled continuously for three or four days, water being added from time to time to prevent scorching. The ghi eventually becomes green. It is then filtered and allowed to stand till congealed. The congelation floats on the water and is skimmed. The product is mixed with melted sugar in the proportion of five tolas to four seers of sugar. Spices are added to taste, and the preparation is the base of majum, yakuti, gulkand, etc. (3) The ganja is first cooked with water and ghi for two or three days continuously, and the extract is passed through a thin cloth. To make one seer of majum, 1/8 to 1/4 seer of ganja, 1/16 seer of ghi and 1 seer sugar are required. The extract when cooked up with more sugar, forms the simple majum. (4) Yakuti.—1 seer of the above extract; 1/8 seer almonds ; 1 tola cardamoms or nutmeg ; 1/4 tola saffron ; 1/16 seer pistachio ; 1/16 seer charuli. (5) Gulkand.—Fresh rose leaves are squeezed in the hand and mixed with sugar-candy. The mixture is kept in corked bottles or jars for three or four months, when it forms a thick paste, which is added to simple majum. (6) Shrikand.—Sugar and jagri are cooked together into a paste and added to simple majum. Some well-to-do persons have their majum prepared according to their private recipes, with the addition of salammisri and similar good things. As to the quantity of these preparations that can be taken, it is said that ten tolas of ghota is enough for a casual drink but habitues can consume a seer without difficulty. Common majum is sold at 4 pies per tola, the consumption per individual varying from 1 to 20 tolas per diem. Dhatura, except for purposes of crime, is only used by the most reckless habitués, such men as eat opium and arsenic into the bargain, to keep themselves going. The object of the other admixtures seems to be to drown the nasty taste of ganja. The only bhang massala traced locally is a horse medicine.  - Evidence of MR. E. J. EBDEN, Collector, Ahmednagar.


23. No. 29. Sugar and spices are used indifferently. Dhatura is not used. I know of no preparation such as bhang massala. Dhatura is not known to be used here. Only tobacco is used to mix with ganja whether by moderate or excessive smokers. - Evidence of MR. F. L. CHARLES, Collector, Belgaum.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in Surat district. 29. Tobacco is invariably mixed with ganja to mitigate the bad odour of the latter. The ingredients ordinarily added to bhang water are pepper and poppy seed to make it more digestible. Occasionally sugar, milk, almonds, cardamoms and other spices are also added to bhang water to make it less intoxicating and also more palatable. Dhatura is not known to he used. No other preparation is sold for mixing in this district. - Evidence of MR. F. S. P. LELY, Collector of Surat.


23. No. 29. I have no information on these points beyond what is in Mr. Artal's report above mentioned.  - Evidence of MR. J. MONTEATH, Collector and District Magistrate, _Bijapur.


23. Never as far as I can ascertain. 29. Tobacco is generally mixed with ganja to improve the flavour. Pepper, poppy-seed, almonds, cardamoms, and sometimes sugar and milk, are mixed with bhang-water according to fancy and taste, and with the object of rendering it more palatable and warmer to the stomach. I am told that dhatura is occasionally mixed with charas to enhance its inebriating powers.  - Evidence of MR. H. WOODWARD, Collector, Kaira, Gujarat


23. No. 29. The Maochis are said not to mix anything with their ganja. The Bhils, Tadvis, and Konkanas ordinarily mix tobacco with their ganja: they say it increases the effect and improves the taste. The Chopda Bhils add that, it prevents the ganja injuring the lungs. Nothing is exceptionally mixed with the ganja. Dhatura is not so mixed. I do not know of any preparation sold to mix with ganja.  - Evidence of MR. A. CUMINE, Acting Collector, Dhulia, Khandesh.


23. Bhang is not used in the district. 29. Sugar, jagri, tobacco, milk, poppy-heads and spices, according to the means of the con sumer. - Evidence of MR. W. W. DREW, Acting Collector, Ratnagiri.


23. No. 29. (a) Tobacco for smoking. For eating and drinking, see answer 19. (b) No information. Dhatura is not used. Ganja is mixed with other ingredients because it is too strong to take neat. Bhang massala is not known here.  - Evidence of MR. R. A. LAMB, Acting Collector, Kolaba


23. Yes, occasionally, but very seldom. Per sons addicted to the habit of smoking ganja will, if ganja is not procurable, smoke bhang. Bhang, when smoked, is smoked without tobacco being mixed in it. It is smoked in the form of a cigarette, or native "bidi" 29. With ganja, tobacco is ordinarily mixed with a view to softening the effect. With bhang, pepper and sugar are ordinarily mixed. With ganja, dhatura is exceptionally mixed with a view to increasing the intoxicating effect. Persons who have been accustomed to the use of charas or opium are said to mix dhatura with their ganja. From bhang, three other preparations are made, viz., akhoti, majum, and gota. Akhoti is made by mixing one part of butter with two parts of bhang, adding a quantity of water and boiling the whole for several days. The result is a pink flat product, not unlike cocoanut rock to look at. Majum is made by mixing bhang and white sugar and boiling them in water. The result looks like chocolate. Gota is made by mixing bhang with almonds, black pepper, aniseed, milk, sugar and other spices. I know of no special preparation which is sold ready made for the pur pose of being mixed with these drugs, but the use of gota is not uncommon; gota is prepared by the purchasers of the bhang. 56. The admixture of tobacco with ganja lessens the intoxicating effect. The admixture of dhatura increases it. Gota, which I have referred to in my answer to question 29, is much milder than mere bhang. Majum is decidedly stronger. - Evidence of MR. C. G. DODGSON, Assistant Magistrate and Collector, Khandesh.


23.Bhang is used also, as stated above, for the purpose of smoking. Such use is not confined to any locality. It is used by the poorer people as being cheaper than ganja. 29.Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja when the latter is used for smoking; and sugar, milk, cardamoms and mace are used for making up the beverage called ghota from bhang. The narcotic preparations from ganja have been de scribed above. The object of this admixture is to give a flavour to the preparations, and also to lessen to some extent the narcotic properties of the preparations. Dhatura is not so used in this part of the country as far as my information goes. The bhang "massala" consists of a conserve of black pepper, aniseed, almonds, cardamoms, mace, rose buds, sugar, etc. This massala is used for making up yakuti and shrikhand. .The effects of hemp used in moderation and in excess is modified by admixture of condiments and " massalas." The drug is made much milder by such admixture. But if dhatura and poppy seed are mixed, the drug gets much stronger. " Dhatura" is rarely used in this part of the country as an admixture in preparations of the hemp drugs. - Evidence  of  MR. A. H. PLUNKETT, City Magistrate, Poona.


29. Almonds, cardamoms, pepper and sugar are usually pounded and mixed with bhang. Those who like and can afford may also mix with bhang sweet fennel, dried rose buds, poppy seeds, conserve of roses, rose water, seeds of various fruits, saffron, musk, milk, milk cream, etc., etc. Dhatura may at times be mixed with bhang when common bhang ceases to give an habitual drinker sufficient intoxication. Question 29.[oral evidence]—Dhatura seeds are mixed with bhang by excessive drinkers sometimes to increase intoxication. This is what I am told. This admixture is not to my knowledge made in the shops. I do not know of dhatura being smoked with ganja.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LALLUBHAI GORDHANDAS, Vania, Huzur Deputy Collector, Nasik.


29. Nothing is mixed with ganja ordinarily except tobacco. It is said that exceptionally dhatura, kutchala and aconite are used in very small quantities. My informants have not seen instances of this kind. When gota is made, undermentioned articles are used : — (1) Sugar, (2) milk, (3) water, (4) poppy seed, (5) coriander, (6) dried rose buds, (7) anise seeds, (8) cucumber seed, (9) almonds, (10) jaiphal, (11) cardamom, (12) cocoanut or its juice, (13) black pepper. Exceptionally— (14) kulpa, (15) kalubij, (16) aconite, (17) dhatura, (18) kutchala, (19) arsenic. These articles are used both to make the drink palatable or tasteful and to increase intoxication. No bhang massala is sold in these parts like Upper India.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR NARAYAN GANESII DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Belgaum


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. It is the practice with some excessive smokers to mix dhatura and opium with ganja, the object being to intensify the effect of intoxication. Bhang massala consists of black pper, almonds, poppy seeds, sugar, dried rose flower and pistachio seeds.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHIMBHAI KIRPA RAM, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector of Surat.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is used ordinarily with ganja to make the latter burn easily, as it is used wet in smoking. Dhatura is more intoxicating. It is mixed by offenders to make their victims swoon when they want to practise fraud without being detected of the same. Bhang is mixed with almonds, sugar-candy, ginger, cardamoms and poppy seeds by the rich. The poor use bhang with coarse sugar. The object of mixing bhang with other ingredients is to make it a cold drink and give a kind of flavour to it. The above-mentioned ingredients constitute bhang massala. 56. (a) The effects of hemp used in moderation when modified by the admixture of foreign sub -stances except dhatura are harmless. (b) If used  in excess they are injurious to health. I am not aware of an instance in which the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption is used. But I hear that dhatura is added some -times by criminals to majum for administering to their victims, when its effects are very dangerous. Oftentimes the victims turn out insane. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VYANKATESH BAPUJI WADEKAR, Deputy Collector, Ahmednagar.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco is always mixed with ganja used for smoking, according to the taste and habits of the consumer generally, and an equal quantity of ganja and tobacco is mixed together. Some persons take one part of tobacco and two parts of ganja. Tobacco is mixed, it is said, for two reasons, viz.:— (i) to suppress the bad smell of ganja, and ( ii ) to moderate its effects on the throat. I have heard of two bairagis in Kaira who mixed some dhatura with ganja to smoke. One left Kaira several years ago, and the other, who had shifted to Khumarevad, a village about 3 miles from Kaira, has left that place lately. Bhang beverage by the well-to-do classes is prepared in the manner described in the Bijapur District Deputy Collector's letter attached to the Customs Commissioner's letter No. 4752, dated 11th September 1893, to the Chief Secretary to Government. Poor people mix black pepper and sometimes poppy seeds. Bhang massala is not kept here ready for sale ; but consumers of bhang buy as many ingredients as they like, according to their taste and means.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DADABHAI DEENSHAH, Parsi, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Kaira.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in these parts. 29. Dried tobacco is only mixed with ganja by all smokers when smoking. Nothing else is mixed with it. What is mixed with bhang is already stated in the answer to question No. 15. Dhatura is never used in any of the mixtures. The object of using tobacco is to make the preparation easy for smoking. In the different preparations of bhang, the liquid is used for making the drug drinkable or eatable. The other ingredients are mixed only to give it good taste or flavour. 56. The admixture of ganja with tobacco makes smoking easier, and that of milk or juice of sugarcane makes bhang agreeable as a drink, and the effect is sooner produced. Bhang is sometimes mixed with fried substances, in which form also it acts sooner.   - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHASKAR RAO RAMCHANDRA HEBLIKAR, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Sholapur


23. No. 29. Ordinarily, the bhang is ground and drunk with sugar, pepper, and a little milk, and the following ingredients are used for an exceptional or luxurious drink :— English name.    Proportion (Tolas). Bhang 2, Poppy seed    4, Aniseed 3, Black pepper 1, Kachani 1/2, Seeds of musk melon, water melon or cucumber 1, Rose flowers 1, Almond seed 4, Sugarcandy 10, Milk half a seer, Water    one and a half seer. Dhatura is not used as an ingredient, but is sometimes admixed in common joke to befool any of their companions. 56. When hemp is used in moderation by the admixture of other medicinal substances, it serves as a tonic; but when it is taken in excess, it has its bad qualities like other narcotic drugs, and proves injurious to the health of consumers, though admixture might soften a little. Dhatura is not used as an ingredient.  -  Evidence of RAO BAHADUR SITARAM DAMODAR, Huzur Deputy Collector, Khandesh.


23. Bhang is not sold in this district. The chur ganja is here called bhang and is smoked when flat ganja is not procurable. 29. Dried tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja so as to render it less strong and most suitable to drink. And cardamom, nutmeg, mace, frankincense, and such other fragrant things are exceptionally mixed with ganja for minimising its bad smell. Seeds of dhatura are sometimes mixed with chur ganja with the object of increasing the intoxicating power of the drug. Nothing like bhang massala is prepared and sold for being mixed with any of these drugs. Question 29.[oral evidence]—The matter of using dhatura is not within my personal knowledge. I am told that people who want much intoxication mix dhatura : not the vendors. 56. The effects of ganja used (a) in moderation and (b) in excess, are not modified by the admix ture of other substances. Those who require strong narcotics mix dhatura for their personal use or for administration to others. - Evidence of KHAN BHADUR RATANJI ERDALJI KANGA, Parsi, Deputy Collector and Magistrate, Dharwar.


23. Not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura is mixed up with ganja very rarely to secure highest possible intoxication. There is no bhang massala sold in this district. Please also see answer to No. 15. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BAPUJI MAHIPAT KHARKAR, Kayasth, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Satara.


23. Bhang is rarely used for smoking. It is had for that purpose when ganja is not available, which seldom happens. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking by all the classes of consumers. It is mixed with the object of lessening or removing the bitterness of the drug, which is supposed to produce cough, and with the object of temper ing the effects of the preparation, and making it agreeable to the constitution. Sometimes carda moms, nutmeg, mace and olibanum are mixed with ganja in addition to tobacco in order to have a fragrant smell. What ingredients are mixed with different kinds of preparation made for eating and drinking is mentioned in answer to question No. 15. Dhatura is mixed either with ganja for smoking, or with any preparation made of bhang for eating or drinking, only by habitual excessive consumers, in order to enhance the intoxicating quality of the drug. No special preparation known by the name of bhang massala is sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of the drugs. 56. I am unable to answer this question, as I have not received proper information on this point. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RANGO RAMCHANDRA BHARDI, Deputy Collector and Native Assistant to the Commissioner, Poona, Central Division.


23. As far as i can ascertain, bhang is not used for smoking in this part of the country. 9. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja for the purpose of smoking, cardamoms and nutmegs are also occasionally mixed with ganja and smoked, with a view to increase the intoxicating power of the drug. I have actually seen a Bava at a place near my native place (Artal in the Dharwar district) smoking ganja mixed with opium, aconite powder and cast skin of a cobra capella. Dhatura is occasionally mixed with the smoking dose of the drug. As regards other ingredients mixed with various preparations of hemp, vide paragraphs 8, 9, 10 and 11 of my report. It is said that these admixtures enhance the power of intoxication. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I cannot say how much bhang goes to the ser of bhoja, which is a liquid.- Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RUDRAGOWDA CHANVIRGOWDA ARTAL, Lengayet, Deputy Collector, Bijapur.


29. Tobacco is (a) ordinarily mixed with ganja by the different classes of smokers. In (b) excep -tional cases the mixture of petals of rose flowers, cloves, cardamom seeds, nutmegs and cinnamon are mixed together, and the mixture is well powdered. The powder thus prepared is mixed with ganja before it is used for smoking by well-to-do persons. Dhatura is sometimes so used by those who are hard smokers. The object of mixing tobacco is to give flavour to the ganja, which is naturally insipid. In tobacco there is nicotine principle while it is absent in ganja. Tobacco is therefore generally mixed with this stuff. In order to give aromatic smell to the smoke the massala (the articles mentioned above) in exceptional cases is mixed. Bhang massala is not sold in this part of the country. I am informed that in Northern India, where bhang is extensively used, bhang massala is generally sold. Its ingredients are said to be poppy seed, kasni, and cucumber seed. Excessive smokers add sugar to this bhang massala. The object of mixing dhatura is to increase the narcotic property of ganja. Black dhatura seed (Dhatura fastussa) is preferred. It may be mentioned here that a pipe made of sugarcane is used for smoking ganja. It is a belief that the pipe of the above kind increases narcotic property of ganja. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I have not met any one who said he used dhatura. But I have been told that some gosains, &c., use this drug : the seeds, and only rarely.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RAMCHANDRA RAJARAM MULÉ, Deshastha Brahmin, Administrator of Jath, in Southern Mahratta Country


23. No. 29. Tobacco is invariably mixed with ganja before it is smoked ; dhatura and opium are very seldom used. They are mixed for the purpose of causing more intoxication. Bhang massala consists of pepper, almonds, poppy seed, cardamoms saffron, nutmeg (jaifal) and dried rose buds. 56. By admixture of tobacco with ganja the smoking becomes more tasteful. (a), (b) Not known. No information is forthcoming about the admix ture of dhatura. As a rule ganja is never smoked without the admixture of tobacco. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR V. H. SHIKHRE, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector, Alibagh, Kolaba District


23. Not in the Ahmedabad district, so far as I am aware. 29. My answer to query 15 supplies the information desired. Dhatura is not used in the Ahmedabad district, nor is bhang massala an article of sale there. Appendix A. GANJA PREPARATIONS. Eating. I.—Ganja ghee.—This is made by boiling a certain quantity of ganja and ghee in water for two or three days. When the decoction has attained the required point, the pot is taken off the fire and allowed to cool down. The ghee is removed as soon as it hardens and put away in aj ar. It is used at pleasure, a dose, as a rule, not exceeding one-eighth of a tola. II .—Majum.—This is made of ganja ghee (vide foregoing) and sugar taken in certain proportions. They are first boiled to a thick consistency. The compound is then mixed with nutmeg, kasturi (Vachellia, farnesiana), kesar (Crocus sativus), and cardamoms, all powdered, according to the taste of the consumers. Majum is sold in the bazar. III.—Akuti.—This is a preparation used only by the rich and well-to-do people, Hindus generally, and is invariably made at home. Taken 3 lb of ganja properly cleaned. It is put into a pot of water and boiled ; at a certain stage the water is poured out gently, and the ganja is put out to dry. When dry, it is pounded very 'fine. To the powder thus made are added two ounces avoirdupois of cardamoms, one ounce of nutmeg, half an ounce of cloves, two ounces of mace, two ounces of gulkand (rose flower preserve), two ounces of piplimul (Chavica roxburghii), two ounces of cinnamon, eleven grains of kasturi (Vachellia farnesiana), one tola of kesar (Crocus sativus), half a tola of opium, and one tola of tamal patra (Cinnamomum tamala), all powdered. The whole is then blended together with half a tola of silver leaves, and the compound is thrown into a rupee's worth of pure honey and well mixed up. The preparation is now ready for use. It is taken only by pinchful at a time. Smoking. IV.—A pice worth of ganja weighing about a fourth of a tola suffices for a chillum. It is well washed in water until all the seed is detached; the residuum is then mixed with an equal quantity of tobacco, and put into a chillum and then smoked. Ordinarily a chillum answers for two or three persons, but there are cases where a man smokes it right through himself at one time, and more than one in a day. BHANG. Drinking. V.—Bhang as a drink.—It is first roasted ; then passed through water several times, and after that pounded with a certain quantity of black pepper, poppy seed, fennel seed, and rose flower petals. The powder so formed is mixed with a quantity of water, or water and milk, or milk alone, at pleasure. The mixture is then strained through a piece of fine cloth, and the liquid becomes fit for use. Some people sweeten it with sugar. The higher classes add spices to the mixture and substitute almonds for poppy-seed. Eating. VI.—An extract is drawn from bhang in ghee, the process of manufacture being similar to that observed in the preparation of ganja ghee. It is used in the same way as ganja ghee. After removal of the concentrated ghee from the pot, the water is emptied out gently and the residuum is put out to dry. When dry, it is mixed with poppyseed and sugar in certain proportions, and this composition forms an article of luxury, being used like betel-nut. - Evidence of MR. J. F. FERNANDEZ, Retired Deputy Collector and City Magistrate, Ahmedabad


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura is used along with ganja by gosains exceptionally to secure greater intoxi-cation. There is no such preparation called bhang or ghota massala. The ingredients required for the ghota, as described in answer to query No. 15, are purchased from the bazar whenever wanted. 56. I have heard of cases in which dhatura was administered by criminals to their victims in bhang ghota -  Evidence of NARAYAN RAO BHIKHAJ1 JOGALEKAR,Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector ; now Karbhari of the Aundh Stale.


23. So far as I know or can learn, bhang is not smoked in Bombay. 29. Ingredients ordinarily mixed— With ganja, tobacco in about equal parts. With bhang, black pepper mixed in water; sometimes sugar is added. With garda, black pepper mixed in water; sometimes sugar is added. With charas, tobacco. Ingredients exceptionally mixed– Very exceptionally ganja is washed in rose water, mixed with tobacco and a particle of musk added and then smoked. Bhang is mixed in milk with dried rose buds, black pepper, sugarcandy, poppy seed, almonds, white pumpkin seed, melon seed, cardamoms, saffron and other ingredients. Garda is not usually prepared in a special manner. With charas goorako is smoked instead of tobacco. Well-to-do people use the exceptional ingre -dients and poor people the ordinary additions. I have not learnt that dhatura is used with hemp drugs in Bombay. I am told that it is necessary to mix tobacco with ganja and charas to make it smoke freely and to improve the taste of the smoke. The mixing of black pepper with bhang and garda is said to be essential to prevent its producing pains in the stomach. The other ingredients are added to make the drink more palatable and pleasant. I cannot learn that any ready-made preparation, "bhang masala," is sold here to be mixed with bhang. 56. I have not learnt that in Bombay anything s added to hemp drugs to modify their intoxicating effects. Tobacco and goorako are smoked with ganja and charas to make the latter smoke freely. Black pepper is added to bhang and garda to prevent wind and stomach-ache, and other ingredients are added to make the drink pleasant. I have not learnt that in Bombay dhatura is added to hemp drugs for personal consumption or for administration to others. It is, however, said that sometimes dhatura and the roots of the jawari plant are added to hemp drugs to make them more intoxicating. - Evidence of MR. W. ALMON, Assistant Collector, Abkari Department, Bombay.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. The chur of ganja, however, which is sold as bhang, and which contains, though in a smaller proportion, the intoxicant properties of ganja, is in a few instances used for smoking by poorer classes. 29. I do not know of any ingredients ever being mixed, with these drug. Dhatura is not used to my knowledge. I do not know bhang massala. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB GANESH PANDURANG THAKAR, Deshastha Brahmin, Mamlatdar, Pandharpur, Sholapur District, at present auditing the jamabandi accounts of the Poona  District, Poona.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Occasionally dhatura seed, kuchara (nux -vomica) seed and bachnak (aconite) are mixed with the ganja used for smoking, to make it more intoxicating. Common tobacco is ordinarily mix -ed with it as an essential ingredient. I have not been able to ascertain what other ingredients, if any, are mixed with it. It is usual to mix spices in bhang (ghota), the process of which has been described in the answer to the 15th question. 56. Dhatura is not mixed with this drug in order to induce consumption. I have not been able to obtain information on the other points. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB SHESHO KRISNA MUDKAVI, Mamlatdar of Taluka Bijapur, Bijapur.


23. Bhang or dry leaves of the hemp plant are seldom imported and used for smoking -  Evidence of RAO SAHIB KRISHNAJI BALLAL DEVAL, Chitpavan, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Chiplon


29. The ordinary ingredient that is mixed with ganja for smoking is tobacco. The ganja smo -kers say that tobacco adds to the odour and taste of ganja. Sometimes aromatic spices are added to the admixture. The following ingredients, viz., opium, bachanaga (Gloriosa superba), dha -tura (thorn apple), and kachala (strychnia) are mixed with ganja to give it greater intoxicating properties. The admixture thus formed is called panch-rangi (consisting of five narcotics) ganja. No; I do not know of any preparation such as bhang massala. 56. The admixture of ganja with dhatura (thorn apple) makes the ganja more intoxicant for personal consumption as well as for adminis tration to others. The use of this admixture in moderation as well as in excess is injurious to all physically and mentally. It impairs the constitu tion and injures the digestion; causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma, and deadens the intellect and produces insanity  - Evidence of BALKRISHNA NARAYAN VAIDYA, Parbhu, State Karbhari of Sangli.


23. Bhang  is never used for smoking, but it is used for drinking in the form of ghota, which is generally taken to a moderate extent by the bairagis, sadhus, fakirs, and marwadis, the object being to cool their brains in the hot weather in this district. 29. When   either ganja or charas is used for smoking, one-fourth quantity of tobacco or gudakhu is mixed with three-fourths quantity of either of the drugs to enable the ganja or charas to burn soon, especially the former, which is not used without being well washed, and while in a wet state. Different classes of consumers are not known to mix any other ingredients. All classes of people generally mix the same kinds of ingredients, viz., tobacco. Dhatura is a most injurious and harmful drug ; it is never used by consumers except when much intoxication is required by them, and even on this occasion they first mix it with ganja or charas before using it, i.e., it is not smoked in its original form. It is generally used by criminals to carry out their designs sooner without fear of detection. The use of the admixture is simply to effect intoxication, in absence of which no intoxicating effect can be had. I am not aware of any preparation such as bhang-massala, as it is unknown in this district. But bhang is mixed with milk, almonds, sugar candy, ginger, cardamoms, and poppy seeds by the rich. The poor use bhang with jagri. The object of mixing bhang with other ingredients is simply to give a kind of relish to the bhang drink. Besides the above, majum, yakuti, shrikhand, gulkand, and fakki are also prepared from ganja. I am also informed that there is such a prepara ation as boja, of which there is a regular Govern ment farm in the Sholapur district of the Bombay presidency. The mixture consists of the ingredients as per recipe attached. The preparation of boja is as follows :—Jawari is roughly ground and boiled. It is then dried in the air. It is then mixed with the following articles. For (4) pailies of jawari boja—22 tolas kosht-kolanjan, 2 lb of bhang, 5 tolas of dawna, 20 tolas of jawari offshcots, 5 tolas of marwa, 5 tolas of kuchla, and the whole is put into a pot. Having kept this in this manner, it is called on the next day "boja" in the Sholapur district. Thirty seers of boja requires 15 seers of water, and after filtering the same through the cloth it becomes fit for drinking. 56. The effects of hemp used in moderation, modified by the admixture of other substances like spices, are not dangerous to the consumer himself or others. But when mixed with dhatura or any such bad article—for instance, the roots of the jowari tree or canery—it results in making the consumer helpless, and would injure his health. The ad -mixture of dhatura for personal consumption is taken on the occasion when complete stupefaction is required by excessive consumers. When it is used for administration to others, the effects generally result in death. - Evidence of DADABHAI BURJORJEE GUZDER, Parsi, District Abkari Inspector, Ahmednagar


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. In making massala for horses some ingre dients have to be mixed with ganja; with charas no ingredients are mixed. In making ghota, sugar and spices, such as almonds, nutmeg, mace and cardamom are mixed with bhang. By mixing milk to ghota dudhia is prepared. The spices are hot substances, and, with a view to give heat to the body, they are mixed with bhang. I do not know anything about the preparation called bhang massala.  - Evidence of KHAN SAHIB NASARVANJI EDALJI SETHNA, Parsi, Abkari Inspector, Satara.


15. (A) Ganja is not subjected to any special treatment until it passes into the hand of the smoker, who breaks the top into small bits, removes seeds, leaves and foreign matter if there be any. He then places the broken ganja on the palm of his left hand, and pours water over it three or four times till the water is clear, each time kneading it with the thumb of his right hand. This process takes about 10 minutes if it is properly done. By this time the ganja becomes sticky. It is then squeezed with the two hands till the water is pressed out. A small cake is left, from which pieces are broken and mixed with an equal quantity of tobacco, and smoked off in an ordinary native tobacco pipe. Care is taken both to wash and to knead the ganja thoroughly. Insufficient washing leaves a substance which is said to cause coughing, and, if the water is not all pressed out, it will not smoke easily. (B) Sweetmeats sold under the name of yakuti, majum, shrikhand, and gulkand are made with extract of ganja, which is prepared as follows:—One seer of good ganja is boiled with a seer and a half of water for about an hour, when half a seer of ghi is added, or more if a weak extract is desired. The boiling is continued for two hours more. It is then strained, while hot, through a coarse canvas bag. Thorough straining is effected by tying a rod to the mouth of the bag and twist ing the rod round and round. The squeezing causes a separation with the liquid of everything which can be pressed through the canvas, fibrous or woody matter remaining in the bag. This must be done while the boiled mass is still hot; otherwise the ghi will thicken and prevent free flow of the extract. The extract is then kept over night in a wide-mouthed vessel to settle. During the night, by the action of cold, the ghi thickens and rises with the extract of ganja to the surface of water and is skimmed off next morning. To further refine the extract, the skimmings are then boiled till all the water is driven off. The extract is then fit for storage in the earthenware jar for use. To secure greater purity ganja is sometimes soaked in water for a couple of days and washed before being boiled, and the ghi is washed clean with water before it is mixed with the ganja. The extract thus prepared forms the base of all the sweetmeats described below. The ghi used in the preparation of the extract should be full boiled ; if half boiled ghi is used, the extract will not keep. To prepare yakuti, five to eight tolas of ganja extract, according to the strength required, with a quarter of a seer of conserve of roses (rose petals preserved with sugar) are added to a seer of sugar syrup. The mixture is seasoned with one tola of powdered cardamoms and 1/4 tola saffron,nutmeg, mace, and cloves, each. Sometimes almond kernels peeled off and finely sliced are added. The whole mixture is then poured into shallow brass or copper dishes tinned inside. When it has cooled and thickened, it is cut with a knife into rhomboidal pieces about an inch long, half an inch broad, and a quarter of an inch thick. Majum is prepared in the same way as yakuti, but without conserve of roses, saffron and cloves. Unless it is specially ordered, majum prepared for retail sale is not generally spiced. It is merely ganja extract and sugar. The syrup used in these preparations is made by boiling to evaporation fine sugar over a slow fire. The syrup is purified by skimming off the impurities which rise to the surface during the boiling. Skrikhand is prepared by adding the extract in the same proportion as in yakuti or majum to syrup made from gul or undrained sugar. Gulkand is a mixture of conserve of roses and ganja extract, the extract being mixed at the rate of five to eight tolas, according to the strength required, with a seer of conserve of roses. Bhang.—When it is not purchased ready prepared bhang as sold in the market is first picked to remove pieces of stalk, pebbles, etc., then washed with water, and then ground into a fine paste, with a few grains of black pepper, on a grindstone. Hindu ascetics prefer a mortar and pestle of nim (Melia azadirachta) wood to a grindstone. The paste is then stirred in sufficient water, and the whole is strained through a piece of cloth and drunk either with or without sugar. This is the simplest and cheapest form of bhang for drinking. Those who can afford it add to it ground almond kernels, and flavour it with cardamoms, etc. Wellto-do habitual drinkers purchase raw bhang in quantity, boil it in water for two or three hours, and then wash it clean of all impurities. It is then dried and stored for use. For drinking, it is ground and prepared. in the way described above. Some roast their bhang on a frying pan, and wash it before it is ground. Bhang is sometimes boiled in milk. A ball of ground paste of bhang is tied in a piece of muslin and is boiled in milk, sugared and flavoured with cardamoms, etc. The preparation is used. by well-to-do occasional drinkers. The bhang as sold in the Deccan markets is not liked by Gujaratis and men from Upper India, who, when they can manage it, bring bhang from their own parts of the country. When bhang is not procurable, an habitual drinker will make his drink of ganja instead of bhang, but this is rare. Green leaves of the hemp plant are sometimes made into bhajas, the preparation consisting of hemp leaves, gram flour and spices mixed together in water, formed into small roundish cakes and fried in oil or ghi. Sometimes powdered ganja is used in this dish instead of the leaves. Young and tender hemp plants are also eaten as a vegetable. Charas requires no preparation before its use. It is simply made into small pills and smoked either with ganja or tobacco, according to the choice of the smoker. Boja.—This is another intoxicating preparation in which ganja is used, but it is not in common use. It is prepared in the following manner : Two seers of jawari (Sorghum vulgare), four seers of dried roots of the jawari plant, one seer ganja, and half a seer nux vomica are soaked together in water for three or four days. The water is then strained off from the mixture, and the mixture is boiled with fresh water for three or four hours. After careful washing the mixture is dred in the shed and ground to fine powder. The powder is stored for occasional use. When wanted, the required quantity is dissolved in water and the strained water is drunk. The water is neither sugared nor flavoured. Some drinkers prefer to make it stronger by the addition of a pinch of dhatura or nux vomica seed ground to powder. 23. Hard smokers, when they do not get ganja, might be induced to smoke even bhang; but, as a rule, bhang is not smoked. 29. Bhang is never drunk without a seasoning of black pepper ; but often it is spiced with almonds, or mixed with milk, sweetened with sugar or sugarcandy, and flavoured with some or all of the following articles of the bhang massala : poppy seeds, rose petals, fennel, nutmeg, cardamoms, black pepper and kasni seed (Cinchorium intybus). Ganja is always smoked with tobacco. Instances of ganja being smoked unwashed and without tobacco are very rare. Sometimes, but very rarely, say in one of 500 cases, dhatura or nux vomica is smoked with ganja to increase its intoxicating properties. Among gosavis and bairagis on rare occasions a mixture of dhatura, nux vomica, aconite, opium, arsenic and raskapur (a mixture of the mercurial chlorides) is said to be smoked with ganja or drunk with bhang. When smoked, the mixture is called panchratni chillum, or the bowl containing five jewels ; and when drunk, the preparation, panchratni bhang or bhang made of five jewels. Charas is smoked with ganja or tobacco ; when smoked with tobacco it is milder in effect. 56. The effects of the hemp drugs are often intensified by the addition of dhatura, opium or nux vomica. Cardamoms smoked with ganja are said to increase the intoxicating effect of the drug.  - Evidence of YASHVANT NILKANTH, Patana Prabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay.


23. Practically not. It is said that poor people sometimes use it for such purpose. 24. Most well-to-do people of all classes drink bhang, principally in the hot weather, and throughout the Deccan. 25. The extent of the use appears to be sta -tionary. People who take to alchohol generally cease to drink bhang. 26. The large proportion of the consumers are habitual moderate consumers. 27. All classes. 28. Excessive consumers generally smoke in a party, and a party of five men would consume about 2 and 1/2 tolas of ganja per day, valued at 2½ an-nas. Moderate smokers would consume about 3 pies worth per day when smoking alone. 29. Tobacco is occasionally mixed with ganja for smoking. Dhatura is not used here. People make a bhang massala to flavour the drinking water, etc., mixing with the juice of the leaves of the plant, black pepper, aniseed, almonds, mace, cardamoms, rosebuds, sugar, etc.  - Evidence of MR. G. P. MILLET, Divisional Forest Officer, West Thana, Thana


15. When required for consumption, it is well washed and pressed, the cleansing process being frequently resorted to. In fact, the oftener it is washed the stronger it becomes. It is then mixed with dry tobacco and smoked, the admixture bringing out its effects. If smoked in the crude state, it is said to produce cough and chest affections. It is also eaten with salt, pepper, and ghee, called fakki, when mixed in this way. It can be, but is never, eaten by itself ; pepper is a sine qua non if nothing else is mixed with it. Ganja is also made up into sweetmeats. When required for this purpose, it is put into a pot of water boiled, and then some ghee is added. The water is boiled away, and the ganjaimpregnated ghee remains, and is mixed with other ingredients, such as sugar, kuskus, almonds, and spices of sorts. It is then said to be highly intoxicating, and its effects last a longer time. When made up into sweetmeats, it goes by the names of majum, gulkand and yakuti, for which preparations a license to sell is required. Ganja is also sometimes but rarely mixed with water and drunk, but never neat. Pepper is always mixed with it. In this form it is called ganja ghota. Bhang is sometimes eaten, but almost always taken in the form of a drink, in which case it is called ghota, also thandai. The leaves of the seeding hemp plant called bhang plant make the best bhang. They are used just as they are picked. First they are baked or heated, and then put into a pot of water to boil. The water is then strained off. The residue is well washed, and the result is ghota. Like ganja, the more it is washed the stronger it gets. When thus prepared, it is taken with water, milk and sugar. When mixed with other ingredients, it is well ground, washed, and strained. The liquid only is taken. Charas is never or very seldom taken by the people of the district. It is used by foreigners. It is mere -ly the glutinous substance that adheres to the hands and feet of those who pluck and tread the hemp plant while preparing it for ganja. The substance is scraped off the hands and feet, and made up into little balls or plugs of a black colour, pieces of which are taken and smoked with dry tobacco. 23. No. 29. Vide answer to question 15. Dhatura is not used. The object of the admixtures is to make the drug palatable and to strengthen its effect. Bhang massala consists of kuskus, almonds, black pepper, rose petals, etc. No separate preparation kept ready made.  - Evidence of MR. H. KENNEDY, District Superintendent of Police, Ahmednagar.


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking when ganja is not to be had. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja and lessens its effect. Dhatura is very occasion ally used to give ganja a more intoxicating effect . Bhang massala is unknown here. 56. By the admixture of dhatura intoxication is increased, and decreased by mixing with tobacco.  - Evidence of MR. J. E. DOWN, Districts Superintendent of Police, Satara.


23. Not that I am aware of. 29 . Ganja– (a) Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja fo r smoking, the ganja being first washed to cleanse it from impurities. (b) Sometimes ganja is washed in rose water and cardamom seeds added. Dhatura is not, so far as I know, so used. Sometimes a chillum is made from a piece of sugarcane, and ganja so smoked is said to have an increased intoxicating effect; but the chief reason for the admixture of other ingredients is to give the ganja a more agreeable flavour. The ingredients ordinarily mixed with bhang are pepper and poppy seeds, while those exception ally so used are sugar, rose buds, almonds, pista chios, fennel seed, cardamoms. The admixture of dhatura seeds is very exceptional. The object of these additions is to render it more palatable. Bhang massala is a conserve of rose buds, almonds, cardamoms, pistachios and certain aromatic seeds, which is specially prepared and sold for mixing with bhang. 56. The effects of ganja are modified by ad mixture of tobacco and of bhang by the use of different massalas, while excessive habitual users mix dhatura seeds with both ganja and bhang. - Evidence of MR. F. T. V. AUSTIN, District Superintendent of Police, Surat.


23. No. 29. Ganja is mixed with tobacco, and bhang with massala containing khaskas, black pepper, rose flower, sugar, elachi and badam. Charas is mixed with tobacco and sometimes with ganja. - Evidence of Mr. DHANJISHA DADABHOY, Parsi, District Superintendent of Police, Thana.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking here. 29. Ganja is usually smoked with tobacco and sometimes with gooraku. Dhatura is not mixed with the drug for either drinking or smoking. Ganja is said to be mixed with oil extracted from dhatura seed for external application to the geni tal organs in cases of impotence. The habitual consumers of bhang of the poor classes drink it without admixtures. Those who can afford to do so add the following ingredients to make it sa voury and palatable, but with no other object: — Milk, poppy seed, dried rose buds, cardamoms, cashew-nuts, almonds, sugar, black or white pepper, nutmeg, carraway seeds, cucumber seeds, and cha roli. The abovementioned ingredients are called "bhang-massala." These ingredients are not sold mixed with bhang ; people making bhang buy them separately and use them in quantities accord ing to taste. 56. As far as I have been able to gather, tobacco is mixed with ganja to make it inflammable. Before ganja is smoked it has to be washed, and it is put into the pipe damp. Smokers also say that gooraku is also smoked with it for the same purpose, and that the effects of either ganja or charas are in no way modified by either tobacco or gooraku. The effects of the infusion for drink ing are said to be in no way modified by the ad mixtures referred to in paragraph 29. They are said to merely make it palatable. I know of no admixture of dhatura for personal consumption or for administration to others. The oil of dhatura is mixed with ganja for external application, see paragraph 40.   - Evidence of MR. T. G. FOARD, Superintendent of Police, Cambay.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja when used for smoking ; generally equal quantities of ganja and tobacco are mixed together. It is said that to suppress the bad smell of ganja and to have moderate effects of the same, they generally mix tobacco. So far as I know dhatura is not used with ganja. "Bhang massala" is not kept ready made for sale by the bhang-vendors, but consumers of bhang generally bring as many ingredients as they like, according to their taste, from grocers. 56. The effects of ganja are modified by mixing tobacco and those of bhang by mixing different spices. - Evidence of KHAN BAH ADUR NANABHOY COWASJI, P arsi, City Police Inspector, Surat.


29. (a) With ganja, are mixed ordinarily tobacco and charas and nothing else. (b) With ganja dhatura is exceptionally mixed for stupefying the victim, or by habitual confirmed excessive smokers. Ganja is also washed with rose water or milk and opium or musk is sometimes mixed. With bhang, ordinarily, only spices, such as pepper, saffron, nutmeg, cardamon, sugar, rose flowers are mixed for taste. Exceptionally dhatura, copper coins, jawar corn are mixed for extra ordinary intoxication. Bhang massala is rarely sold in the marker, but is prepared by consumers of bhang for ready use. They eat the powder. The ingredients generally are bhang, pepper, al mends, and poppy seeds. There are various sorts of preparations made from ganja and bhang. The following are ordinary: (1) majum, sweetmeat, (2) yakuti, (3) chevda, a preparation of rice, (4) preserve of rose flowers called gulkand, (5) sakar pak, sweetmeat, (6) gram, (7) dry ginger, and several other things. Ghi or butter is prepared from bhang by the following processes:— 1st.—A quantity of bhang is mixed with water and ghi is added. This is boiled for two hours. It is then removed and passed through a thin cloth, and the bhang dust or refuse is separated. It is then allowed to cool, and the ghi is collected from the surface, the water being thrown away. The ghi thus collected is used to prepare various kinds of pleasant sweetmeats. 2nd.—Instead of water milk is mixed and boiled. The bhang dust or refuse is separated and curd is added to the milk, and the same is kept for a night. Butter is then churned out of the curd. This is more intoxicating than the preparation obtained by the first process. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB PRANSHANKAR, Brahmin, Inspector of Police, Detective Branch, Bombay.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco (country) is mixed with ganja as well as with charas. (b) Dhatura is used sometimes with ganja to increase its intoxicant effects. Bhang massala contains bhang 1/4 seer, sugar 1 seer, massala (consisting of almonds 2 tolas, pistachio nuts 2 tolas, poppy seeds 1 tole, aniseed 1/2 tola, cardamoms 1/20 of a tola, rose petals (fresh) 1 tola, charolee 1 tola, plums or raisins 1 and 1/2 tola, black pepper 1/4 tola), water, cold, 24 ounces. 56. Among natives dhatura is sometimes mixed with ganja to increase the intoxication.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. W. B. BOYD, Superintendent, Colaba Lunatic Asylum, Bombay


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, so far as I have been informed. 29. Ordinarily mixed with tobacco. I have heard of no other admixtures. I do not know of any preparation, such as bhang massala. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL M. L. BARTHOLOMEUSZ, M.B.,* Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Ahmedabad.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Bhang is rubbed into a thin paste with water. More water is then added to it, and ordinarily mixed with sugar and black pepper. Exceptionally, in addition to the before-mentioned, poppy seeds, rose petals, fennel, nutmeg and almonds are added to give it flavour and taste, and rarely kasni seeds (Cichorium endivia) . Dhatura is sometimes added to bhang to increase its intoxicating pro -perties. Ganja is generally mixed with an equal quantity of tobacco to moderate its action, and exceptionally with dhatura or opium to add to its intoxicating properties. Among gosains and bairagis a mixture of ganja, dhatura, nux vomica, aconite, opium, and even, it is said, white arsenic and ras kapur (an impure mixture of mercurial chlorides) is used for smoking and called "panchratni chillum." Charas is said to be generally mixed with six to eight times its bulk of tobacco to moderate its action. Yes ; bhang massala consists of black pepper, fennel, rose petals, poppy seeds, nutmeg and kasni seeds. 56. The effects of hemp drugs in moderation and excess are modified by the administration of the following substances, viz., dhatura and opium increase intoxicating effect, nux vomica and cantharides appear to increase the aphrodisiac action.   - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. MCCONAGHY, Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Poona.


23. Bhang does not appear to be used in this district. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with the ganja. I have not met with instances in which the other articles have been used. Bhang massala has been repeatedly described to me. It is generally stated, with some slight variations, to consist of bhang, opium seeds, cucumber, pepper, nutmeg, milk, sugar, etc. 56. I have no information of admixture of any of the substances mentioned except opium seeds in bhang massala  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. C. DAVIDSON, Acting Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent of the Jail and Lunatic Asylum, Dharwar.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, so far as I know. 29. Ganja is seldom, if ever, smoked by itself. It is always washed in water until the water comes out clear, and thoroughly mixed with an equal part of tobacco. Every drop of water is squeezed out of this mixed mass before it is used. Bhang is always mixed with black pepper in the proportion of 10 grains (dried fruits) to every tola of bhang. It is finely rubbed on a curry stone, and strained through a piece of fine muslin. Persons who drink bhang for mere pleasure always add, besides black pepper, the following ingredients for flavouring the potion :— Poppy seeds, 1/2 tola Dried rose buds, 1/4 tola Sugar, 1/4 seer or according to taste Almonds, peeled, 1 tola. for every tola of bhang. The usual quantity of water for the above mixture is half a seer. All these ingredients are finely rubbed with bhang on the curry-stone. This quantity is meant for two persons, who may be considered moderate in the use of the drug, or those who drink it only occasionally for mere pleasure, at any rate not for the purpose of getting intoxicated or becoming helpless. Some add an equal or double the quantity of milk instead of water, which is a luxury. Ordinary bhang is drunk cold, never boiled. Bhang made with milk is called ludgi and is always boiled before use. If the drink of ludgi is required stronger, only half the quantity of milk is used. In this district I have never heard of dhatura, opium, nux vomica, cantharides, or betel-nut being mixed with either bhang or ganja. The bhang drinkers and ganja smokers value the respective articles for their own sake pure and simple in addition to the flavouring agents and the tobacco mentioned above. I do not know of any preparation such as bhang massala or any other massala being sold for the purpose of being mixed with either bhang or ganja. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. R. KIRTIKAR, Civil Surgeon, Thana, and Medical Officer, Thana Depot and District Jail.


23. To my knowledge bhang is never used for smoking to produce intoxication. 29. With some inveterate smokers of ganja it is the practice sometimes to mix dhatura and opium for the purpose of smoking, the object being to intensify the effects of intoxication at comparatively less cost. Yes, there is a preparation which is ordinarily called bhang massala, and which consists of the following ingredients : —Pepper, almonds, poppy seeds, sugar, and pistachio seeds. Another preparation called majum consists of sugar, butter, flour, milk and bhang. 56. The admixture of dhatura to bhang is in use only amongst those who have contracted excessive and inveterate habits, with the object of intensifying the effects of the drug at a minimum of cost. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DOSSABROY PESTONJEE, Parsi, Assistant Surgeon, Parakh Dispensary, Surat, and Honorary Assistant Surgeon to His Excellency the Viceroy.


23. Bhanga is not used for smoking in Bombay. 29. Ordinarily bhanga is mixed with a little of black pepper and sugar. Excessive consumers add sometimes a little of dhatura (the seeds generally) to increase the power of the drug. Ganja smokers mix with it half the quantity of tobacco. Bhanga massala consists of (1) black pepper, (2) poppy seeds, (3) rose buds, (4) cardamoms, and (5) almonds in varying proportions.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ANNA MORESHWAR KUNTE, J. J. Hospital, Bombay.


23. Bhang is generally used for eating and drinking purposes only. Bhang smoking is not known. Persons accustomed to ganja smoking when they cannot get ganja sometimes smoke bhang ; but these instances are very rare. 29. Bhang is ordinarily mixed with black or white pepper. It is not as a rule mixed with any poisonous drugs, but some samples of bhang contain an admixture of ganja-no-girdo, which is mostly got rid of by the washing process to which it is subjected before it is prepared for drinking purpose. Some fakirs and yogis mix it with dhatura seeds for the object of increasing its intoxicating effects. It is also exceptionally mixed with jowari grains and jowari roots to intensify its effects ; well-to-do class mix with various cooling and stimulating drugs, such as cucumber seeds, marsh melon seeds, watermelon seeds, fennel seeds, saffron, almonds, charoli (kernels of Buchanania latifolia), pista (kernels of Pistasia vira), dried rose buds, confection of roses, cardamoms, sugar, milk, and poppy seeds. Ganja is never smoked alone. It is always mixed with tobacco. Before it is mixed with tobacco it is washed to remove the colouring matter. After it is thoroughly washed, which appears by the washings coming out clear and colourless, it is squeezed between both the palms and then mixed with tobacco, and then put in a chillum Exceptionally it is mixed by yogis, khakhis, and fakirs with dhatura, Calotropis gigantea, arsenic, also with dried rose flower buds, otto of roses, cardamoms ; sometimes it is washed with the juice of sugarcane. The poisonous drugs are added to intensify its effects ; others are added for their flavour. It is also mixed with goodaku, which is a preparation of jagri and tobacco. Some people prepare a special chillum from sugarcane and smoke ganja in it. The object of smoking thus is to mitigate the local irritant effect on the throat. The ordinary bhang massala of the bazar consists of black pepper, poppy seeds, almonds, fennel seeds and rose buds. Besides the ordinary massala other drugs enumerated above form the special massala of the well-to-do. Bhang is used for eating and drinking purposes in the following different ways :— (1) It is prepared in the form of powder for eating purpose. At first bhang is roasted on gentle fire till it assumes a reddish-brown colour and then reduced to fine powder. This is mixed with equal quantity of sugar or a little salt and pepper according to taste and taken. (2) Roasted gram and dry dates are charged with bhang, salt and pepper by certain process and taken by some for the purpose of intoxication. (3) A kind of sweetmeat is prepared from bhang called mahajoon. The ordinary mahajoon that is sold in bazar is generally composed of sugar, ghee, and bhang. It is prepared thus :—The required quantity of bhang is steeped in water for some time, then it is mixed with equal quantity of ghee in a tinned vessel, and the vessel is put on fire. The mixture is allowed to boil, taking care that after it is being put on fire it is constantly stirred up. Boiling is continued till all the water is evaporated, and the mixture is then removed from the fire, and while hot, it is strained through a piece of cloth. By this process you get an oily solution of bhang, called bhang-noo-ghee, with its colouring matter. The refuse is thrown away. The oily solution is subjected to washing to remove its colouring matter. The washings are thrown away. Then sufficient quantity of sugar is taken, to which a little water is added, and the vessel containing sugar and water is put on fire; just as the sugar dissolves, froth collects on its upper surface. Milk and water are added with the object of removing the dirt of the sugar. Addition of milk and water brings the dirt in the form of a thick scum on the surface of the saccharine solution. This scum is removed. This addition of milk and water is repeated until the saccharine solution becomes thick, clear and of syrupy consistence. This is now mixed with the prepared ghee of hemp, and brisk stirring is continued for a few minutes. This is then poured in a flat dish and allowed to solidify in the form of a cake, which is divided into lozenges to which gold or silver leaves are applied. This is the ordinary mahajoon of bazar. When specially prepared it is mixed with stimulant and savoury substances. (4) The liquid preparation of the bhang is made as under. At first it is roasted on gentle fire until the leaves assume a reddish-brown colour. It is then put in a cup and steeped in water for about ten to fifteen minutes. The water is strained out and fresh water again added for washing it. This washing process is repeated till the washings come out clear and colourless. When thus freed of its colouring matter, some black or white pepper seeds are added to it and pounded on a stone slab with a cylindrical stone pestle, with the addition of little water so as to reduce it to a pulpy mass. This pulpy mass is mixed with required quantity of water varying from a pint to a pint and a half or more for one person, and strained through a piece of dhoti cloth. This straining process is repeated three times over, and the liquid thus prepared is ready for drink. The refuse is thrown away. This process is generally practised by habitual consumers. Persons who take it for occasional luxury generally add all the substances shown in answer to question No. 29. The liquid thus prepared goes by the name of " may a"—literally means worldly regard. (5) There is another liquid preparation, which is solely prepared in milk as under:— Required quantity of roasted bhang, which varies from 2 to 3 tolas, is tied up in a piece of clean muslin cloth with a twine ; this is then tied to a piece of stick in its centre. This stick is put horizontally over the edge of the vessel containing milk in such a way that the bottom of the bag containing bhang just touches the level of the milk. The vessel is put on fire. The milk, while boiling, rises and falls, thus extracting the active principle of bhang in the bag. The milk is boiled for about an hour or more according to the intoxication required. Now sugar is added. Then the vessel containing milk is removed from the stove and allowed to cool. This liquid preparation is more intoxicating in its effects than the one given above. 56. Dhatura, arsenic and such poisonous drugs when mixed with ganja, either in moderation or excess, intensify the intoxicating effects of ganja. Other non-poisonous substances are added to mitigate its local irritant effects and to make it more delicious and pleasant. In the case of bhang, ingredients forming bhang massala are such that some of them act as stimulant, and some as cooling and refrigerating. When dhatura is added, the intoxicating effect become more marked. It is only mixed with dhatura when prepared for administeration to others for criminal purposes.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR THAKORDAS KIKABHAI, Bania, Assistant Surgeon, Wadhwan Civil Station, Kathiawar.


29. Ordinarily ganja is mixed with tobacco for smoking ; exceptionally dhatura is mixed with it by excessive smokers, and by these smokers sometimes nux vomica is added. The object of adding dhatura is to have excessive intoxication. Nux vomica is put as a nervine tonic, as excessive use of ganja brings on exhaustion. 1 have heard of persons smoking ganja, then eating after a time or smoking some preparation of opium, and latterly drinking liquor (alcohol). Ordinarily here no mixture or massala of bhang is sold, but the component ingredients are bought separately. Bhang or subji is made into a sherbet mixture. It contains sugar, poppy seed juice, almond pulp, cardamom seed, and milk. All these are pounded separately and mixed with water, etc., and drunk. 56. In moderation no admixture is done except of tobacco. In excess bairagis or religious mendicants use dhatura for having more intoxication. Dhatura is also used for criminal purposes, to facilitate robbery ; it is added to majum or any other sweetmeat - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ABDUL GHANI, Hakim, in charge of Gadag Dispensary, Gadag, Dharwar District.


23. Not to my knowledge. 29. (a) Ingredients ordinarily mixed with ganja are—1st, tobacco ; 2ndly, a paste made of powdered tobacco and treacle (called gadakoo). (b) Ingredients exceptionally mixed with ganja are (1) opium, (2) powdered cubebs, (3) cardamom seeds, (4) dhatura, and (5) nux vomica. When a deep and prolonged sense of intoxication is required, ganja is said to be smoked along with opium. Majun or majum, a preparation of ganja, usually consists of sugar, milk, ghee, poppy seeds, and sometimes of dhatura seeds and the powder of nux vomica, The usual ingredients of " bhang massala" are :—Black pepper, cinnamon, cardamom seeds, poppy seeds, carraway seeds; and to these are occasionally added rose leaves, almonds, and pistachios.   - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON B. H. NANAVATTY, Parsi, and Teacher of Surgery and Midwifery, Medical School, Ahmedabad.


29. Ganja is ordinarily mixed with tobacco, and I am not aware of any exceptional case in which other ingredients are mixed with it. Poor people mix pepper with bhang, but well-to-do persons mix also sugar, almond, poppy seeds, rose buds and cardamoms, etc. The object of these mixtures is to make it more palatable. I am not aware of the use of dhatura, opium and other substances mentioned in the question in forming the mixture. Yes. The ingredients are the same as those mentioned above. 56. The admixture of hemp with other substances used in moderation has a tonic, aphrodisiac and digestive effect. In cases of excessive use its effect is intoxicating, narcotic and productive of mental imbecility.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT BHAU SACCARAM, Brahmin, Raipur Dispensary, Ahmedabad.


23. Not known. 29. (a) Ganja is mixed with equal parts of tobacco. Four tolas bhang is mixed with the following articles, viz— Rosebuds 1 tola, poppy seed 1 and 1/2 tolas, almond 2 tolas, sugar 1 seer, and water 4 seers is made into a drink. (b) Unknown. Bhang massala not known.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT RAJANA LOKAJEE, Máli Telgu, Thana


23. Bhang to my knowledge, I have never heard used for smoking. 29 (a) Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with ganja and charas while smoking, and (b) exceptionally dhatura seeds, opium, and sometimes betel-nut are also used. The object of mixing tobacco while smoking is nothing but to get clean smoke, as ganja and charas both required washing with water before use ; and when wet they find sometimes difficulties to kindle, and by mixing tobacco the fire will take place to the substance easily, and. smoke will come from the chillum very freely as the wet part dried by adding tobacco. (b) Exceptionally, dhatura seeds, opium, nux vomica, betel-nut are also used by some and in joke to increase the narcotic properties, as well as making a fool of others or with some foul objects, as of stealing or of debauchery. Bhang massala's ingredients are as follows :— (1) poppy-head seeds, (2) rose, dry, unopened flower, (3) almond seed, sweet, (4) charolee, (5) anise (sometimes), (6) black or white pepper, (7) sugar, (8) milk. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT JAMIATRAM JEYASHUNKER, Nagar Brahmin, West Hospital, Rajkot, Kattiawar.


23. No. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. The following ingredients are mixed with ganja in smoking :-(a) Ordinarily—ganja, tobacco. (b) Exceptionally-ganja, dhatura, opium, jawari root, nux vomica. Drinking bhang—(a) Ordinarily—Bhang, black pepper, ajwan, water. (b) Exceptionally—Bhang, dhatura, nux vomica, black pepper, nurium oleander or kunher root, opium, water. Occasionally by rich—Bhang, black pepper, aniseseeds, dry rose buds, poppy seeds, cardamoms, saffron, mace, almond, milk, sugar, and water. The object of admixturing these drugs is to have less or more intoxication. I know the following preparations made of bhang are locally sold as massala :— (1) majum, (2)shrikhand, (3) yakuti, (4) gulkand, (5) dry date of bhang massala, (6) bhang massala. (1) Majum is prepared when bhang is fried in ghee and mixed with syrup simple and allowed to dry into cakes. (2) Shrikhand is prepared when bhang is fried in ghee and finally powdered and mixed with curd, saffron and sugar ; the substance becomes yellow and solid in moist form. (3) Yakuti is prepared by mixing bhang powder with saffron and rose syrup with some spices, and allowed the substance to dry cakes. (4) Gulkand is prepared when the fine powder of bhang mixed with confection of rose made of rose buds or flowers and sugarcandy, the substance remains solid and in moist forms. (5) Dry date of bhang is prepared at Visnoga in Guzarat. Dry bhang properly washed in water and well boiled in ghee for two or three hours, then the ghee is mixed with some spices and bachnag (aconite) and the cavity of dates filled in and allowed to soak the substance and preserved. (6) Bhang massala. It is prepared when bhang powder is finally fried in ghee and mixed with sugar and ajwan. I have seen all the preparations used by some natives of India, and the last preparation on several occasions used by the regimental soldiers, etc., eating this substance with water. 56. When it is used in the form of mixtures it modifies more or less the effect. When mixed with dhatura it soon brings on an extraordinary intoxication within half au hour or so of a peculiar character. With opium it brings on narcotism ; with nux vomica strong sexual excitement. I have not heard of its being mixed with cantharides or betel-nut. (b) When used in excess the effects are very harmful. It is used for personal consumption generally and occasionally for administration to others, perhaps with some objects, or to have excessive intoxication.   - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SUDASHIO WAMON, Brahmin, Mansa, Mahikantha


23. No, never. 29. (a) Bhang is ordinarily mixed with poppy seeds, black pepper, ginger dry, sugar or treacle, almonds, pistachios, fennel, rose water, and water, (b) Dhatura is used under exceptional circumstances, probably with a view to increase its action. Opium, nux vomica, cantharides or betel-nut is not known here to have been so used. Ganja is (a) ordinarily smoked without any admixture, but is (b) exceptionally mixed with dhatura seeds, tobacco, and " garaku " (a mixture of tobacco and treacle). I do not know of any preparation called bhang massala, but if it be identical with " bhang majum," the ingredients are as under :—bhang, ghi, milk, sugar, and cloves. In fact, it is a confection of bhang. 56. Admixture of dhatura seeds intensifies the effect of the drugs.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PHIROZSILAW D. COOPER, Parsi, in charge Dispensary, Ilao.


23. As far as I know, bhang is not generally used for smoking. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja ; dhatura, opium and nux vomica are also mixed with ganja to make the effect more powerful by a few excessive ganja smokers, and especially by ascetics. 1 have not heard or seen cantharides and betel-nut so used. The following are the ingredients of bhang massala :—poppy seed, almond seeds, anise fruit, sugar, milk, black pepper, cardamoms, seeds of cucumber. 56. Dhatura, opium and nux vomica are mixed with ganja to make its effect more powerful, and these things are used by those people who use ganja excessively.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SHAIK SURFRAZ HAKIM, Nasik.


23. No. 29. Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with ganja and charas for smoking. Bhang is ordinarily mixed with spices, milk, sugar, and water. Exceptionally dhatura is added. I know one form of massala in the preparation of bhang called panch ratni, consisting of aconite, arsenic, dhatura, opium and bhang, sweetened with sugar, etc. The object of this admixture is to heighten the excitement. 56. Both in moderation and excess the admixture of other substances is made use for heightening the effects.  -  Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PURSON SINGH CHATTRY, Sholapur.


23. Some books say that bhang is smoked occasionally in some parts of the country. But Mr. Hem Chandra, Kerr believes the statement to be incorrect. Question 23.[oral evidence]—I cannot mention the names of any of the books referred to ; but I remember the contradiction in Mr Hem Chandra Kerr's report. He mentions the fact that some books speak of smoking bhang29. Charas is smoked, mixed with prepared tobacco (a mixture of tobacco and molasses). Ganja is smoked with tobacco. The object in both cases seems to be to dilute the charas or ganja with a nonnarcotic stuff. Dhatura is said sometimes (exceptionally) to be mixed with majum ; so also mix vomica, with the object of increasing the narcotic and aphrodisiac property of the hemp. Bhang is mixed ordinarily with black pepper, anise seeds, and a little sugar in preparing a common beverage, the object being to correct the nauseating tendency of the durg ; and occasionallywith dry rose petals, cardamom seeds, almond paste and milk ; the object being to make it more pleasant and agreeable. The spices generally mixed with the bhang in the confectionery called majum, yakuti, etc., are cardamoms, nutmegs, cloves, saffron, etc. I know of no such preparation as " a bang massala " being sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I do not regard tobacco as narcotic. The object of using it is to make the hemp drug milder. Dhatura increases the narcotic effect of the hemp drug, and nux vomica its aphrodisiac properties. It is with majum they are thus used for eating, not for smoking. 56. Dhatura, nux vomica, and opium are sometimes added to bhang in majum and other sweetmeats in some parts of Northern India. The virulence of the preparation is greatly increased by dhatura and opium ; the former is known to cause loss of speech in some cases. Nux vomica increases the aphrodisiac power of the drug. Used in excess, these admixtures lead to grave consequences, in some cases even proving fatal.  - Evidence of GANESH KRISHNA GARDE, * Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City


23. Not to my knowledge. 29. Ganja is mixed ordinarily with tobacco. Bhang's infusion contains black pepper, anise, sugar, milk, cucumber and melon seeds ordinarily and exceptionally opium, the object being to make it more intoxicating and narcotic. The bhang massala seems to me to be the same as majum, a confection made with hemp leaves to be used as a sweetmeat. This is either eaten alone or added to the infusion ; but its composition varies in different parts of India, several intoxicating drugs being added to it. Dr. Garcia d'Orta, the earliest European observer of the effects of bhang in India, and who published his work in Goa in 1563, mentions maju as eaten by Sultan Bahadur of Gujrat. He also mentions green betel-nut, nutmeg and musk as ingredients of the infusion.  - Evidence of J. GERSON DA. CUNHA, Medical Practitioner, Esplanade, Bombay.


23. Not to my knowledge. 29. Ganja is often smoked mixed with tobacco. Bhang massala is said to contain bhang, almonds, pepper, rose petals, anise seeds, cardamoms, and poppy seeds.  - Evidence of EDALJI NASHIRVANJI, Parsi, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


23. In one of the cases reported on a separate paper,* bhang was used for smoking and in the form of tincture. 29. Dhatura in small doses is frequently used to cause exhilaration. Opium is also administered in small quantities. Don't know anything about nux vomica and cantharides. Betel-nut is frequently used, but not mixed with hemp drug. It causes also the exhilaration. 56. I have already stated why the admixture of opium and dhatura is given.  - Evidence of DR. I. C. LisBoA, Private .Medical Practitioner, Bombay and Poona.


23. I am not aware of bhang being ever used for smoking. 29. Habitual drinkers of bhang ordinarily mix black pepper, dry rose buds and anise seeds. Occasional drinkers of bhang use (b) exceptionally almonds, black pepper, dry rose buds, anise seeds, sugarcandy, cardamoms and saffron, and milk, and seine add cucumber and water-melon seeds. Habitual smokers of ganja use tobacco, and occasional smokers use dhatura seed. The object of these admixtures is in some cases to enhance their value as narcotics, and some with object of making them pleasant and cooling drink.  - Evidence of BHALCHANDRA KRISHNA BHATAVADEKAR, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


29. Dhatura is used very exceptionally to produce more narcotic effects ; tabasier or vanslochar is used, and miri gulab kali, khaskhas and the fine cucurbitoca seeds and almond and cardamoms are used. 56. I have heard of dhatura being mixed with ganja, but how it is made serviceable for criminal purposes I cannot say. - Evidence of ISMAIL JAN MOHOMED, Khoja, Physician, Bombay.


23. Generally bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura was never used by the Parsis to make up the bhang drink.  - Evidence of ARDESIR DADABHOY MODY, Parsi, J.P., Member, Municipal Corporation, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


23. Bhangs is never used for smoking. It is, however, used as medicine, for vapour purposes in piles, and in the case of irritation of rectum and vagina. 29. Ganja is ordinarily smoked with or without tobacco. I have seen one man preparing cigarette of ganja and putting in it little opium and saffron. Ink bhang ordinarily pepper is mixed, and exceptionally cardamoms, rose buds, anise, poppy seeds, saffron, musk, almond, pista, charoli, sugar, and milk. I know sometimes shaloo jowari roots (the roots of jowari cultivated in the cold season) are mixed with bhang to increase its narcotic effect ; and in ganja, dhatura seeds are sometimes added to increase its narcotic effect. I know that a preparation, known as bhang massala, is sold in the market, the ingredients of which are almost the same, which are exceptionally used in preparing bhang drink. 56. The effects of ganja are modified by adding tobacco, and that of bhang are modified by diluting it with water. Dhatura seeds are mixed with ganja and shaloo jowari roots with bhang to increase their narcotic property. - Evidence of UTTAMRAM JEEWANRAM, ITCHAPOORIA, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. It is used for giving vapour in piles as medicine. 29. In ganja ordinarily tobacco is mixed, and exceptionally amar, musk, cardamoms, etc., are added. In bhang ordinarily pepper is mixed, and exceptionally cardamoms, anise, rose buds, kusani, sugar, milk, choroli, pista, almond, poppy seeds, and other sorts of seeds. I know that gandhis sell above-named ingredients as bhang massala. 56. Tobacco is mixed with ganja to modify its effects. Nothing is added to bhang to modify its effects. Bhang, if taken in small doses, produces but very little intoxication. Those who are excessive consumers, and when the drug does not produce intoxication, add dhatura seeds in ganja and old jowari roots in bhang to increase their narcotic power.  - Evidence of KESHOWRAM HARIDAT, Chcepooria, Audesh Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya) , Render, Surat and Bombay.


29. In the ordinary preparation, which is generally used by habitual drinkers, black pepper and sugar are mixed, and the drink is made by mixing well rubbed bhaug powder in water. When bhang is prepared by rich persons, and also when it is prepared on special occasions, sugar and pepper are invariably added, with almonds, pistachio nuts, chirongia-sopila, cinnamon, cardamoms, mace, nutmeg, saffron, musk, and conserve of roses. The ingredients added will depend on the means of the drinker and the occasion for which the drink is prepared. Dhatura, which is a strong narcotic, is not ordinarily mixed with bhang. 56. The effects are not modified by the admixtures used ordinarily. -  Evidence of MR. PURBHURAM JEEWANRAM, Nagar Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay.


23. So far as I know, bhang is never used for smoking. 29. (a) With ganja, tobacco. With charas, tobacco. With bhang, mixed in water, black pepper, sugar and poppy seed. With garda, mixed in water, black pepper, sugar, and poppy seed. (b) With ganja, gurako. It may be mentioned here that occasionally a smoker in place of using the ordinary earthen chillum will scoop out and make a pipe of a piece of sugarcane and smoke from this implement. With charas, gurako. With bhang, mixed in milk, almonds, cardamoms, saffron, cucumber seed, melon seed, rose buds and sugarcandy. With garda—garda is not used when a costly drink is prepared. The poorer and habitual consumers use the articles mentioned under (a) , and the well-to-do and occasional consumers the articles mentioned under (b) . Dhatura is never used with these drugs in Bombay. It is said that by mixing tobacco or gurako with ganja and charas the smoke tastes better ; it makes it stronger, and enables the smoker to expectorate any phlegm that may be in his throat or in his lungs. It is said that black pepper is always mixed with bhang to prevent pains in the stomach. The other ingredients are used to make the drink pleasant to the taste. These remarks also apply to garda. I do not know of any preparation of bhang massala kept and sold for the purpose of beieg mixed with any hemp drugs. The articles above mentioned are the only ones known by me which are used in this way.
 - Evidence Of VITHALDAS PRANJIWANDASS, Bhunksali Landlord and Trader, late Intoxicating Drugs Farmer, Bombay.


23. Not to my knowledge the bhang is ever used for smoking. 29. Ordinary tobacco is mixed with ganja for smoking by the people. Dhatura is mixed when a man intends to make another insensible for robbing of him. The object of mixing tobacco is to make ganja more palatable and less strong. Bhang is generally mixed with aniseed and black pepper. The ingredients of bhang massala are— aniseed, black pepper, rose petals, poppy seeds, almonds, coriander, sugar, cardamom, milk, etc. 56. The effects of hemp used in moderation are modified by the massala, It renders the drug palatable and mild, and after-effects are not so bad as if the drug was used by itself. So with ganja when tobacco mixed before smoking modifies the action of the drug. It is never mixed with dhatura for personal consumption, but it is used to induce stupefaction of victims by criminals.   - Evidence of RAMCHANDRA KRISHNA. KOTIIAVALE, Brahmin, Inamdur, Taluka Wai, in Satara District.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, so far as my source of information goes. 29. Generally ganja is smoked alone by the sadhus, etc. Sometimes, however, tobacco is mixed with it. (b) The yakuti of ganja is prepared in the following way :—Ganja is first washed in water and then dried ; and it is then crushed into a fine powder. Honey and sugarcandy is then mixed with it; and then nutmegs, cardamom, leaves of Laurus cassia, musk, cloves, mace, Thomea turpethium (a medicinal root for removing constipation), long pepper, roots of piper are added on to the preparation as spices. This yakuti of ganja is used by wealthy people as a luxury fur intoxicating purposes. In Baroda a considerable amount of people are to be found who resort to this luxury. It is used by people who do not like to smoke ganja as being socially degrading. I am not aware of any preparation called bhang massala sold in the Gujarat markets for the purpose of being mixed with bhang or the other two products of the hemp plant ; but with minor variations, according to the practice of the various provinces, certain spices are added to bhang when it is prepared for drinking purposes. Black pepper corn, dried rose leaves, and poppy seeds are always added after being crushed ; and sugar, except sometimes with habitual drinkers, is also always added. For making a rich drink of it, pistachio nuts and the seeds of the tree called Chirongia sapida are also added to the preparation after being crushed. But a preparation called majum, prepared out of bhang, is sold in the bazars of Gujarat town. It is prepared as follows : Bhang is washed with water and dried. It is then crushed into a fine powder and mixed with milk. The latter is then turned into curds, and this when ready is churned like ordinary curds to take out butter and make ghi (clarified butter) out of it, Then chasni (syrup) of sugar or sugarcandy is prepared, chasni being the Gujarati name for sugar boiled in preparation for conserves or sweetmeats. The ghi prepared as above is then thrown into it, and along with it all the spices used in preparing the yakuti of ganja as mentioned above are added. This when allowed to cool down and cut into square or irregular pieces is the majum of bhang. - Evidence of DESAIBHAI KALIDAS, Brahmin (Khedaval), Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Kaira.



23. Bhang is not used for smoking in this district. 29. In the case of ganja tobacco is invariably mixed, and that of bhang the mixture is usually of pepper and some massala and sugar. Sometimes milk is also used to give flavour to the drink by well-to-do persons accustomed to drink bhang. Dhatura is very rarely used and only by excessive smokers of ganja with the object of getting more intoxicated. Yes, the bhang massala is sold by grocers, The more usual ingredients of bhang massala are as follows :— (1) Badi shop (aniseed) ; (2) kasni ; (3) gulab kali (rose buds) ; (4) miri, i.e., kali miri (pepper); (5) badam (almond) ; (6) kakdi bij (cucumber seeds) ; (7) khaskhas (poppy seed) ; (8) vilayachi (cardamom) ; (9) sakar (sugar) ; (10) dudha (milk) ; (11) dhane (coriander seed). When this massala is mixed with sugar, milk and bhang, it is called dudhiya.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR GOVINDRAO RAMCHANDRA GARUD, Pleader Dhulia, Khandesh.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking in this district. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja by consumers and dhatura also is sometimes mixed by some people, the object being that the admixture produces more intoxication. Bhang massala is not sold here, but the massala consists of sugar, poppy seeds, owa, ginger, and cocoanut juice.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR HUCHRAO ACHUT HARIHAR, Deshast Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Belgaum.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in this district. 29. Men who drink bhang ordinarily mix with it milk, sugar, rose buds, saffron, cardamoms, opium seeds, and pepper ; because such mixed drink is tasteful and fragrant. And this is called bhang massala." Dhatura is not so used. 56. Intoxication is produced in a greater degree when the hemp is used with dhatura seed, whether used moderately or excessively. - Evidence of NARO DHAKADEO, Brahmin, Pleader, Jalgaon, District Khandesh.


23. Bhang properly so called is not consumed in these parts. 29. Moderate ganja smokers never mix any other ingredients than tobacco with the ganja. Only excessive smokers, such as bairagis, fakirs, etc., who in order to strengthen the intoxicating properties admix dhatura and also kuchli (seed of nux vomica) and bachnag (roots of Gloriosa superba). This is not, however, done by consumers of the higher classes. When they prepare drinks they only mix spices made of badam (Amygdalas communis), bedana (dried grapes), ketar (saffron), khaskhas (poppy seeds), welchi (cardamom), jaiphal (nutmeg), sugarcandy, etc. The number of spices and their quantities mixed depend upon the means of the consumers. 56. Moderate smokers, of which however the number is comparatively very small, smoke ganja mixed with tobacco. Those who want to make it strong ( of this class the number is largely to be found amongst " bairagis, " "fakirs " etc.), mix it with a part of the seed of nux vomica, dhatura, bachnag. I am not in a position to give the exact proportion. Question 56.[oral evidence]—The first sentence of my answer will be understood if reference is made to my answer 41. I mean that moderate consumers are fewer than excessive consumers, because the moderate consumer of intoxicants is always inclined to go to excess. The number or people who remain moderate consumers because of their poverty is small. When I went to Belgaum, I visited people in Shapur, and I heard from ganja smokers that the poisons I have named were sometimes mixed with the drugs. I have myself seen bairagis, who visited my village, use nux vomica. One man who could not get the opium to which he was accustomed ate dhatura in my presence. It was not mixed with ganja, though the man was an occasional smoker of ganja. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHWANATH KESHAWA JOGLEKAR, Brahmin, Sowkar, Karajgi in Dharwar District.


23. Never. 29. Ganja, as a rule, is mixed with an equal quantity of tobacco ordinarily ; and bhang is mixed with Piper nigrum and aniseeds and with sugar ordinarily. Ganja is mixed with dhatura and sometimes with opium to increase its narcotic property exceptionally. Bhang massala is generally composed of Piper nigrum, aniseeds, cardamoms, almonds, chestnuts.  - Evidence of DINANATH SHIWSHANKER, Druggist and Chemist.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Habitual consumers mix ordinarily with bhang black pepper. Exceptional consumers mix almonds, dried rose flowers, sugar, poppy seeds, cardamoms, and milk. Dhatura is not used with bhang so far as I know. These ingredients are put into bhang with the object of making it more palatable, and for the purpose of cooling the brain. There is no special preparation, such as bhang massala, that I know. 56. As regards bhang, narcotic effects are not modified by any of the substances added to it which I know of. These substances are added to bhang to make it more palatable, and to prevent it causing stomach-ache and wind. I have never heard of dhatura being added to bhang. Usually bhang is drunk in the evening at about 4 P.M after finishing business, when neither pearls nor precious stones are valued. The saying that jewellers make use of bluing for the purpose of better ascertaining the real quality and value of pearls and diamonds has, I think, no foundation. My brothers and myself never partake of bhang during business hours. We take it after business is closed. It is true, however, that jewellers believe that the drinking of bhang has the effect of relieving the strain on the eye-sight caused by the keen and continuous examination of pearls and precious stones.
 - Evidence* of NAWALCHAND HEERACHAND, Jeweller, Bombay.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking in any localities by any classes of people and to any extent in Gujarat. 29. (a) Black pepper is ordinarily mixed with bhang and tobacco with ganja. (b) The ingredients exceptionally mixed with bhang are black pepper, sugar, rose-flowers, cardamoms, poppy seeds, almonds, milk, carraway seeds, etc., flavouring ingredients, and dried fruits according to the taste of higher classes of consumera which is commonly named bhang massala, while nothing is exceptionally mixed with ganja beyond tobacco. Dhatura is not used in mixing with bhang and ganja. The object of the admixture of the above flavouring ingredients and dried fruits with bhang, called bhang massala, is to render the preparation pleasant to the taste and mild in its effects. The common bhang massala is composed of pepper, poppy seeds, rose-flowers, carraway seeds and sugar, which is used by the middle classes of the people.  - Evidence of JAMSEDJEE NASSERWANJEE GINWALLA,* Shenshai Parsi, Abkari and Opium Farmer, and proprietor of cotton-ginning factories, Ankleswar.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 24. Men from all classes drink bhanga. 28. (a) Nearly five tolas, cost 1 and 1/2 annas. (b) Double the quantity. 29. Ordinarily tobacco is mixed with ganja, which is first moistened by washing. Dhatura is used with ganja in order to produce extraordinary intoxicating properties. Like punch there is a preparation of ganja consisting of five ingredients :—ganja, arsenic, aconite, nux vomica and opium. - Evidence of KISAN DULICHAND, Licensed Vendor of Ganja, Nasik.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. The well-to-do drinkers of bhang generally mix almonds, pistachios, poppy seeds, pepper, cardamoms, pumpkin seed, cummin and aniseed. Dhatura is not mixed except by bairagis or sadhus who want to remain in unconscious or semi-conscious state. Ganja is ordinarily and exceptionally mixed with tobacco and smoked by all habitual consumers except some sadhus or bairagis who smoke it in their chillum without any mixture to get more intoxicated. 56. The effects of hemp used in moderation or in excess, mixed with dhatura, greatly increase intoxication.  - Evidence of NANNU MIAN B.SHAIKH, Municipal Secretary, Surat.


23. Not used for smoking. 29. Ganja is first washed clean by rubbing it in the hands with water and then it is put in the chillum for smoking with about half of its quantity of tobacco. Ganja smoked alone without the accompaniment of tobacco is believed to cause madness. If the quantity of tobacco exceeds that of ganja, it produces cough. I have not known anybody using dhatura with ganja  or bhang; nor do I know bhang massala. See majum and dudhia under question 15.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VENKAT RANGO KATTI, Pensioner, Dharwar.


23. Bhang is used for smoking in all localities by all classes of consumers, except Europeans and Parsis, when ganja is not available. The use of bhang being exceptional, the extent cannot be ascertained. 29. All classes consuming ganja, charas and bhang by smoking ordinarily mix tobacco alone, or with cloves, mace, nutmeg and cardamom. Ganja and bhang, when used for eating, are generally mixed with jagri, or at times with sugar ; while, when used for drinking, jagri, opium seed and bada sape are generally mixed ; and at times, to make the preparation flavorous, sugar, opium seed, bada sape, black pepper, dried ginger, cardamom, nutmeg, mace and cloves are mixed. All classes of people follow the same procedure in the use of the drugs for eating and drinking. Tobacco is mixed to lessen the offensive smell ; sugar and jagri, etc., are mixed to make the preparation palatable ; the opium seed for intoxication; and bada sape, dried ginger and black pepper for digestion. Dhatura or opium is mixed in exceptional cases to make the preparation stronger. This is done by only a few people who are experts. A preparation known as bhang massala is not sold for the purpose of being mixed with any of these drugs. Bhang massala consists of the following ingredients :— Horse radish bark, onion seed, toddy, jagri, garlic, mustard seed, yellow turmeric, assafœtida, black pepper, dry ginger, sweet flag, orris root, long pepper, almond, nutmeg, common salt, ink nut, chilly. 56. The effects of hemp used (a) in moderation and (b) in excess, modified by the admixture of sugar, jagri and other sweet substance are worse, and by the admixture of sour and cold substance are less than those detailed in answers Nos. 45 and 46. About eight years ago some people of Dharwar accustomed to use ganja mixed dhatura in it, prepared curry, and ate it with wheat bread in the afternoon. An hour after they were intoxicated, and while going back to their houses in intoxication they were unconscious and could not take care of themselves, and were also naked. If the admixture is administered to those who are not accustomed to the use of the drugs, the intoxication continues for about 24 hours.  - Evidence of GURAPPA RACHAPPA, Lengayet, Office of Shetti (Revenue and Police), Dharwar.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. Ganja is ordinarily smoked with tobacco in equal parts. Exceptionally the ganja is washed in rose water, and a particle of musk is added with tobacco. Ganja is sometimes smoked from a pipe prepared from a piece of sugarcane. It is essential that tobacco should be mixed with the ganja to be smoked, otherwise the ganja could not be smoked. The ganja is washed in rose water with a view to making the smoke cooler and pleasant. A particle of musk is added to perfume the ganja smoke. Ganja is smoked from the sugarcane pipe to cool the smoke. Bhang is ordinarily mixed with water, with a little black pepper and sugar added to it. Exceptionally it is prepared in milk with black pepper, cardamoms, sugar, saffron, almonds, rose buds, poppy seeds, cucumber seeds, white pumpkin seeds, melon seeds, and other ingredients. The black pepper is added to bhang with the object of preventing stomach-ache and wind. The other things are added with the view of making the drink pleasant. Dhatura, is never used so far as I know with ganja or bhang. I know of no preparation known as bhang massala. 56. Tobacco is mixed with ganja so that it can be smoked easily. Spices are mixed with bhang to make it cool and pleasant in taste. I know of no case in which dhatura has been mixed with hemp drug for personal consumption or for administration to others. - Evidence of LALDAS LAXMONJI, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay.


23. Practically bhang is never used for smoking, but it is said that excessive consumers will rub the fresh leaves of the male plant in their hands and place it in their pipes with their tobacco. 29. Habitual moderate consumers mix as a rule nothing with the bhang, but drink it in a large quantity of water, when it is known as "pango" or " sukho." The preparation is about 3 tolas to a gallon. They also drink it mixed with spices of all kinds, when it is known as " thadal," i.e., a cooling drink, the spices used being aniseed, pepper, almonds, sugar-candy, saffron, cardamoms, poppy seed, coriander, petals of the holly hock, succory, purslain, etc. Excessive consumers drink it as a rule with water only, but parched grain is sometimes added in order to intensify the intoxicating power. Sometimes before being mixed with water, the bhang is placed under the hot ashes of a fire, as this also is said to increase its strength. Ordinarily bhang is pounded up with a short stick which answers to a pestle, and then put in the water, the mixture being strained through a cloth. The spiced mixture is specially used at festivals, such as the Holi or Shivaratri. Dhatura is not used with bhang, nor do I know of the preparation " bhang massala." Tobacco only is mixed with charas and ganja. 56. Bhang drunk either in moderation or excess is said to become more intoxicating when parched gram or til (sesamum) is added. Dhatura is used for crime only. In December 1888 a man was convicted under section 37, Bombay Act VII of 1867, of being drunk and incapable from the effects of dhatura and charas mixed.   - Evidence of MR. R. GILES, Collector, Shikarpur.


23. Those addicted to ganja and deprived of the drug at times mix bhang with tobacco ; but this is said to he infrequent, the result being unsatisfactory. 29. (a) Bhang.—Black pepper and cardamoms, bhang only being conducive of flatulency. (b ) Pounded almonds, sugar, and poppy-head seeds. Charas and ganja.—Tobacco is only mixed with these. Dhatura is not mixed. 56. Sugar, poppy-head seeds, til, i.e., gin gelly, and parched gram are mixed with bhang, and are supposed to enhance its intoxicating properties. The baking of the leaves prior to their being pounded up is believed to. increase the.effects of the drug. Pickles, sour fruit and ghee are the antidotes resorted to in case of prolonged intoxication.  - Evidence of Mr. C. E. S. STAFFORD STEELE, Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Thar and Parkar District.


23. In very rare instances those who are addicted to ganja smoking do smoke bhang leaves as a substitute for ganja when they cannot obtain the latter; but this habit is confined to hard smokers of ganja and it is not of general practice. 29. As a rule ordinarily no ingredients are mixed by any of the classes who use bhang, charas and ganja. In exceptional cases, dhatura is mixed with bhang in order to stupefy the person by whom it is intended to be used ; but this is done in very rare instances among the Muhammadans of the lowest class. Among the Hindus the admixture of dhatura with bhang is not known. There is no such thing as bhang massala known or used in Sind. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR KADIRDAD KHAN GUL KHAN, C.I.E., Deputy Collector, Naushahro Sub-division.


23. It is very rarely smoked by the natives of Sind. 29. (a) None with bhang. With charas and 30. ganja, tobacco. (b) With bhang, almonds, cardamoms, pepper, poppy seeds, seeds of musk melon, coriander seed, and sugarcandy, etc. With charas none. Dhatura is not used, as it is considered to produce temporary insanity. It is used when harm is intended to be caused to the person to whom it is administered. The mixture of things shown in (b) is intended to enhance the effects of the pre paration as a tonic and refreshing draught, and also to prevent injurious effects of bhang. Bhaug massala is not known in this country. 56. People in affluent circumstances add almonds, pepper, coriander seed, musk melon seed, sugarcandy and other articles to modify the effects of hemp whether they use it in moderation or in excess. But even these admixtures cannot prevent the ill-effects of hemp in habitual excessive drinkers for a long time. They suffer more or less from one or more of the diseases and disorders stated in Appendix A. I do not possess any information regarding the admixture of dhatura for personal consumption, but it is mixed in hemp and administered to others in order to do them harm, as the administration of dhatura produces temporary insanity or stupefaction. - Evidence of S. SADIK ALI SHERALI, Deputy Collector and First Class Magistrate, Frontier District of Upper Sind.


23. No. 29. No.Yes ; I know bhang massala. Some people mix sugar, almonds and saffron with bhang.   Evidence of WADHUMAL CHANDIRAM, Pensioner, late Huzur Deputy Collector. Karachi.


23. No. 29. . I do not know what other ingredients are mixed, but dhatura is mixed in two cases— ( a) If a man is a great drinker and is not sufficiently intoxicated by ordinary bhang he mixes dhatura and (b) it is mixed to facilitate the commission of crime, Dhatura is mixed with bhang and administered to others. 56. In both cases the effects are modified by mixing dhatura. In 1891, 31st May, accused Sheikhal, Mohmadali and Shah Mahomed administered bhang mixed with dhatura to Suchal, who was thereby suffocated, so that he died. This offence was committed in Shikarpur. - Evidence of RAHMATALA KHAN, Police Inspector, Shikarpur


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Nothing is mixed with bhang in ordinary cases, but in exceptional cases the following are added:—Cardamoms, aniseed, succory, almonds, nutmegs, mace, saffron, pepper, and coriander, sugarcandy or sugar, pistachios. These are mixed either for cooling purposes or to get prolonged pleasure in copulation. Charas is sometimes smoked mixed with a little opium, and ganja is smoked with sandal wood powder mixed with it, so that the smoking may produce more intoxication and fragrance at the same time. Such a use is not confined to any particular class. Any man of means can do it. Dhatura is not mixed. The massala is not sold with bhang. If a man wishes to mix any ingredients, he can buy them from a grocer. 56. The effects of hemp are modified by mixing the stimulating ingredients mentioned under No. 29, likewise by mixing dhatura or akoi (detailed under No. 55) or other narcotic. Dhatura is not mixed with bhang for personal consumption. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LAKSHMANSING MATTHRAJI , Police Inspector, Hyderabad, Sind


23. No. 29. Tobacco is sometimes used with charas and ganja. Dhatura is also similarly mixed by very hard smokers or when a deeper intoxication is sought. There is a preparation of bhang which is much used in Sind both by Hindus and Muhammadans called thundai. In this preparation besides bhang the following ingredients are mixed:—Almonds, spice, poppy-seed, black-pepper flower of kasni and sugar. This preparation is believed to be very cooling.  - Evidence of MR. GEO. JUDD, Head Preventive Officer, Karachi.


23. No; it burns off too soon is so used. 29. (a)Bhang seed, poppy seed and pepper. (b) By well-to-do classes.—Dry roses, aniseed, sugarcandy are added sometimes. Bhang massala is not sold here. - Evidence of MR. GEO. J. BARKER, Abkari Inspector, Karachi.


23. Bhang is used for smoking sometimes along with tobacco. Please see answer to question No. 15. 29. Ganja and charas are mixed with tobacco for the purpose of smoking. Bhang is ordinarily drunk unmixed; but to serve as a cooling drink it is mixed with the following ingredients:—Kaskhas, souf, dhana, black pepper, gidra seed, badrung seed, and rose buds. For the purpose of lust, the above plus the following :— Elachi, kasni, badamis, saffron, milk and sugar -candy. 56. On Shivaratri day, the bhang prepared for offering to Shiva and styled panchratna is admixtured with dhatura seed, and the preparation is partaken of by fakirs. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR ALUMAL TRIKAMDAS BHOJWANI, Deputy Educational Inspector, Karachi


23. I cannot say. 29. I understand that opium and dhatura are exceptionally mixed with hemp drugs. I do not know the preparations. - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. BAINBRIDGE, Civil Surgeon, Karachi.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking in Sind as far as I know. 29. Bhang, more especially amongst the poor, is ordinarily drunk without any admixture. None of the drugs mentioned (viz., dhatura, etc.) are ever, to my knowledge, mixed with bhang, ganja and charas except tobacco, which is always mixed with ganja and charas : that is to say, that in the preparation of ganja and charas for the chillum, tobacco is invariably mixed with them. The object of the tobacco being in both cases to keep it going for some time, to prevent its rapid consumption, and retard or slow down the narcotic effects.
If a large volume of smoke composed solely of ganja or charas is inhaled, the intoxicating effects are almost instantaneous ; whereas, when mixed with tobacco, the narcotic effects are not so rapid and violent. Bhang massala as sold in the bazaar consists of the following ingredients :—Aniseeds, rose buds, kasni, almonds, cardamoms, black pepper, poppy seeds and sugar. When privately prepared, milk is, as a rule, added. 56. They decrease the intensity of the drug, prolong the duration, and render mellow its effect both in moderation and in excess. Dhatura, etc., are never mixed with hemp drugs in this province to any extent. But sight must not be lost of the fact that tobacco is all along smoked during the preparation of the bhang; and that it is mixed with both the ganja and charas, which are never, as a rule, smoked without it - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. KEITH, Superintendent, Lunatic Asylums, Hyderabad, Sind.


23. Bhang is never smoked by Sindhis. Travelling fakirs and banias from Hindustan smoke it, but very rarely. Travellers also occasionally chew it and drink water over it. This is done only occasionally, when the usual pot and mash stick are not available on a journey. 29. The ingredients mixed with bhang sometimes are Aniseed Cinnamon Cardamom Coriander seed and for cooling; Sugar in the form of pattassa.    for sweetening. No preparation known as bhang massala sold in these parts.  -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. CORKERY, Civil Surgeon, Sukkur.


23. No. 29.  Bhang is sweetened and taken in liquid, mixed or unmixed, with spices. Ganja (charas less so) is smoked with tobacco. Other admixtures are not used in Sind. No, but hemp is sold as a sweetmeat under the name of majum. 56. Not used in the form of an admixture in Sind, nor do I think it is a common practice any-where. Dhatura, for the commission of theft, is sometimes mixed with hemp to ensure a victim being rendered unconscious, and opium is sometimes taken with it as an aphrodisiac, but I have never heard of its being mixed with nux vomica, betel-nut or cantharides. Nux vomica may enter the bhang drink of the regular moderate consumer on account of its tonic properties.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, EDWARD MACKENZIE, Manora, Karachi, Sind.


23. Not known. 29. Among the high class Hindus, a preparation called thadal is prepared containing a very small quantity of subzi admixed with sugarcandy, poppy seeds and some spices. The object appears to be to make it a pleasant and palatable drink. Bhang massala not known. Ganja and charas are always smoked admixed with tobacco, and the object appears to be to remove the irritative pro -perties of the drug. 56. The effects of moderate uses of subzi are said to be very salubrious to the general constitution by the cultivators. Dhatura is said to be used for to be admixed with hemp by some thugs in some parts of Upper India. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, G. M. DIXON, Medical Officer and Superintendent, Nara Jail.


23. No. 29. The ingredients are — (a)Ordinarily—khaskhas, coriander, black pepper. (b)Exceptionally—fennel seeds, rosebuds, melon seeds, kasni. (c)Very exceptionally—almond, milk. Of the drugs enumerated in this section none enter into the composition of the bhang draught. As an admixture, dhatura is sometimes used with ganja, seldom with bhang, and is employed with the object of strengthening their intoxicating effects. Charas is always used with tobacco, the
latter being employed as a medium for smoking the drug. Ganja, when smoked in moderation, is also mixed with tobacco, sometimes by itself. "Bhang massala," commonly and ordinarily sold in Sind in all bhang shops, contains the fol lowing ingredients: to 6 tolas of bhang is added khaskhas about 1 tola, black pepper 1/6 of a tola, coriander and kasni seeds (sometimes) of each 1/2 tola. In Sind, by far the greater number of cases employ bhang in its plain state, in the form of a fresh mixture obtained by maceration in cold water and straining. Ordinarily, the ingredients added are khaskhas, black pepper and coriander. These are bruised in a mortar and reduced to a pulp by the aid of water, and then added to the mixture al ready made. Black pepper and coriander are em ployed with the object of destroying the bilious tendency which the drug induces, and, to a certain extent, to flavour the potation. Khaskhas serves to brighten the colour of the mixture and render it pleasing to the eye, the original dark green colour of the fluid being replaced by a pleasant pale green. The poppy seeds, however, are supposed to have certain disadvantages. By their use, the mixture is said to become slightly acrid to the taste and stronger in its effects, especially in its soporific action. It is also believed that they tend to increase the quantity of bile in the system. Hence, when khaskhas is used, black pepper and coriander are invariably also added. The plain potation is preferred by the majority irrespective of class, the rich and the poor alike partaking of it. In the "tikhanas," or places of worship, every evening, and in some every morn ing also, a sufficiently large service is prepared for gratuitous distribution not only to regular frequenters, but also to chance visitors, no matter who or what they may be. This plain drink, as distributed in the tikhanas, is a very dilute mix ture of the drug, only half a tola in about 10 seers of water, and is known as "panga." The group of ingredients marked (b) is said to confer upon the drink refreshing effects, and is generally brought into requisition during the hot season. The fluid obtained by the maceration of these ingredients in cold water is known as "thadul," i.e., a refrigerant. The first drug of this group of ingredients is employed on account of its carminative action, serving to relieve the flatulence which bhang not unfrequently produces ; the rosebuds and melon seeds act as mild laxatives, and kasni (seed of the Chicorium intybus), being a diuretic and a mild hepatic tonic, is antibilious in its action and confers upon the drink additional refrigerant properties. The ingredients mentioned in group (c) are employed only on very special occasions, e.g., religious festivals, marriage feasts, etc., and then only by the well-to-do classes of people. In such instances the process of maceration is effected either in pure milk, or first in water, and the milk added subsequently. Ganja is generally smoked with tobacco, sometimes by itself. Charas in combination with tobacco always. 56. Among my cases I have met with seven of dhatura admixture, but none of the other drugs specified. Opium, employed not as an admixture, but as an additional narcotic to the use of hemp, is of pretty frequent occurrence. The former drug is combined with bhang, in moderation, in order to increase its intoxicating effects. My observations lead me to suppose that opium imparts to the system tolerance to resist the influence of bhang and ganja, for I find that opium-eaters always consume and bear well these drugs in moderate quantities, especially bhang. These admixtures refer to personal consumption. With regard to bhang or ganja used in excess together with an admixture of dhatura, I have but two cases, and in both the latter drug was employed to strengthen the potation. Employed for the purpose of administration to others, I have only hearsay evidence to give. I am told that dhatura is sometimes thus clandestinely added either to bhang or ganja, but not to charas, and generally from mischievous or criminal motives, to procure that fanatical excitement as witnessed in some individuals during the Moharram or Holi
festivals, or that mental disturbance tantamount to insanity constituting the cases known to medical jurists as "running amuck." In the middle of 1887 a number of such cases occurred, and I am informed that in all of them dhatura was employed as an admixture with bhang, and that the mental excitement produced, under which the individuals were ready to perpetrate the most atrocious crimes, was entirely due to dhatura. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon,J. E.BOCARRO,Lecturer, Medical School, Hyderabad (Sind).


23. I have never seen nor heard of any one smoking bhang. 29. Bhang is ordinarily used without any admixture by both classes of consumers. Exceptionally sugar, cardamoms and pepper are added by both classes to sweeten and flavour it. Habitual consumers sometimes add gram, sometimes til seed, and sometimes both together to the solution to increase, as it is alleged, its intoxicating properties. Milk is also occasionally added to the solution, to diminish the sensation of dryness of throat that is felt by the consumers. Hemp seeds are also sometimes added to make the solution less green. Charas and ganja are always smoked with tobacco by both classes of consumers. Nothing else is added to them. Dhatura is sometimes mixed up with bhang; but this is used only for criminal purposes. Opium, so far as I know, is never mixed with it, but is taken along with it by those who are in the habit of using both of these drugs. I do not know whether nux vomica, cantharides or betel-nut is so used. I have no knowledge of any such preparation as bhang massala. 56. The substances that are sometimes used with bhang are those noted in answer to question No. 29. They are used more or less to flavour it. They do not affect the effects of bhang. Til seed and gram are said to increase the intoxicating properties. Milk lessens the dryness of throat caused by bhang. I have heard of dhatura sometimes being mixed up with bhang, but this mixture is never intended for personal consumption. It is given by some of the criminal classes to their victims to facilitate them in the perpetration of crimes.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, MULCHAND GANGARAM, in charge Larkana Dispensary.


23. No, the bhang is never used for smoking. 29. (a) No, no other article is used in mixing with bhang for ordinary drinking. (b) Yes. Opium, dhatura and betel-nut are mixed with bhang in exceptional cases. The object of these ingredients is to obtain strong narcotic effects, and excite sexual desire. No, I have no knowledge if any bhang massala has been prepared and sold, but for sweetening and flavouring the mixture; the moderate consumers use cardamom seeds, poppy seeds, saffron, sugarcandy and almonds.  - Evidence of ELIJAH BENJAMIN, Jew, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shikarpur.


23. Bhang is very seldom used for smoking; but at a push ganja and charas smokers will substitute bhang when others are not to be had by both poor classes, especially Hindus and Muhammadans. 29. Ganja and charas are both mixed with tobacco and then smoked. The heavy bhang drinkers who find bhang by itself weak, generally add opium and dhatura; but many are in the habit of swallowing a pill or bolus of solid opium and drinking the bhang on the top of it. The object of these admixtures is to increase intoxication; but the preparation known as bhang massala used among Hindus, contains a little bhang, to which is added poppy seeds, pepper, cardamoms, almonds, and aniseed, and the whole sweetened with batashas or sugarcandy, and by those who can afford it milk and cream are added and the mixture used as a cooling beverage. 56. To increase intoxication in both, i.e., (a) and (b)  - Evidence of SHAIK ALI, First Class Hospital Assistant, Jacobabad.


23. I do not know if bhang is used for smoking. 29. Ordinary ingredients added to bhang are poppy seeds, black pepper, cardamons. The ordinary majum of the bazar is prepared by macerating bhang in water and adding ghee. The mixture is boiled. The ghee extract is separated, sweetened, and flavoured and coloured and allowed to cake in flat dishes. Yunani hakims prescribe a majum containing. mace, myrobylans of all kinds, senna, ginger, musk, almonds, pistachio nuts, opium (in the proportion of 1 tola of each to the seer of bhang), the basis being honey, syrup, or molasses. The majum is said to improve digestion, keep the prima via in order, give a general tone to the system, and to act as an aphrodisiac. Dhatura is used as an adulterant by retail vendors of prepared bhang. Many consumers of bhang are opium eaters. Very rarely opium is mixed with bhang. Some butchers in Karachi use the two together with a view to increase virile power and prolong sexual intercourse. Ordinary bhang massala of the bazar contains poppy and hemp seeds, sugar, black pepper, cardamons, almonds, rose petals, water-melon seeds, and coriander, mace, and nutmeg are added in the cold water. Sometimes bhang is prepared in milk. Question 29.[oral evidence]—I have been shown the seeds of dhatura in a small bag in the shop of a vendor, and he told me he used them to mix with bhang. The result is that the mixture is stronger without in -creasing the cost. He did not give me the propor-tion of dhatura used. I understood that he gene-rally used it. I have not ascertained whether this is done by any other vendor. The seeds were pounded up with the bhang which is kept ready for drinking. When I got this question, I made enquiries and found out this man. I do not think the practice is general. I visited several shops, but could not obtain further information. I know of no other way in which dhatura is mixed with hemp drugs. Nor do I know of any other power-ful drugs (such as opium) being so used. There are many shops (I should say more than six) selling made-up liquid bhang in Karachi. The consumer would not know that there was dhatura in his bhang drink unless he were told.  - Evidence of DR. S. M. KAKA, Medical Officer of Health, Karachi.


23. Bhang is commonly used for drinking; but those who are strongly addicted to intoxicating drinks, such as Gooshees, Brohees, Pathans, Hindu and Mussalman fakirs smoke bhang mixed with tobacco when they cannot get ganja or charas for smoking; but this practice is very rare. 29. The following ingredients are mixed with bhang. By poor people aniseed, succory, and coriander, and such other cheap drugs. By rich persons, in addition to the above, oily substances, sugarcandy, almonds, cardamons, and such other strengthening ingredients, all are pounded together and drunk. But it is not customary to do so. The above ingredients are only mixed occasionally. Bhang seeds are always pounded with the leaves. Ganja and charas are smoked with tobacco; dhatura is not ordinarily mixed with bhang. Dhatura is a strong narcotic. Strong drinkers (who are very few), if they find that bhang and other ingredients do not produce sufficient intoxication, drink and smoke dhatura; and fakirs too, who induce the people to give their charities, eat the raw leaves and pods of dhatura. This is done to gull the people into the belief that they are Sidhs, as they can eat raw dhatura without injury. Bhang, if mixed with dhatura and drunk, produces excessive intoxication, and a man in that state loses all consciousness and all sense. Dhatura is a strong narcotic, but it has no connection with hemp drugs. 56. Bhang pounded and drunk, unmixed with others, would produce dry and cold intoxication; but if mixed with massalas, such as almonds, kernels, cardamoms, aniseed, succory, sugarcandy, and pepper, will produce wet and oily intoxication, that is, it will not produce dryness in the mouth, and, if mixed with ghee and milk, will strengthen the constitution. If dhatura is mixed with it, it would produce an unconscious state, in which one would prattle foolishly. I speak this from experience.  - Evidence of SETH VISHINDAS NIHALCHAND, Zamindar, Merchant, and Contractor, Manjoo, Karachi.


23. No. 29. Ganja is ordinarily mixed with tobacco. Sometimes mawalis, i.e., those who use these drugs to excess, put a little dhatura into charas and ganja to induce greater intoxication. Dhatura is also occasionally mixed with any of these drugs for purposes of revenge or robbery. Bhang is sometimes made with milk instead of water and is called "dudhi bhang." "Bhang massala," a paisa worth, which I bought at a grocer's in the bazar, contained almonds, nutmeg, khaskhas (poppy seed), ilachi (caradamoms), saunf (aniseed), and jantu; sugar is sometimes mixed with this bhang massala, and in the hot season dried rosebuds are generally added. 56. Mawalis (drunkards) use dhatura with these drugs to induce greater intoxication, and very poor people sometimes mix dhatura with these drugs, as they can get it (dhatura) for nothing, and can thus become intoxicated cheaply.  - Evidence of the REV. A. E. BALL, Missionary, Church Missionary Society, Karachi.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking, but strong ganja smokers smoke the ghundi at times when they cannot get ganja ; but I cannot say in what localities and what classes of persons smoke it, and they must be very few. 29. (a) Tobacco is mixed with charas and ganja. (b) Coriander, aniseed, cardamoms, sugar, almonds, and occasionally milk are mixed with bhang. The object of mixing the above things is to get more pleasure; but nothing is mixed in bhang which is offered for sale. 56. Coriander, aniseed and sugar are mixed with bhang, and thereby its intoxicating effects are lessened; but if dhatura is mixed with bhang, the intoxication is so much increased that it will induce an unconscious state. I have seen and heard of such cases.  - Evidence of MAHOMED LAIK, Mukhtarkar of Hyderabad.


23. Vide answer to question 15. Not as a rule. A few use it, especially fakirs when they do not get ganja in time. 29. Ordinarily water is mixed with the bhang. But on festival days, Hold and Shivaratri, sugarcandy, almonds, cardamom, aniseed, and other spices are added to it, and then it is termed panjtul. Sometimes bhang is first soaked in water, put into a rag, and then macerated after it is heated over the fire. Charas and ganja are ordinarily smoked with tobacco. 56. (c) Dhatura is sometimes used as one of the ingredients in the preparation of majum (bhang preparation).   - Evidence of PRIBHDAS SHEWAKRAM ADVANI Secretary, Band of Hope, Hyderabad, Sind.


23. In my experience bhang is smoked only when charas or ganja cannot be had, and. then it is smoked with tobacco. 29. Ganja and charas is smoked. along with tobacco. Bhang  is mixed with the following ingredients and. drunk as a cooling mixture :—(1) poppy seeds, (2) cardamons (3) aniseed, (4) coriander, (5) succory, (6) dried rose leaves, (7) pepper, (8) melon seeds, (9) sugarcandy, (10) almonds, (11) nutmegs. (a) To make it cooling the following are added :—(1) poppy seeds, (2) aniseed, (3) coriander (4) pepper and (5) melon seeds. (b) To make it strong the following are mixed with it :—(1) cardamom, (2) coriander, (3) succory, (4) dried rose leaves, (5) sugarcandy, (6) milk (7) almonds, (8) nutmegs. Dhatura is mixed with bhang with the object to bringing on stupefaction, so that the victim may be easily robbed. 56. The bhang drink prepared on the night of Shiva is mixed with dhatura and then offered to the god, and bhang mixed with dhatura is given to any one whom it is intended to plunder or stupefy, and sometimes the following ingredients are mixed with it, in order to make it more intoxicating :Juari, gram, sesamum seeds, chhabar grass and grain.   - Evidence of TIRITHDAS HASRAJMAL, Member of the firm of Denmal Sachanond, Karachi.


23. Not generally. But aghoris, i . e., persons very much addicted to the smoking of ganja, do smoke bhang when they cannot get ganja. Some poor persons, coolies, Bhils, who are in the habit of smoking ganja, use the ghundis of bhang as ganja, for the price of ganja is seven times more than the price of ghundi. 29. No massalas or ingredients are mixed with ganja and charas. Ordinarily no massalas are mixed with bhang too, but in the hot weather some consumers mix cooling ingredients with it, and in the cold weather certain stimulating ingredients are added to it. Dhatura is not ordinarily mixed with it. The object of the mixture is that in cold season it is used as a tonic and in summer as a cooling beverage. I know the preparation called the bhang massala. The following are the ingredients :—poppy, aniseed, coriander, pepper, sugar, melon seeds, succory and cucumber seeds are used for cooling in the hot weather, and almonds, milk, cardamoms and sugarcandy are mixed as stimulants in ordinary cases, and in exceptional cases nutmegs, mace, saffron and ghee are used. 56. The effects of bhang used in moderation and in excess are so much increased by mixing dhatura, parched grams, sesamum, that it produces unconsciousness, temporary insanity, and sometimes death. The effects of bhang used in moderation and in excess can be lessened by mixing coriander, succory, aniseed, and mainly by adding more water  - Evidence of PESUMAL NARUMAL, Framer and Merchant, Hyderabad


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura, is not mixed with bhang, but other kinds of massala are mixed, such as poppy seeds, cardamoms, hemp seeds, almonds, sugarcandy, dried rose leaves and other cooling ingredients. 56. The effects of bhang are cooling. If bhang is drunk mixed with massalas, its intoxicating effects are considerably weakened. If drunk to excess, its intoxication can only be counteracted by the use of pickles and ghee. It is not customary to mix dhatura with bhang.  - Evidence of AHRUMOL PRITAMDAS, Farmer of Bhang, Charas, Ganja and Opium, Karachi


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura  is  not mixed with bhang, but massala is ; the ingredients being poppy seed, cardamons, hemp seed, almonds, saffron, dry rose leaves, aniseed, pepper. Ganja and charas are smoked along with tobacco. 56. The effects of bhang are cooling. If bhang is drunk mixed with massala its intoxicating effects are lessened. If drunk to excess, its intoxicating effects are weakened only by taking pickles and ghee. It is not usual to drink bhang mixed with dhatura - Evidence of MANGHANMAL ALUMAL, Bhang, Ganja and Charas, and Opium farmer, Karachi.


23. Bhang is not used for smoking, but excessive smokers smoke the ghundis of bhang in place of ganja, if they do not get it in time. No place is fixed for them, and ghundi8 are so used on very rare occasions. 29. In exceptional cases coriander, aniseed, poppy-seeds, cardamom, sugar, almonds, saffron, mace and milk are mixed with bhang. In ordinary cases tobacco is mixed with ganja and charas by all, except Europeans, Parsis and Boras. Dhatura is not so used. These mixtures give more pleasure. No other massalas are sold with bhang and charas, but these are purchased separately, and nothing else but water is mixed with them. 56. The intoxicating effects of bhang are lessened by mixing coriander and aniseed with it, and this mixture is cooling. Dhatura is not mixed. - Evidence of DAYARAM KISHUNCHAND, Bhang, Charas and Ganja, and Opium Farmer, Hyderabad.


23. Only that kind of the hemp plant from which ganja is made is used in smoking. 29. Aniseed, cardamoms, cummin seeds and almonds are sometimes mixed and pounded with bhang, and sugarcandy is also added. Dhatura is mixed by some persons to make the bhang more intoxicating. Few persons mix dhatura with bhang for the purpose of committing crime. No ingredient is mixed with ganja and charas. 56. Dhatura is mixed with bhang to make it more intoxicating for personal consumption and also for administration to others, but this is done on rare occasions.   - Evidence of DIN MAHOMED, Contractor, Shikarpur.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, but only for drinking purposes. 29. (c) Tobacco is ordinarily mixed; (b) exceptionally arsenic, nux vomica, and dhatura are mixed. In Berars bhang massala is not prepared for sale. It is procurable in Hindustan. Cardamoms, cloves, sweet almonds, and sugar form the ingredients. 56. The effects of hemp are intensified by the admixture of dhatura, but lessened by mixing with tobacco. Very few of the excessive habitual consumers of ganja smoke it mixed with a small proportion of dhatura.  - Evidence of C. SHAM RAO, Attachè to the Resident at Hyderabad, now at Pusad, Basim District.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. The question is partly answered in reply to question No. 15. Dhatura (stramonium seed), bachnag (aconite), koochala (nux vomica) are also mixed with the hemp drug to increase intoxication. The preparation called bhang massala is not sold as such. The ingredients thereof are partly given in reply to question No. 15.  - Evidence of KRISHNARA0 HARI, Officiatiny Extra Assistant Commissioner, Buldana.


29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja. don't know of any other. Dhatura is also mixed, but only by those who wish for a strong smoke having narcotic effect. Tobacco is mixed to soften the effects of the ganja. I don't know bhang massala - Evidence of A BARAO JAUROO, Maratha, Karbhari Patel and Special Magistrate, Khamgaon, Akola District.


23. No. 29. (a) In ganja—tobacco. (b)Bichnak root and dhatura seed by confirmed excessive smokers to produce extra intoxication. Rose buds, aniseed, cucumber seed, coriander seed, almonds, jedbund, black pepper, etc. - Evidence of MR. A. ARDAGH, Deputy Superintendent of Excise, Ellichpur.


23. No, bhang is not used for smoking in this province. 29. (a) Ordinarily tobacco, to make it burn. (b) Exceptionally dhatura, for intoxication. Rosebuds, aniseed, almond, coriander seeds, cucumber seeds, and black pepper.  - Evidence of MR. J. C. WATCHA, Excise Inspector, Ellichpur.


23.Bhang is never used for smoking, because it is less intoxicative than ganja; but the habitual smokers in time of need sometimes use bhang for smoking, but this happens very rarely. 29. The moderate consumers of any of these drugs mix ordinarily tobacco in ganja while smoking, and exceptionally the excessive consumers mix kuchalla and dhatura seeds with it. Some drink bhang with water and sugarcane, while some with sugar, milk and other perfumery things. The excessive consumers mix dhatura seeds in ganja while smoking with the intention of making it more intoxicative. 56.Tobacco is always mixed with ganja for the moderate effects, and dhatura seeds for the excessive. These seeds are only used by excessive habitual consumers for their personal use.   - Evidence of WAMAN GANESH, Tahsildar, Wun.


23.Bhang is never used for smoking. 29.Habitual excessive consumers mix dhatura, kuchala and bachnag with these drugs with the intention of making it more intoxicative. The information on the second head cannot be supplied.  - Evidence of VICKOOJI NARAIN, Tahsildar, Kathapur.


23. Bhang is also used for smoking; but it is only the usual consumers of ganja who do so. The percentage and. the classes of the people are given respectively in answers Nos. 17 and 20 above. 29. Tobacco is one of the ordinary ingredients mixed with ganja, but exceptionally kuchala, dhatura seeds, etc., are mixed with ganja to make it stronger. Bhang massala is described in answer No. 15 ( C) above. - Evidence of VINAYAK APPAJI KAUR, Brahmin, Officiating Tahsildar, Darwa, Wun District


23. Bhang is sometimes used for smoking when ganja is not available to the hands of the poorer classes of the people. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily, and dhatura exceptionally, mixed with ganja. Pepper and bhang massala are ordinarily mixed with bhang. The object of these admixtures is to moderate the power of intoxication and to have a good taste. massala consists of rose flower, sugarcandy, poppy seeds, sweet fennel, almonds, nutmegs, cardamoms.  - Evidence of LAXMAN GOPAL DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Naib Tahsildar, Mangrul Taluk, District Basim


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Ganja mixed with tobacco is used by all smokers, irrespective of caste, trade or nationality. No other ingredients are mixed with ganja. Several ingredients are mixed with bhang before it is drunk, such as coriander seed, almonds, rose flowers, sugar, milk, etc. Habitual excessive ganja smokers sometimes mix dhatura seed in the smoking mixture. Opium, nux-vomica, cantharides, or betel-nut are never used either with bhang or ganja in this province. Bhang massala is known, and consists of bhang, black pepper, cucumber seed, almond, rose flower, sugar, milk, etc. 56. The effect of hemp modified by the admixture of other ingredients is— (a) taken in moderation, harmless ; (b) taken in excess, injurious. Dhatura, nuxvomica, cant harides, opium or betel-nut never mixed.   - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR C. L. SWAINE, Officiating Sanitary Commissioner, and Inspector- General of Dispensaries


23. No ; never. 29. (a) Tobacco or tobacco mixed with jagri, known as gudakoo. Bhang is pounded and mixed with sugar and water or milk. (b) Dhatura, nux-vomica, betel-nut are used, as also arsenic and aconite, the object of the admixtures being to increase strength of the preparation. Bhang massala is used here, and consists of cucumber seeds, almonds, black pepper, rosebuds, aniseed, coriander, poppy seeds, sugar, and melon seeds : these ingredients are pounded and. mixed (usually) with milk and water. 56. The admixture of other substances is used generally to increase the effect of the drug ; opium is not used with hemp; I have no knowledge of the action of the individual ingredients when mixed with hemp.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. B. ROE, Civil Surgeon, Amraoti.


23. Bhang is sometimes smoked when ganja is not procurable. Generally it is prepared to be used as a drink.29. Ganja is used for smoking mixed with tobacco. Bhang massala is prepared by mixing bhang with black pepper, almonds, ginger, sugar, rose leaves, cucumber seed. When it can be afforded, this preparation is drunk with milk. So far as I can elicit information, dhatura, opium, nux-vomica and cantharides are not mixed with these drugs. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN E. W. REILLY, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Jail, Akola.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. 29. With ganja tobacco is also mixed and put into the chillum and so used for smoking. The fakirs often mix dhatura leaves and sometimes a small quantitity of crude arsenic. The object of mixing tobacco is to give a longer smoke. The dhatura is used increase the narcotic action of the ganja, and aec to produce increased sexual desire, to susta fatigues, and to ward off malaria. Bhaassala is made up of bhang, black pepper p seeds, sugar or sugarcandy, dry ginger, a and chirungee seeds. Bhang massala is not but is prepared by consumers,
chiefly Brahmins, Marwaris, Rajputs, Ratoras and Shikhs. This bhang massala is mixed with milk and used as a drink, the better classes being the chief consumers. 56. Hemp in moderation used with tobacco is not injurious. In excess, mixed with dhatura or opium, it is highly detrimental to the consumer.  - Evidence of DR. O. W. JONES, Civil Surgeon, Basim.


23. Not so used. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking. No bhang massala sold here.  - Evidence of DR. J. MORRISON, Civil Surgeon, Yeotmal.


23. Rarely. I have seen some poor labourers smoking bhang, not good stuff, but the refuse, which is usually thrown away by well-to-do or middle class people who drink it. This practice I have seen at Ujjain in Malwa, Scindhia's territory. I believe only those persons who cannot afford to buy ganja, but who also cannot overcome the longing desire of the same, collet this refuse and use in place of ganja. 29. (a) Tobacco is ordinarily used for the purpose of facilitating the burning of ganja, and to remove a little dryness of the throat and tongue caused. by ganja if smoked alone. (b) Dhatura and opium is mixed by habitual excessive smokers, whose sense by excessive and frequent use of the stuff becomes weakened and. who are not satisfied by a little intoxication produced by the use of ganja only. Dhatura and opium adds to the intoxication of ganja. Nuxvomica and cantharides are mixed by those classes whose sexual power is weakened, and by those who take delight in retention of power of seminal discharge during coitus, or suffering from imbecility. Bhang massala consists of dried rose buds, nutmeg, aniseed, cocoanut, sugar, milk, pepper, almond, liquorice roots, cardamoms, and. teeli or rapeseed. These things are very common, and I think require no description. 56. Effects of hemp in moderation is modified by the admixture of tobacco and occasionally by betelnut. These admixtures produce a kind of soothing effect in nerves and on the organs of respiration, which by the use of hemp alone are usually affected by a feeling of dryness in the throat and causing irritability of the nerve centre. Admixture of dhatura, opium and cantharides are added (by those who use personally ) to increase the state of intoxication, especially to prolong the time and frequency of sexual desire, and by some to allay their sickness, such as asthma, bronchitis, etc. When it is given to others, it is for the purpose of robbing.  - Evidence of S. BAIJNATH, Medical Officer, Mady Hospital, Badnera.


23. Bhang is usually drunk and not smoked, but it is sometimes smoked, (when the dearer ganja is not available to the poorer classes) to a small extent. 29. Charas is not in use. (a) Ordinarily ganja is mixed with tobacco half and half and smoked by all classes addicted to its use. (6) Exceptionally by few sadhus and fakirs, dhatura, opium, nux-vomica and aconite are mixed in order to enhance intoxication. I have never heard of cantharides and betel-nut being used. Without the tobacco no smoke will be produced. Tobacco therefore is indispensable in ganja smoking. Bhang is ordinarily mixed with black pepper and cold water and drunk for its intoxicating effects. It is also mixed with bhang massala and taken as a cooling stimulating drink rather than as an intoxicant. But large draughts of this mixture are intoxicating. Bhang massala, consisting of kasni, kulpha, kus-kus, sof, manooka, badam, kakdi-ka bij, dhannia, gulab-ka kali, mulati, kali-mirchi, wala, is sold in the bazar and used with the addition of bhang, kesar, kasturi, jaifal, jaipatri, pishta, elachi and sugar and water as a cooling drink in the hot weather by Marwaris, chiefly of the well-to-do classes. 56. The admixture of tobacco and the condiments mentioned in paragraph 29 do not seem to modify the effects of hemp ; but the admixture of such powerful drugs as dhatura, opium, nuxvomica and aconite intensify the intoxicating effect of hemp, and render the mixture a most dangerous one to use, and indeed fatal cases have occurred where this compound had been ignorantly selfadministered under the impression of its being a powerful tonic and vitalizer. - Evidence of DR. S. G. STEINHOFF, Medical Officer in charge, Charitable Dispensary, Khamgaon.


23. Bhang is never used in smoking. 29. (a) Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja for smoking. (b) Persons who have better means exceptionally mix cloves, saffron, powdered sandal, nutmeg. In the ease of bairagis and fakirs, who have given up the enjoyments of the world, and who pass life in solitude, dhatura, opium, nux-vomica, cantharides or betel-nut are mixed with the ganja to increase intoxication. Bad characters use the above drugs with ganja or bhang to cheat people, on whom they administer the preparation. Bhang massala is not sold as a speciality in the province. It is, however obtainable in shops. Its ingredients are pepper, aniseed, dried rose buds, cucumber seeds, kachani, almond seeds, cardamoms, saffron, nutmeg, sugar and milk. These are used by those whose means are better. In the case of the poor only the pepper is used in bhang. 56. The effects of the drug used (a)  in moderation, modified by the admixture of other substances, produces more intoxication than that used without admixture; and (b) when it is used to excess it makes the consumer quite senseless. When dhatura, nux-voraica, cantharides, opium, or betel-nut are mixed with the drug and used,they bring on insensibility to the persons on whom the drug is administered. People who live by unfair means use such drugs to cheat other persons.  - Evidence of MR. DINNER NARAYEN, District Superintendent of Vaccination, Buldana.


23. Yes ; it is somewhat used as smoking, but generally it is drunk prepared with bhang massala. It is used by mendicants, such as fakirs, gosais, sadhus, bairagis, and also by poor classes of lower immoral section of the community to a great extent ; but it is also used among respectable classes on certain days of the year for sake of luxury. 29. (a) Ordinarily for smoking a little tobacco is added, and for eating it is prepared in the form of sweets for aphrodisiac purposes and luxury. (b) Exceptionally it is mixed with opium, dhatura, nux-vomica, for unusual intoxication. Bhang is ordinarily prepared with sugar and milk for drinking purposes, and it is also prepared for drinking with bhang massala. The object of these admixtures is ordinarily for pleasures, and exceptionally it is used to nerve men for some deed of violence, and sometime also for poisoning. Yes, I know the ingredients, and I give them below. Bhang massala. Bhang or subji. Kali miri    (Black pepper), Goolab-ki kali (Rose bud), Kura-kakdi-ka binj (Cucumber seed), Badam (Almond), Dhania (Coriander seeds), Kaskas (Poppy seeds), Ilaichi (Cardamom), Mulatti (Liquorice), Kaisar (Saffron), Sugar, Milk. 56. The effect of hemp is modified according to the substance mixed with it, for, e.g., tobacco mixed with ganja would lessen the effect, whereas dhatura, nux-vomica, and opium mixed with ganja would naturally increase the effect, as personal consumption they take it for excessive intoxication, but for administration to others to produce stupefaction for the purpose of robbery, etc. - Evidence of M. DOORGIAH PILLAY, 1st Class Hospital Assistant, in medical charge, AKola Dispensary.


23. Bhang is very seldom used, if at all used, by lower class of people for drinking only. 29. They add only tobacco to increase narcotic properties. I am not aware that any of the drugs shown are used for smoking. I have not heard nor been told that bhang massala is sold in the bazar ; but the consumers prepare by adding the following ingredients, viz : — sugar, coriander, black pepper, milk, cardamom, aniseed, rose buds, and almonds.  - Evidence of M. POONAMBALAM MOODELIAR, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shegoon.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking. It is always used as a drink. 29. Ganja is ordinarily smoked with tobacco. The rich and luxurious people mix jaya-patri and powder of sandalwood with ganja to give fragrance to the smoke. The ingredients of bhang massala are:—Pepper, aniseed, rose buds, cucumber seeds, poppy seed, almonds, milk and sugar.  - Evidence of R. N. MUDHOLKAR, L.M.S., Private Medical Practitioner, Amraoti.


23. I hear it is not used for smoking.  29. Ordinarily mixed are betel leaves, cardamoms, and tobacco in smoking. Dhatura is mixed by the inveterate for making the stuff more narcotic when the smoking of ganja becomes ineffective by habit. In eating or drinking bhang the ingredients that are used in its preparations are dried rose buds, poppy seeds, cucumber seeds, aniseed, sugar and black pepper. These ingredients for smoking or drinking are added in order to give good flavour and taste. Bhang massala consists of the above-mentioned things.  - Evidence of G. V. KOT, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Amraoti.


23. I do not understand. this question. What is called bhang here is prepared this way : the leaves of ganja plant are washed and boiled in the water and afterwards according to the means and. taste of the indulger are mixed with sugar, pepper, etc. and taken. The preparation is called bhang, and it cannot be used for smoking.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NAWAB MUHAMMA.D SALAMULLA KHA.N, Jagirdar, Deulghat, Buldana District.


15. Bhang— Take the leaves, put them in a copper pot and boil them well to increase their intoxicating power. Then throw away the water, and thoroughly dry the leaves. Of these take a few, pound them well and mix with them pepper, kasni, dried rose buds, cucumber seeds, almonds, and sod. Pound this mixture again and strain it. Throw away the deposit, and take the strained watery substance, and add to it milk and sugar, and then it is ready for being drunk. This is about cultivated bhang. I know nothing about wild bhang. Ganja — Take well-dried flower tops, and steep them in water for about half an hour and then rub them on the palm of the hand until they become sticky. Then mix tobacco with them and they are ready to be smoked. Bhang mixed with sweetmeat is eaten and is called majun. At one time it was much prepared at Balapore in Akola district and was known as gulab chakadior devalal. Ganja is never eaten and bhang never smoked. 23. Bhang is never smoked. 29.Ingredients mentioned in my answer to question 15 above. Dhatura is not known to be mixed here, except in very rare cases. Equally rarely is also bachnag mixed. The object is to increase intoxication. Yes. It is sold in Bombay and other large cities. For its ingredients vide answer No. 15 - Evidence of G. S. KHAPERDE, Brahmin, Pleader, Amraoli.


15. The methods of preparation of the cultivated plant are — (A) For smoking the flowering tops are rubbed with water and well washed with water until they are clean; when they are ready to be put into the chillum, it is mixed with a little (half to quarter the weight) tobacco and smoked. (B) The methods for eating are thus prepared :— (1)A preparation called chukti. Take one tola of well-washed ganja and half fry it in melted butter, then set it to cool. Then pound it with quarter of a tola of black pepper and somph (aniseed). Then add double the weight of refined sugar, and eat morning and evening. The richer people flavour the whole with the addition of from 1 to 4 tolas of sliced almonds, a small quantity of saffron and cardamoms. The poorest people use ganja mixed up with jagri. (2) Mahn. Boil ganja in an untinned copper utensil ; then, after straining off the water, again boil it over a slow fire with half its weight of melted butter in four times the quantity of water for about 7 or 8 hours ; strain through a coarse cloth and let it stand to cool the whole night. Then skim and add syrup according to taste. The following are also added to give flavour and increase the narcotic strength, viz., nutmeg, selap and safed misri, almonds, pepper, askandh, cloves, pimpli (Piper longum), mace, and saffron. Sometimes a little opium is added. The dose is three-quarters of a tola at a time. (C) Preparations for drinking : Take the leaves of the hemp plant and macerate in cold water with pepper ; then after straining the decoction is poured 10 or 15 times from one vessel to another from a height and then drunk. But the well-to-do people follow a more elaborated process. The leaves are first boiled and then put into cold water after being well pounded. Strain the decoction and drink it after adding the following—milk, sugar according to taste, and the pounded and macerated condiments as follows : poppy seeds, pepper, aniseed, cucumber seed and rose leaves ; after all put in sliced almonds. N.B.—The decoction of the leaves is several times poured from a height from one vessel to another, in order, it is supposed, to obtain the full effect of the narcotic principle contained in it. 23. No, it is not used for smoking at all. 29. Ganja is mixed ordinarily with tobacco, and exceptionally with opium, nutmeg and sandalwood : the two first to increase the narcotic action and the last for flavouring. Dhatura is seldom used, and is confined to religious mendicants. The mixtures with bhang and ganja when eaten are given in reply No. 15. Bhang massala is unknown in this province. . The admixture of milk, melted butter and almonds lessen the effects ; so does rich, substantial meals. The gosains, fakirs and bairagis use dhatura to heighten the narcotic effect of ganja. Its admixture for administration to others is not known. Gosains use for personal use.  - Evidence of YESHWANT VAMAN DIGHE, Pleader, Basim.


29. (a)    Ganja - only tobacco. Bhang - jagri and black pepper. (b) Bhang.—Saffron, sugar, black pepper, dried rose, poppy seeds, almonds, cucumber seeds,    and several other groceries according to taste. Dhatura is not so used.    The admixture of tobacco and pepper is for increasing the narcotic effects ; the others are for luxury. Bhang massala is not sold in Berar.  - Evidence of NIAMAT KHAN BILAN KHAN, Merchant, Balapur, Akola District


15. The following are the common methods of preparation of ganja and bhang for smoking, eating and drinking purposes : — For smoking purposes— (1) Half a teaspoonful of ganja is first taken on the left palm and little water is poured over it. It is then rubbed with the right thumb for about a quarter of an hour. To this little tobacco is then added. (2) To make it more strong some add dhatura seeds also. (3) To make it ordorous a little quantity of cardamom and cinnamon is added before smoking. For eating purposes— (1) Ganja is first rubbed in water and is then dried in the shade. Afterwards it is reduced to powder and then a little quantity of mace, saffron, cinnamon and black pepper is added. The whole powder is then mixed with boiled sugar and then eaten. This is called yakuti or majum. (2) Ganja powder is mixed with ghee and sugar before eating. For drinking purposes— (1) Bhang is first steeped in water and then reduced to powder. To this a little quantity of cinnamon, poppy, cardamom, fennel seeds and almond is added, and then to this mixture water or milk is added, again. I have no knowledge of any methods of preparation of ganja or bhang from the wild hemp, and therefore I cannot distinguish between the methods of its preparation from the wild and cultivated hemp. Ganja is prepared from the cultivated female plants by being trodden under foot or by being deposited. in a ditch for about two days. 23. Bhang is used for smoking when ganja is not available. It is generally the pilgrims that make use of bhang for smoking to a slight extent. 24. Those who drink bhang eat it also. The practice of eating and drinking bhang is prevalent throughout the province. Those classes of people that smoke ganja eat and drink bhang also. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with ganja when it is used for smoking, and dhatura exceptionally. The other ingredients are given in my answer to the question No. 15. 56. When tobacco is mixed with ganja it modifies the bad effects of the latter, and therefore ganja is never smoked without the admixture of tobacco - Evidence of LAKSHMAN ATMARAM MAHAJAN, Merchant, Manjrul Pir


23. Bhang is not used for smoking. 29. Dhatura is mixed with this drug in order to increase intoxication. The roots of jowari and kuner are also mixed for the same reason. 56. The effects of using hemp in moderation and in excess, modified by the admixture of other substances, are different, i.e., bad effects are seen on the health and intellect of those who use them in excess. - Evidence of KHAJA ABDUL BAKI, Money-lender, Mehkar, Buldana District.


23. I have not known bhang used for smoking. 29. Dhatura is mixed with charas. I do not know bhang massala.  - Evidence of MR. G. BENNETT, Abkari Inspector, Ajmere.


23. I believe not. 29. (a) Ganja - Tobacco. Charas - Tobacco. Bhang - Almonds and black pepper.    Copper is often inserted to increase the    intoxicating property of the liquid. Dhatura is also mixed with bhang. (b) None that I know of.  - Evidence of MR. G. W. GAYER, District Superintendent of Police, Ajmere


23. No. 29. Dhatura is mixed with ganja and charas.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. FF. MULLEN, Civil Surgeon, Ajmere.


23. Bhang is never smoked. Penniless beggars, when they fail to procure charas and. ganja, do sometimes use bhang for smoking, but the intoxication produced is very slight : still it affords a tem -porary satisfaction. This is rarely done in places where ganja cannot be had. 29. Moderate consumers mix sonf, kasni, rose flowers, cucumber seeds, coriander, almonds, and black pepper with bhang in summer, and in winter nutmeg, mace, saffron, pepper, almonds, pista, etc. Nobles sometimes add musk and amber to the above. Excessive consumers mix dhatura seeds. Charas and ganja smokers mix raw or prepared tobacco with them. Opium is never mixed with any of these drugs. By mixing the bhang with butter and sugar they prepare majum sometimes to render the intoxication excessive. Dhatura seeds are also mixed, especially in Native States. Nux-vomica, opium, kaneer, cantharides, and betel-nut are never mixed. with these drugs in this part of the country. If mixed, they render the mixture better. Gulkand is prepared by mix -ing bhang, butter, rose flowers and sugar-candy. Yakuti is made by mixing mava (condensed boiled milk), sugar, almonds, pista, raisins, and rose or keora waters. To obtain bhang butter they have to boil bhang leaves with milk ; then the milk is turned into curd and churned. The butter thus obtained is used in majum and other preparations.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DR SHEIKH ELAHI BUX, Government Pensioner and Honorary Mgistrate, Ajmere.


23. I think that it is not used for smoking, for I never saw anybody smoking bhang. 29.By the bhang drinkers the following things are mixed into its liquor :—black pepper, carda -mom and salt. These things are mixed ordinarily to change its flavour, and exceptionally sugar, milk, rose flower petals and almonds with the ordinary massala to change its colour, taste, and produce a little fragrancy , Sometimes dhatura seeds are put into its liquor to give more intoxication than the simple bhang. Dhatura, opium, betel-nut are also used in the same manner. Ingredients are stated above.  - Evidence of ASGHUR ALI KHAN, Hospital Assistant, Ajmere Dispensary.


23. In this part of the country bhang is not known to be used for smoking. 29 Ingredients of bhang ordinarily are almonds, black pepper and sugarcandy, but sometimes to add to its taste milk is also mixed. In the winter season consumers add some musk and saffron to avoid its evil effects, and in summer kasni andcu cumber seed. to cause discharge of urine freely, and anise and rose flowers to remove constipation. I do not know of any special preparation as bhang massala. Of course tobacco is mixed with ganja and charas. 56.The ingredients of bhang, which are ordinarily mixed, have been described above. Their admixture modifies its effects. Charas and ganja without any admixture produce irritation and confusion in brain. In this district consumers do not appear to mix opium and nux-vomica with these drugs. If they do so, it will tend to cause death. - Evidence of ABDUL KAYUM, Hakim, Ajmere.


23. Bhang is never used for smoking, or if it be ever used as such, I never saw or heard of it in Marwar and Meywar. 29. Bhang is usually taken mixed with black pepper. Some people mix it with certain ingredients (massala) according to their temperaments. Those who are of malarial temper take with it ajwayan, cloves, saffron and almonds, and those who are of bilious temper mix it with cardamom, cucumber seeds, anise, rose flowers, and sugarcandy or sugar, and those of lymphatic temperament use it with cloves, saffron and ginger. The constipated men take it with anise, rose flowers, almonds and black pepper. The bhang drunkard does not mix in it dhatura, nux-vomica, kanair (a kind of Hindustani poisonous tree), opium and betel-nuts. When oil is extracted from bhang dhatura and kanair root are mixed with it. The opium consumers when they drink bhang do not put opium in it, nor do people mix opium with bhang when they extract oil from it. 56.The use of these drugs with the admixture of dhatura, kanair (a kind of Hindustani poisonous tree), nux-vomica, opium, and betel-nut, etc., is injurious to moderate consumers and not to those who use it excessively.  - Evidence of JATI AMAR HANSA, Baid, Ajmere.*


29.(a) Tobacco is ordinarily mixed up with ganja for smoking. I hear the bhang massala mixed with ganja is made up of dried Bengal gram, cardamom, ghee, raisin, almond, sugar, or jagri, and also a seed called in Hindustani "tope."  - Evidence of MR. A. BOPPANNA, Planter, Bepunaad, Green Hills, Coorg


23. Bhang is smoked only when ganja is not procurable. 29.Only tobacco is mixed with ganja at 1 : 2 for smoking. - Evidence of MUKKATI IYAPPA, Cultivator, Davanagiri, Coorg


23. Bhang is not used for smoking - Evidence of MAJOR G. GAISFORD, Deputy Commissioner, Quetta, Baluchistan.


29. Dhatura is sometimes mixed by excessive consumers for excess of intoxication. - Evidence of KAZI IMAMUDDIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Pishin.


23. Bhang is never used here for smoking, and, as far as I know, is not used elsewhere for smoking purposes. 29. Tobacco is ordinarily mixed with charas and is smoked ; exceptionally is not known. These ingredients are not mixed here with any of them. Sweet almonds, poppy seeds, sugar, and black pepper are mixed often as bhang massala, but here nothing is sold by the shopkeeper for the purpose ; it lies only in the will of the consumer. - Evidence of MUHAMMAD YUSUF, Hospital Assistant, New Chaman


23. No. 29. (a) Sugar or salt, black pepper, cucumber seeds, melon seeds, poppy heads, seeds, milk, and almonds, etc., are used as ingredients of bhang. (6) Dhatura is mixed with the bhang, and charas sometimes is mixed by excessive habitual consumers to complete their intoxication. Habitual consumers also prepare a mixture of bhang, alcohol, and opium. This mixture is called mudra. I do not know bhang massala. 56. Effects in moderation refreshing ; in excess sedative. Dhatura is sometimes administered to victims by criminals in any of these drugs. - Evidence of WARYAM SINGH, Hospital Assistant, Pishin.


23. Never. 29.    Ordinary tobacco is added to ganja and charas for smoking. The following ingredients are usually mixed with bhang, the object being to counteract its unpleasant effects, such as thirst, dryness of throat, etc., and render it palatable :— almond*, black pepper*, aniseed*, kahu* (seeds of a plant), kulfa* (seeds of a plant) coriander seeds*, cucumber seeds*, milk, sugar, water. 56. Ganja and. bhang (chiefly majum) are sometimes employed with criminal intent, dhatura being mixed with bhang. - Evidence of MOHAMMAD AKBAR ALI KHAN, Senior Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


23. Bhang is used for smoking, chiefly by natives of India, in the district, and a few Burmans. 29. Tobacco is mixed with ganja, either because it is too strong or too expensive. Bhang massala is not known to me.  - Evidence of MR. J. S. D. FRASER, Deputy Commissioner, Pegu


23. I have never heard of bhang being used for smoking. 29. Ganja and charas are smoked mixed with tobacco only. Bhang is sometimes taken by itself, but ordinarily mixed with the following :—black pepper, rose petals, almond, poppy and melon seeds, aniseed, and kasni, and sometimes sugar and milk ; made into sherbet and taken as a drink. When more intoxicating effect is desired, dhatura seeds are mixed with bhang. Bhang massala consists chiefly of the abovementioned ingredients and is used to make the drink palatable and cooling or non-irritating to the system.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL P. N. MOOKERJEE, Civil Surgeon, Sagaing, Upper Burma.


23. Bhang is generally used for drinking, but very rarely, when ganja and charas (both of which are dearer than bhang) are not obtainable, it is smoked. by poorer classes. Smoking bhang is not restricted to any locality or class of people as far as I know. 28. (a) About twenty grains, worth one anna in Burma, and half an anna in India ; (b) Varies a great deal, bat about a drachm in majority of cases, costing from two to three annas. 29. Ordinarily ganja and. charas are mixed. with tobacco ; and bhang is mixed with bhang massala. Exceptionally the first two are mixed with dhatura and nux-vomica ; may be with cantharides or betel-nut, but never with opium. The object of mixing ganja and charas with tobacco is to increase the quantity and prolong smoking by the poorer classes. Bhang is never drunk alone, but always with massala, which is supposed to produce a nice cooling feeling in the stomach. Dhatura is mixed with ganja and charas by jogis and ascetics with a view to increase the effect of the latter two and reduce their virile Power. The object of nux-vomica I am not in a position to say. The number of ingredients used to form bhang massala varies a great deal. It ranges from black and white pepper, sugar and milk, to poppy seeds, seeds of water-melon, almond, pumpkin seeds, dried rose petals, fennel seeds, sugarcandy, coriander, cardamoms, etc. 56. When sufficient quantity of hemp is not procurable on account of its heavy cost, tobacco is mixed with charas and ganja with a view to augment their effect at less expense. Besides, smoking a large quantity of charas and ganja is supposed. to be more injurious than smoking a mixture of these with tobacco. Dhatura is mixed with these by jogis with a view to bring about impotency. I am not aware of the practice of mixing any of the other drugs. Bhang massala is used with bhang with the object of its being a nervine tonic and it being very exhilarating. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. H. DANTRA, Civil Surgeon, Mandalay.


23. I can give no information on this point. 29. I understand that tobacco and betel-leaf are mixed with ganja for smoking purposes. I have no knowledge of the preparation (bhang massala).  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR P. W. DALZELL, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Prison, Bassein


23. No ; it is only eaten. In Central India and North-Western Provinces, rarely in Madras, and not now in Burma ; some have taken to opium, as ganja is obtained with difficulty. Bhang is eaten by Brahmins and better castes, one drachm daily to four drachms. 29. Ordinarily, with sugar, milk, etc. ; betel leaves, also, for taste. Exceptionally, nux-vomica, which creates greater intoxication. Dhatura rarely, as it dries up mouth and. tongue. Spices, sugar and milk. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. T. TH OMAS, Civil Surgeon, Moulmein.


23. Very often used for smoking in parts of the Madras Presidency, Eastern Bengal, and NorthWest. The middle class people generally, as a rule, to a moderate extent, but sometimes to excess at festivals. 29. Milk, sugar and spices are sometimes mixed with the drugs to make it more palatable. Opium is mixed to make it a narcotic Betel stalk is mixed with it to make it more intoxicating. I do not know bhang massala.  - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN R. H. CASTOR, Civil Surgeon, Yemethin


23. Unable to give any information on this subject. 29. In India siddhi or bhang is ordinarily mixed with coriander and. cardamom to give it flavour, and exceptionally with sugar to add to its intoxicating effects. Dhatura is ordinarily mixed with ganja by thugs or highway robbers, and administered to their victims with a view of inducing temporary unconsciousness so as to facilitate their object of plunder. No; I do not know of bhang mussala.  56. When adulterated with dhatura and other narcotics, it will produce deleterious effects on the system whether used in moderation or excess. As already stated, except. the administration of dhatura with ganja by thugs to increase its narcotic effects, I know of no other substances that are added to it to modify its effects. Both ganja and charas are usually used with tobacco as a vehicle for smoking. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON O. L. MOONSHI, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of Jail, Maubin, Thongwa District.


23. No. 29. Ganja is always mixed with a few drops of water so as to make it slightly moist, and then prepared by kneading on the palm of the hand. This, I believe, makes it less pungent. Charas is put into a capsule of prepared tobacco (used in Bengal for smoking), and then put on fire, which melts the charas and thereby gets it mixed with the tobacco. This has also the same effect. Bhang is used with black pepper, aniseed, rose petals, cucumber seeds, milk and sugar. These are supposed to have a cooling effect, but the term is used rather vaguely. Dhatura, opium, nux-vomica, cantharides or betel-nut is not used. Bhang massala is sold in Calcutta for the purpose of its being mixed with bhang, and is composed of black pepper, aniseed and rose petals. - Evidence of MAHENDRA NATH ROY, Resident Medical Officer, General Hospital, Rangoon


23. I have never noticed that bhang is used for smoking. 29. I have  never  noticed if any ingredients, such as dhatura, nux-vomica, opium, cantharides or betel-nut are mixed with ganja and charas. The following ingredients, called bhang massala, are mixed with bhang before it is prepared for drinking, viz., aniseed, black pepper, cucumber seeds, water-melon seeds, poppy-head seeds, and almonds.  - Evidence of SONA MULL, Brahmin, First Grade Hospital Assistant, in medical charge of Dispensary and Jail, Myanaung.


The drug is cut into shreds, mixed with tobacco and smoked in the cigar. It is not washed or prepared before mixing with tobacco. I can't say in what proportion it is mixed with tobacco. The cigars in which it is smoked are very small, about the size of a cigarette. The smoke is inhaled into the lungs. Tobacco is not inhaled in the same way. The drug is sometimes smoked unmixed, rolled up into a cigar. I have seen it so smoked, and the cigarette is half the size of that in which the drug mixed with tobacco is smoked. The " tanape " leaf is the covering of the cigar, the same as that used for the tobacco cigar. The drug is sometimes mixed in curries. - Evidence of SAW MAUNG, ex-Sawbwa of Nyaungywe State.

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The History of Cannabis
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Cannabis and the US Federal Government
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/cannabis-and-us-federal-government.html

Cannabis and the Medical Industry

https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2020/11/cannabis-and-medical-industry.html

 

Cannabis and Cocaine
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2020/11/cannabis-and-cocaine.html

Cannabis and Benzodiazepines
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2020/11/cannabis-and-benzodiazepines.html

 

Cannabis and the Brain
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-brain.html

Cannabis meets the requirements of  Universal Medicine
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-as-universal-medicine.html

Cannabis and Anxiety
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-anxiety.html

Cannabis and Autism
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-autism.html

Cannabis and Cancer
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-cancer.html

Cannabis and Dementia
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-dementia.html

Cannabis and Epilepsy
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-epilepsy.html

Cannabis and Pain
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-pain.html

Cannabis and PTSD
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-ptsd.html

Cannabis and Sleep
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-sleep.html

Cannabis for Animals
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-for-animals.html
 

Cannabis and Wellness -https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-wellness.html

Cannabis Laws
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-laws.html

No medicinal value?
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/02/no-medicinal-value.html

Cannabis and Harm Reduction
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-harm-reduction.html

Cannabis and Politicians
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-politicians.html

Cannabis in the Workplace
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-in-workplace.html

No medicinal value?
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/02/no-medicinal-value.html

Cannabis and the Digestive System
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2020/03/cannabis-and-digestive-system.html

Cannabis and the Heart
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-heart.html

Cannabis and the Liver
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-liver.html

Cannabis and the Lungs
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-lungs.html

Cannabis and Dermatology
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-dermatology.html

Cannabis and Orthopaedics
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-orthopaedics.html

Cannabis and Renal disease
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-renal-disease.html

Cannabis meets the requirements of  Universal Medicine
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-as-universal-medicine.html

Cannabis and Arthritis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-arthritis.html

Cannabis and Glaucoma
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-glaucoma.html

Multiple Sclerosis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-multiple-sclerosis.html

Cannabis and Obesity
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-obesity.html

Cannabis and Sex
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-sex.html

Cannabis as an Antibiotic
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-as-antibiotic.html

Cannabis and Cancer Patients
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-cancer-patients.html

Cannabis and Alcohol
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-alcohol.html

Cannabis and Tobacco
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-tobacco.html

Cannabis and Parkinson's Disease
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/06/cannabis-and-parkinsons-disease.html

Cannabis and HIV
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/cannabis-and-hiv.html

Recreation is Medicine with cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2017/12/recreation-is-medicine.html

Women and Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/women-in-cannabis-industry.html

The Medical Cannabis Industry
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/the-medical-cannabis-industry.html

Recreational and medical cannabis interplay
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/recreational-and-medical-cannabis.html

Cannabis and Wellness
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-wellness.html

Cannabis and the Media
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-media.html

Cannabis Biology
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-biology.html

Cannabis Research in Universities
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-research-in-universities.html

Government Research on Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/government-research-on-cannabis.html

Cannabis and Scientists
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-scientists.html

Cannabis and Cooking
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-cooking.html

Cannabis Events
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-public-events.html

Cannabis in the Workplace
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-in-workplace.html

Cannabis and Musicians
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-musicians.html

Cannabis and Sports Persons
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-sportspersons.html

The Recreational Cannabis Consumer
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-recreational-cannabis-consumer.html

The History of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/the-history-of-cannabis.html