Cannabis Usage in 19th Century India: Myths of Harmful Physical and Moral Effects

Questions on the subject by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1895

39. Is the smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant in any way a less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation? Give reasons for your answer.

45. (a) Does the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produce any noxious effects—physical, mental, or moral? (b) Does it impair the constitution in any way? (c) Does it injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite? (d) Does it cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma? (e) Does it impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery?  Give an account under each of these points of any cases with which you are acquainted.

46. Discuss the same question in regard to the habitual excessive use of any of these drug

47. Does the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs appear to be a hereditary habit or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer?

48. Discuss the same question in regard to the habitual excessive use of any of these drugs.

My thoughts on the subject

The above questions by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission aim to gather information on the injurious physical and moral effects, the effects of habitual moderate and habitual excessive use, the question of heredity, and the effects on children of cannabis consumers. The questions and information on the immediate effects of cannabis consumption, and the injurious mental effects, specifically insanity, of cannabis consumption, are covered elsewhere.

Regarding the nature of the questions themselves, it is evident from the above questions that they guide the respondent's thinking in a certain direction. The harmful physical effects that the Commission seek to investigate, as specifically listed in the questions, are bronchitis, asthma, dysentery, loss of appetite and injury to digestion. The harmful moral effects being investigated appear to be laziness, immorality and debauchery. There is a parallel here, with regard to the immediate effects of cannabis use that the study guided responses along, where pointed questions, such as is it refreshing, intoxicating, allaying hunger, increasing appetite and does it produce uneasiness, were asked. As was the case with the immediate effects, most answers provided by witnesses are with regard to the specific questions asked. It puzzles me as to why these particular potential harmful effects have been narrowed down upon as the basis for the investigation. Were there indications among the population that these effects were a matter of concern? Highly unlikely, considering that most of the members of the Commission, and the witnesses from the ruling and upper classes selected, were largely unaware of the phenomenon of cannabis usage within vast sections of Indian society, and even if they were aware, it was largely hearsay, they had no personal direct experience with it. So the basis for the selection of these particular questions raises a question mark on their objectives. It appears that these questions have been thrust upon the respondents from an external source, the British administration, rather than the questions arising from the evidence on the ground, from actual users, of the harms of cannabis.

It is an obvious probability, that those who smoke any kind of substance over sufficiently long periods of time are likely to develop bronchitis or asthma, and those who consume large amounts of vegetable matter are likely to develop dysentery. This holds good for anything smoked or any vegetable matter eaten or drunk. The results of these questions would be exactly the same, whether one investigates cannabis or tea or tobacco or opium or any other plant matter, for that matter.

There are questions through which moral effects are being explored, effects such as laziness, morality and debauchery, factors which are so integral to an individual's personality, social experiences and preferences, that it makes one wonder what the reasons could have been for including these in the list of potential harmful effects of cannabis. Were there indications that the cannabis communities were more immoral and likely to debauch than other communities? And what were the standards of morality and debauchery that the results were being measured against? Are there even standards that have ever been put down for the larger society anywhere? Nothing is defined upfront. Finally what standards the respondents apply appear to be each man's standards of morality and debauchery, with numerous witnesses saying without any hesitation, that yes, cannabis consumption decreases the moral standards of an individual. Mind you, most of these persons are basing their responses on hearsay, or the observation of one or two individuals over a short period of time, that is, the responses are based on anything but direct experience. These questions on morality and debauchery appear to be the early seeds of reefer madness planted in the minds of Indian society in the 19th century. To add to these individual flights of fancy, numerous individuals even go on to add that, in addition to immorality and debauchery, the cannabis consumer is also sexually weak and impotent, producing weak and deformed children, if he ever gets down to having children, that is. These questions, and answers, show the first paintings of the image of a cannabis consumer as a sex fiend, whose trouser fronts are always encrusted with semen from continuous self-stimulation, as Hunter Thompson describes it, the image that was to be painted across the US by law enforcement, with their reefer madness propaganda, as a part of the cannabis prohibition drives of the 1930s. What cannabis tends to do is to make a person more introspective and focused, with the desire for peace and tranquility, a key reason why it was the favorite herb of the vast number of spiritual mendicants, as does opium, whereas what alcohol does is make a person more aggressive and violent, with a removal of inhibitions. So cannabis, essentially, brings to focus one's moral make up, creating a space between thought and action, helping one to respond more thoughtfully and smooth out the flaws that may exist, whereas alcohol tends to speed up the time between thought and response, leading to actions that may not be normally considered, as the global reports on alcohol's association with violence shows.

And what is wrong with laziness? To a landlord, the sight of a worker relaxing is probably unbearable, even if most evidence points out that cannabis users are hard working folk, doing the heavy lifting, such as boatmen, fishermen, farmers, labourers, wrestlers, prostitutes, blacksmiths, cart-drivers, soldiers,  elite sports persons, musicians, scientists,, etc. To every slave driver, a free man appears lazy. So yes, the respondents from the ruling and upper classes, gleefully responded that the use of cannabis makes a person lazy, because it would have been the cannabis users of the well to do classes who appeared so, people who the respondent was intimately familiar with. It is quite interesting to note that very few respondents state that they themselves consume cannabis.

The amusing myths and biases, such as that cannabis usage makes a man impotent, cannabis usage produces weak children and that a cannabis user's children are likely to become cannabis users themselves due to hereditary reasons, were refuted by the medical experts who appeared before the Commission, and have been repeatedly refuted by science in recent times.

Then there is the question of what is moderate and what is excessive. There are no clear guidelines to define this, which means that it is completely subjective. What one person considers as excessive may be considered as moderate by another. According to the report, habitual excessive consumers form a small percentage, something like 5-10%, of the overall number of cannabis consumers, who are, by and large, habitual, or occasional, moderate consumers of cannabis. The usage of the term 'excessive' itself will produce a knee-jerk reaction from respondents who will automatically associate excessive with injury. No one has, however, been able to clearly define what excessive means when it comes to cannabis, other than make rough extrapolations, such as excessive is anything four or more times what the moderate quantity is. Mind you, the moderate quantity itself varies from individual to individual, as well as variety to variety of cannabis. What was considered moderate usage in the 19th century will appear excessive to many individuals today. Using words such as 'excessive' makes even a person, who is unconvinced of any harm from cannabis usage, agree that, yes, excess use might produce these harms, even though the respondent has no exposure or experience with even moderate usage, let alone what is excessive. The word 'excess' is supposed to mean harmful anyway, isn't it? Be it water, air, emotions, or anything else in this world, excess means harmful, so you could replace cannabis in the question with anything, and the response would be the same th. This pulling out of thin air of a set of potential harmful effects, and then asking respondents whether they thought that with excessive cannabis usage these harms would be produced, helped to paint the picture of cannabis as a noxious substance, fit to be controlled, regulated and subsequently prohibited, by the administration and upper classes, who had their own selfish motives for doing so.

With regard to the question as to what is more injurious, the smoking or the eating/drinking of cannabis, it appears that the responses are mixed, with some saying that smoking is more injurious, while others say that drinking/eating is more injurious. The ones who say that smoking is more injurious, justify their stance by saying that smoking results in immediate effects of cannabis on the brain and lungs, thus damaging them. The persons who claim that drinking/eating is more injurious state that through this method of consumption, the quantity of cannabis taken in is greater, since some amount of cannabis is lost in combustion during smoking, whereas the entire plant matter is absorbed by the body. Persons who say that smoking is more injurious also justify their stance by stating that the eating/drinking of cannabis is usually accompanied by milk, ghee and spices that help to reduce the injurious effects of cannabis that smoking does not. Persons who say that eating/drinking is more injurious claim that the effects of smoking last for a much shorter time than the effects of eating/drinking cannabis. However, the method of cannabis consumption is a personal choice and each consumer justifies his preferred method of consumption as being more safe. Cannabis has been smoked, drunk or eaten, as well as applied to the skin, and any other form of ingestion possible, for thousands of years, by vast social populations. If a particular form of ingestion was really that harmful, or fatal, human societies would have phased it out a long time ago, but smoking still remains the most popular method of cannabis consumption today, and the number of people eating, drinking and applying cannabis to their skins is only increasing, as more and more places legalize cannabis for recreational and medicine. From the latest scientific evidence we find that smoking is the preferred method of cannabis administering, as medicine, in diseases of the head, nervous system and lungs, whereas eating/drinking is the preferred method for diseases of the digestive system and for those persons averse to smoking, and cannabis is applied topically, as oils and creams, for skin wellness. The witnesses who claim that smoking ganja is more injurious seem to base their claim on the perception that ganja is more potent than bhang, and on the perception that smoking is a more injurious form of ingestion of any substances, more injurious than eating/drinking or applying topically, forgetting that smoking of herbs is one of the recommended methods of medication in the detoxification and strengthening processes of Ayurveda. It is very likely that a majority of female consumers may have been  preferred to drink, eat or apply cannabis externally, all methods of consumption that could be carried out quite unnoticed, considering that cannabis plants grew in the gardens of a significant number of houses. To the members of the Commission, comprising entirely of males, who could only see the most visible signs of consumption, such as smoking and drinking in public places, retail outlets and social gatherings, where cannabis drinkers and smokers assembled, or learn about cannabis consumption through conversations with the people who worked for the witnesses, women would have been largely invisible. Hence, the almost zero evidence of cannabis usage among women in the entire report, which to me seems very unlikely given the vast all round benefits hat the herb offered, including benefits specific to women .

In general, we see that people attribute harmlessness to the form of cannabis that they are familiar with, and harmfulness to the form of cannabis they are unfamiliar with. A majority, of four to three, think that even the moderate habitual use of charas is harmful. A majority, of seven to five, think that ganja is beneficial in moderate habitual use, and a majority, of three to one, think that bhang is beneficial in moderate habitual use. These patterns in responses to the different forms of cannabis is essentially a snapshot of the mindset of the respondents - the ruling and upper classes, whose inherent biases, such as that charas is a foreign substance, that ganja is used mostly by the lower classes, and that bhang, which the ruling and upper classes mostly consume, is beneficial. Very few people however, mostly medical experts,  treat all forms of cannabis as equal, which is the fact, as the same cannabinoid compounds exist in all forms of cannabis, with no particular form having any special cannabinoid compound that would render it more harmful than others. It is true that concentrations of cannabinoids may be higher in the flower, and highest in the resin, as compared to the leaves. The user, however, compensates for this by consuming more quantities of the leaves, less quantities of flower, and even lesser quantities of resin, to compensate for the variations in cannabinoid compounds in the different parts of the plant. In reality, the amount of cannabis consumed as bhang in a typical dose will be equivalent, in terms of cannabinoid concentrations, to the amount of ganja or charas smoked. It is the bias against smoking, and the bias that ganja and charas are consumed by the lower classes, which makes the supporters of bhang think that ganja and charas are more harmful than bhang. Many of these biases would have been negated, and a truer picture of public opinion would have emerged, had the bulk of the cannabis users, who formed the poorer and working classes, been able to present their viewpoints to the Commission.

The majority of the responses, especially by medical experts, state that the moderate habitual use of cannabis does not cause bronchitis, dysentery, asthma, loss of appetite, laziness, immorality and debauchery. In fact, cannabis is considered as medicine for the treatment of the above conditions by both Indian and European physicians. However, it is interesting to note that a large number of persons seem to think that the habitual excessive use of cannabis is likely to cause the very same harmful effects that they believe the habitual moderate use treats. To me this appears to be mostly the assumptions of the respondents rather than the actual case. All respondents acknowledge that the habitual excessive users of cannabis are a very small fraction of the cannabis user population, which consists, by and large, of habitual moderate users, and occasional moderate users. Many respondents acknowledge that religious mendicants, who fall in the category of habitual excessive users, do not appear to be affected much by the above listed harmful physical and moral effects. From the responses, it appears to be a specific set of users who seem to be affected by the harmful effects listed. This set of users appears to be habitual excessive users who do not seem to supplement their excessive cannabis usage with adequate nutrition. Even among this set of users, the evidence is corrupted by other factors, such as the consumption of opium or alcohol, or consuming dathura in admixtures, in addition to cannabis. In general, it appears to be that a certain number of persons, mostly due to poverty, choose to use whatever means they have to procure cannabis, instead of using it to procure nourishment in the form of food. The cases of emaciation, dysentery, asthma or bronchitis appears negligible among the well to do classes and among the habitual moderate consumers of cannabis.

Among the instances cited where excessive cannabis use is said to be the cause for dysentery, bronchitis, asthma and emaciation, there are enough reason to doubt whether these conditions were caused by cannabis or if they were a result of the existing conditions in which the consumer lived, as the Commission has pointed out in its summary findings. One cannot rule out the fact that the increasing regulation of cannabis, throughout the 19th century by the British, made cannabis more difficult to procure, and more expensive, to the very persons who were most vulnerable - the poorest people who sometimes had to choose between cannabis and food. Some chose cannabis which they viewed as their spiritual food over food for the body. In recent times, studies show that cannabis users tend to be more active and are less likely to be obese. This effect of cannabis is more medicinal than harmful in today's world where  more people die of obesity than of hunger.

As we have seen, the responses to the questions are not provided by the direct users but by persons, identified by the Commission, who seek to find the answers by interviewing users or by responding based on their knowledge and experience. In this regard, almost the entire evidence is hearsay, depending on who has been spoken to, as well as the biases of the respondent. Going through the evidence provided by witnesses, it appears that at least half the European witnesses and one third of the Indian witnesses chose not to answer the questions on harmful effects. Among witnesses who answer, many witnesses seem to have an opinion on the subject of the harmful physical effects, even if they are not qualified to answer the questions. Only a few witnesses leave the questions on the harmful physical effects to medical experts. There is no dearth of magistrates, collectors, zamindars, missionaries, etc who go as far as to state that even the habitual moderate use of cannabis is harmful, producing bronchitis, asthma and dysentery, besides other harms, only to recapitulate, at the time of oral evidence, to state that the habitual moderate use is not harmful, and that what they had earlier reported in writing was in error. This indicates the tendency by the upper and ruling classes to sensationalize the harms of cannabis, even though they have no practical knowledge or experience on the subject. I wonder why this is so? Is it an attempt to please their masters or the seizing of an opportunity to make the lower classes more compliant?

Overall, the Commission reports, with regard to habitual moderate use - 'The number of witnesses who really give evidence to the effect that the moderate use of these drugs causes injury is therefore less than those who distinctly affirm that they do not, and forms but a small fraction of the whole body of witnesses.'  

With regard to excessive use, as expected with regard to anything excessive, the Commission reports - 'But of those who do speak of the effects of excessive consumption, the very large majority state that they are evil. There are very few exceptional witnesses who allege that the excessive use does no harm. This is precisely what might have been expected. The excessive use of any intoxicant cannot be other than evil, and in the great majority of cases of excess the evil must be manifest.' But regarding excessive use, the Commission also states that - 'The number of witnesses who are able to give information is indeed much smaller than might have been expected, and certainly indicates that the evil of excessive consumption is not widespread.' It also adds - 'Clearly these are not cases [of excessive use] on which satisfactory conclusions can be based. It must be impossible to say with anything like certainty what features from among the physical, mental, and moral features of the case are due to circumstances and causes antecedent to or independent of the hemp drug habit, and what (if any) may be reasonably ascribed, and in what degree, to that habit.'

From the answers of the medical experts, one gets a clearer picture of reality, minus the noise, bias, discrimination and myths that accompany the answers of non-medical witnesses. The medical experts have the backing of general medical experience, a formal medical education and scientific approach to the questions, even if most do not have direct experience with the cannabis plant. This reliability of data is especially evident in the responses from the Indian Native Army, where most responses have been provided by qualified medical officers. As the Commission states, regarding the reliability of witnesses - 'In regard to these definite physical results, the only evidence to which much weight can be attached is the evidence of the medical witnesses. From their training and opportunities of observation they are the only witnesses qualified to give reliable evidence.'

Reiterating their confidence in the evidence of medical experts regarding the harmful physical and moral effects of moderate use, the Commission states - 'The most striking feature of the medical evidence is perhaps the large number of practitioners of long experience who have seen no evidence of any connection between hemp drugs and disease, and when witnesses who speak to these ill effects from the moderate use are cross-examined, it is found that (a) their opinions are based on popular ideas on the subject; (b) they have not discriminated between the effects of moderate and excessive use of the drugs; (c) they have accepted the diseases as being induced by hemp drugs because the patients confessed to the habit; and (d) the fact has been overlooked that the smoking of hemp drugs is recognized as a remedial agent in asthma and bronchitis...[F]or the vast majority of consumers, the Commission consider that the evidence shows the moderate use of ganja or charas not to be appreciably harmful, while in the case of moderate bhang drinking the evidence shows the habit to be quite harmless.'

With regard to harms of excessive use, the Commission summarizes - 'As in long-continued and excessive cigarette smoking considerable bronchial irritation and chronic catarrhal laryngitis may be induced, so, too, may a similar condition be caused by excessive ganja or charas smoking; and to the œtiology of bronchial catarrh and asthma in ganja smokers the Commission have already referred. The direct connection alleged between dysentery and the use of hemp drugs the Commission consider to be wholly without any foundation. In the case of bhang there is nothing in the physiological action of the drug which could in any way set up an acute inflammation of the large intestine resulting in ulceration. On the contrary, it is well known that hemp resin is a valuable remedial agent in dysentery. As regards ganja or charas smoking inducing dysentery, even assuming that the products of the destructive distillation of the drugs directly reached the intestines, there is evidence that those products, when condensed and injected into a cat's stomach, failed to induce any inflammatory process. The connection, therefore, between hemp drug smoking and dysentery appears even remoter than in the case of bhang drinking and that disease, and cannot be accepted by any stretch of the imagination as even a possible direct cause of dysentery.' With regard to the other perceived effects of excessive use, the Commission states that  - 'With lowered vitality due to any cause, it must be obvious that an individual is more liable to be affected by vicissitudes of weather and bad sanitary surroundings than a person in normal health; and it may be accepted that excessive consumption of any intoxicant does tend to lower vitality.'

Finally, the Commission summarizes the findings of the questions regarding the physical and moral harms of cannabis use, saying - 'Viewing the subject generally, it may be added that the moderate use of these drugs is the rule, and that the excessive use is comparatively exceptional. The moderate use practically produces no ill effects. In all but the most exceptional cases, the injury from habitual moderate use is not appreciable. The excessive use may certainly be accepted as very injurious, though it must be admitted that in many excessive consumers the injury is not clearly marked. The injury done by the excessive use is, however, confined almost exclusively to the consumer himself; the effect on society is rarely appreciable. It has been the most striking feature in this inquiry to find how little the effects of hemp drugs have obtruded themselves on observation. The large number of witnesses of all classes who professed never to have seen these effects, the vague statements made by many who professed to have observed them, the very few witnesses who could so recall a case as to give any definite account of it, and the manner in which a large proportion of these cases broke down on the first attempt to examine them, are facts which combine to show most clearly how little injury society has hitherto sustained from hemp drugs.'

It is interesting to see that none of the harmful physical effects of cannabis use that was studied by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 figure commonly among the reasons for keeping cannabis prohibited in today's world. It appears that the evidence produced in the report, and subsequent studies, have been sufficient to prove that habitual moderate usage of cannabis does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, emaciation, sexual weakness, immorality and debauchery. Neither is cannabis consumption hereditary, nor does its consumption create weak offspring. While dispeling the myths around these specific harms, what the study appears to have done, however, is something much more damaging. It conjures an association of injury with cannabis use, something that did not exist in Indian society up to that point. This wrong association of injury with cannabis use served as the foundation for the propaganda that was mounted subsequently, by the ruling and upper classes, to get cannabis prohibited. It resulted in the prohibition, globally, of one of the safest medicinal recreational herbs, used for thousands of years by vast numbers of people, expecially the poorest, the working classes, the sick, the indigenous communities and the religious mendicants, paving the way for much more dangerous intoxicants to take its place, such as opioids, alcohol, tobacco and dathura, initially, and then as time went on, even more dangerous synthetic substances such as synthetic cannabis, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, novel psychotropic substances and a host of synthetic pharmaceutical drugs. All these alternatives to cannabis kill millions every year, many of whom would have been saved had cannabis been available.

When we see that these (dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, emaciation, sexual weakness, immorality, debauchery, laziness, hereditary links, production of weak offspring) were essentially the most significant harmful physical and moral effects associated with cannabis usage, and that the evidence proves that these associations are not true for the habitual moderate consumer, and that, in fact, cannabis is potentially medicine for many of these harmful physical effects, and that the large majority of cannabis consumers were habitual or occasional moderate consumers, it makes one wonder what the justification for cannabis prohibition could possibly be. With adequate nourishment, like ghee, milk and sweet, sugary things (yumm), it appears that cannabis has absolutely no harmful physical and moral effects whatsoever, even in consumption regarded as habitual excess.

So, can someone please remind me once again why cannabis was prohibited, and why it remains so, in nearly all countries of the world, while alcohol, opioids, tobacco and a host of other harmful substances are legal and freely available?

Summary findings by the Commission regarding the harmful physical and moral effects of cannabis consumption.

Following are the summary findings by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 regarding the harmful physical and moral effects of cannabis consumption and the above questions.

455. The question as to whether the smoking of hemp is more injurious than drinking or eating the drug is of importance mainly in connection with the difference between ganja or charas and bhang. The form in which the question was put by the Commission raised two comparisons—viz, (0) between the smoking and eating or drinking of the same preparation, and (b) between smoking one preparation and eating or drinking another. But unfortunately there has been some confusion in the answers, some witnesses having manifestly and others presumably overlooked this distinction. At the same time it cannot be said that the evidence is practically clear and decided. Many witnesses feel themselves unable to deal with the matter. A few decline to discriminate between the effects of smoking and those of the other modes of consumption. Well over four hundred witnesses, however, institute a clear comparison. Of these there are over a hundred medical men trained more or less thoroughly according to European methods, of whom four-fifths regard smoking as the most injurious form of consumption. There are over forty practitioners trained after native methods, of whom nearly three-fourths hold the same opinion. There are nearly three hundred non-medical witnesses who are similarly divided. These figures show that the decided majority of such witnesses as have given an opinion regard smoking as the most injurious form of consumption, and this is found to be the case both for all classes of witnesses and for all provinces. The majority is least in Bengal, being precisely two to one in each of the two classes of medical, and rather less than that among the non-medical, witnesses who have recognised any difference. It has also to be borne in mind that among the minority there are some who clearly state that though ganja smoking may be less deleterious than drinking or eating ganja, it is more deleterious than drinking bhang. And there are probably others who hold this view, though they have not thought of stating it. There are some witnesses whose experience is that drinking bhang is a habit which is more likely to go to excess than smoking, because more seductive and more sociable. But there are many others whose experience is precisely the reverse. There are one or two witnesses who think smoking less harmful than drinking hemp, because the latter form of consumption lends itself in their opinion more readily to deleterious mixtures. But there is a great deal of evidence to a precisely opposite effect. There are also some witnesses who emphasise the injurious effects of the excessive use of bhang on the digestive system. But the preponderance of opinion is that excessive smoking of charas or ganjah as still more injurious effects on the system. Common experience then as indicated in the evidence of all classes of witnesses seems to teach that smoking ganja or charas is more injurious than taking bhang. There seems no reason to decline to accept this view. The following reasons seem to support it: (a) there is much less of the resin in what is properly known as bhang than in ganja or charas; (b) the products of the destructive distillation of the resin appear to be capable of doing injury, especially if used to excess, and to be carried to the lungs and readily absorbed by the inhalation which is the invariable method of smoking. At the same time no one can read the evidence or observe the facts without realising that the use of bhang, at all events if carried beyond moderation, may also be distinctly injurious

473. There are a few witnesses who stigmatize all such allegations of beneficial results as mere excuses made for a vicious indulgence. As some opium consumers attribute all manner of good effects to opium, liquor drinkers to alcohol, and tobacco smokers to tobacco, so do consumers of hemp attribute these beneficial effects to their favourite drug. It is, no doubt, true that there is a tendency to find excuse for an unnecessary indulgence. But the medicinal uses of these drugs lend at least some measure of support to the popular belief among consumers that some beneficial effects do follow from the moderate use. There are one or two witnesses who assert that the use of these drugs, far from being a protection against malaria, makes the consumer more liable to its influence. This may be true of the excessive use, which may injure the constitution and predispose to noxious influences. There is, however, no sufficient ground for believing that it is true of the moderate use. Other witnesses assert that the effect in alleviating fatigue is merely temporary, and results in the end in greater exhaustion. So far as the moderate use is concerned, this view would appear to be mainly theoretical; for, as has been already pointed out, there are very few witnesses who even profess to have any experience of evil effects resulting from moderate consumption. There are also a number of witnesses who attribute these good effects to bhang only, while some limit them to the occasional use of the drugs. These statements may perhaps be taken for practical purposes together. The occasional use of ganja or charas must be rare compared with the occasional use of bhang; for the smoking habit is more difficult to acquire, and there are therefore few who can with comfort indulge in it only occasionally. The truth seems to be that while, no doubt, these drugs are more commonly consumed merely as stimulants than from any clearly defined idea of their beneficial results, yet they are popularly believed to have (if moderately used) some such beneficial results as have been above described. Moderate consumers believe this, and would feel a sense of deprivation if they were unable to obtain what they regard as a beneficial stimulant. This deprivation would be more felt among the poorer classes than among the wealthier, whose tastes lead them to more expensive luxuries. It is the poorer people and the labouring classes who as a rule use these drugs for the purposes indicated. They are admittedly as a rule moderate consumers. They do not seem to exceed in the use of hemp so frequently as in the use of liquor. Those who seem, according to the statements of many witnesses, really to derive no benefit but only harm from the use of these drugs are those who, leading sedentary or idle lives, take the drugs from a merely vicious desire of nervous excitement, and have a strong tendency to excess.
 
Is moderate use harmless?
474. The fact that certain beneficial effects result from the moderate use under certain circumstances is not, however, necessarily inconsistent with the view that even the moderate use is on the whole injurious. Witnesses were therefore invited to consider separately the question if the moderate use of these drugs is on the whole harmless. About eight hundred and fifty witnesses (i.e., considerably more than two-thirds of the whole) record their opinion. Of these, over sixty declare that the moderate use cannot be regarded as harmless simply on the ground that it is apt to develop into excess. The remainder (about eight hundred) answer the question clearly in the affirmative or negative for each of the forms of the drugs with which they are acquainted. Nearly three hundred witnesses deal with charas, and their opinion is as four to three against that drug. It is in the Punjab, Sind, and the North-estern Provinces that opinion is strongest in this direction. It is in these provinces that charas is best known, and elsewhere Charas the drug is probably weaker from deterioration. So that opinion in these provinces is probably entitled to more weight than elsewhere. On the whole, then, there is apparently a more unfavourable opinion of charas than of the other forms of hemp drugs.

Ganja.
475. In regard to ganja, opinion is about seven to five in favour of the moderate use being harmless. In every province, except the North-Western Provinces and Sind, the majority take this view. In Sind the drug is known to but few witnesses, and a large proportion of these few fail to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. In the North-Western Provinces the drug is well known, and the witnesses are divided as three to two against the drug—almost, indeed, in the same ratio as in regard to charas. Here, however, a careful examination of the papers shows that at least one-fifth of these witnesses against ganja have not discriminated between the moderate and excessive use. In other provinces the majority believe the moderate use of ganja to be harmless. In Bengal, where the drug is best known and most carefully cultivated, this majority is about two to one.

Bhang.
476. Bhang is regarded with more general favour than other preparations of hemp. The witnesses who declare it harmless are nearly as three to one as compared with those who think otherwise. This majority is found in pretty nearly this ratio in all provinces. This may, therefore, be accepted as the prevailing opinion.

Silent witnesses.
477. There is a large number of witnesses who either do not know enough, or do not feel strongly enough, regarding the effects to say anything about them. There is also a large proportion of the other witnesses who declare the moderate use of the drugs to be harmless. Finally, there is manifestly a tendency in many of the witnesses against the drug to base their unfavourable opinion on their experience of excessive consumption. In view of all this, there can be little doubt that there is a very large amount of moderate consumption of all these drugs, the evil effects of which are inappreciable, even if this moderate consumption is not quite harmless. There is a good deal of justification of the failure of many witnesses to discriminate between moderate and excessive consumption. That which is moderate and harmless to one man may be too much for another. And the moderate habit may undoubtedly develop into excess in some cases where excess might not have been looked for. It is so with all intoxicants; but moderation and excess ought to be distinguished. And on the whole the weight of evidence is to the effect that moderation in the use of hemp drugs is not injurious.

Formation of the habit.
478. The great majority of the witnesses are of opinion that the habit of consuming these drugs is easily formed. As a rule these witnesses speak from experience of consumption among the upper and middle classes. There is no doubt that there are some difficulties in the way of a lad learning the habit apart from the deterrent opinion (where it exists) of parents or of society. It is necessary to know how to prepare the drug, though most of the methods of preparation when learned are simple enough. This fact, together with the force of example, explains the very general statement that the habit is acquired in the company of smokers. The first effects produced in the novice by the drug, especially if smoked, are also far from pleasant, and must tend to make the habit somewhat difficult to acquire. The first effects of bhang need not be unpleasant if the consumer is careful to begin with very small doses. But it is otherwise with hemp smoking. To produce any effect, the smoke has to be taken into the lungs by strong inhalation. The effect of this is often unpleasant and distressing, especially to those who are not accustomed to smoke tobacco in this particular way. It is doubtful, however, whether these first effects are ever more deterrent in character than those which European lads experience on their first acquaintance with tobacco, and it cannot be said that they present any real difficulty in the way of those who from any motive desire to consume these drugs. Once these initial difficulties are past, the habit is easily formed. As in the case of every other intoxicant, consumption tends to become habitual.

Strength of habit.
479. The pretty general belief is that the habit is not easily broken off when once formed; but the difficulty is not believed to be so great as in the case of either alcohol or opium. It is apparently greater than in the case of tobacco. The experience of our jails seems clearly to confirm the general opinion that the opium habit takes a much stronger hold than the ganja habit, and that no injurious physical effects follow the compulsory cessation of the latter. But even the moderate habitual consumer looks for the effect which he associates with the drug, and finds it a considerable effort to give up the habit—an effort which demands considerable strength of mind in cases where the necessity for abandoning the habit may have arisen. In case of habitual excess the difficulty is greatly increased. The weakness of mind at once displayed and intensified by this excess renders it sometimes impossible to give up the habit without restraint. But even in cases of excessive consumption, the difficulty appears to be less with ganja than with alcohol or opium.

Moderation and excess.
480. It is a general belief that there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive. This belief is based on the general view that such a tendency must exist more or less in the case of all intoxicants, on the fact that as the system becomes accustomed to the use of a drug a larger dose appears to be required to produce the same effect, and on the undoubted fact that there are some excessive consumers who had begun and continued for some time the use of these drugs in moderation. It is, however, a matter of ordinary experience that in the case of a moderate consumer of alcohol, for example, who is in normal health, the effect which he wishes to produce by his moderate use is regularly produced by the same dose without any necessity for increasing it. And the fact that there is comparatively so little of excess in the use of hemp drugs, and that so many consumers, especially of bhang among the middle classes and of ganja among working people, retain their moderate habit and regularly have their accustomed dose twice or thrice a day, seems to show that this tendency is certainly not stronger in their case. While individual differences in strength of mind must always lead to difference in results, and hereditary mental instability is in certain cases a factor which must not be overlooked, the fact seems generally to be that excess is found (as in the case of alcohol) to be mainly confined to idle and dissipated persons, and to be often due to the force of example and foolish emulation in bad company. The man who takes these drugs regularly as a food accessory, or as a stimulant in hard work, does not seem to be prone to excess. Apparently also the tendency is much less towards that occasional excess which in the case of alcohol so frequently becomes habitual. The working man, for example, does not seem to have the same temptation to a debauch with ganja as with alcohol.

481. Another question of some interest that has arisen in connection with the hemp drug habit, whether moderate or excessive, is the question whether it is hereditary. No evidence of the smallest value is forthcoming to show that it is. There are, no doubt, witnesses who state this as their belief; but the basis of that belief is merely the undoubted fact that in many cases the sons of ganja smokers also themselves smoke ganja. This fact is sufficiently explained in the first instance by the universal tendency of sons to imitate their fathers. It has also to be borne in mind that it is an acknowledged fact that the neurotic diathesis which is hereditary frequently exhibits itself in a tendency to indulge in stimulants. The weakness which may have led the father to indulgence in ganja may be inherited by the son, and produce in him the same tendency to use this drug; but there is no such evidence as would justify the opinion that the indulgence is itself hereditary.

491. Among the ancient physicians the evil effects of the drug are thus referred to by the author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya: "Afterwards the sedative effects begin to preside, the spirits sink, the vision darkens and weakens, and madness, melancholy, fearfulness, dropsy, and such like distempers are the sequel, while the seminal secretions dry up." Alluding to its popular use, the author dwells on the eventual evil consequences of the indulgence: "Weakness of the digestive organs first ensues, followed by flatulency, indigestion, swellings of the limbs and face, change of complexion, diminution of sexual vigour, loss of teeth, heaviness, cowardice, depraved and wicked ideas, etc." Iban Beitar was the first to record its tendeney to produce mental derangement, and he even states that it occasionally proves fatal. Taki-ed-din-Ahmad, commonly known as Makrizi, who wrote a number of treatises upon Egypt in the 14th century, states that in 780 Hijra very severe ordinances were passed in Egypt against the use of the drug; the famous garden in the valley of Dijoncina was rooted up, and all those convicted of the use of the drugs were subjected to the extraction of their teeth; but in 799 Hijra the custom re-established itself with more than original vigour. Makrizi states: "As its consequence, general corruption of sentiments and manners ensued, modesty disappeared, every base and evil passion was openly indulged in, and nobility of external form alone remained to these infatuated beings." Rumphius alludes doubtingly to the alleged aphrodisiac powers of the drug, and states that the kind of mental excitement it produces depends upon the temperament of the consumer. O'Shaughnessy in his introduction to certain experiments with hemp drugs remarks: "As to the evil sequelæ so unanimously dwelt on by all writers, these did not appear to us so numerous, so immediate, or so formidable as many which may be clearly traced to over-indulgence in other powerful stimulants or narcotics, viz., alcohol, opium, or tobacco."

493. In order to ascertain the alleged noxious physical, mental, or moral effects which are popularly believed to be induced by use of hemp drugs, the Commission considered it desirable in framing the questions on these points to clearly discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. The replies show, however, that in very many instances the witnesses have failed thus to differentiate between the two uses of the drug. This may be partly due to the somewhat inherent difficulty in discriminating or to carelessness on the part of persons who conducted the inquiries. The evidence, moreover, before the Commission clearly demonstrates that any departures from the normal in health, if associated with the mere mention of the hemp drug habit, is in most cases sufficient for "cause" and "effect".

Medical witnesses.
494. In analyzing the replies given to question No. 45, which deals with the alleged noxious effects of the moderate use of the drugs, the Commission have thought it expedient to indicate first the view taken by the medical witnesses, and then to consider the tenor of the evidence given by all witnesses, including medical. In considering the medical evidence, the witnesses have been divided into three classes— (a) superior medical officers, including assistant surgeons ; (b) hospital assistant class ; (c) native practitioners who have not been trained in Medical Colleges, and who practise according to native methods. In estimating the value which should be attached to the evidence tendered by each of these classes, the Commission consider it necessary to point out that the superior medical officers are by their training necessarily in a far better position to judge intelligently of the effects of the drugs than the other two classes; but the superior medical officer class comprises both European doctors and assistant surgeons. The former class—in all but exceptional instances—do not see nearly so much of the common or general dispensary practice as the assistant surgeons. Though at head-quarters they visit the dispensaries as regularly as possible, and see some of the patients and assist in prescribing, they are rather the "superintendents of the dispensaries," and occupy generally a position more or less of "consultants" to the assistant surgeons, who actually conduct dispensary practice, and who diagnose the ordinary diseases and prescribe for them. It therefore appears to the Commission not unlikely that the views of most European medical officers may have been based on less direct contact with the people, and may have even been sometimes derived more or less from the assistant surgeons, their immediate subordinates. The hospital assistants as a class are much inferior to assistant surgeons in medical training and general intelligence; but they possess one advantage over the assistant surgeons. From their inferior social position they have a more intimate knowledge perhaps of the habits of the persons who frequent dispensaries, and who constitute the class to which hemp-drug consumers belong. The native practitioners probably have a still more familiar knowledge of the habits of the people; but the absence of systematic training renders them practically incompetent to form a true estimate of "cause" and "effect," and their ideas of the noxious effects of the drugs are doubtless largely coloured by the popular and common views on the subject.

General view of the whole evidence regarding evil effects.
495. In respect to the evil effects—physical, mental, and moral—ascribed to the habitual use of these drugs, there is one feature that must strike any one who reads the evidence— that is, the large number of witnesses who do not answer at all the questions (No. 45 and No. 46) regarding evil effects. Among Europeans over one-half of the witnesses and among Natives about one-third abstain from answering. This must be due in large measure to the fact that the effects have not obtruded themselves on observation. This is what is stated over and over again by witnesses of the greatest experience. Of those who do answer, about one-half of the Europeans and one-third of the Native witnesses ascribe no evil effects at all to the moderate use of ganja and charas. Those witnesses who specially mention bhang do so, as a rule, to except it from their statement regarding the evil effects alleged to result from hemp drugs generally. These are not, however, very numerous. It is unnecessary to do more than take up the evidence regarding hemp drugs generally. About one-half of the European witnesses and two-thirds of the Native witnesses who answer at all the question regarding the alleged evil effects of the moderate use do so in the affirmative. But of these about one-half of both classes do not discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. They answer generally concerning the use of the drugs without drawing the line between moderation and excess. The number of witnesses who really give evidence to the effect that the moderate use of these drugs causes injury is therefore less than those who distinctly affirm that they do not, and forms but a small fraction of the whole body of witnesses. The evidence regarding the evil effects of the excessive use is much stronger. The number of witnesses who are able to give information is indeed much smaller than might have been expected, and certainly indicates that the evil of excessive consumption is not widespread. But of those who do speak of the effects of excessive consumption, the very large majority state that they are evil. There are very few exceptional witnesses who allege that the excessive use does no harm. This is precisely what might have been expected. The excessive use of any intoxicant cannot be other than evil, and in the great majority of cases of excess the evil must be manifest.

The general character of the evidence.
496. The impressions which the evidence leaves on the mind are these. The evil results from the use of the drugs, whether moderate or excessive, have not hitherto obtruded themselves on observation. The only manner in which they have really attracted attention is in respect to asylum statistics. Apart from this, the majority of witnesses have not seen the effects at all, and know nothing about them. Of the minority, a few witnesses only have had their attention drawn to the effects before this inquiry began; the rest knew nothing of them until they began to search them out on receipt of the questions issued by the Commission. Some of these witnesses fail to remember that in going to public places, such as shops or shrines where smokers congregate, to ascertain the effects, they have taken measures to see not the moderate, but the excessive, use of the drugs. They thus fail to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. Their evidence is as unfair a representation of the general effects of the drug as would be the evidence of men regarding the general effects of alcohol who judged of these effects solely from what they saw in public houses in England. Further, a great deal of the evidence is based upon a casual observation of very few cases of actual consumers. The number of cases seen by a witness is as a rule too few to form an adequate basis for definite opinion in respect to results. Yet there are but few witnesses who have seen and admitted this necessity for caution in the expression of opinion. Again, these cases are not only few in number, but as a rule very inadequately observed. There are very few of them indeed which have been known to the witnesses in any way intimately or for any length of time. Occasionally a case is mentioned of a relative or personal acquaintance who has been seriously injured by excess. But as a rule the cases mentioned have been cases of wandering mendicants, devotees at temples or strangers in the street, cases observed in a shop visited for the purpose, or in a collection of social wrecks brought together for the witnesses' inspection, or (in the case of medical witnesses) outdoor patients who have come casually for relief, and whose history is unknown. Clearly these are not cases on which satisfactory conclusions can be based. It must be impossible to say with anything like certainty what features from among the physical, mental, and moral features of the case are due to circumstances and causes antecedent to or independent of the hemp drug habit, and what (if any) may be reasonably ascribed, and in what degree, to that habit.

The necessity for testing it.
497. The result of this has been to make much of the evidence vague and unsatisfactory. It has been deemed necessary, there fore, to make an effort to sift and test the evidence. It can hardly be considered necessary to question the view that excessive consumption of these drugs indicates and intensifies mental and moral weakness, and must also be attended in all but exceptional constitutions with some visible physical injury. In regard to the moderate use, on the other hand, it would be quite wrong to accept without clear evidence the view that physical, mental, and moral injury resulted. In the absence of all physiological evidence of tissue changes being produced by these drugs, as they are produced by alcohol, it must be presumed, until the contrary appear, that the moderate use does not cause injury in any but the most exceptional cases. General experience warrants the admission that even the moderate use of such drugs may cause injury in exceptional cases owing to idiosyncracy or peculiar diathesis. But as a rule, practically without exception, the presumption must be against injury from the moderate use. It is necessary then to weigh the evidence carefully so as to ascertain both whether there is any ground for believing that the moderate use is attended by evil results at all, and also what the particular results are which under any circumstances follow the use of the drugs.
 
Limitation of the issues raised.
498. Leaving out of account for the present the question of the connection of the drugs with insanity, there is no evidence of any weight regarding mental and moral injury from the moderate use of the drugs. Vague statements are made by a small minority of the witnesses regarding the stupidity or moral weakness of consumers whom they have met. But after making allowance for the fact that these observations have often been of excessive consumers, and for the lower mental and moral tone found generally among the lower orders to which the consumers, or at all events the smokers of hemp drugs, almost exclusively belong, there is little left in the evidence on which to base any opinion. The statements, too, are of results of an indefinite character and difficult to gauge or account for even with careful observation of the whole history of a case which is never possible in the instances adduced. Similarly, in regard to physical injury, there are a considerable number of vague statements made regarding "impairment of constitution," debility, emaciation, and other physical results of an indefinite character. These are largely accounted for by the mere fact that it is the poorer classes who ordinarily use these drugs. The poor cultivator or day labourer, who works hard and has nothing but a bare sufficiency of the necessaries of life, cannot be expected to be sleek. Witnesses who have spoken of the use of hemp as making men thin and illnourished looking have admitted that their experience is based only on what they have seen of the poor, and that among the poor there is no specially marked appearance of this kind among the consumers of hemp. A similar fallacy is noticed by several witnesses. They point out that the drugs, which are more used in malarious and unhealthy tracts than elsewhere, are credited with the evil effects which result from the malarious and unhealthy conditions. As a matter of fact, the moderate consumer in such localities cannot, they say, be distinguished from the non-consumer. Then, again, a great deal of the vague evidence regarding the general injury to the constitution alleged to result from the use of hemp drugs is based on what the witnesses know of fakirs and wandering mendicants who consume the drugs. It is surprising to find witnesses who have had years of experience, whose work has brought them into close contact with the ordinary life of the people, testifying that they have never seen the drugs used except by religious mendicants, or known any of the effects of the drugs except as shown in these classes. The mendicant, if he is ascetic, is naturally of a very spare and even emaciated appearance. The use by such mendicants is better known to the community generally than the use by any other class. The mendicant pushes himself to the front wherever he goes, and he has no hesitation in asking for precisely the thing he wants at the time. His use of hemp is therefore known to all who meet him. The life he leads—a wandering, homeless life of exposure and self-imposed privation and unrest—makes him as a rule thin and miserable in appearance. This appearance of the man, an unknown stranger, once seen perhaps as he passes through the village on his round of India, and never seen again, is often associated in the mind of the witness with the use of hemp and not with the life that really produces it. Allowance must also be made for the large proportion of cases of excess which must have been found among the comparatively few cases observed by the witnesses. The religious mendicant, for example, uses hemp drugs very frequently to excess; and this is the class which has hitherto attracted most the attention of the witnesses. As to the cases seen since the Commission's questions drew attention to the subject, it must be borne in mind that they are of necessity chiefly cases of excess. A Civil Surgeon asks a native practitioner to show him cases of the effects of hemp drugs, and the latter selects a broken down consumer from among his patients and produces him. The Civil Surgeon forgets that he has never himself in years of experience seen the effects of the drugs; he forgets that unless the consumption of hemp is most exceptional, or his friend's practice exceedingly small, it is only to be expected that there should be consumers among his patients; and he accepts the case as an illustration of the ill effects of the drugs. A Collector asks a subordinate to collect the consumers in a town or village, and the subordinate gets together the social wrecks from among the consumers of the drugs. No one would willingly join such a party for inspection except dissipated and degraded persons. Yet the Collector, without remembering this, and without enquiring how many of these social wrecks are also consumers of alcohol and other intoxicants or are addicted to other vices, thinks he has got hold of something tangible to enable him to judge of the effects of the drugs. Similarly the missionary, anxious to assist in this inquiry, goes to the drug shop, and sees the habitual excessive consumer at his pipe. Perhaps he finds him a lean, miserable man, though indeed some witnesses of this class have evidently been agreeably surprised at what they have seen. The witness is, however, led as a rule to ascribe anything of misery or evil that he sees to the drug about which he is interested without considering that he knows nothing of the history or circumstances of the men whom he thus meets for the first time. Such mistakes are not confined to European witnesses. Native witnesses of all classes have similarly searched out cases of evil results ascribed to hemp drugs, have obtained assistance in collecting them, have visited the places where consumption to excess is practised, and have often given what they have learned in this hasty inquiry as the undoubted and inevitable effects of the use of the drugs. The mere fact that they had no information to give without making inquiry, and that the effects of the drugs had never attracted their attention before in all their lives, should have warned them of the necessity for caution in generalising from the limited experience they had thus specially to acquire. The difficulty, if not impossibility, of judging under the circumstances in almost any case whether the conditions observed were due to such general causes as poverty or malaria, or to such special causes as vicious or dissolute habits or even disease, quite apart from hemp drugs, has been too often forgotten. And the evidence is vague and unreliable.


499. In regard to these definite physical results, the only evidence to which much weight can be attached is the evidence of the medical witnesses. From their training and opportunities of observation they are the only witnesses qualified to give reliable evidence. It is proposed to examine this medical evidence in detail.

Bengal.
500. In Bengal eight commissioned medical officers were examined on the effects of the moderate use of the drugs. Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel Russell (witness No. 105), 20 years in civil employ in Bengal and Assam, a witness whose evidence has frequently been quoted by the Commission, stated that the use of the drug does not cause bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma, and that scarcely any other noxious effects are induced. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Russick Lall Dutt (witness No. 107), an officer of over 20 years' experience, stated: "Very moderate smoking of ganja or charas or moderate drinking of siddhi in infusion do not produce any appreciable effects but these moderate cases are seldom long-lived. There is in them a slow and insidious undermining process going on in their digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems, which predispose them to acute diseases and cut their lives short." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Price (witness No. 108), of 21 years' service, who had frequently come across consumers of hemp drugs, was unable to answer the question regarding effects. Surgeon-Captain Prain (witness No. 113) stated: "I do not believe that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces any noxious effects—physical, mental, or moral. I think that perhaps the use of bhang does injure the digestion and impair appetite even when used moderately, but I am convinced that it neither causes dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma." Surgeon-Major Cobb (witness No. 110) stated that the drugs did not cause asthma, bronchitis, or dysentery; and in cross-examination he stated: "I have no experience that the excessive use of the drug produces dysentery and bowel-complaints." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Flood Murray (witness No. 102), five years in military service and nineteen years in civil employ, quoted the opinion of a pandit whom he consulted regarding the ill effects of the drugs. In cross-examination he stated: "The general statement as contained in my written answer is a statement made to me by this hakim and others to whom I applied for information. My own experience in no way corroborates it." "Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Bovill (witness No. 109), of 21 years' service, stated that the habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce any ill effects, and in many cases that of ganja is equally harmless. He added: "I know of no case where it has caused bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma, but I have noted hoarseness of the voice probably due to some laryngeal irritation among ganja smokers." SurgeonLieutenant-Colonel Crombie (witness No. 104), of over 20 years' service, is not aware of any ill effects being produced by the moderate use of the drugs; but he added: "If any were produced, the use would no longer be moderate, but excessive:" In cross-examination Dr. Crombie stated: "I have had no experience of any diseases attributable to ganja. My experience has been chiefly in Eastern Bengal, where ganja is largely consumed."

Twenty-three assistant surgeons were examined. Assistant Surgeon Devendranath Roy (witness No. 123), of over 20 years' service, and who has had service in Rajputana, the North-Western Provinces, Behar, and Bengal, where hemp drugs are used by a large portion of the people, is of opinion that those who smoke ganja not more than twice or thrice a day do not suffer in general health; bhang does not impair the digestion, whereas ganja does. "Those of my patients," he remarks, "who admitted having been habitual ganja smokers suffered from dysentery or diarrhœa, but they have been exposed to conditions which produce these ailments. Hence I do not draw any conclusion as to ganja being a primary cause of those diseases." Assistant Surgeon Preonath Bose (witness No. 122), Teacher of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in the Dacca Medical School, clearly has no personal knowledge of the effects, as he remarked: "Evidence on these points is conflicting. Some of the consumers maintain, others deny, that evil effects are produced." Another teacher at the same school (witness No. 121) stated: "Evidence on these points is conflicting. The general consensus of opinion is that the habitual moderate use of bhang and ganja does not impair the constitution." Assistant Surgeon Soorjee Narain Singh, of 28 years' service, now Teacher of Materia Medica, Patna Medical School (witness No. 125), stated that "habitual moderate consumers of bhang, ganja, or charas do not apparently suffer from any injurious effects." Assistant Surgeon Narendra Nath Gupta (witness No. 120) as Deputy Superintendent of Vaccination and as a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner and as Civil Medical Officer has had considerable opportunities for noting the effects of the drugs. His opinion is that the moderate use of ganja and bhang does not produce any noxious effects. Durga Dass Lahiri,L.M.S. (witness No. 132),a private medical practitioner, said: "I have not seen any evil results mentioned when taken moderately, but it is very difficult to keep to moderation." Assistant Surgeon Taraprosanna Roy (witness No. 116) is Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal. He stated that the habitual moderate use of the three drugs is not known to produce any noxious effects. Assistant Surgeon Bosonto Kumar Sen (witness No . 119) has had service in ganja producing districts. He stated that the use of ganja and bhang produces noxious effects, and "generally produce dysentery, asthma, and bronchitis." The cross-examination of this witness is of interest. "I have seen more than one person, about half a dozen, in my village suffering from dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma who were also ganja smokers. They were all excessive smokers. These effects do not follow the moderate, but the excessive, use. It is a mistake to have put them under the moderate use The fact that they were ganja smokers led me to believe that these effects were due to ganja I have no recollection of ever treating any case of dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma caused by ganja. These cases are the basis of my remarks. I do not remember any case of dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma in a ganja smoker which I attributed to any other cause. In other words, when I saw ganja smokers suffering from these diseases, I attributed them to ganja. This was twenty years ago, before I was a medical student." Pyari Sankar Dass Gupta, L.M.S. (witness No. 134), is a private medical practitioner, Secretary to the Bogra Medical Society of ten members, and a member of a temperance association founded by the late Keshub Chunder Sen. The witness is pledged against the use of all intoxicants. This witness submitted three papers to the Commission which seem to illustrate the development of tradition into opinion. In one paper the witness states: "The smokers of ganja often suffer from hoarseness of voice produced by the continual inhalation of its fumes, giving rise to sore-throat, bronchitis, and carbonaceous phthisis It has long been a tradition in our country that the ganja-khors always die of dysentery, their intestines gradually sloughing away." In his second paper the witness states: "Ganja smokers generally die of bloody dysentery, asthma and phthisis, and hæmoptysis." And in his last paper he says: "It produces bloody dysentery and chest diseases, bloodspitting, bronchitis, asthma, and phthisis." Kailas Chundra Bose, L.M.S. (witness No. 135), is a private medical practitioner in Calcutta with an extensive practice. He states that no ill effects are produced by the moderate use, and that, instead of causing bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma, it relieves these affections. The witness, however, states in his oral examination: "My experience is not to any large extent what I have gathered in my practice, but rather what I have learnt from smokers." Assistant Surgeon Akbar Khan (witness No. 124) is another Teacher in the Patna Medical School. He states the habitual moderate use of any of the drugs does not produce noxious effects, but that charas and ganja cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma if the consumers are not well fed. Witnesses Nos. 126 and 138 consider that no ill effects are produced. Assistant Surgeon Upendra Nath Sen (witness No. 118) states that bronchitis and asthma are common complaints of ganja smokers. Madhab Krishna Dass, L.M.S. (witness No. 158), a private practitioner in Calcutta, considers that smoking may cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. Assistant Surgeon Durga Nath Chakravarti (witness No. 150) considers that "ganja causes dysentery after a long run." Annoda Prasanna Ghatak, M.B. (witness No. 148), a private medical practitioner, considers that digestive complaints are caused when good food is not procurable. Rakhal Das Ghosh, L.M.S. (witness No. 149), a private practitioner in Calcutta, had apparently seen no ill effects caused by the drug. The remaining witnesses in this class clearly failed to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use, and their evidence has not been considered.

Three hospital assistants were examined. One gave no reply regarding moderate use. The other stated: "The habitual moderate use of ganja or charas does not produce any noxious effects-physical, mental, or moral; but the use of ganja impairs the constitution in some way or other and has a tendency towards bronchitis and asthma." Witness No. 145 is a vernacular class hospital assistant, but not now in Government employ. According to this witness, moderate use of ganja leads to excessive use. "The habitual moderate consumers, as well as the excessive consumers, suffer in their lungs and become insane No intoxicant can be taken in moderation except when administered medicinally."

Fifteen native practitioners were examined. Bijoya Ratna Sen (witness No. 151), a kabiraj practising in Calcutta, considers that the habitual moderate use of ganja or charas, but not siddhi, may in some cases cause bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma. Witness No. 152, also of Calcutta, gives the same reply couched in the same language. Witness No. 126, of Nattore, in the Rajshahi district, and witness No. 153, of Calcutta, both consider the moderate use harmless. Piyari Mohan (witness No. 154), a kabiraj, states: "I know it causes dysentery, and I believe owing to its heating power it can cause bronchitis and asthma." Kedareswar Acharjya (witness No. 137) remarks: "Those ganja smokers who cannot command abundant wholesome food suffer from dysentery, but it is difficult to determine how far it is due to ganja or to improper food. As to asthma, I have not seen any typical case originating from ganja smoking. I know that a chronic catarrhal condition of the air passages with a certain amount of spasm is the misfortune of many old ganja smokers. I know a friend who suffered from chronic bronchitis, and in whom asthmatic fits were induced by attempts to smoke ganja." The witness refers also to another case in which a habitual ganja smoker had an asthmatic attack "which subsided on breaking off the habit and reappeared on resuming it." This witness lays stress on personal idiosyncrasy as modifying the effects of the drugs, and on the importance of a diet rich in fat. Witness No. 155, another kabiraj, states that, while no ill effects are produced, occasionally it causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. Witness No. 128, also a kabiraj, states that, according to the Aurveda Shastra, smoking these drugs causes bronchitis and asthma, and in his opinion "even the moderate use of any of these drugs, not according to the rules of Shastra, is injurious in its effects." This witness does not appear to have any personal knowledge of ill effects, but to base his views on the teachings of the Shastras. Witness No. 139 states: "Certainly they produce noxious effects on the moral and physical constitution;" but as the witness is silent as to the effects of excessive use, probably he has not discriminated between the two uses of the drugs. Witness No. 157, a vaid, considers that even the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effects. This is the pandit who was consulted by Dr. Flood Murray (witness No. 102), and who produced two cases of hemp drug asthma and weakened heart for Dr. Murray's inspection. These seem to have been the only cases in any way connected with hemp drugs that he had. Witness No. 146 is a zamindar and medical practitioner, and does not reply as to effects. Witness No. 147 studied two and a half years at the Calcutta Medical College, but took no degree. He states that no noxious effects are produced without giving details.

Assam.
501. Three commissioned and three uncovenanted medical officers were examined in Assam. Surgeon-Major Macnamara (witness No. 20) has been for thirteen years among people who make use of hemp products to a greater or less degree. He is Civil Surgeon of Tezpur, and has had opportunities of observing the effects of the drug on tea garden coolies. Regarding the effects caused by the moderate use of the drugs, the witness remarked: "I can't define moderation no more than I can in the case of alcohol. The limit is reached when any ill effects are apparent when the limit is crossed. The constitution is impaired and digestion is injured. Dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma find an easier victim." On cross-examination, the witness stated: "In regard to the effects of the drugs, I mean what I have seen in people taking the drugs just as I know the effects of alcohol. I have never seen a man actually taking ganja, although I have tried to get people to do so." Surgeon Major H. C. Banerji has had 14 years' service, out of which five years have been passed as a Civil Surgeon in Assam. This officer considers that bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery are not produced by the moderate use of the drugs. Dr. Macleod (witness No. 23) stated that bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery are caused, but fails to answer the question regarding results of excessive use; and there is every probability that he failed to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. Surgeon-Major Mullane (witness No. 19), out of nearly 17 years' service, has spent 13 years in the plains districts of the Assam Valley. Regarding effects, he remarked: "Among natives there is a widespread belief that the mortality among ganja consumers from bowel complaints is heavy." He fails to answer the question regarding results of excessive use; and from the nature of his reply quoted it is fair to assume that he has no personal knowledge regarding effects of either the moderate or excessive use of the drugs. Dr. Partridge (witness No. 22) is an officer of 26 years' service, and stated that he has never seen the evil effects of the drug except in cases under observation for insanity; "the effects apart from that have never attracted my attention."

Three assistant surgeons were examined. Witness No. 25 states: "Moderate use has not, I believe, much to do with bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma." Witness No. 26 considers that "ganja smoking causes asthma and bronchitis," but he does not appear to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. Witness No. 30 states that the drug "does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma; rather moderate ganja smoking allays hard breathing in asthma." Two hospital assistants were examined. Witness No. 27, after stating in his paper that in long standing cases the use of the drug is certain to cause bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery, admitted in his cross-examination: "It is no use my making any statement, because I have no experience of the effects of ganja, and in fact know nothing about it." Witness No. 28 considers that the drug causes bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery; but he fails to answer the question regarding results of excessive use, and it is fair to assume that he has not discriminated between the moderate and excessive use. Only one native practitioner was examined (witness No. 31), who considered that bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery were caused by the moderate use; but from his written statement it is obvious that he failed to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use.

North-Western Provinces.
502. In the North-Western Provinces nineteen commissioned and two uncovenanted medical officers were examined. Surgeon Major Tuohy (witness No. 87), of thirteen years' service, stated: "I am unable to answer these questions from personal observation. The consumers of the drugs have assured me that they cause no ill effects of any kind when taken in moderation. One man only said that bronchitis and asthma were caused." Witnesses No. 75 and 89 stated that no ill effects are induced by the moderate use. Dr. Harding (witness No. 92) in his paper ascribed bronchitis and asthma to the moderate use, but on cross-examination admitted that "the moderate use of these drugs does not in my opinion cause any injury or lead to any baneful results." Surgeon-Captain Roberts (witness No. 91) premises his written statement by remarking that "until this enquiry I knew absolutely nothing about the hemp plant, its use or abuse, save a few grains of information acquired by any student of materia medica in a medical school." Dr. Roberts has had 5 1/2 years' service in India; for one year he toured through towns and villages of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, and for nearly two years he has acted as a Civil Surgeon, and for the remainder of his service he was in charge of native regiments. Dr. Roberts remarked: "So far as the foregoing opportunities served to impress my powers of observation, absolutely no question of the use, and still less of the abuse, of hemp drugs by the people of India has arisen in my mind prior to this inquiry Those who most strongly aver the ill effects of hemp deal (when questioned for definite facts) in generalities, suggesting a dyscrasia, loss of functional power, impotence, chronic rheumatism, pallor, and atrophy, and all these results are precisely what I am led to expect from malarial and splenic cachexia." Surgeon-Major F. C. Chatterji (witness No. 85) has had a lifelong experience of India from Peshawar to Burma. He stated that no ill effects from the moderate use are known to him. SurgeonLieutenant-Colonel B. O'Brien (witness No. 80), of over 20 years' service, stated that no impairment of the constitution is produced; "it gives great relief in dysentery." He added: "In both the Agra and Benares Lunatic Asylums it is thought by the officials that asthma is more prevalent amongst the insane who indulge in ganja. I could find no evidence to substantiate this idea. During my 20 years' attendance at dispensaries in these provinces, I have never met a patient who alleged that he was suffering from the effects of the use, moderate or otherwise, of hemp drugs." Surgeon-Major Cadge (witness No. 81), of over 15 years' service, stated that the habitual moderate use of bhang does not act injuriously in any way any more than the habitual moderate use of alcohol. Surgeon-Major W. Deane (witness No. 88), of 13 years' service, ten of which have been spent in the North-Western Provinces and one in Burma, has no personal observations regarding ill effects to offer. The greater part of his information has been derived from an assistant surgeon. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel A.J. Wilcocks (witness No. 76), of over 20 years' service, has no personal knowledge of ill effects ensuing from moderate use. "On the contrary, it is an excellent drug in the treatment of dysentery." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Moriarty (witness No. 79), of over 20 years' service, stated on cross-examination: "I have been led to understand that it was a peculiarity of charas smoking to tend to cause asthma I have never personally seen any case of asthma or bronchitis which I could attribute to charas." Witness No. 93 made no attempt to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel W. R. Hooper (witness No. 74), of 33 years' service, of which 30 years have been spent in civil employ, remarked that no ill effects are induced in a healthy subject by the moderate use of the drugs; but, on the contrary, he considers that in some cases of asthma and chronic bronchitis smoking ganja or charas may be beneficial. Cross-examined as to the basis of his remarks, Dr. Hooper stated: "My remarks about the absence of ill results from the moderate use of the drugs on a healthy subject are based on enquiry made from natives both recently and formerly. I have not seen asthma or bronchitis due to smoking ganja. I have no experience of such smoking as a remedy for these diseases." Surgeon-Captain Morwood (witness No. 90), of 6 1/2 years' service, who has had no opportunity of obtaining information about hemp drugs, stated that ill effects are probably not induced if good food be procurable. "May perhaps cause cough." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel G. Hall (wintess No. 78), of over 20 years' service and large jail experience, considers that no ill effects are caused by moderate use. Surgeon-Captain Weir (witness No. 84) stated that charas and ganja weaken the constitution; bhang does not seem to do so: ganja and charas both cause difficulty in breathing; bhang does not. The witness does not touch upon the effects of excessive use, and may be presumed to have made no distinction between moderation and excess. Surgeon-Captain C. Mactaggart (witness No. 83) stated that in moderate doses it does not appear to have any effect in producing diseases; the witness bases his opinion on what he had learned from prisoners who had been consumers of hemp drugs before coming into jail under his charge. Surgeon-Major E. Mair (witness No. 82) has been in the Jail Department for a number of years, but has had no special opportunities for obtaining information. He stated: "It is a common opinion that smoking ganja or charas is a frequent cause of bronchitis and asthma." The witness does not deal with the results of the excessive use of the drugs, and may be presumed not to have discriminated. Surgeon-LieutenantColonel Holmes (witness No. 77) is also a Superintendent of a central jail. He stated: "Those who habitually smoke ganja or charas suffer from chest affections; said also to cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma." The witness does not distinguish between moderate and excessive use; and the basis of his information is "from seeing effects on prisoners and others, and from enquiries made of the various officials and medical subordinates." Surgeon-Major G. Emerson (witness No. 86) has had sixteen years' service, seven of which have been in civil employ. He remarked: "I have never seen dysentery caused by it, but there is no doubt that bronchitis and asthma are to a great extent due to the use of charas and ganja." On cross-examination, the witness said: "My opinion in regard to moderate use of ganja and charas is that evil effects might be produced in certain cases even by moderate use, but as a rule not I should not be prepared to attribute to the moderate use of these drugs any further evil effects than to the moderate use of tobacco. I should like to transfer my remarks now to answer No. 46, which deals with the excessive use."

Twenty-four assistant surgeons were examined. Witness No. 109 stated: "I have had to treat a few cases of chronic bronchitis and asthma in which charas smoking was the alleged cause. Charas smokers cough very much." On cross-examination the witness said: "I may say that I did not make enquiry as to whether the bronchitis or asthma was really due to charas, and as a fact people suffering from these complaints often take to charas for relief." Witness No. 105 stated: "Smoking causes bronchitis and asthma, but drinking (bhang) does not, and is beneficial in dysentery." On oral examination the witness stated: "The smoking of ganja and charas caused asthma and bronchitis within my own observation. I have found these diseases very prevalent among those who smoke the drugs to excess. The moderate use will bring about the same results in time, but I have no personal experience of this. It is not a fact that ganja smoking is a domestic remedy against asthma and bronchitis, but dhatura is so used." The witness then referred to two cases of asthma which he attributes to the drug. "Both these cases began with the moderate use, which developed into the excessive before the effects I have described came on. I have no experience of the moderate use causing such serious results, but I think it probable it could if long continued." Witness No. 96 does not mention any diseases as resulting from the moderate use. S. P. Roy (witness No. 120) is an M.B. of the Calcutta University and not in Government employ; he is Municipal Analyst, Allahabad. His evidence is to the following effect: "Cases of chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma and dysentery are too numerous to be cited. It is a popular notion, and I believe well founded in Bengal, that the habitual ganja smokers suffer from bronchitis and die ultimately from bloody stools." On cross-examination the witness stated: "I have never seen any ganja smokers of long standing who do not suffer from bronchitis and bronchial asthma, and in making this statement I do not confine it to my professional observation. I have not noticed that dysentery is so commonly connected with the hemp drugs. I have heard of ganja being smoked for the relief of asthma, and I have tried the extract of Cannabis indica for it without good results." Assistant Surgeon Subhan Ali (witness No. 98) is an M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. of London, and stated that ganja and charas cause bronchitis and asthma. Witness No. 103 states: "Ganja and charas very often produce asthma and bronchitis and sometimes dysentery, but one chillum a day would not do so." Assistant Surgeon Hari Lal (witness No. 104) differentiates between the moderate use of bhang and ganja and charas. Bhang the witness considers does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma; ganja and charas impair the constitution slowly and cause bronchitis and asthma. Isan Chandar Roy, M.B. (witness No. 127), is a private practitioner. He stated: "In some persons moderate use does not produce noxious effects. But in certain persons, especially those who are predisposed or whose particular organs are already weakened, may have their digestive organs impaired, dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma being produced." Witness No. 107 considers that, provided good food be obtainable, the moderate use does not cause asthma or bronchitis. Witness No. 101 stated that dysentery is not caused, but bronchitis and asthma may result from habitual use of ganja and charas. Witness No. 99 stated that all these diseases are produced. Witness No. 100, on the other hand, made a diametrically opposite statement, viz., that none of these diseases are produced. Manohar Pershad Tewari (witness No. 130) was formerly in Government service, but is now a private practitioner for the last eight years. He considers that the use of any of these drugs, except bhang, does cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. On oral examination, the witness stated: "I have had four or five, or at most ten, patients a year who came before me in my private practice who were in the habit of using intoxicants. Of these, the most, up to eight, are consumers of hemp drugs. The other consumers of hemp drugs referred to were suffering from diarrhœa, dysentery, dyspepsia, bronchitis, asthma, and hæmoptysis. I attributed these to the hemp drugs. These people were all habitual consumers, and they themselves said that they were consumers, and that they could not get enough of the drug, and that made them ill, or they were indulging to excess and had not sufficient nourishment, i.e., rich food, which is required in the case of a consumer. These are the reasons why I conclude that these diseases were due to the drugs. In all cases of the abovementioned diseases, when the consumption of these drugs was discovered, the disease was assigned to these drugs if no other cause—e.g., the prevalence of malarial fever—was discoverable. There were no doubt other consumers of hemp drugs who came before me beyond the average of eight a year, but I cannot say how many, as no enquiry was made about their habit, as it had nothing to do with their disorders." Witness No. 97 considers that while the moderate use of bhang produces no noxious effects, the use of charas and ganja does in the long run. Witness No. 112 stated the drugs do not cause bronchitis, asthma, or dysentery. Assistant Surgeon Man Mohan Das (witness No. 94) has been in Government service for 16 years; he has served in Bengal, Madras, and the North-Western Provinces. He stated that the habitual moderate use of bhang causes no noxious effects. "The moderate use of charas and ganja has some injurious effects But the evil effects of charas and ganja appear to be exaggerated. In fact, they are all due to excessive doses of the drugs. There are hundreds among Kahars, Malhas, and other lower classes, and even among the higher classes, who with a habitual moderate dose of charas or ganja keep their health well and live a long life, and it does not affect their moral or mental condition. But it is difficult for a ganja or charas smoker to keep within moderate limits. In most cases, say about three-fourths of the smokers will go to excess, and then all the evil effects will follow." On crossexamination, the witness admitted that his statement regarding three-fourths of the moderate consumers going on to excess was an exaggeration, and said: "I should now say that the proportion of consumers who go to excess is about one-fourth." Witness No. 95 considers that habitual moderate consumers who can afford nourishing food seldom suffer from any ill effects. Witness No. III stated that the habitual use of ganja or charas does not cause bronchitis, asthma, or dysentery, but cures these diseases. Witness No. 106 gave no information of effects induced by the excessive use; with regard to the moderate use, he stated the effects are "not much marked," and that bronchitis and asthma might be caused after long use. Nobin Chandra Mitter (witness No. 148) is a retired assistant surgeon. He stated that during a period extending over thirty years he has treated thousands of persons habitually addicted to the use of the drugs, and has had ample opportunity of observing the effects. He is of opinion that the habitual moderate use, provided good rich food be procurable, does not induce any physical effects for a long time. The ultimate effects of prolonged use of bhang, though moderate, weaken the nervous system and occasionally gives rise to palpitation of the heart. Ganja under the same conditions he has known to have caused bronchitis and dysentery. Witness No. 108 has had over 23 years' experience, and has never seen any noxious effects induced by the moderate use of any of the drugs. Assistant Surgeon Munna Lall (witness No. 123), who has had twenty years' experience, and witnesses Nos. 110 and 102 give similar evidence.

Eight hospital assistants were examined. Jamal Khan, witness No. 113, is one of the old class of vernacular hospital assistants. He considers that daily use of the drugs in moderate quantity induces noxious effects. On oral examination he stated: "Out of one hundred ganja smokers who come sick to the dispensary, I find that seventy-five have chronic bronchitis or dysentery and twenty five have some mental disorder." Witness No. 121 is described as a pensioner, native doctor, and health officer, Aligarh, and gave evidence to the following effect: "It is not injurious to the constitution otherwise than by causing thinness... At the time of their use the man suffers from asthma and bronchitis; after leaving their use, he suffers from diarrhœa and dysentery." Witness No. 114 considers that no ill effects are induced. Witness No. 118, a retired hospital assistant, considers "that charas and ganja alone produce bronchitis and asthma, and bhang does not; none produce dysentery." Witness No. 119, another retired hospital assistant, replies to the question in precisely the same language and to the same effect. Witness No. 115 states the drugs do not cause dysentery, but bronchitis and asthma result from continued use. Witnesses Nos. 116 and 117 state that charas and ganja cause bronchitis and asthma; the latter witness states he is not aware whether dysentery is produced or not.

Fifty-two native practitioners were examined, of whom 26 failed to discriminate between the moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Their replies are not further considered. Three gave no reply. Witness No. 122, of over 15 years' experience, considers that no ill effects are induced. Witness No. 124 speaks only of bhang, and considers that it does not injure the constitution; he is silent, however, as to any alleged physical ill effects. Witness No. 125 is a hakim, and considers that ganja and charas produce bronchitis and asthma. Witness No. 126, a private medical practitioner, gives similar evidence. Witness No. 164, a hakim, stated that bhang causes no injury, but the moderate use of ganja and charas causes bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery. Witness No. 165, a hakim, remarked: "Injures soul and body, impairs semen, and impairs digestion no doubt." Witness No. 167, a hakim, considers that use causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. Witness No. 132, a vaid, considers that ganja and charas produce asthma. Witness No. 134, a private medical practitioner, considers the drugs injurious to the bowels and lungs. On cross-examination he stated: "There would be no harm to speak of if a man continued to be a moderate consumer of ganja or charas. But I think it difficult to keep the habit within bounds." Witness No. 136 stated: "Unless used as a digestive, causes asthma, deafness, and thinness." Witness No. 137 stated that ganja and charas (among other evils) cause "asthma to those who are weak." Bhang has no injurious effects unless taken in great excess. Witness No. 170, a native physician, stated that "habitual consumers do not feel any physical, mental, or moral injury. They neither feel pain nor ever have cough." Witness No. 171 considers that bhang produces no noxious effects, but that ganja and charas cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. Witness No. 172 states that ganja or charas may cause dysentery and asthma; bhang is less harmful. No reply is given to the question dealing with excess which is apparently not distinguished from the moderate use. Witness No. 143 considers that charas and ganja produce "various diseases." Witness No. 146 does not deal with the moderate use. Witness No. 147 considers that bhang and charas are both injurious. "Bhang impairs the appetite in the end and charas causes bronchitis and asthma." Witness No. 173, a hakim of twenty years' experience, replied that "ganja often brings on bronchitis and asthma, and charas produces inflammation of the stomach and liver. None of them, however, has been found to cause dysentery." Witness No. 149 considers that bronchitis and asthma are produced. Witness No. 151 stated that ganja produces bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. Witness No. 152 stated that the use of charas and ganja causes cough and asthma. Witness No. 153 stated that ganja and charas give rise to a number of diseases, "especially to complaints of the stomach, lungs, brain, liver, bowels, etc." Witness No. 174 considers that the use of ganja and charas causes bronchitis and asthma. Witness No. 160 stated that, in addition to bronchitis and asthma, dysentery is also caused. Witness No. 158 considers bhang to be harmless, but that charas and ganja cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. Witness No. 159, a vaid, stated that "ganja and charas weaken the heart, dry the constitution, and create lung diseases."

Punjab.
503. In the Punjab, Surgeon-Major J. A. Cunningham, witness No. 35, of over 12 years' service, stated that charas and ganja smoked cause chest affections, but not dysentery. Surgeon-Major Dennys, witness No. 34, stated that "charas smokers, even in moderation, are generally emaciated and in poor health, and are depraved creatures both mentally and physically. This is not the case with moderate consumers of bhang as far as I have been able to gather." The witness does not mention any connection between the use of the drugs and chest affections or dysentery.

Of the assistant surgeon and qualified private practitioner class eight were examined. Witness No. 48 is an L.M.S. and a private practitioner. He stated that "charas and ganja always bring on bronchitis and asthma if very large quantities are smoked. It brings on dysentery also." A perusal of this evidence indicates that the witness has mixed up the effects induced by moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Assistant Surgeon Jai Singh (witness No. 47) considers that the use of the drugs does not seem to cause bronchitis, asthma, or dysentery, but rather cures them. Witness No. 39, also an assistant surgeon, stated that the use of bhang is probably quite free from noxious effects, but abuse of charas brings on bronchitis and asthma. Assistant Surgeon Rahim Khan (witness No. 37) is Superintendent, Medical School, Lahore, and has had 33 years' residence in the Punjab, and has been connected with the out-patient department, Medical College Hospital, for that period. He stated: "There are no bad after effects from bhang, but even the moderate use of charas brings on chest affections." Cross-examined as to the meaning the witness attached to moderate, he replied: "I call ten or twelve chillums, costing one or two annas, in the 24 hours moderate use. I know of no more moderate use than that. I know of no case of a man using only one or two chillums a day. I would call a man taking one or two annas' worth a day a 'charasi'." It is clear that this witness knows nothing of the moderate use. Assistant Surgeon Mehr Chand (witness No. 40) stated that the moderate use of bhang produces no noxious effects, while charas, if even used moderately, brings on bronchitis and asthma, general irritation of the respiratory organs, indigestion, and dysentery. On cross-examination the witness said: "As to dysentery, I saw a case of a man who said he was a charas smoker, and took an excessive dose, and it brought on dysentery. I had doubt as to this being the cause. But I think charas may injure the digestion and predispose to diarrhœa or dysentery. I have not enough of cases to be able to say that the drug really produces dysentery. I am not certain. But I have had one or two allegations as to this being the cause, and I had no other cause. I ought to say rather 'it may produce' than 'it does produce dysentery.'" Assistant Surgeon Bhagwan Dass (witness No. 36) is Civil Surgeon of Jhang, and has nearly 25 1/2 years' service. He stated that charas or ganja smoking caused indigestion and diarrhœa and chronic bronchitis. On oral examination the witness stated: "My personal experience of the effects of the drugs is based on my dispensary practice alone. In my social or domestic life I have no knowledge of moderate or excessive consumers I have seen five or six cases of chronic bronchitis in people addicted to hemp drugs. I cannot say that it was due to hemp drugs solely. I have also seen several (say about twenty) cases of indigestion and diarrhœa. But here again I cannot say that they were solely due to hemp drugs, but simply that the patients were consumers. These are all the diseases I have seen attributable to hemp drugs. I have never seen a case of dysentery or asthma which I attributed to hemp drugs, though I have seen both in consumers. My reason for not attributing these diseases to hemp was that other people also suffer from these diseases equally." Witness No. 41 did not ascribe any ill effects to bhang, but stated that bronchitis and asthma are often met with in consumers of charas. Witness No. 38 does not discriminate between the moderate and excessive use.

Three hospital assistants were examined. Witness No. 42 considers that charas smoking causes asthma. Witness No. 43 considers that noxious effects are induced by moderate use of the drugs. Hospital Assistant Karm Elahi (witness No. 44), of 25 years' service, considers that moderate use of the drugs to some extent produces noxious effects; and added: "I have not seen a single case of dysentery caused by the practice: of course cases of cough and asthma."

Seven native practitioners were examined, of whom three failed to discriminate between moderate and excessive use. Witness No. 51 stated that charas causes asthma and bronchitis, but not dysentery. Witness No. 52 stated that "charas, of course, causes loss of appetite and bronchitis and asthma." Witness No. 53 merely stated: "The mischief is done by charas and ganja." Hakim Ghulam Nabi, of Lahore (witness No. 54), of twenty years' experience, stated: "I have not found even a single person during the last twenty years who complained of these drugs. There are more takias outside the Mochi Gate, Lahore, than in any other parts of the city which are reserved for the consumption of such drugs; and as the resorters to these takias generally come to me for treatment, and as none of them has during the last twenty years complained to me of having suffered from any disease in consequence of using bhang or charas, it shows that the moderate use of these drugs is harmless."

Central Provinces.
504. In the Central Provinces three commissioned officers, one Honorary Surgeon-Major, and two senior apothecaries were examined. All these officers are of long service and considerable experience. One, an officer of forty years' service, did not discriminate between the effects induced by moderate and excessive use of the drugs, and his replies to questions dealing with the moderate use are consequently valueless. One witness stated that the moderate use of ganja and bhang does not ordinarily produce any noxious effects, but that ganja sometimes causes chronic catarrh. A second witness stated that no evil effects are induced; then added that bronchitis and asthma may be caused by ganja smoking, but not dysentery. Surgeon-Major Quayle (witness No. 37), who had resided four years in a district where the drug is extensively cultivated, and where it is easily procurable in the adjoining Native States, alleged that he had no evidence that the moderate use of the drug produces any noxious effects-physical, mental, or moral. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel McKay (witness No. 36), after twenty years' service in the country, gives no reply to the Commission's questions dealing with the effects of moderate or excessive use of the drugs. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Gaffney, after 25 years' service as a Civil Surgeon in the Central Provinces, stated: "I do not think the moderate use produces any of these ill effects."

One assistant surgeon was examined in the Central Provinces, a man of 22 years' service, who was of opinion that, while the moderate use of bhang would not cause bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma, these remote effects might be induced by ganja. One hospital assistant who was examined stated on cross-examination: "I have never seen an asthma, bronchitis, or dysentery case arising from ganja." Another pensioned hospital assistant was of opinion that the moderate use of ganja, charas, and bhang does produce noxious physical, mental, and moral effects; ganja causing dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma; bhang making a person unusually fat, affecting the urinary system, and causing bronchocele and hydrocele.

One vaid was examined, 55 years of age, who had known hundreds of ganja smokers, and had never known a case in which it did any harm. He had himself been a steady ganja smoker for thirty years, consuming six to eight chillums daily.

Madras.
505. In Madras twenty commissioned and uncovenanted officers, of whom eleven either failed to reply or did not discriminate between the effects of moderate and excessive use, were examined. Surgeon-Major King (witness No. 85), nineteen years' service, sixteen of which have been spent in civil employ, stated that in the habitual moderate smoker bronchitis is frequent. Cross-examined as to the basis of his observation of the general effects induced by the drugs, he stated: "I have known the moderate use in cases of sepoys and one private servant Besides the above direct observations, I have derived general impressions My general impression is based upon the fact that persons alleged to have been ganja smokers have presented these characteristics, but I have not specially inquired into the truth of the allegation that they were ganja smokers. They were pointed out as notorious ganja smokers. I did not discriminate in these cases between the moderate and excessive use because I was not called upon to do so." Surgeon-Major O'Hara (witness No. 93) stated that apparently no ill effects are caused, and that he has no information regarding specific affections alleged to be induced by the drugs. Surgeon-Major Sturmer (witness No. 99), of nearly nineteen years' service, said regarding effects of moderate use: "In time, I believe, it leads to mental and moral degradation." Cross-examined as to the basis of his information, the witness said: "I have never been into the question of ganja. I have never seen it scarcely. My first sentence (the one quoted above) is based on what a ganja smoker said. He said: 'It is a bad thing. I should like to leave it off, but I cannot.' I have really no experience as to the effects of either moderate or excessive use." Surgeon-Major W. F. Thomas (witness No. 96), of fifteen years' service, only three of which have been passed in civil employ, stated that users of the drugs suffer from dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. On cross-examination the witness said: "I had to treat three cases of ganja poisoning. These men drank liquor and indulged in ganja. In all these cases there was congestion of the lungs present These are the only three cases in which the evil effects of the drug have come directly under my notice. The symptoms in all three cases were the same, and for that reason I concluded the pulmonary affection to be the result of the drug. I have learnt from enquiry from medical subordinates and people in villages that dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma result from the drug. I have no personal experience on the point." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Hyde (witness No. 86) stated that, so far as he knew, no ill effects were caused. Surgeon-Major Lancaster (witness No. 90), twenty years' service, nineteen of which have been passed in civil employ, in his oral examination said: "I have had no opportunity of noticing the effects of the moderate use of hemp drugs; they have not come before me." Surgeon-Major Pemberton (witness No. 98), of fifteen years' service, and in civil employ continuously since 1885, stated that evil effects are induced, but asthma is relieved, and bronchitis and dysentery are not caused. Surgeon-Major N. Chattarji (witness No. 88), of nearly seventeen years' service, nearly all in military employ, stated: "It does not produce any particular disease except a peculiar cough, the result of a kind of chronic bronchial catarrh." On cross-examination the witness said: "I cannot in the case of any sepoy attribute thinness or cough to ganja, for I cannot be certain. I have no proof What I have said in my written answer about thinness and cough is my impression; but I could not assert it about any particular case." Civil Apothecary A. Wells (witness No. 105) has about nine years' service. He stated that bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery are not caused by the drugs, but relieved by them. Dr. K. J. Naidu (witness No. 106) stated that no ill effects are caused. Surgeon-Captain C. Fearnside (witness No. 97) considers that the drugs "impair the constitution, causing weakness of the limbs and other tissues, and hence the drug has to be taken to keep up the tone of these tissues. It causes indigestion in many." No information is given about any specific affections being induced. SurgeonMajor-General DeFabeck (witness No. 83) was Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras. He had served in Madras and Burma since 1857. On  oral examination the witness stated: "My experience is that it is a very rare thing to meet with any case in which the hemp drug has caused evil effects on the health of the population. Apart from insanity, no evil effects have been brought to my notice."

Seven apothecaries and private practitioners were examined. Civil Apothecary T. M. Cheriyan (witness No. 100), of nine years' service, stated: "It causes bronchitis and asthma"; and he also referred to other evil effects. On cross-examination the witness said regarding effects: "All the statements made here are based exclusively on hearsay. I have not seen any of these ill effects myself in my practice I do not know of any case of illness that has come before me of any kind being due to hemp drugs." Civil Apothecary K. Vasudeva Rao (witness No. 101),of six years' service, stated, under the question relating to effects, that he was once called to see a bairagi who was a habitual smoker of opium and ganja, and that he was a ghostly skeleton of bones covered with skin. No other physical effects are mentioned. On oral examination the witness said: "I did not treat the bairagi; I only saw him once; and, apart from his own statement that he was an habitual smoker of opium and ganja, I learnt nothing whatever of his history. I cannot, therefore, judge whether his condition was due to other causes than the habits he confessed to." Civil Apothecary Mohammad Asadulla (witness No. 104) stated that the drugs caused bronchitis and other evil effects. Cross-examined, he said that he had "treated cases of asthma, bronchitis, and the like which have resulted from prolonged use of the drugs, but he could not recall any such cases." Civil Apothecary G. A. Vellones (witness No. 102) gave a negative reply regarding causation of specific diseases. Assistant Surgeon Saldana (witness No. 107) stated that "consumers say no noxious effects are produced so long as sufficient food is supplied." Civil Apothecary N. H. Daniel (witness No. 103) considered that evil effects were induced, including dysentery and bronchitis.
 
Thirteen hospital assistants were examined. Witness No. 119, a pensioned hospital assistant, considers that the habitual moderate use never produces any bad effects, or causes dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. Witnesses Nos. 108 and 109 also gave a reply in the negative regarding specific diseases. Witness No. 111, of 22 years' experience, considers that the habitual consumer generally exceeds moderation; no specific diseases are mentioned as being caused by moderate use. Witness No. 113 stated that, while bhang does not produce any noxious evil effects, smoking ganja does. Witness No. 114 stated: "It produces noxious effects." Witness No. 115, of thirteen years' service, on the other hand, stated: "I have not observed any noxious effects." Witness No. 116, of fourteen years' service, considers that, with the exception of a "kind of hoarse cough in ganja smokers," no noxious effects are produced by the use of bhang or ganja. The remaining witnesses either failed to reply or were not examined on the effects induced by moderate use.

Six native practitioners were examined. Witnesses Nos. 121 and 123 stated that the habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not produce any noxious effects. Witness No. 135 stated: "It impairs the constitution by making the man lean; increases digestion, and removes dysentery and cough." Witness No. 124 stated: "The use of these drugs produces moral effects, physical and mental, only to those people who are accustomed to it, and not in any way distinctive." No. 125 stated: "No doubt it produces noxious effects. In the long run they were subjected to bronchitis, and their eyes became dark gradually." This witness fails to answer the question dealing with excessive use, and has not apparently discriminated between the two uses of the drug. The remaining witnesses failed to reply.

Bombay.
506. Thirteen commissioned medical officers were examined in Bombay, of whom three were examined only regarding asylum procedure in relation to insanity. Of the remaining ten, Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel McConaghy (witness No. 69) is an officer of nearly 25 years' service, fifteen of which have been passed in the Civil Department. He stated that the moderate use of bhang or ganja does not impair the constitution in any way. Surgeon-Major Kirtikar (witness No. 73) has served over sixteen years, eleven of which have been in civil employ. He stated: "I have not seen nor have I heard from any reliable source of dysentery, asthma, or bronchitis being traced to the use of hemp in moderation. European physicians use it for the cure of dysentery." Surgeon-Major Boyd (witness No. 67), of about seventeen years' service, of which three-anda-half years have been in military employ, stated: "Neither have I known any cases where it caused dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma." Surgeon-Major Parakh (witness No. 66) does not refer to specific diseases being induced. In his paper he refers to "homicidal insanity" being due to the moderate use, but in his oral examination he stated that probably he had in mind cases due to excessive use, and his reply should be taken as referring to the excessive use. Surgeon-LieutenantColonel Bartholomeusz (witness No. 68), of over twenty years' service, stated: "I have not seen a sufficient number of cases to enable me to give a definite opinion;" and he does not deal with excessive use. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel J. Arnott (witness No. 65), of about twenty-five years' service, replies to the question dealing with effects of moderate use by entering the word "yes" four times without explanation; and he does not answer the question which treats of excessive use. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel G. A. Maconachie (witness No. 64), of about twenty-five years' service, stated that he knows nothing about the subject. SurgeonColonel D. Hughes (witness No. 74), of twenty-seven years' service, of which fourteen were in military employ, is Principal Medical Officer in Bombay, Deesa and Aden districts. He stated: "I think the smoking of charas causes asthma and bronchitis, as I well remember cases of these diseases in the 24th Bombay Infantry which were ascribed by the hospital assistant and the men's comrades to charas smoking, and which recovered in hospital quicker than cases due to ordinary causes." On crossexamination the witness said: "I remember that when the yearly inspection for pension took place...... a number of men, of service only just long enough to earn pension, came up suffering from bronchitis and asthma. They were generally weak and broken down in appearance, but this may have been caused by voluntary starvation...... It was explained to me that they owed this illness to charas smoking. I did not certify in any case that the illness of a man who was granted pension was due to charas. I am bound to state that an applicant's disease was not aggravated by vice or intemperance, but I took no notice of the use of the drug in any of these cases, because I did not attach sufficient importance to the statements made to me, and was not sure that they were correct." This evidence, rejected at the time, is the only basis of the opinion now expressed. Surgeon-MajorGeneral Turnbull (witness No. 63), of 33 years' service, Surgeon-General with the Government of Bombay, stated: "I have no personal experience of the effects of the hemp drugs on the people." Surgeon-Major D. C. Davidson (witness No. 71) stated: "So far as I can learn, the moderate use of ganja in smoking does not appear to be either physically or mentally injurious, generally speaking."

Eleven officers belonging to the assistant surgeon and qualified private practitioner class were examined. Witness No. 76 stated: "I think it does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma." Witness No. 90 stated: "It does produce dry cough eventuating in bronchitis or asthma, but it does not seem to produce dysentery, so far as my experience goes." Witness No. 91 gives a negative reply to ill effects being caused by moderate use. Witness No. 79 stated: "I have not noticed any other disease to result from occasional or moderate use of ganja or bhang in any form." The disease referred to was general atrophy, and death from the use of majum. Witness No. 77 stated that no ill effects are produced. Witness No. 78 stated that he has had no opportunity for observing effects. Witness No. 82 stated that injurious effects are produced. "It is a popular belief amongst the ganja smokers that a long-continued habit produces diarrhœa and dysentery, unless these evils are counteracted by an abundant supply of wholesome food, with especially a liberal allowance of ghee and other oleaginous materials. My experience supports the above made statement." Witness No. 80 stated that no ill effects are produced. Witness No. 81 stated that the use does not cause bronchitis or dysentery. Witness No. 97 stated: "It causes dysentery and other derangements of the bowels;" but the witness fails to discriminate between the effects of the moderate and excessive use. Ismail Jan Mahomed, L.M.S., (witness No. 96), stated: "Many cases of chronic diarrhœa and dysentery, as well as chronic bronchitis and asthma, are seen in those who use ganja." The witness, however, does not answer the question dealing with results of excessive use, and does not discriminate between the two uses of the drug.

Seven witnesses of the hospital assistant class were examined. Witness No. 83, of nearly 30 years' standing, stated: "I have not sufficient information to answer this question." Witness No. 84 does not discriminate between the moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Witness No. 85 stated: "I do not think that habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces any noxious effects." Hospital Assistant Sudashio Waman (No. 86), of twelve years' service, stated that the habitual moderate use of the drug in certain constitutions produces noxious effects, causes bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. On cross-examination the witness stated: "The constitutions affected injuriously by the moderate use of hemp drugs are nervous and weak constitutions. In small quantities the drugs would do no harm to a healthy person." Witness No. 87 stated that ganja causes bronchitis and occasionally asthma. Witness No. 88 stated that no ill effects are caused. Hospital Assistant Purson Singh (witness No. 89) has had nearly 25 years' service in the Medical Department. He stated: "It causes chronic bronchitis and asthma, but cures dysentery."

Eight witnesses of the unqualified native practitioner class were examined. Witness No. 111 is a druggist and chemist, and stated that no ill effects are produced. Witnesses Nos. 98 and 99, vaidyas, gave similar evidence to the last witness. Witness No. 100, also a vaidya, stated no ill effects are caused by the moderate use of bhang; but he does not express any opinion on the effects caused by moderate use of ganja. Witness No. 92 is described as a medical practitioner of 27 years' experience, and does not think that noxious effects are produced. Witness No. 93, also a medical practitioner, stated: "They do not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma, but, on the contrary, do good to these diseases." Witness No. 94 does not reply. Witness No. 95, also a medical practitioner, stated: "I have not met with any cases in which the habitual moderate use of bhang has produced any noxious effects, ..................... but I believe the habitual moderate use of ganja and charas does produce some noxious effect physically, mentally, and morally."
 
Sind.
507. Three commissioned officers were examined in Sind. Brigade-SurgeonLieutenant-Colonel J. F. Keith (witness No. 16) has had twenty-five years' service, of which 14 have been passed in Sind and15 1/2 in civil employ. He stated that a general negative may be given to the questions dealing with noxious effects from moderate use. SurgeonMajor Corkery (witness No. 17) stated that the moderate use of these drugs does not produce any immediate noxious effects; but if bhang is indulged in for a considerable period, it impairs the constitution and produces emaciation. "At first it acts as a digestive, but afterwards impairs it, giving rise to asthma and bronchitis, but not dysentery." Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Bainbridge (witness No. 15) has acted as Civil Surgeon for 26 years. He stated: "I have no evidence, but I should say that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is harmful."

Four officers of the assistant surgeon class and one medical officer of health were examined. Witness No. 1 stated that no ill effects are produced. Dr. S. M. Kaka (witness No. 24) is medical officer of health at Karachi, and has practised there since 1884. The witness stated: "The habitual moderate use of ganja and charas acts injuriously upon the constitution physically, mentally, and morally." In cross-examination he stated: "It is difficult to draw a definite line between moderate and excessive use. They merge into one another." Witness No. 19 stated: "I am of opinion that moderate use of subzi does not produce any noxious effects-physical, mental, or moral." And Surgeon J. E. Bocarro (witness No. 20) stated: "I cannot say this of bhang, but charas and ganja, even in moderate doses, tend to weaken the bodily frame..................... As regards causing the diseases mentioned, I have not a single case on record to warrant such a conclusion so far as bhang is concerned, but several of my cases indicate that the continued use of charas and ganja do cause dysentery and bronchitis. I have no history regarding asthma." Witness No. 21 stated that the habitual moderate use of the drugs does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. In Sind two hospital assistants and no private practitioners were examined. Witness No. 22 stated no ill effects are caused. Witness No. 23 stated that the use "causes bronchitis and shortness of breath."

Burma.
508. Eight commissioned officers were examined in Burma. Surgeon-Major Thomas (witness No. 42) stated that no ill effects were produced by moderate doses. Surgeon-Major Dantra (witness No. 40) has had 17 years' service, nearly the whole in Burma, and stated: "It neither causes dysentery nor asthma, but it produces cough." SurgeonMajor P. W. Dalzell (witness No. 41) stated: "I am not aware that it causes either dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Mukerji (witness No. 39) has 26 years' service, and stated: "I have seen several habitual moderate smokers who did not suffer at all either physically, mentally, or morally. Others have injured their constitutions by use of ganja and charas." SurgeonCaptain Castor (witness No. 44) stated: "Not so far as I know. Causes oss of appetite." The remaining witnesses do not reply to the question.

Three assistant surgeons were examined. Witness No. 46 stated: "Habitual moderate use has apparently no noxious effect." Assistant Surgeon Moonshi (witness No. 45) has 21 years' service, and stated: "I have known habitual moderate consumers of these drugs to enjoy robust health." According to the witness, the drugs do not cause bronchitis, asthma, or dysentery; "on the contrary, asthmatic people often resort to it to allay their sufferings. Immoderate use causes gastro-intestinal irritation." The third witness was not examined regarding effects of moderate use.

One hospital assistant was examined (witness No. 48), who stated: "The moderate use does not cause dysentery and bronchitis." No private practitioners were examined.

Berar, etc.
509. Five commissioned and two uncovenanted officers were examined in the smaller provinces, six in Berar, and one in Ajmere. Surgeon-Major Swain (witness No. 18) has had 17 years' service. He stated: "It does not cause dysentery, diarrhœa, bronchitis, or asthma." Surgeon-Major Roe (witness No. 19) stated: "It is said to cause bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery." Dr. O. W. Jones (witness No. 21) stated: "The moderate use of ganja or bhang is in no way detrimental to the consumers; on the contrary, it is beneficial. I give this as my experience and as the experience of men who are in the habit of using ganja in moderation for periods varying from 10 to 12 years." Surgeon-Captain Morrison (witness No. 22) stated: "Eventually evil effects are caused. Ganja smoking has caused asthma." Dr. W. T. Montgomery (witness No. 23) stated that "even the habitual moderate use of these drugs affects the physique, mind, and morals of the consumer." The witness does not reply to the question dealing with effects of excessive use, and has probably really not discriminated between the two uses of the drugs. The Ajmere witness does not reply.

Two officers of the assistant surgeon class were examined. One stated (witness No. 30) that the constitution is weakened and debilitated, and that smoking produces cough and asthma in some cases. The other witness does not reply.

Four officers of the hospital assistant class were examined. Witness No. 27 stated: "Yes; it does to some extent produce noxious effects, the excessive use causing bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery." Witness No. 28 stated it produces bronchitis. Witness No. 24 stated that first no ill effects are caused, but gradually the dose has to be increased, with the result that "dysentery, bronchitis, rheumatism, loss of memory, epistaxis, softening of brain, etc., set in, and the person becomes so sick that he finds his life a burden"..................Witness No. 25 stated: "Chronic bronchitis is caused by ganja smoking. I have not seen dysentery or asthma result from ganja or bhang."

Summary of the evidence.
510. The medical evidence which has thus been analysed very clearly indicates in the opinion of the Commission that when the basis of the opinions as to the alleged evil effects of the moderate use of the drugs is subjected to careful examination, the grounds on which the allegations are founded prove to be in the highest degree defective. A large number of medical witnesses of all classes ascribe dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma to the moderate use of the drugs. An equally representative number give a diametrically opposite opinion. The most striking feature of the medical evidence is perhaps the large number of practitioners of long experience who have seen no evidence of any connection between hemp drugs and disease, and when witnesses who speak to these ill effects from the moderate use are cross-examined, it is found that (a) their opinions are based on popular ideas on the subject; (b) they have not discriminated between the effects of moderate and excessive use of the drugs; (c) they have accepted the diseases as being induced by hemp drugs because the patients confessed to the habit; and (d) the fact has been overlooked that the smoking of hemp drugs is recognized as a remedial agent in asthma and bronchitis. A few witnesses incidentally refer to personal idiosyncrasy as perhaps being a factor in rendering some consumers of the drugs less tolerant and more liable to be affected by them even when used in moderate quantity. This view the Commission are prepared to accept; but for the vast majority of consumers, the Commission consider that the evidence shows the moderate use of ganja or charas not to be appreciably harmful, while in the case of moderate bhang drinking the evidence shows the habit to be quite harmless. As in long-continued and excessive cigarette smoking considerable bronchial irritation and chronic catarrhal laryngitis may be induced, so, too, may a similar condition be caused by excessive ganja or charas smoking; and to the œtiology of bronchial catarrh and asthma in ganja smokers the Commission have already referred. The direct connection alleged between dysentery and the use of hemp drugs the Commission consider to be wholly without any foundation. In the case of bhang there is nothing in the physiological action of the drug which could in any way set up an acute inflammation of the large intestine resulting in ulceration. On the contrary, it is well known that hemp resin is a valuable remedial agent in dysentery. As regards ganja or charas smoking inducing dysentery, even assuming that the products of the destructive distillation of the drugs directly reached the intestines, there is evidence that those products, when condensed and injected into a cat's stomach, failed to induce any inflammatory process. The connection, therefore, between hemp drug smoking and dysentery appears even remoter than in the case of bhang drinking and that disease, and cannot be accepted by any stretch of the imagination as even a possible direct cause of dysentery.

General effects of excessive use.
511. Hitherto the Commission have only considered the direct action of hemp drugs when used in moderation in inducing certain marked conditions, but their indirect action when taken in excess must also be briefly considered. First, as regards the indirect action of bhang in inducing bronchitis, Dr. Prain may be quoted. He writes: "Here as in so much else associated with hemp some misunderstanding has arisen among Natives and Europeans alike, and it has been supposed that the use of hemp causes the bronchitis. As a matter of fact, cases of this 'bronchitis' cold weather cough would seem to be rather less common among siddhi tipplers than among other people of the same class. What does happen is that digestion is impaired, the daily consumption of such a dose of narcotic overburdens the alimentary and eliminating systems, the man's appetite goes, and the food he takes is not properly absorbed. The symptoms mentioned are the signs of this indigestion, and the impaired vitality which renders the system unable to throw off an illness is its results." With lowered vitality due to any cause, it must be obvious that an individual is more liable to be affected by vicissitudes of weather and bad sanitary surroundings than a person in normal health; and it may be accepted that excessive consumption of any intoxicant does tend to lower vitality. Excessive consumers of the drug are therefore probably more liable to bowel-affections. As regards the indirect effects of the drug when smoked, it is likely that the excessive consumers also commit excesses of other kinds, while the excessive smoking also tends to diminish the appetite: the money which should be spent for the purpose of procuring wholesome and nutritious food— which a large number of witnesses state to be essential if evil effects are to be warded off—is used for obtaining the drugs. It is not surprising that under such conditions the excessive consumer should be more liable to bowel-affections, diarrhœa, or dysentery than a non-consumer. A few witnesses have referred to sudden death following a prolonged pull at a ganja or charas chillum. In the cases which the Commission have attempted to sift, the cause of death has not been satisfactorily explained. There are, however, diseased conditions in which sudden death is not uncommon, and in the cases referred to autopsies do not appear to have been conducted. The Commission consider, however, that a very prolonged pull at a chillum might possibly cause spasm of the glottis, producing asphyxia, or the products of the destructive distillation of the resin might cause paralysis of the respiratory centre or of the heart. Alleged cases of this kind are very few indeed, and they have not been carefully examined. They need not detain the Commission further

541. As to whether moderate consumers are offensive to their neighbours the evidence can leave little doubt on the mind of any one who peruses it carefully. About seven hundred witnesses have thought it worth while to speak on this point. It may be safely presumed that of the remainder the great majority have no experience of anything offensive in consumers. Of those who have given their opinions, over six hundred say that moderate consumers are not offensive to their neighbours. Of the small minority, some object, not unnaturally, to the bad example they think their ganja smoking neighbour may be to their sons who are growing up. Some merely take offence at the smell of the ganja smoke, and some at the "coughing and expectorating." They are evidently not inclined to be tolerant of the indulgence which they do not care themselves to practise. On the other hand, some of the minority are clearly dealing not with moderate consumption, but with the worst type of excess. They speak vaguely of the consumers as committing the gravest crimes under the influence of these drugs. Altogether it is clear that the moderate consumer is as a rule perfectly inoffensive. There appear to be quite adequate grounds for accepting the statement of those who assert that as a rule he "cannot be distinguished from the total abstainer." Some witnesses have stated that they had difficulty in finding the moderate consumers, though they did find that the habit of moderate consumption is common. Indeed, there are not wanting those who say that no consumer of bhang or ganja, whether in moderation or in excess, is ever an offensive neighbour. The contrast in this respect between the excessive consumer of hemp drugs and the excessive consumer of alcohol is frequently emphasized. No doubt the excessive consumer of hemp drugs must sometimes be a disagreeable and perhaps even dangerous neighbour; but even among excessive consumers such cases seem to be very rare indeed.

552. The Commission have now examined all the evidence before them regarding the effects attributed to hemp drugs. It will be well to summarize briefly the conclusions to which they come. It has been clearly established that the occasional use of hemp in moderate doses may be beneficial; but this use may be regarded as medicinal in character. It is rather to the popular and common use of the drugs that the Commission will now confine their attention. It is convenient to consider the effects separately as affecting the physical, mental, or moral nature. In regard to the physical effects, the Commission have come to the conclusion that the moderate use of hemp drugs is practically attended by no evil results at all. There may be exceptional cases in which, owing to idiosyncracies of constitution, the drugs in even moderate use may be injurious. There is probably nothing the use of which may not possibly be injurious in cases of exceptional intolerance. There are also many cases where in tracts with a specially malarious climate, or in circumstances of hard work and exposure, the people attribute beneficial effects to the habitual moderate use of these drugs; and there is evidence to show that the popular impression may have some basis in fact. Speaking generally, the Commission are of opinion that the moderate use of hemp drugs appears to cause no appreciable physical injury of any kind. The excessive use does cause injury. As in the case of other intoxicants, excessive use tends to weaken the constitution and to render the consumer more susceptible to disease. In respect to the particular diseases which according to a considerable number of witnesses should be associated directly with hemp drugs, it appears to be reasonably established that the excessive use of these drugs does not cause asthma; that it may indirectly cause dysentery by weakening the constitution as above indicated; and that it may cause bronchitis mainly through the action of the inhaled smoke on the bronchial tubes.

Viewing the subject generally, it may be added that the moderate use of these drugs is the rule, and that the excessive use is comparatively exceptional. The moderate use practically produces no ill effects. In all but the most exceptional cases, the injury from habitual moderate use is not appreciable. The excessive use may certainly be accepted as very injurious, though it must be admitted that in many excessive consumers the injury is not clearly marked. The injury done by the excessive use is, however, confined almost exclusively to the consumer himself; the effect on society is rarely appreciable. It has been the most striking feature in this inquiry to find how little the effects of hemp drugs have obtruded themselves on observation. The large number of witnesses of all classes who professed never to have seen these effects, the vague statements made by many who professed to have observed them, the very few witnesses who could so recall a case as to give any definite account of it, and the manner in which a large proportion of these cases broke down on the first attempt to examine them, are facts which combine to show most clearly how little injury society has hitherto sustained from hemp drugs.

Individual witness responses.

Individual responses by witnesses to the five questions are as follows:

39. This is more of a medical question; but I should say smoking was the less harmful. 45. (a) I do not think so. (b) I have never seen any instance; but doctors can say. (c) No, quite the contrary. (d) Not to my knowledge. (e) I do not think so. 46. See above. I believe habitual use of bhang is bad for the digestion. Question 46. [oral evidence]—In saying that the habitual use of bhang is bad for the digestion, I am stating the impression that is left on my mind by what natives have told me. I am referring to the habitual excessive use of the drug. 47 and 48. Not to my knowledge.  - Evidence of the HON'BLE MR. D. R. LYALL, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta


39. Smoking is more intoxicating than drinking bhang; but, where used in moderation, I should not say that consumers get intoxicated at all— only exhilarated and stimulated. A man can smoke ganja, and go about his work and have a healthy appetite. 45. I speak of the habitual moderate use only. (a),( b),( c),( d),( e)I should say not in the least. 46. This is quite different. A badmash ganja smoker is equal to any devilry, and I daresay insanity is often caused in such cases. Such a man is probably a debauchee in other ways. His vice does not originate in ganja smoking, but may be stimulated by it. Question 46 [oral evidence].—The badmash ganja smoker corresponds to the habitual drunkard in England. He is not merely an excessive consumer of ganja like a bairagi, but is addicted to other vices, and ganja-smoking is only one of the conditions of his life. I have never seen a moderate smoker in the act of smoking as far as I remember, at least I never ascertained that it was ganja which was being smoked. I must have seen my boatmen smoking, but cannot say it was ganja. I have not seen excessive smokers smoking. I do not know how a moderate smoker is to be distinguished from an excessive smoker.  47. No. 48. I cannot give instances; I should expect to find the habit hereditary, and the children injuriously affected  - Evidence of MR. E. V. WESTMACOTT, Commissioner, Presidency Division; late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


I do not think the habitual moderate use of the drugs necessarily produces any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral, but in the case of ganja, habitual moderate use is not always possible. There is always a tendency to increase the quantity consumed, and the user finds his constitution impaired and digestive powers diminished. Bhang is said to cure dysentery and asthma, but ganja, by injuring the digestive organs, may induce asthma. The habitual excessive use may produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution, injures the digestive powers, and causes loss of appetite, especially the use of ganja. It is a matter of general belief that the excessive use of ganja causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. It interferes with the free circulation of the blood, nutrition is impeded in consequence, and the smoker presents an anæmic and emaciated appearance, and in short may become the victim to a variety of ills, mental and physical, including insanity.  - Evidence* of MR. W. H. GRIMLEY, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur


39. I have never heard so. I have always understood that smoking is the most injurious mode of taking the drug. 45. I have no reason to think so. 46. I have seen a few instances of individuals besotted with what was called ganja, though it might have been any other form of hemp. My observation did not extend to all the points raised. I can only speak to physical appearances: a sleepy lack-lustre eye, black lips, a pale and unwholesome complexion, and a general appearance of dirt and neglect. 47 and 48. I have no reason to think so.  - Evidence of MR. H. G. COOKE, Officiating Commissioner, Orissa Division


39. I am acquainted only with ganja, and that is never eaten but smoked. I cannot tell. 42 to 57. I believe the moderate use of ganja in smoking to be harmless, because, in my 32 years' experience of Bengal, I have never come across a single instance of the injurious effects of such ganja-smoking. Surely if ganja-smoking was so baneful, and so widespread as many people wish to make out, there would be numerous examples to be met with in every large town, and especially in the hospitals maintained therein. I do not remember to have ever been made acquainted with a single case. I believe moderate consumers of ganja to be inoffensive to their neighbours if left alone; if disturbed, I am told they are very irritable. About the effects of ganja-smoking, immediate or remote, I can say nothing. I have no personal experience. I could speak only from hearsay, and there must be many people able to speak of the effects of ganjasmoking at first hand: I believe, principally because I have not met with a single instance in my long service, that excessive ganja-smoking is rare—one man in 10,000 perhaps has contracted the vice. It is so easy to indulge in sensational writing in the matter; but the absence of instances leads me to believe that the crusade against ganja-smoking has no grounds. Why should the habit be hereditary? As well might tobacco-smoking be hereditary. Ganja-smoking is a cultivated appetite. The son of a father who smokes ganja might, by the force of example, be led to learn this habit, but certainly not from a natural craving for the indulgence. -  Evidence of MR. J. C. PRICE, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi


39. The drinking of siddhi is the least injurious, and next to that is smoking charas. The smoking of siddhi leaves is probably less injurious than smoking charas. But siddhi-smoking is not in vogue in this district. 45. It does not. Nor does it impair constitution, cause any disease, impair moral sense, or insanity, permanent or temporary. 46. But when taken in excess temporarily or habitually, it may cause those constitutional, moral or intellectual derangements as alluded to above. I have seen several cases of insanity principally due to ganja smoking, specially in cases where intellect was weak, but in almost all such cases I found the insanity to be of a temporary nature, which under proper care and restraint passes off in course of time. Some of these insanes, when under observation, often ask for ganja or, in its absence, for tobacco. There are many cases seen who owing to excessive habitual use of ganja suffer from chronic dysentery, asthma or bronchitis, while its moderate use generally cures these ailments. 47 and 48. Not any that I am aware of, whether in the case of moderate or immoderate consumers. On the contrary, I have seen many children of very bright intellect and of excellent parts, though their fathers were or are inveterate consumers.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. BARROW, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura.


39. No preparation of ganja and bhang is smoked here. Ganja is smoked by itself, but not so bhang. 45. Bhang fails to stimulate the appetite and ganja unnerves the system if taken habitually. Ganja impairs the constitution if indulged in excess or the consumer does not get sufficient food. Ganja is used as an aphrodisiac, and it certainly stimulates the sexual power if used in small doses. But then comes the inevitable reaction, and impotence with its attendant miseries follows. 46. See above. 47. No. 48. The tendency to excessive use is not hereditary. - Evidence of MR. F. H. B. SKRINE, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur.


39. Yes; it is less powerful. 45. (d) Charas smokers suffer from asthmatical breathing. Ganja causes dysentery. (e) Yes - Evidence of MR. A. C. TUTE, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur.


39. Siddhi drinking is less injurious than smoking charas or ganja. Smoking produces a strong instantaneous effect, but drinking is decidedly an easier method of consuming a large quantity at a time. 45. (a) No. (b) In case of intemperate use it does. (c) No. (d) Yes, both in case of intemperate use. (e) No. 46. Habitual excessive indulgence causes the peculiar frenzy which causes Orientals to run amuck. 47. No. 48. Same as above.  - Evidence of the HON'BLE F. R. S. COLLIER, Magistrate and Collector, 24-Parganas.


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang is harmless. But the habitual moderate use of ganja and the excessive use of bhang affects physically, mentally and morally; impairs the constitution, injures digestion, and causes loss of appetite. The use of ganja causes bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral tone and moral courage, and induces habits of laziness. 47. No. 48. See reply to question 45.  - Evidence of MR, C. R. MARINDIN, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad.


39. Each preparation is usually put to a single use (ganja or charas for smoking and bhang for drinking), and the question of difference in effect, according as it is eaten or drunk, does not arise. 45. None of the ill-effects are observable in the case of hard-working men, such as labourers, fishermen, etc., who form the majority of moderate consumers. They are generally honest householders and live as long, as healthy, and as moral lives as their non-smoking neighbours do. As in the case of alcohol, the worst offenders come from those who lead idle and dissolute lives, often going to excess, and undoubtedly suffering physically, mentally, and morally. These are the men who by their excesses bring into disrepute any stimulant they may affect. 47. It is not by any means hereditary, nor does it affect the children of the moderate consumers. 48. As above - Evidence of MR. K. G. GUPTA, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


39. Ganja and charas are never eaten or drunk. Powdered bhang is sometimes eaten. Generally it is drunk. Eating iu this case is more injurious than drinking. Drinking is more refreshing, and destroys the natural heat of the plant. 45. (a) No. (b) No. (c) No. (d) No. (e) No. 46. The sanyasis, as a rule, habitually use the drug in large quantities. They are not said to have suffered in the least by the use of these drugs. On the other hand, their longevity is partially attributed to their habitual use of ganja, which enables them to sustain themselves in the midst of damp and cold climates. 47 and 48. I do not think anything of the kind has been authenticated.  - Evidence of MR. L. HARE, Magistrate and Collector of Muzaffarpur


39. The smoking of any preparation of hemp plant is less injurious than drinking or eating the same. In smoking, the ingredients of ganja are made volatile and remain within the system for a short period, and then eliminate easily through the respiratory tract, and hence have less effect. As regards bhang-smoking, which is rarely used, the effect is considerably less than that produced in the form of drinking or by taking it in the shape of boluses. 45 and 46. Moderate use of these drugs acts upon the physical health when proper food is not taken. Ultimately the moderate use of these drugs brings on loss of mental power, but generally moral power remains intact and as a rule not corrupted. In the long run it causes dysentery and sometimes bronchitis, leading to asthma or consumption. It does not produce laziness nor impair the habits of morality or induce debauchery as a rule. Moderate use does not produce as a rule insanity or deaden the intellect. But bhang somewhat deadens the intellect and produces laziness...The excessive use has a very bad effect on the constitution, which it impairs. It produces loss of appetite, brings on dysentery, bronchitis leading to consumption and asthma, and impairs the moral sense, produces laziness and immorality, but not debauchery, and as a rule produces loss of sexual appetite and brings on insanity of a violent character. 47. No hereditary tendency. 48. Ditto ditto.  - Evidence of MR. G. E. MANISTY, Magistrate and Collector of Saran


39. Smoking is certainly the least injurious way of taking any preparation of the hemp plant. 46. Immoderate use affects the digestion and appetite, causes great lethargy and weakens the frame generally. But it is to be noted that the fakirs and religious persons who are the principal excessive consumers here habitually use dhatura as an adjunct to ganja, and I am not prepared to discriminate between the effects of the two drugs. 47. No. 48. I am unable to answer this question precisely - Evidence of MR. J. KENNEDY, Magistrate and Collector of Murshidabad


39. The smoking of ganja and charas is certainly a less injurious form of consumption than eating or drinking the same. Very few resort to the latter practice when smoking failed to produce sufficient intoxication. 45. If milk and other nutritious food is taken, the moderate consumers of ganja keep very good health. They can work very hard, and are seen in no way deficient, either mentally or morally. The habitual moderate use does not produce any of the noxious effects mentioned in this question. Bhang is perfectly innocuous. 46. The habitual excessive use of all these drugs produces all these noxious effects. 47. No.  - Evidence of MR. T. L. JENKINS, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca


39. It is certain, I think, that the least injurious way of taking hemp is in the drink which I have called 'bhang.' I have never seen any one eating the drug, and do not know what effect that would have. Smoking seems to have more effect than drinking as in bhang; but what is meant by the words 'injurious form of consumption' I do not know. They seem to me to be a petitio principii. 45. This appears to be a medical question. - Evidence of MR. H. F. T. MAGUIRE, Magistrate and Collector of Khulna


45. (b) Ganja apparently does. (c) Yes. (d) Dysentery and bronchitis. (e) It is said to do this. 47. No. - Evidence of MR. W. R. BRIGHT, Deputy Commissioner of Palámau


39. Ganja is always smoked. Bhang is both eaten and drunk. 45. Habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang is not known to produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. 46. The Assistant Surgeon, Doctor Nobin Chandra Dutta, writes as follows:— "Habitual excessive use of ganja produces decidedly injurious effects upon the physical, mental and moral nature of man. It impairs the constitution. Excessive ganja-smokers are, as a rule, thin and emaciated. Their appetite and digestion fails. I have knowledge of more than one case of asthma which could be attributed to no other cause. Instances of dysentery from excessive use of ganja have also come under my notice. Impairment of moral sense is not marked. It does not induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. Excessive ganja-smokers are known to be sexually weak and incompetent. It certainly dulls the intellect and weakens the mind..."I have at this moment in my mind's eye a man whose whole course of life as a ganja-smoker, from the 18th to 33rd year of his age, I have had opportunities of watching. I consider this man a typical case for illustrating the effects of ganja-smoking on the physical, mental, and moral nature of man. As a boy, this unfortunate man possessed a singularly amiable disposition, and more than average intelligence. Physically he was not well-built; but his constitution was by no means worse than that of the average native of Lower Bengal. When he was about 18 he fell into bad company, and contracted the habit of smoking ganja, which he quickly indulged in for about two years. Gradually he rose to excess; then certain very remarkable changes came over him. He ate little; sometimes he omitted one or two meals. There was a tremor in his limbs and voice, and occasionally his eyes were bloodshot. A sort of dogged, determined look appeared on his face, and he grew irritable and quarrelsome. At times he would get into a sudden passion for a trivial cause, and become extremely noisy and violent. He had certain absurd ideas of his own about things, and no argument or reasoning could convince him of their absurdity or incorrectness. According to these ideas, he insisted upon doing certain things to the great annoyance of his friends and relatives. He was so determined that he could never be dissuaded unless by actual force. He was at this time absolutely truthful in what he said or did, and honest in pecuniary matters. He carried his truthfulness sometimes to a most ridiculous length. At one time he was living with a friend who used to find fault with him for his ganja habits, and reproved him for being incorrigible. This made him very angry, and he left the house swearing that he would never pass its threshold again. He kept his word by passing in and out through the windows. "In the growing excess in smoking he wasted away in physique and looked quite thin and emaciated; but his habits were active and could bear cold, damp, and exposure to an extraordinary extent. In the last eight years it has been his practice to get up at about 3 o'clock in the morning in all seasons, and from that hour till 8 or 9 o'clock he is found standing often up to his waist, and sometimes up to his neck, in water in the river or tanks performing his ablutions or puja, without being any the worse for it. He is seldom found to use any warm clothing in the winter. 47 and 48. Have no experience. - Evidence of MR. N. K. BOSE, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali.


39. Smoking is generally believed to be the most hurtful. Bhang, I have often heard it said, is, when taken in moderation, no more harmful than the tea taken by Europeans. 45 to 50. I leave these questions to medical witnesses. - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur


39. The smoking of ganja is said to be more injurious than drinking of siddhi or bhang, and for this reason the habit of taking ganja is more looked down on than the other. 45. The effect of these drugs varies, naturally, with the different constitutions of the consumers. The moderate use of siddhi, as noted above, is not very injurious. The habit of ganja smoking certainly is. I cannot say that the moderate use of these drugs tends to produce insanity, either temporary or permanent. 47. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect the children of the moderate consumer. Of course in a house where the father takes these drugs the sons when they grow up are more likely to take to it from example, than where the father is not a consumer. 48. The same answer as the last question - Evidence of MR. E. H. C. WALSH,* Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack


45. Yes, it probably has a bad effect on the moral character. It does not impair the con¬ stitution. It does not injure digestion. It may cause any of these diseases. It impairs the moral sense and makes a man lazy and stupid. The moderate use does not produce insanity, I believe. I am not aware of any such cases. 46. It makes a man weak in physique and mind. It weakens the constitution. It produces loss of appetite. It causes chest disease. It impairs the moral sense and makes a man lazy...47 and 48. No. - Evidence of MR. J. H. BERNARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia


39. Drinking bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja. I have seen many men who have ruined their constitution by excessive ganja smoking, but I have never myself come across any one who had suffered to any serious extent from drinking bhang. 45. I am not aware that the use of bhang in moderation produces any noticeable noxious effect. The habitual use of ganja even in moderation appears to have a tendency to impair the constitu¬ tion, but in what precise way I cannot say. A good deal seems to depend on the habits and mode of life of the consumers. In the case of men who lead an active open air life, the moder¬ ate consumption does not appear as a rule to pro¬ duce any perceptible effect, but such ganja smok¬ ers as I have met with among men leading seden¬ tary lives have always been unhealthy-looking objects. Ganja does tend to impair the moral sense and induce habits of laziness and debauchery, but in the case of moderate consumers, who lead an otherwise healthy and regular life, these effects do not as a rule become very marked. 47 and 48. I have never heard of any such effect - Evidence of MR. A. E. HARWARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector


45. Habitual moderate use of ganja does produce noxious effects. It impairs the constitution, but it does not injure appetite. It causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma in some cases, but it does not impair the moral sense. 46. Habitual excessive use of every one of these drugs (though to a less extent in the case of charas) produces all the bad effects referred to in question 45. 47 and 48. No  - Evidence of COLONEL C. H. GARBETT, Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh


45. Yes, from persistent use the system is impaired, followed by loss of appetite, sometimes by dysentery. Mental faculties become weakened from habitual use, perception dulled, and laziness and indolence induced. Passions and appetites are excited, leading to immorality and debauchery; sense of responsibility is impaired, 46. Habitual excessive use generally affects the brain and nervous system more directly, and impairs the mental faculties and moral sense. (Information supplied by Dr. Basu.) 47 and 48. Cannot say - Evidence of Mr. C. A. S. BEDFORD,* Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum


39. Smoking is said to be less injurious than either drinking or eating. I cannot say why - Evidence of Mr. R. H. RENNY, Deputy Commissioner of Singhbum


39. Smoking ganja is considered more injurious than bhang drinking or eating. 45 and 46. I cannot say. 47 and 48.  - Evidence of RAI NANDAKISORE DAS, BAHADUR,* District Officer of Angul, Cuttack


45.( b)N ot appreciably. (c) No. (d) No. (e) By exciting it perhaps slightly impairs the moral sense. 47. The use is not hereditary. The children are not directly affected - Evidence of MR. W. MAXWELL, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore


39. Smoking ganja is notoriously more injurious than drinking bhang. I allude to the regular habit and not to occasional use. 45. (b) and (c) Said not to do so. (d) and (e) Dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma from excessive use, and even the moderate use is said to give a tendency to these diseases. Habits of immorality are said to be induced. 46. The habitual excessive use of these drugs is well known to cause insanity, dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, dropsy, general debility, and great nerve deterioration. In fact, excessive ganja-smoking is generally thought to be more injurious than the excessive use of any other intoxicating drug or alcohol. From the well known fact that religious ascetics and mendicants are usually strong and robust, it is probable that good and sufficient food counteracts the evil physical effects of ganja and bhang, for this class are noto¬ riously excessive consumers of hemp drugs, but they live on the fat of the land. They are, how¬ ever, generally more or less insane. Question 46. [oral evidence]—I have in some cases seen people emaciated and anæmic, and their friends attributed their condition to the habit of excessive smoking of ganja...I made no special enquiry into any of these cases. I merely accepted the statements made to me.  47. No data. 48. No data, but, as with drunkenness, the excessive use of hemp drugs probably is to some extent hereditary; and as the parent's general health and strength and moral character are seriously impaired, his offspring must be injuriously affected.  - Evidence of MR. W.C. TAYLOR, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and Pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Khurda, Orissa


39. I think ganja and charas-smoking is a less injurious form of consumption than drinking alcoholic liquor. Ganja and charas-smoking, especially the former, does no doubt make the smoker stupid and irritable, and in a very few instances even insane; but in the long run its effect is not so injurious physically and morally as that of alcohol-drinking. Ganja-smoking does not make one so turbulent and riotous as indulgence in alcohol does. It does not lead to so many accidents as are the result of indulgence in alcohol. In short, ganja-smokers do not make themselves so prominent and obnoxious as alcohol-drinkers do. It is a very common thing for drunkards to be boisterous, occasionally to fight in the streets and disturb the public peace, not only close to liquor shops but even away from them; whereas such demonstrations on the part of ganja-smokers are seldom noticeable. One who has witnessed the revelries in a Behar town on the occasion of the Holi festival can only realize to what extent free use of alcohol excites a crowd. The habitual indulgence in alcohol, moreover, shortens life, whereas ganja-smokers seldom kill themselves by even excessive indulgence. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja may not be particularly injurious physically, but its mental and moral effect cannot be avoided. It is supposed that the habitual use of ganja leads to bronchitis and other chest diseases. It does impair the moral sense and induce laziness. Its excessive use deadens the intellect, and in a few instances produces insanity - Evidence of CHUNDER NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Deputy Collector, at present employed as Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Bhagalpur Division


39. Bhang is less injurious when drunk as it is done than other preparations of the hemp plant. The effect which this produces is slow, while ganja smoked produces a very sharp, strong intoxicating effect by acting on the brain at once. 45. Bhang produces an oblivious effect in course of time, and induces forgetfulness. Physically it does not seem to be injurious. Ganja, after one is used for a time to the course, brings on a consolidation of the frame. With the decay, brought about by years, the frame which had been muscular gets attenuated. The person addicted becomes subject to strong coughing, and towards the close it induces dysentery and loss of appetite. Bhang in course of time has the effect of induc¬ ing laziness and impotency or loss of vital power. 46. Nothing more to add to what I have stated before. 47. None that I am aware of. 48. Nothing to add.  - Evidence of BABU RAM CHARAN BOSE, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas.


39. Ganja smoking is said to be worse than eating or drinking bhang, The latter does not injure the body and brain as much as charas and ganja, as it is not used excessively or regularly. 45. If the moderate consumer does not take ghee and milk in abundance, ganja will make him thin and impair his constitution. It does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, but produces bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense so far that he becomes untruthful and shameless, knowing that he is not credited, being addicted to vice. It induces laziness, but not habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. It impairs the constitution of the habitual excessive smokers. Does not cause indigestion, but causes loss of appetite. Does not cause dysentery, but asthma and bronchitis. The habit induces laziness and impairs the moral sense, as he becomes untruthful, shameless and utterly unreliable...The effects are physically, mentally and morally bad. 47. The habitual moderate use of this drug is not hereditary, and generally does not affect the children of the consumer. 48. It is not hereditary, but affects the children of the habitual excessive smoker. They are often of weak intellect and are moreover thin and sickly. - Evidence of MR. E. MCL. SMITH, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


39. They are smoked, not drunk. 45. (e) Yes. 47. No. - Evidence of BABU GOPAL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour.


45. (a) There is physical improvement. The use of ganja and charas also causes mental and moral debasement. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Yes, saving in the case of siddhi and also charas. (e) Yes, ditto siddhi only. 47. No.  - Evidence of BABU NAVIN KRISHNA BANERJI, Brahman, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, District Manbhum


39. Smoking is considered more and quickly effective and therefore more injurious. 45. (a) No marked effect is immediately observ¬ able, but with time, it struck me, its use produced injurious effects. (b) and (c) Not in all cases. (d) I have known it causing dysentery in some cases. (e) It perhaps induces laziness. I have not known moderate use impairing moral sense any more than is to be generally found among the non-smokers of the lower classes. 46. Excessive use impairs the moral sense as also induces habits of debauchery. It does impair the constitution and makes one lazy and averse to work. 47. In one case I know the intellect of the son of a moderate consumer was blunt. I have made no enquiry on the point. The use of these drugs is a hereditary habit in this way, that it is con¬ sumed generally by the same class of men, and the children growing up, seeing their fathers and elders smoking ganja, look upon it as inoffensive, and when they become men they take to it without thought or deliberation. 48. In case of excessive use, I have known the evil effect serve as a lesson and warning to the children. - Evidence of BABU PRAN KUMAR DAS, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan


39. No; all are alike injurious. Drinking or eating ganja is more injurious. Bhang is seldom smoked. 45. It does impair the constitution, unless milk is taken. It does injure the digestion, but bhang does not. The use of ganja causes bronchitis. The use of ganja or bhang does not impair the moral sense or induce habits of immorality or de¬ bauchery. The excessive use of ganja induces laziness, it deadens the intellect, and makes men excitable, 46. Mentioned under question No. 45. 47 and 48. No; it is not hereditary. It does not affect children.  - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA BASAK, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District.


39. These drugs are not eaten or drunk, except siddhi. They are only smoked. Siddhi is smoked in rare cases, when the consumers do not get ganja. 45. (a) It makes a man dull and stupid for a time. (b) No. (c) No. (d) No. (e) Produces laziness. 46. Ganja and charas.—The man loses his mind and physique. It impairs his constitution; it injures digestion; it produces asthma, and brings on other chest complications. It produces laziness and insanity. It makes a man lose his temper and commit violence. 47, 48 and 49. Can't say -  Evidence of BABU DINA NATH DÉ, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia.


39. I think that the smoking of any preparation of hemp plant is a less injurious form of consump¬ tion than drinking or eating. The reason is that any form of smoking is stronger and therefore difficult to consume more than drinking or eating it, which is easier. 45. I do not think that the habitual moderate use of ganja produces any noxious effect—phy¬ sical, mental, or moral. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness. On the other hand, it makes people active. I do not think that it induces habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. I am afraid habitual excessive use of ganja produces mental derangement; impairs constitu¬ tion; brings on dysentery; deadens intellect and induces laziness. 47. No, and does not affect in any way the children of the moderate consumers. 48. No. - Evidence of BABU GANENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon.


39. The smoking of ganja or bhang is more injurious than the eating or drinking of the same. Those that smoke ganja for the object of averting the inclemency of the weather and exposure to water do not experience the evil effects; but those that smoke it for pleasure become emaciated and lose their natural voice, and become also subject to various maladies. 45. Ganja produces noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral, but bhang produces noxious effects, only mental. Ganja impairs the constitu¬ tion, but bhang does not. Ganja or bhang does not injure the appetite. Ganja induces bronchitis and asthma as well as dysentery. Bhang does not do so. Ganja impairs moral sense and induces habits of immorality, but not so does the bhang. The evil effects of ganja do not operate on fishermen who use the drug moderately in pursuit of their callings. 46. Ganja produces all the noxious effects mentioned in Answer 45, and in addition, it is apt to induce insanity. Habitual excessive use of bhang does not produce any noxious effects on the consumers beyond what it produces on moderate consumption. 47 and 48. Habitual moderate as well as excessive use of ganja or bhang does not appear to me to be a hereditary habit, and does not affect in any way the children of the consumers.  - Evidence of BABU GANGANATH ROY, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong.


39. Ganja is only used here for smoking, and is no way taken for the purpose of drinking or eating. Smoking of ganja or hemp plant is pro¬ portionately less injurious than the drinking of siddhi with preparation. 45. No such case comes to my notice, in which the habitual moderate use of ganja has produced any noxious effects. 46. I am acquainted with some cases in which the habitual excessive and long-continued use of ganja produced dysentery, but the consumers who can afford to take milk are not affected with the disease. 47. I do not think the use of any of these drugs imparts any hereditary influence on the children of the consumers. 48. I don't know any case in which children of the excessive consumers of these drugs have been subjected to any specific disease or have necessarily inherited the habit of their fathers. - Evidence of BABU BHAIRAB NATH PALIT, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum.


 39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same, or any other prepara¬ tion, as there is the least assimilation of the drug with our system in the case of smoking. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of the drugs produces, in some cases, noxious effects on our physical, mental or moral systems, but in the cases of the lower people and the sanyasis it does not. It slightly impairs the constitution in many cases. It sometimes injures digestion or causes loss of appetite. In some cases it causes dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It induces laziness, but does not impair moral sense or induce habits of immorality or debauchery. 47. There are not numerous instances in which the habitual moderate use of these drugs appears to have descended to children. - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRO NATH BANDYOPADHYA, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jalpaiguri.


39. The drinking of bhang is popularly believed to be less injurious than ganja smoking. 45. I am not in a position to answer these ques¬ tions, as I had no occasion to watch any consumer of the kind referred to. 46. I have seen half-witted people, who are hard ganja smokers; and evidently the weakness of the brain had been brought on by excess. 47 and 48. I have no knowledge on this point, though heredity in this respect also is quite pos¬ sible. There is always the strong inducement of example. - Evidence of BABU JAGA MOHAN BHATTACHARJYA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to Commissioner, Chittagong


45. (a) Yes; so far as I know. (c), (d) and (e). Ganja-smoking causes gradually a loss of appetite with dysentery. It certainly impairs the moral sense. 46. All the above effects are intensified in the case of habitually excessive consumers. Question 45.[oral evidence]—In Puri both Gurjat and Rajshahi ganja are consumed, but among the Panda class the Gurjat ganja is much more largely used in the shape of bhang, which is made of patti with a few ganja heads put in and drunk with species. The drug is only eaten occasionally, an generally as medicine. The bairagies, vaishnavas, ascetics, bearers, and many others smoke ganja. I have constantly been coming across people who drink bhang or smoke ganja. Palki-bearers smoke ganja, and work the better for it. The ascetics who visit Jagannath also smoke ganja, and appear to be rendered insensible to heat and cold thereby. I have never seen any consequences of taking the drug in crime, though the moral senses seemed to be impaired in some cases.   - Evidence of BABU MANMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa.


39. Nil. 45. In answering this I confine myself to ganja alone. I believe that even the habitual moderate use of ganja produces noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral. It makes a man look emaciated, causes periodical purging of blood, which may or may not be dysentery, and produces symptoms of chronic bronchitis. It produces indifference. Habits of immorality and debauchery are often seen associated with ganja-smoking; but I am not sure whether such habits are the cause or effect of ganja-smoking. 46. Vide latter part of 45. 47. I do not think that the use of any of these three drugs, either moderate or excessive, can have any hereditary effect or that the habit can be ac¬ quired by the natural law of inheritance. 48. Vide No. 47.  - Evidence of BABU NAVAKUMAR CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jangipur, Murshidabad


47. Possibly not - Evidence of BABU HIRA LALL BANERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


39. No; except in cases in which ganja or bhang is used with dhatura. 45. Ganja.—Habitual moderate use of ganjaproduces physicial debility, mental disorder, and leads to debauchery in the earlier stages of the habit. Not so bhang. Use of ganja, as above, makes the eyes sunken, the temples depressed, the cheeks thin, the neck slender, and altogether the whole system weak and powerless. Bhang not so. Ganja injures digestion and causes loss of appetite in the long run. Not so bhang. Ganja causes dysentery, bronchitis or asthma in the long run. It is said that ganja smokers generally die of dysentery. It does impair the moral sense, does induce laziness and habits of debauchery and immorality. 46. Needs no reply (see above). 47. Not exactly hereditary. 48. But has been known to affect persons of the same family  - Evidence of MAULAVI ABDUS SAMAD, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, Manbhum.


39. Siddhi-drinking is less injurious than smoking ganja or charas. Smoking produces a strong instantaneous effect, but drinking is decidedly an easier method of consuming a large quantity at a time. 45. (a) No. (b) In case of intemperate use it does. (c) No. (d) Yes, in the case of intemperate use. (e) No. 46. Habitual excessive indulgence causes the peculiar frenzy which causes orientals to run amuck. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of BABU GUNGADHAR GHOSE, Excise Deputy Collector, 24-Parganas


39. Ganja smoking is less injurious than eating or drinking the same, because the whole quantity of smoke drawn cannot be retained. In smoking, a portion of the intoxicating power is wasted in the fume thrown out, and another portion is burnt, while the whole power acts within when eaten or drunk. 5. Habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physical or mental. It may have effect on his moral nature. As re¬ gards ganja, I have never seen a fat ganja smoker unless he has means enough for rich food. Ordi¬ nary smokers are lean and without any flesh. It has the most obnoxious effect when the consumer has no means to satisfy his hunger with good substantial food. It does not injure digestion, but it is accelerated by its use. If taken before a meal, it will cause loss of appetite. It is said that its habitual and excessive use causes dysentery and asthma. But I have not seen any person suffer such diseases from the use of ganja, nor have I seen any one turned insane from the effects of ganja smoking. 47 and 48. The habit of smoking ganja or drinking bhang cannot be said to descend to future generations unless the children see and partake in the use of the drug by their parents. - Evidence of BABU PROKASH CHUNDER ROY, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna.


 45. Yes, it does. I know two lives which I studied. They were both moderate smokers of ganja. One was a strong man and the other of a weakly constitution. As the strong man went on smoking he gradually became idiotic and idle, and lastly he died vomiting blood. The weaker of the two preserved his intellect till he died, but he too died vomiting blood, probably due to disorder of lungs caused by ganja smoking. 46. Moderate use produced the effect noted in answer to question 45. It took some time to pro¬ duce the effects noted, and excessive use is likely to produce them in a much shorter time. 47. Not hereditary in either of the two in¬ stances noted (45). 48. Excessive use can produce in a shorter time the evils noted in answer to question 45. - Evidence of BABU PRAKASH CHANDRA SINGHA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chandpur, Tippera.


39. No difference is found in bhang. Eating ganja is more injurious than smoking. Evidence of a sanyasi was taken by me. He cannot state the reasons. 45. Ganja.—(b) It weakens the physique, gradually, but very slowly. (c) It weakens the digestion. (d) If moderately used, it does not, but without proper nourishment in any case it will. (e) No. 46. If excessively used (habitual) it impairs the constitution; causes entire loss of appetite. As long as the intoxication lasts, food may be swallowed to abnormal extent. It causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma; produces laziness, but not immorality or debauchery (vide question 49)...I have met some begging mendicants who did not reply to my questions. They accept no food, but accept money which they spend in smoking. Excessive use of bhang is not common. I know of a wealthy banker in another district who for the excessive use of this drug remains dozing whole day long, and is not better than an idiot. 47. No. 48. Ganja,—Instances have been found where it has been found true, but there are also instances where the son of habitual excessive smoker does not smoke. No general rule can be laid down  - Evidence of BABU SURENDRANATH MOZOOMDAR, Brahmin, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


45. (a) to (e) No. 47. No. 48. No. It may, however, be said that people debilitated by prolonged excessive use who have not altogether lost the progenitive power do beget weakly children. This, however, is rare. I remem¬ ber only one such case. As a rule, habitual excessive use of ganja—I do not allude to charas or siddhi at all in this question—destroys power to beget before undermining the man's physical strength.  - Evidence of BABU A. K. RAY, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bangaon, Jessore District.


alth of those that are ill-fed. It improves digestion and causes appetite when first begun, but it gradually injures digestion when the habit is persevered in for some years. It causes dysentery in men who have grown old and have all along smoked ganja. Old ganja-smokers that I have known to die, have died of dysentery. But in these cases their span of life was not short. Ganja-smokers are seen to cough several times after they have taken the usual whiffs, and are thus likely to get the respiratory organs irritated to a certain extent. It impairs the moral sense and induces habits of immorality in beginners. Note.—From what I have seen of the effects of ganja-smoking on different persons, I am of opinion that all the effects described above vary according to particular constitutions. Generally speaking, persons of nervous temperament are more liable to the ill-effects of this drug than others. Of course those that are ill-fed and illnourished suffer greatly from every sort of selfindulgence. Therefore all my above replies must not be taken as applicable to all cases. Patti.—I have already described patti as com¬ paratively harmless, and none of the effects de¬ scribed above, are traceable to its use in moderate quantities. 46. The effects of habitual excessive use of the hemp drugs have not come under my particular observation. I have, however, seen many Hindu sanyasis and Muhammadan fakirs who indulge in both ganja and patti in rather large doses. They seemed to be no way worse off by the use; rather I am told these drugs produce forgetfulness of worldly affairs and lead to concentration of thought, which is the first object of their asce¬ ticism. Their constitution, as a rule, is hardy. How far, however, the latter effect is produced by their practice of the various Yoga systems, I cannot say. 47. The habitual moderate use of the hemp drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit. But the example of the ganja-smoker often leads the children to adopt the habit of the father. As regards patti, it does not appear to affect the children so much. 48. Vide reply to 47. - Evidence of BABU KANTI BHUSHAN SEN, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack


39. Ganja and charas are generally used for smoking, and bhang is used generally for drinking as a decoction. Smoking—More injurious than eating or drinking, which is rare. Ganja Drinking—Less injurious than smok¬ ing. Eating—Less injurious than smoking. The immediate action of smoking is on the brain and the nerves. The smoker sits motionless for a few seconds. Its effect is temporary; it lasts for two to three hours, and is therefore called "Turitananda." In eating or drinking its action is slow, and on the whole system, and the effect lasts for eight to ten hours. Bhang Smoking—Very rare and not injurious. Drinking and eating. Not injurious as compared to ganja-smoking or drinking. Bhang is rarely and to a small extent used for smoking. The effect lasts for half an hour. Bhang-drinking.—After one or two hours its action on the system is felt, and the effect lasts for six to eight hours, sometimes more. It acts on the whole system. Charas.—Charas is only used for smoking; it is not used for eating or drinking. Ganja-smokers require nourishing food; those that cannot afford to pay for good diet suffer in health, as in the case of other intoxicants. Milk, gur, and teatul (tamarind) are beneficial to the ganja-smokers. There is an old saying in East Bengal that the drinking of bhang is as beneficial to health as the eating of gold "Sonar Gun Bhange Kore." 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not produce any noxious effects. Physical.—They keep good health, can work hard, and can undertake all sorts of fatigue and exposure. Can work in the sun without umbrella. They feel ease and comfort, and can sleep soundly and eat with great relish. Mental.—Forget all sorrow, become cheerful, talk and sing, and show mental activity. Moral.— None. The constitution is not impaired in any way if healthy food, milk, dadhi, ghi, etc., are taken. It does not impair the digestion or cause loss of appetite. When nutritious food is not taken, it produces diarrhœa, dysentery, etc. They are sometimes found to suffer from cold and cough. It does not impair moral sense, etc. Bhadralok degenerate by mixing with low class people. It does not induce laziness. Without ganja he becomes dull, and on smoking ganja becomes cheerful and active. It does not induce habits of immorality like wine. It does not induce debauchery like wine. Ganja is considered an aphrodisiac. 46. Excessive. Physical.—Weak. Mental.—Becomes irritable and free from worldly cares. Moral.—Indifferent. 47. Habitual moderate use of bhang, ganja or charas does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumers. A very few children of the lower classes learn to use the drug from their fathers. Most of them imbibe the habit when they attain the age of twenty or twenty-two. The use of the hemp drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit. 48. Habitual excessive use of bhang, ganja or charas does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the excessive consumers - Evidence of BABU ABHILAS CHANDRA MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal


39. The normal way of consuming bhang is by drinking, and of consuming ganja is by smoking. The other modes are abnormal and, therefore, more injurious. 45. The use of these drugs is, in my opinion, productive of noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral. Physically, it impairs the constitution and produces chronic bronchitis and asthma. Almost all ganja-smokers suffer from chronic bronchitis or asthma. Ganja-smokers generally die of consumption or acute dysentery. Mentally, the use of ganja makes the consumer irritable and incapable of bearing contradiction...It invariably produces laziness and unfits the consumer for doing any work which requires sustained efforts. Excited by his smoke, he may be induced to do something which others would not venture to do; but when the excitement is over, he becomes the most indolent of the indolent, and will not be roused to action till again excited by a fresh smoke of his favourite drug. Morally, it makes the man capable of anything, however heinous. He is generally in want, and when he has not his pice to procure his favourite ganja, he will commit theft, house-breaking, robbery, and every other offence. 47. I do not think so. But, as in the case of alcohol and opium, a beginner learns the smoking of ganja from others with whom he comes into contact. There seems to be a greater chance of contracting this habit for young men whose parents happen to be addicted to this drug. 48. The above remarks apply also to this question. Question 45.—I can now mention two or three cases in which ganja smokers have died of consumption and acute dysentery. These persons had both the diseases. Consumption consists in spitting of blood, a step higher than asthma.  - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA DAS, Baidya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Malda.


39. No preparation of ganja or bhang is smoked here. Ganja by itself is smoked, but not so bhang. 45. Bhang fails to create hunger, and ganja unnerves the system if taken habitually. Ganja would impair the constitution if the smoker does not get sufficient food to eat. No habit of laziness or immorality or debauchery is induced by moderate use of either ganja or bhang. Gives power to the memory. 46. Excessive use of bhang or ganja benumbs a man's powers. He is quite unconscious of all that happens about him. Excessive use of ganja has sometimes resulted in the consumer's death from dysentery, and sudden excessive use has made men insane. 47. No. 48. Excessive use is also not hereditary.  - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CHANDRA KAR, Excise Deputy Collector, Bhagalpur.


39. Ganja is seldom eaten or drunk. Hence the effect of smoking ganja cannot be compared with either of eating or drinking it. Bhang is seldom smoked, hence no comparison is possible in this case. 45. Habitual moderate use of ganja impairs the constitution slightly, and gives the body a dried and parched appearance. It does not injure digestion, but if the habitual consumer does not get any ganja to smoke for some time he will almost lose his appetite. If the practice be continued for a long time, it may in the end cause dysentery and asthma, specially if the consumer does not take a sufficient quantity of milk. It impairs the moral sense to a certain extent and makes people reckless about telling lies. It makes people talkative and irritable. It does not introduce laziness or habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive consumption of ganja impairs the constitution, causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma in most cases. It does not injure the digestion. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang does not appear to be a hereditary habit, but the bad example sometimes produces evil effects, and the children of moderate consumers are found to indulge in the drug very early.  - Evidence of BABU RAJANI PRASAD NEOGY, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh


47. No. 48. No. The use of any of these drugs does not appear to be hereditary.  - Evidence of GHULAM LILLAHI, Excise Deputy Collector, Ranchi, District Lohardaga.


39. I have never heard of any preparation of ganja or charas being eaten or drunk. Siddhi drinking is certainly less injurious than ganja or charas smoking. The latter injures the brain and dries up the whole constitution, while the former is comparatively harmless. 45. Excepting siddhi, the other two drugs certainly produce noxious effects—physical, mental, and moral. Ganja and charas impair the constitution. They make the consumers lean and dried up. The consumers can often be recognised merely by their external appearances. Ganja and charas injure the digesting power and cause loss of appetite. I have heard that ganja brings on dysentery, but I have not heard of bronchitis or asthma being caused by it. The use of ganja  impairs the moral sense, and induces habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The remarks in answer 45 apply to this question also. This line between habitual moderate use and habitual excessive use is very thin. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU SURESH CHUNDRA BAL, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.


39. Ganja and charas are smoked and not eaten or drunk. The smoking of these drugs is not so injurious as the drinking or eating of the same, the reasons for which, as I think, are two-fold. (1) That the smoke conveys with it only the volatile matters contained in the stuff, while it leaves the more noxious ones in it, which are burnt to ashes during the process of smoking. But in eating and drinking the drugs every particle contained in them is taken into the stomach. (2) In smoking, even the volatile matters are not wholly admitted into the constitution of the smoker, because he throws out the smoke after he pulls it in. This argument will be found to hold good analogically with other smokers. For instance, tobacco-smoking has a different effect from that of eating it. A man will vomit if he eats tobacco, but he does not by smoking it. As regards bhang, the smoking of it is said to be more injurious than drinking or eating it. There the circumstances are different, which require explanation. What is smoked (of course very rarely and by poor people) is flower of wild bhang or phul bhanga in its fresh state (when it has a more warming effect) and not its leaves; and what is eaten or drunk are leaves of the bhang plant (not flower) which are, as a rule, not used when fresh or new, but after they have been a year old or at least after one rainy season has expired after the time they have been gathered. The age mitigates the warming effect in the leaves, besides which they do not possess so much narcotic powers as the flowers of the plant, and it is for the reasons explained that drinking bhang is less injurious than smoking it. 45. In a book on materia medica, it is stated that the use of the hemp plant ultimately produces noxious effects, both physical and mental, viz., dimness of sight, insanity, loss of appetite. In Bháo Prakásh it is stated that the excessive use of the drugs results in producing únmád (madness) and kasasswás (asthma.) As regards dysentery and bronchitis, my information is that the plant is a remedy for these diseases. With reference to the first disease, I recollect instances in which persons suffering from it have been cured by using bhang. I myself know no instance of any person naturally of good habit turning to be immoral or debaucherous by being addicted to the drugs. Of course, persons have been seen and are seen becoming immoral, not by drinking bhang and smoking ganja alone, but when they join bad company. Such persons, by way of contempt, are said to be "bhangeri" and "ganjeri." Too much use of these drugs certainly induces laziness. I wonder how it is that the Chowbays of Mathra, of whom there are some here also, and can be found in every large town, do not become stupefied and get these diseases, although they are habituated to excessive drinking from their childhood. It might be, as I have stated elsewhere, that these drugs, like opium, require rich nutritious food, and the Chowbays have, without exception, been seen living upon good food. 46. Vide the answer given above. 47 and 48. Yes. Instances have been and are found (but not as a general rule) in which children inherit the habit of using the drugs. Instances have also been found and are found in which the habitual use (but specially when excessive) affects the children of the consumer of these drugs. - Evidence of BABU ROY BRAHMA DUTT, * Kayasth, Excise Deputy Collector, Darbhanga.


45 and 46. It makes the eyes of the consumer look yellowish red and makes the temper a little more irritative than ordinarily. - Evidence of BABU BANKU BEHARI DUTT, Excise Deputy Collector, Backergung


39. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk here, but ganja smoking is, however, more injurious than eating or drinking bhang. 45. Not to any marked extent. 46. Habitual excessive use of these drugs produces noxious effects. It leads to longing; it impairs the constitution, injures digestion, causes dysentery or asthma, impairs the moral sense, induces habits of immorality and debauchery; I am sorry I cannot quote particular instances, but what I have stated above is the result of my general observations. 47 and 48. No. 49  - Evidence of BABU WOOMA CHARAN BOSE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector; Manager, Raj Banaili, District Bhagalpur.


45. It is said that habitual use of ganja does not produce much noxious effect if the consumer
gets sufficient quantity of milk for drink and substantial food. But its effect is generally exciting. It excites passions, and may affect mental power when taken in excess like all other intoxicating substances. But when the consumer goes to excess by intemperate habit, for want of proper food, and by debauchery and immorality, he is subjected to all sorts of diseases, but not otherwise. 47 and 48. I don't think that use of ganja is a hereditary habit, or that it affects the children of moderate consumers. - Evidence of BABU RASIK LAL GHOSE, Court of Wards' Manager, Dinajpur.


39. Majum, that is prepared from bhang in the form of confectionery, is less injurious than ganja or charas. 45. Habitual moderate use of the drugs does not produce any noxious effect on the constitution or the chest or the digestive power. It does not deaden the intellect or the moral sense. Dysentery may be produced by excessive ganja-smoking, but it does not appear so readily or surely as in the case of drunkards. If the ganja-smoker is in good circumstances and lives well nourished with ghi and milk, he may be sure of avoiding this as well as any other disease. Moral sense is not impaired, nor does it promote debauchery. Laziness is induced, but it is not the indolence that is habitual.  on the other hand, I know of two instances of habitual excessive ganja-smoking which tend to prove the contrary. A gentleman, late in the service, has been and is still in the habit of smoking ganja almost to an immoderate degree. He has passed his eighty-fourth year, and yet he is as hale and hearty as ever, without his constitution being at all affected by any disease. In the other case the man was a hard smoker from his youth when he saw better days; but being reduced to poverty, he was obliged to serve as a poddar at Alipur, where he used to walk from his house at Calcutta and return home at evening, thus traversing a distance of ten miles every day. He was given to smoking 20 to 30 chillums a day; sometimes his chillums rose to 100 to 108 per diem. He died in his eightieth year of dysentery; but such dysentery deaths occurring from drunkenness or other causes are, if not more, but equally common. 46. Already answered above. 47. Not that I am aware of. I have never heard that the habit is hereditary. - Evidence of BABU GOUR DAS BYSACK, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta.


45. I do not believe that the moderate use of ganja, spirits, opium, or any other drug can, or does, produce any harm to anybody. It is the abuse of these things that harms one. Speaking for myself, I found that tobacco-smoking did not agree with me, and I have left it off with much benefit. 47 and 49. Am not aware of it. - Evidence of MR. W. SARSON, retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, formerly Abkari Superintendent, Chittagong.


39. Ganja and charas, if eaten or drunk like bhang, is decidedly far more injurious than the usual form of taking them by smoking. These drugs, when taken internally, have a very strong physiological effect. The habitual moderate use of the siddhi drink, however, produces no perceptible effect on the human system. 47 and 48. I have not been able to discover this.  - Evidence of BABU HEM CHUNDER KERR, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah.


39. The smoking directly affects brain, while drinking affects the whole system in a milder form; for the former acts through the smoke that does not pass to the lower parts of the body but has a tendency to go upwards, while the quantity drunk or eaten goes down to the stomach and after dilution there acts through the system. On the other hand, the effect of the smoke is less durable than the effect of the article itself assimi- lated into the system. 45. (a) Yes. It makes one dull and somewhat crazy. (b) Yes, to some extent. (c) It excites hunger at first and afterwards causes loss of appetite. (d) I have heard of such cases but have not known any. (e) Yes, laziness. It excites passion during intoxication. 46. Same as in question 45. 47. No. 48. I have known of no such case. - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA NATH MOZUMDAR, Brahmin, Deputy Inspector of Excise, Darjeeling


39. Smoking, I think, is less injurious than drinking. The reason is that smoking produces a strong instantaneous effect, and much cannot be used at a time in this form; but drinking is decidedly an easier method of consuming a large quantity at a time. The effect of smoking does not last long, but that of drinking continues for hours. Question 39.[oral evidence]—It is easier to take large quantities at a time by drinking than by smoking. I have not seen Dr. Prain's report. In comparing smoking and drinking I am speaking of the same drug in both cases, either bhang or ganja, and not bhang in one case and ganja in the other. This is a purely theoretical conclusion; I have never made any experiments. 45. (a) No. (b) In case of intemperate use it does. (c) No. (d) Yes, in case of intemperate use. (e) No 46. No remarks. 47 and 48. No  - Evidence of BABU DIGENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Inspector of Excise, 24-Parganas.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is a less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating. I think the eating of ganja produces flatulency, and causes purging at last. I saw a man eat ganja, and he felt the above effects. Smoking of ganja gives instantaneous intoxication, whereas eating gives intoxication, I believe, after six hours. The said man got giddiness after six hours. 45. (a) The habitual moderate use of ganja does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. (b), (c), (d) No. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja produces effects contrary to those stated in the preceding replies. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not appear to be a hereditary habit. It does not affect the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of BABU SIR CHUNDER SOOR, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi.


39. Drinking bhang is supposed to be the least injurious method of consumption, which is probably due to the admixture of milk and to the slight intoxicating effects. 45. It is said to produce sexual excitement. In moderate use it is not said to produce any of the bad effects named, but it is admitted that, unless nourishing food is also taken (and especially milk), that ill-health does follow, and also, that death from dysentery is very commonly the ultimate fate of ganja-smokers. Laziness follows deprivation with habitual smokers. 46. The excessive use of ganja is almost always accompanied by sexual excess. If sufficient and good food is not taken, dysentery, asthma, bronchitis ensue. 47. No. It is not supposed to be hereditary or to affect the children in any way. 48. No. It is said to be the result of association with others, and not to communicate itself to children.  - Evidence of MR. W. C. FASSON, District Superintendent of Police, Bogra.


45. (a) No. (b) No. (c) No, rather increases it. (d) Bhang stops dysentery. But ganja, if much indulged in, causes dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. (e) Yes. No. No. Ganja makes a man rather more active. I know of two cases of sepoys who suddenly showed signs of inaction and wandering propensity, and a great desire for sleep and solitude and want of appetite. One turned out incurable, and the other man recovered when taken in time, and the reasons became known that he was addicted to ganja and charas smoking. 46. See above. 47 and 48. No. Not so as of liquor. - Evidence of MR. F. H. TUCKER, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur.


39. I am told smoking of ganja or bhang is less injurious than drinking or eating of the same, for in eating or drinking, the entire property of the ganga enters into the system. 45. Habitual moderate use of bhang is, as I have already stated, harmless in every respect. (a) Ganja reduces the body to a skeleton, unless ghi, butter, or milk is taken with nutritious food, but such things can rarely be obtained by most ganja smokers. It is, I believe, for this reason that the better classes can take ganja for years without harm. Habitual moderate smokers remain healthy. (b) I think by habitual moderate smoking of ganja a man loses his ordinary appetite. (c) It often causes dysentery to those who cannot provide for good diet. I have not seen any case of bronchitis or asthma caused by moderate habitual use of ganja. (d) It scarcely induces immorality or debauchery, but it induces laziness. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I have personally found villagers attributing their dysentery to ganja. I have generally accused them of excess and they have denied it, and I have made no further enquiries. - Evidence of MR. R. L. WARD, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi.


39. To smoke ganja and inhale the smoke is more injurious than simply to smoke it. Ganja smoking is said to be more injurious than bhang drinking. These ideas had been obtained from ganja smokers and bhang consumers. 45 and 46. I am not prepared to answer this question. 47 and 48. Yes, apparently so, judging from the information consumers have given me.   - Evidence of MR. H. P. WYLLY,* Government Agent at Keonjhar, Orissa.


39. Smoking is less injurious than drinking or eating ganja, though the effect is instantaneous. A ganja-smoker cannot take more than one full draw at one time, hence the drug is usually smoked in company, and the chillum passed round. The effect of smoking also lasts only three or four hours, whereas eating and drinking for ten or twelve hours. 45. Bhang and ganja produce noxious effects, physically, mentally and morally. They gradually impair the constitution, though helping digestion and creating appetite. The moderate use of these two drugs does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. Smoking ganja is used as a remedy for asthma. They certainly induce laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery, and gradually impair the intellect, 47 and 48. The habitual moderate or excessive use of ganja or bhang does not appear to be hereditary, nor does the habit affect in any way the children of the moderate or excessive consumer.  - Evidence of Mr. W. R. RICKETTS,* Manager, Nilgiri State, Tributary Mahals, Orissa.


45. I have known of cases in which ganja induced dysentery. - Evidence of MAHAMAHOPADHYA MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.


39. Smoking is less injurious. In smoking, the fire destroys some of the intoxicating matter. 45. They do not impair the constitution if the consumers are well fed; otherwise ganja smoking impairs the constitution and produces dysentery. It does not generally impair the moral sense or induce laziness. 47. I do not think it is hereditary. 48. The above reply will apply.  - Evidence of BABU JADUBCHANDRA CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Civil and Sessions Judge, Kuch Behar.


46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs produces more or less noxious effects, physical, mental and moral; impairs the constitution; injures digestion; causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma too; impairs moral sense, and deadens intellect. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU SREENATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Cashier, Public Works Department, Darjeeling Division.


39. Eating ganja is less injurious than smoking. The heat of the smoke gives the body a more dried and parched appearance. 45 and 46. The habitual moderate use of ganja impairs the constitution and gives the body a dried-up appearance. It produces cough and dysentery. I am not aware if it injures the digestion or causes loss of appetite. It makes a man irritable and hot-tempered and induces habits of immorality but does not produce laziness. 47 and 48. Not generally hereditary; but there are cases in which both the father and the son use the drug.  - Evidence of BABU HARA GOPAL DUTTA, Kayasth, Retired Excise Daroga, Mymensingh.


45. The use of ganja produces in some cases noxious effects both physical and mental. Except in the cases of hard labourers ganja impairs the constitution to a certain extent. The use of any of these drugs produces a kind of laziness in respect of the higher class only. 47. It does not appear so. - Evidence of RAI KAMALAPATI GHOSAL BAHADUR, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas.


39. The worst form is ganja smoking. According to the Sanskrit Vaidak, smoking ganja and charas is very injurious to the heart, lungs and brain. I have seen myself individuals who were suffering with asthma and weakened heart from the prolonged use of ganja, and numbers suffering from insanity said to have been brought on by the same cause. In all such cases the drug was probably consumed in excess. My reasons for supposing that in most of such cases there had been excess, is the number of people who indulge not only in bhang drinking but also in ganja smoking with apparent impunity. This morning in the Arrah Jail I took at random a gang of 48 prisoners, and of these 10 were ganja smokers, 8 consumed bhang, and 30 were addicted to neither practice. Their state of health on admission to jail was recorded as follows:— Admitted to jail. Ganja Bhang Others. Admitted to jail. smoker. drinker. Others. In good health 6 4 13 In indifferent health 3 3 13 In bad health 1 1 4 TOTAL 10 8 30. Question 39.[oral evidence]—About asthma and weakened heart, I have nothing to say from cases under my observation. The cases I saw were cases I had to search for; I searched for them after getting these questions. In twenty-four years' practice I have never bad to treat a case. A native hakim brought me one case of asthma and this case also had a weakened heart. I believe the man is dead since. I had only the history of the case from the native hakim. I had not the case under observation. I do not know how much the man consumed. But I believe he was a large consumer. I examined the man and found he had asthma; but I am not prepared to assert of my own knowledge that this was due to ganja. That was merely the history I got. If I had not been told that it was the result of ganja, I should never have known anything about it. There was another case. I do not remember who brought it. The circumstances were much the same. In this case also I was guided by the history. The general statement, as contained in my written answer, is a statement made to me by this hakim and others to whom I applied for information. My own experience in no way corroborates it. 45. As I am informed by Pundit Barhmo Deonarain Misser, to whom I am indebted for his information, that the moderate use even of all these forms of hemp is bad; and besides the fear of insanity and idiocy, there is the danger of asthma, dysentery and injury to the digestive organs. I am, however, inclined to think that where such results occur the drug was somewhat immoderately used, or else that it was made to do duty for good food. I can do no more than state these general impressions. I may add that my general impression in regard to ganja is that, considering the numbers that use it, the injury it does is infinitesimal, and that, with good food, ganja in slight quantities never does harm. As to bhang, large numbers of people take it without injury hereabouts.  47. No. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. FLOOD MURRAY, Civil Surgeon, Shahabad


45 and 46. (a), (b), (c), (d) I am not aware of any, but if any were produced the use would no longer be moderate, but excessive. 47 and 48. I have no means of forming an opinion on this question. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. CROMBIE, M.D., SurgeonSuperintendent, General Hospital, Calcutta.


39. Less injurious; in that it does not derange digestion, and is less open to deleterious admixtures. 45. Of ganja— (a) (b) Scarcely. (c) (d) (e) No. Question 46.[oral evidence]—I think that the use of bhang in excess is more deleterious than the use of ganja in excess. There is in the first place the very large quantity of bhang that would have to be used . There is also the fact that it is much easier to keep up a debauch with bhang than with ganja. Then I am speaking of bhang as usually taken. As it is taken internally it lends itself much more readily as a vehicle for admixture such as dhatura, etc. 47. No. 48. None.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. G. RUSSELL, Civil Surgeon, Darjeeling.


39. The smoking of these preparations affects the nervous system directly, and is hence more injurious than eating or drinking. In the latter case the drug is slowly introduced through the digestive system, and exerts its effects slowly. Smoking is more deleterious to the nervous system, and gives rise to emaciation and other well-known symptoms, including insanity, sooner than drinking or eating the same drugs. Here, of course, I take the quantity to be equal both for smoking or drinking or eating purposes. 45. As I previously observed, the habitual use of these drugs tends in most cases to excess. I have, however, seen several instances in hardworking and active men, where very moderate smoking of ganja or charas or moderate drinking of siddhi in infusion do not produce any appreciable effects. Among singers in Bengal, artizans, and mill workmen moderate habit entails no immediately injurious effects, but these moderate cases are seldom long lived. There is in them a slow and insidious undermining process going on in their digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems, which predispose them to acute diseases and cut their lives short. Among these moderate users weak intellect and a dull moral sense are invariably seen. When imperceptibly moderation is exceeded, then symptoms of impairment of the constitution, digestion, and nervous system manifest themselves to the skilled observer. By habitual moderate use I understand a couple of smokes a day, or a tola of siddhi in infusion. Individual instances of slight impairment of body and mind I have seen, but I did not record. 46. The use of these drugs tends to excess as previously observed. The effects of siddhi drinking are slow, but ultimately merge into those arising from ganja or charas smoking. The smoker of ganja or charas is known by his appearance and habits. He is generally emaciated, and walks slowly by the less frequented paths and parts of roads. He is generally taciturn, inoffensive, or skulking in his habits. His face has a sunken appearance, and his eyes are often bloodshot, especially after a smoke, with dilated pupils. Physically, he becomes a ruin; morally, depraved; In the confirmed old habituals there is gradual deterioration of body and mind, great emaciation, nervous disorders, great timidity, followed by impaired digestion, and, finally, an inveterate form of dysentery, cirrhosis of lung and liver. 47 and 48. Not a hereditary habit, but if children associate with parents habituated in such drugs, they get into the habit.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUSSICK LALL DUTT,* Officiating Civil Surgeon, 24-Parganas.


39. I cannot form an opinion, as ganja is almost always smoked and bhang drunk. The drinking of bhang is looked on as much less intoxicating than any other way of taking the drug. 45. This answer only refers to bhang and ganja. The habitual moderate use of bhang appears to produce no ill effects, and in many cases that of ganja is equally harmless; but ganja-smoking, even when moderate, sometimes affects digestion and causes emaciation and bad temper. It causes a craving for food at first; but this effect is lost afterwards. I know of no case where it has caused dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma; but I have noticed hoarseness of the voice, probably due to some laryngeal irritation, among ganja smokers. I do not know of any case in which a previously energetic and moral person has become lazy and immoral through the use of hemp drugs. 47. It is not hereditary, but the habit may be acquired by imitation. Children do not appear to be affected. 48. As above.  - Evidence* of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. BOVILL, Officiating Civil Surgeon of Patna and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.


39. I do not know. Ganja and charas is only used for smoking here, and bhang is usually drunk. I have not seen cases of ganja and charas eating, so cannot compare the results of smoking and eating and drinking. 45. (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) No. See below, Nos. 46 and 57a. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja produces intoxication and sometimes sleep, which usually last two or three hours, the constitution is gradually impaired, the digestion is injured, asthma and bronchitis may supervene, and disinclination and incapacity for work results, and the moral sense becomes blunted. (See Medical Report 57a.) Question 46.[oral evidence]—I have had no experience that excessive use of the drug produces dysentery and bowel complaints. 47. No. 48. No, I cannot find any evidence which would lead to the conclusion that either the moderate or excessive use is a hereditary habit. Cases occurring in the same family probably result from the effects of example.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. COBB, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Dacca.


39. Yes; smoking ganja does not tend to develop into a habit of excess. It does not impair the digestive powers so much, if indeed it does so at all. I have not met with a single case in my own practice or experience where the use by either habit of any hemp preparation has produced insanity. I have, however, to point out that it is now some years since I have come in contact with medical cases, and that my medical work in India has been entirely with a military, and never with a civil population. 45. I do not believe that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral. I believe that it does not impair the constitution to smoke ganja, and I believe that the moderate use of bhang does so only very slightly. I think that, perhaps, the use of bhang does injure the digestion and impair appetite even when used moderately, but I am convinced that it neither causes dysentery, bronchitis, nor asthma. On the contrary, a preparation of hemp is very valuable in the treatment of dysentery. Bhang is said to impair the moral sense, induce laziness, and lead to habits of immorality and debauchery as well as to deaden the intellect and produce insanity. I do not believe that it does anything of the kind if taken in moderation, and am convinced that much confusion has arisen in considering this subject from the fact that the lazy, immoral, debauched, or criminal sections of the community are largely given to the use of bhang. 46. Cases of the habitual excessive use of ganja are not known to me, except among the class of religious mendicants. Habitual excessive use of bhang does impair digestion and thus injures health. It does not cause dysentery or bronchitis, but an excessive dose of the drug often leads to carelessness on the part of the subject as to his clothing, and the chills which often result from this unconscious exposure give rise to the attacks. The impaired general health renders the constitution unfitted to combat bronchitis, and the "asthma" which accompanies chronic bronchitis is one of the results. That true spasmodic asthma is ever induced by the use of bhang, I do not believe. The substance that is prepared from hemp which is of use in dysentery is an extract. The fact that this is useful in treating dysentery is of itself proof of the incorrectness of the idea that the use of bhang causes the disease. Once, however, dysentery has been induced by a chill, the use of bhang aggravates it in spite of the fact that extract of hemp is a remedy. This is because bhang is taken as an emulsion of the leaves themselves, so that the surface of the bowel is exposed to the passage of small solid particles of vegetable tissue while it is in a state of inflammation. The irritation that results more than counteracts the soothing effect of the resinous narcotic matter the leaves contain. 47 and 48. I am unable to give an opinion on this point. [oral evidence] On page 75 the remarks about indigestion being traceable to hemp, especially bhang, are not based on the examination of many cases but on what I have heard of the common idea of people having pains and flatulence and so on and attributing them to the drugs. If this is so, I fancy it is due to indigestion caused by using so much vegetable matter. I have sought to accommodate with the slight effects I had seen the stories told to me in perfect good faith as to the evils resulting from the use of the drug. My comparison between the effects of smoking and drinking hemp on page 75 is not based on observation of cases, but principally on hearsay evidence. It is based on an attempt to accommodate what I have learned from others with what little I have seen. I have seen many ganja-smokers, but I have not seen the same cases often. I have not observed the history of cases so as to observe the effects. I have seen for the most part people who smoked when they were tired. I have also seen the fakirs who have smoked largely. I have as a rule seen no effects except suffusion of the eyes. I saw a man in a frenzied condition only once among a company of fakirs. He was supposed to be possessed. I was told that his state was attributable to ganja; but I cannot put any reliance on the case, as I had no evidence apart from that statement. My knowledge of bhang consumers enables me to say that the darwans take bhang to a considerable extent; but that is the extent of my experience: I have only seen it among these darwans. I have not been able to get any native gentleman to admit the use. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN D. PRAIN, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta


39. Ganja and charas are used only for smoking; siddhi for eating or drinking. Smoking of ganja is stronger in its effects than smoking of charas or moderate use of siddhi. Siddhi in sufficiently large dose produces intense narcotism. 45. (a) The habitual moderate use of any of the three drugs is not known to produce any physical, mental or moral evil effects. It may only make a man slightly irritable. (b) to (f) No. 46. The habitual excessive use may produce physical, mental and moral evil effects. Habitual excessive use of ganja is known sometimes to produce dysentery and bronchitis. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon RAI TARAPROSANNA RAI BAHADUR, Baidya, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta


45. Excess causes a peculiar kind of delirium and catalepsy, though it is a well-known fact that habits of intoxication, when persevered in, have a great tendency to affect the nerves. Ganja-smoking has a more powerful tendency in bringing on the attacks of insanity. 47. There is no hereditary longing for these drugs. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KANNY LOLL DEY, C.I.E., late Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta.


45. Ganja, siddhi, and charas. (a), (b) and (c) No. (d) Bronchitis and asthma are common complaints of ganja-smokers. (e) No. 46. I believe habitual moderate or excessive use of ganja, like other forms of self-indulgence, grows into excess, and continued excess impairs the nervous system,...and undermines the constitution. 47. No. -  Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON UPENDRA NATH SEN, Officiating Civil Medical Officer, Malda.


45. Yes, the use of ganja and bhang produces noxious effects. They weaken the constitution and produce loss of appetite. They generally produce dysentery, asthma, and bronchitis. They impair the moral sense, induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. A ganja-smoker never talks on any important moral, social or religious subject, nor does he mix with good people. He has got a circle of his own where he indulges in loathsome conversation. Question 45.[oral evidence]—My first three sentences here dozen in my village Madhopara in the Dacca District, suffering from dysentery, bronchitis and asthma who, were also ganja-smokers. They were all excessive smokers. These effects do not follow the moderate, but the: excessive use. It is a mistake to have put them under the moderate use. It is not always easy, however, to distinguish between the moderate and excessive, because moderation may go to excess. When I see a man I may think he takes it moderately. But when he is diseased I may come to know that he used it in excess stealthily. All these people were habitual  smokers, not occasional. From that I cannot exactly say that they used ganja in excess. The fact that they were ganja-smokers led me to believe that these effects were due to ganja. I have seen many non-smokers suffering from these diseases. There are many causes that bring on dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. But I did not discover any other causes in these cases. I have no recollection of ever treating any cases of dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma caused by ganja. These cases are the basis of my remarks. I saw them in my own village with my own eyes. I do not remember any case of dysentery, bronchitis or asthma in a ganja-smoker which I attributed to any other cause. In other words, where I saw ganja-smokers suffering from these diseases I attributed them to ganja. This was 20 years ago, before I was a medical student..46. Ganja produces the symptoms mentioned under the heading habitual moderate use of the drug in a greater degree. 47. The use of ganja and bhang does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect the children. 48. Answer to question 47 also applies here,  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON BOSONTO KUMAR SEN, in Civil Medical Charge, Bogra.


39. Smoking of the preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking the same, because the smokers generally possess diseases of the lungs and air passages, such as bronchitis, hœmoptysis, asthma and chronic catarrh. 45. (a) The moderate use of ganja and bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physically, mentally or morally. (b) to (f) No. 46. All the faculties, physical, mental and moral, are impaired by the excessive use of the ganja-smoking. The excessive use of ganja produces dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, chronic catarrh and hœmoptysis. The other parts of the question not answered. 47 and 48. No - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON NORENDRA NATH GUPTA, Baidya, in Civil Medical charge, Rangpur.


45. Evidence on these points is conflicting. The general concensus of opinion is that the habitual moderate use of bhang and ganja does not impair the constitution or injure the digestion or the moral sense or the intellect. 46. Excessive use of ganja may produce noxious effects, such as emaciation, impairment of digestion, dysentery, cough, laziness, and even insanity. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon CHOONEY LALL DASS, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence and Therapeutics, Medical School, Dacca.


45. Evidence on these points is conflicting. Some of the consumers maintain, others deny, that evil effects are produced. 46. Habitual excessive use sometimes produces insanity, and causes most of the evil effects referred to in question 45. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON PREONATH BOSE, Teacher of Materia Medica and Practical Pharmacy, Dacca.


39. Smoking any preparation of the hemp is more injurious than drinking or eating any portion of it; because in the gaseous form its active principle is directly absorbed in the blood through the lungs, and the effect is instantaneous, whereas when taken in solid or liquid form absorption through the stomach is slower; and by the time its full physiological effect is produced, at least some portion of it is eliminated through the excretory organs. 45. Those who smoke ganja not more than twice or thrice a day and can afford to get good food, do not suffer in general health; but the absence of good food will make the ganja-smoker deteriorate in health. Mentally and morally all smokers fare alike. They become short-tempered and careless. Bhang does not impair digestion, whereas ganja does. Those of my patients who admitted of having been habitual ganja-smokers suffered from dysentery or diarrhœa, but they had been exposed to conditions which produce those ailments. Hence I do not draw any conclusion as to ganja being the primary cause of those diseases. Barring what I have indicated above, I have not seen a moderate ganja-smoker becoming lazy or a debauchee. Charas stupefies the smoker, hence he becomes indolent and dull to all moral sense...Hemp, like other narcotics, is not used to soothe the brain. Dr. Reynolds speaks highly of Indian hemp as sometimes altogether removing pain in the head from a rare disease, cerebral tumour. 47. No. I do not think that such children suffer from any nervous disease.   - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON DEVENDRANATH ROY, Brahmin, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence, Campbell Medical School, Calcutta.


39. Charas and ganja are not eaten or drunk. They are only used for smoking. Bhang is drunk and is not so much injurious, while its smoking has no effect at all. The general effect of the drugs on the constitution is not injurious. There is no tendency towards producing insanity. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any physical, mental, or moral change. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It rather increases the appetite and- keeps the digestion in order, Charas and ganja cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma if the consumers are not well fed. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality; but new smokers feel inclined to debauchery to a more or less extent. 46. The same as 45, with the difference that the excessive use of any of these drugs produces some physical change, such as emaciation and broken constitution. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is not hereditary. Nor does it affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON AKBAR KHAN, Teacher, Temple Medical School, Patna.


39. Smoking of ganja or charas is less injurious than eating or drinking the same, or excessive drinking of bhang or eating majum, because the effect of smoking is less intense and more evanescent in its character. Besides, when any of these preparations are drunk or eaten, the digestive system is more taxed, and disorders of digestion with its attendant consequences, dyspepsia and diarrhœa, follow. Charas, if eaten in sufficient quantity, produces deep insensibility, and sometimes followed by that peculiar nervous condition known as catalepsy. Question 39.[oral evidence]—Apart from the theory stated in my answer No. 39, I have seen cases in which worse results seemed to be due to eating ganja than I have seen from smoking. I mean eating ganja in balls made up for the purpose. People who are not content with the effect of smoking do this. It is this excess that hurts. The ordinary drinking of bhang was not under my consideration in this question. That in moderation is much more harmless than even the moderate smoking of ganja.  45. Habitual moderate consumers of bhang, ganja or charas do not apparently suffer from any injurious effect. On the contrary, they generally appear to enjoy sound body and mind, and retain intact their moral principles. The evil effects, if any, from such use of the drugs, especially of ganja and charas, are that the consumers at times appear thin and ill-nourished, also cross, dull and inactive. This, I believe, is due more to their poverty than to the toxic effect of the drugs. So long as these men are properly fed they thrive well; when ill-fed, they of course get emaciated. 46. The drugs, when excessively used, prove more or less injurious to the consumers; and the nature and magnitude of the evil effects depend much on the mode of living and individual temperament of these persons. The dissipated and the idlers suffer most because of their dissolute habits and want of outdoor work, probably not so much for the toxic effects of these drugs. The ascetic mendicants, who indulge in excessive use of ganja and bhang, but lead pure lives and regulated habits, are seldom seen to fare badly. Dissipated persons falling victims to the excessive use of the drugs often become miserably thin and haggard-looking, their digestion fails, and the general health breaks down. With some chronic bronchitis and dysentery may supervene and death ensue, Degraded morality in these persons is, I think, not so much the effect of ganja as of the bad life and association they lead. 47. Heredity is never noticed in the causation of hemp-consuming habit in the offspring, although they may acquire such habit by evil company at home and bad training. In some cases of habitual moderate ganja-smokers the children are seen to suffer in physique and mental and moral powers. 48. As above, with greater force.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SOORJEE NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Bankipur.


45. I don't think that the habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang produces any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja impairs constitution, injures digestion, and may cause dysentery... 47.and 48. No. I don't think so. -  Evidence of Assistant Surgeon NEMAI CHURN CHATTERJI, Brahmin, Bhagalpur.


45. (b) I believe so. (c) I do not think. (d) I heard several cases of dysentery occurred among ganja-smokers. (e) I do not think.  46. As in answer to 45. 47 and 48. I do not think. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon BEHARI LAL PAL, Sadgop, Krishnagar, Nadia.


45. (a) Yes; ganja and charas particularly. (b) Ganja impairs the constitution in more than one way. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Yes; a ganjasmoker is never a moral being. He or she is generally a debauchee. He is active as long as he lasts. 47 and 84. I do not think so.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon HARI MOHAN SEN, Baidya, Chittagong


46. Habitual excessive use of ganja weakens the constitution if proper food is not taken. 47. Yes. 48. Habitual excessive use of ganja and bhang is hereditary habit. - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant TRAILAKYANATH BANERJI, 24-Parganas.


39. Ganja-smoking is injurious, but eating or drinking ganja is very rare as stated elsewhere. 45. Habitual moderate use or ganja of bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral, but such use of the former (ganja) impairs constitution some way or other. Habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite; but such use of the former (ganja) has a tendency towards bronchitis and asthma, while such use of neither of the two drugs impairs moral sense or induces laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery as far as I know; 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It injures the constitution, injures digestion, causes loss of appetite, brings on bronchitis and asthma, impairs the moral sense, induces laziness and habits of immorality. 47 and 48. No, in the case of ganja or bhang it does not. - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant MEER KOOMAR ALLY, Municipal Dispensary, Cuttack.


39. Smoking of the preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking the same in any of its forms, because the smokers generally possess the diseases of the lungs, as chronic catarrh, bronchitis and asthma. 45. (a) to (e) No. I have not seen any evil result mentioned when taken moderately, but it is very difficult to keep the moderation. 46. All the faculties, mental, physical and moral, are impaired by the excessive use of the ganja-smoking. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU DURGA DASS LAHIRI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rangpur.


39. Smoking, I think, is the most injurious form of taking the drug, for the following reasons:— (1) It is immediately brought into contact with the blood, and speedily passes into the circulation which supplies the brain and nervous system; (2) its active ingredients are volatile, and thus are readily carried to the lungs by the smoke; (3) by the stomach the process is slower and less certain, as we find by using the tincture in medical treatment. It is probably modified by the secretions of the stomach before entering the circulation. At any rate it is not so active by the stomach as by the lungs. The smoker does not smoke ganja as an European would smoke a pipe. He inhales it into his lungs, and lets it pass out by his nostrils slowly, thus bringing the smoke into contact with the blood circulating in the capillaries of the lung. The blood takes up oxygen in the same way from the air breathed. 45. It impairs the physical organism, saps the muscular energy by over-stimulation, and leads to loss of muscular vigour, producing emaciation. It produces severe constipation, which causes indigestion and impairment of the alimentary functions. The constipation leads to dysentery by retention of fæces in the bowel. In old smokers asthma and bronchitis are common, especially asthma. It utterly demoralises a young lad. The sexual desires are so stimulated that, if he can afford it, he will spend his days and nights with prostitutes. Laziness follows the over-stimulation of muscular and sexual functions. 47. No; not hereditary, nor does it affect offspring to any appreciable degree. 48. I know it leads to neglect of the family claims, rendering a man callous to natural affection; but this is owing to the commanding nature of the craving for the drug.  - Evidence of REV. D. MORISON, M.B., C.M., M.D., Medical Missionary, Rampur Boalia.


39. Smoking bhang is less injurious than taking it internally, as the smoke, being more volatile, loses its effect soon; while the drug taken by the stomach has its influence in full over the constitution. 45. Its moderate habitual use is also attended with baneful results. It undoubtedly produces injurious results to the constitution; even strong men are pulled down by its continual use. A lean, haggard, rude face, with eyes red and in the socket, a. bony frame, indicate a ganja-smoker. It first produces increased appetite, not satisfied by any food; and its long-continued use, loss of appetite. Ganja-smokers generally die of bloody dysentery, asthma and phthisis, and hæmoptysis, &c. 47 and 48. I think in that case association has more to do than heredity. But the fact is certain that sons of ganja-smokers become also smokers. The ganja-smoker often urges his son to bring fire for it or assist him in smoking, and the child is thus initiated in the vice.  - Evidence of PYARI SANKAR DASS GUPTA, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society, Bogra


39. Ganja-smoking would be less injurious than ganja-eating. In smoking the drug, the greater portion of the resinous matter is destroyed by burning, and the resinous matter is injurious to human constitution. The intoxicating power of the drug depends on the quantity and quality of its resinous matter. 45. (a) No, I have never seen it produce. (b) No. (c) No; on the other hand it promotes appetite. (d) No; on the contrary it relieves dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. Question 46. [oral evidence]—My answer to this question is embodied in my answer to Question 45. I have no experience of the effects of excess except what is stated in this place. My experience is not to any large extent what I have gathered in my practice, but rather what I have learnt from smokers.  (e) No. 47. No - Evidence of KAILAS CHUNDRA BOSE, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


39. Bhang, as previously stated, is used for eating or drinking alone. But ganja and charas are never so used. Should any of these two be used for eating or drinking, the effect would be more lasting and therefore more injurious. Ganja and charas are both strong excitants of the brain; and their habitual use, keeping, as it would, that organ in a permanent state of irritation, not unfrequently leads to insanity. I have not seen any case of insanity resulting from the use of bhang. 45. I do not think habitual moderate use of bhang produces any noxious effect, physical, mental or moral. But this cannot be said of either ganja or charas, the moderate use of either of which may often develop into the excessive. Unless so developed, the moderate use of ganja or charas does not appear to exert any material influence on the constitution or injure digestion, etc - Evidence of MOHIM CHUNDER, ROY, BRAHMIN, Medical Practitioner, Nator, Rajshahi.


45 and 46. All persons are not similarly affected by ganja; hence even a moderate use produces different effects in different individuals, and, further, moderate use varies as to quantity according to the idiosyncracies of individuals. If indulged in for a long time, it more or less perverts the functions of the brain, upon which its effects are most marked. There is one characteristic with ganja-smokers very commonly observed, and that is their easily excitable temper. A ganzil (ganjasmoker) is almost synonymous with hot-headedness. I know many instances of improper acts done by persons under the influence of ganja; subsequently, when sober, they regret having done what they did. As to physical deterioration, while I have seen numbers of ganja-smokers who have grown thin and emaciated with a peculiar cachectic look about them, I have also seen many who have maintained plumpness of their body and limbs after years of habit. The latter class of cases are generally found among well-to-do classes. The difference appears to me to be due to abundant wholesome food and good living which tend to combat the evil effects of the drug. A ganjasmoker badly needs some fatty food, such as ghee, milk, etc. In the case of poor persons,—and ganja counts legions of such persons as its votaries,—the evil effects are in full swing. As to its effect on digestion, a similar divergence is observed. I think this fact is to be explained by constitutional peculiarities. The processes of digestion appear to be less altered by cannabis than by opium, but a ganja-smoker cannot eat anything unless he whips appetite by a smoke. Thus he requires an artificial stimulus which evidently betrays some impairment of the function. Those ganja-smokers, who cannot command abundant wholesome food, suffer from dysentery, but it is difficult to determine how far it is due to ganja or to improper or inordinate food. As to asthma, although I have not seen any typical case originating from ganjasmoking, I know that a chronic catarrhal condition of the air passages with a certain amount of spasm is the misfortune of many old ganja-smokers. I know a friend of mine who suffered from chronic bronchitis in whom asthmatic fits were induced as often as he attempted to smoke ganja. During my enquiries, I have been very credibly informed of one case where a habitual ganja-smoker got an attack of asthma which subsided on breaking off the habit and reappeared on resuming it. As to impairment of moral sense, I have a decided opinion. I think moral sense in a high degree is inconsistent with a life of intoxication. A ganja-smoker's sense of duty is very capricious; as long as he has not had his mowtat (habitual dose of ganja) he is a touchy fellow, and when up, he is wayward. If he is the headman of the family, woe to the members if the mowtat is for some reason delayed. I do not think a moderate use of ganja induces laziness provided the smoker is well-fed. I know many servants, palki-bearers, black-smiths, etc., who perform laborious works although addicted to ganja-smoking. I do not know any special habits of immorality of the ganja-smokers. The question of ganja-smoking inducing debauchery will be discussed in the answer to question No. 49. 47 and 48. I do not think so. I have seen the children of a veteran ganja-smoker of thirty years' standing, who some years back used to smoke so much as one chhatack of ganja, and they appeared to me quite healthy.   - Evidence of KEDARESWAR ACHARJYA, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia.


39. I am not aware of ganja and charas being taken in any other form than that of smoking, or of siddhi being used in any other way than that of a drink. 45, 46 and 48. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces no unpleasant or noxious influence, physical, moral or intellectual. It does not impair the constitution, injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It has no direct effect to produce dysentery, but persons suffering from it would do well to abstain from its use. It is injurious to those who are subject to bronchitis and asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. It is difficult to confine one's self to the moderate use of charas and ganja. Many persons are very apt to transgress the harmless limit, and then it has a baneful effect on the general system. In confirmed habitual smokers, especially of ganja, the drug causes a deterioration of the general health. The digestive system becomes deranged, appetite is lost, emaciation of the body and tumefaction of the abdomen follow in the sequel. 47. The habitual moderate use of hemp preparations is not in my opinion a hereditary habit, nor does it in any way affect the children of the moderate consumers.  - Evidence of MOHES CHUNDER GHOSE, G.M.C.B., Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Ramnagar, 24-Parganas.


39. The drinking of bhang is less injurious. Bhang does not act on the brain, nor does it retard the process of digestion. 45. Certainly they produce noxious effect on the moral and physical constitution. - Evidence of DR. MOHAMMAD SADRUL HAQ, Medical Practitioner, Patna City.


39. Vide answer to question 37. Generally speaking, smoking is more injurious than drinking, because— (1) In smoking, it generally affects the system quickly. In drinking it affects the system slowly. (2) In smoking it is never used in a diluted form. On the other hand, other things, such as dhatura seeds, are used to make it stronger; whilst in drinking it is always diluted with some liquids which makes it less injurious. (3) In smoking there is no chance of elimination. In drinking part of the drug may be eliminated from the system. 45. (a) Vide answer to question 37. (b) Yes. (c) Yes, when regular habit is formed. (d) Ganja does. (e) Yes. 47. No. 48. In cases of insanity of a permanent nature, caused by excessive smoking, any issue, after the insanity has become permanent, may be similarly affected - Evidence of TRAILOKYA NATH MAJUMDAR,* Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Bankipur.


39. No, because smoking produces more sudden and more intense effects than eating or drinking the same drugs, although the effect may not last so long. 45. (a) Yes. (b) and (c) It impairs the constitution after long use, causes loss of appetite and injures digestion. (d) May be an indirect cause of bronchitis, dysentery and asthma. (e) Impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, and leads to insanity and debauchery. 47 and 48. The children are sometimes found to be affected, their intellect has in many instances been noticed to be weak, and their moral sense rather blunt. They are seen sometimes to imbibe the habit of ganja or charas smoking, but whether the habit is the result of hereditary influence transmitted to the children, is a question which I am. unable to answer satisfactorily.  - Evidence of PRASAD DAS MALLIK, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli.


45. (b) Yes; it impairs constitution. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Certainly it does. 46. The children do not inherit, but they learn by example. The children become weak in intellect. 48. The majority of the children born become weak in intellect, and some insane.  - Evidence of NIMAI CHARAN DAS,* Vaidya, Medical Practitioner, Chittagong


39. I believe that smoking is more injurious than drinking or eating. As a student of medicine, we generally find that inhaling a medicine is more rapid in its effects than eating or drinking. As regards treating the subject both in reference to the general effect of the drug (I mean ganja) on the constitution and also with respect to any supposed tendency towards producing insanity, I would refer you to pages 1026 and 1027 of A Text Book of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Materia Medica, by T. Lauder Brunton, M.D., D.S.C., F.R.S., &c., edited in 1887. 45. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) It causes dysentery and bronchitis: a ganjasmoker generally (of course habitual consumer) dies of dysentery. (e) To a considerable extent. 46. To this question I should reply that what has been said about the habitual moderate use of the drug (ganja) on the consumers, appears in the aggravated form in cases of habitual excessive use, and the effects are apt to be more rapid in these cases. 47. Not necessarily. Children of many a ganjasmoker or bhang drinker or eater are entirely free from the evil habit. In some cases habit may be inherited as other propensities and aptitude of a father are inherited by sons, such as propensity for the pursuit of literature on the part of the father is inherited by the son. As regards affecting in any way the children, I should say that deterioration of general health of the father, induced by the continuous use of the drug, may act as a cause for producing unhealthy children. 48. The same may be said of the habitual excessive use.  - Evidence of TARA NATH BAL, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Mymensingh.


39. Drinking of any preparation of the hemp plant is less injurious than in the cases of smoking or eating the same. In the case of eating, the intoxication is rather severe. In the case of smoking, the effect is immediate. The excessive drinking of bhang or smoking of ganja produces insanity. 45. Yes, the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces noxious effects. It impairs constitution, injures digestion, or causes loss of appetite. It causes bronchitis, dysentery and asthma. It impairs moral sense, induces laziness; and habits of debauchery are formed.  Bronchitis.—In the case of Mangal Maha, who was a consumer of bhang, ganja and opium, bronchitis was the disease. The patient had good deal of expectoration and fever. He died from exhaustion. Dysentery.—In the case of Bissesswar, who was a habitual consumer of bhang (quarter of a rupee in weight daily), dysentery was the disease, complicated with liver disease. The patient died from exhaustion. Asthma.—In the case of Sheo Narain, who was a habitual consumer of ganja for about twenty years, asthma was the disease. He is still living. 46. The excessive use of any of these drugs produces diseases, but it depends upon the susceptibility of consumers to be subject to the various diseases. 47. The habit is formed not necessarily from heredity, but when the person uses any of these drugs moderately he forms the habit. 48. In the similar way habit is formed from the use of these drugs, and not necessarily from heredity. - Evidence of NOCOOR CHANDER BANERJI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur.


39. Drinking bhang as sherbet during sultry and scorching heat of summer with more spices and very little of bhang is alleged to be a soothing drink which brings sleep. It is drunk more in the summer than at any other time of the year. Ganja-smokers are often found of irritable temper, apparently due to its action on the brain, and this seems to be the cause of producing insanity in some cases. 45. Yes; it produces noxious effects mentally, morally and physically. It affects the lungs. Question 45. [oral evidence]—Moderate use of ganja leads to the excessive use. The habitual moderate consumers, as well as the excessive consumers, suffer in their lungs and become insane. My definition of a moderate consumer is a man who takes as much as his habit has enabled him to stand without becoming insensible. A man who takes 2 pice worth is moderate, and a man who takes 2 annas worth may be moderate for him,—i.e., if he can stand it. No intoxicant can be taken in moderation except when administered medicinally.  47. No. - Evidence of LUCKHMY NARAIN NAIK, Mahanyak, Medical Practitioner, Cuttack


39. Yes, the reason for this being that in eating or drinking it comes in contact with blood and thus produces a baneful effect on the constitution. But smoking is rather supposed to do more mischief to the brain than eating or drinking, and is therefore more incentive towards producing insanity. 45. (a) to (e) No. 46. In many cases known to my experience it has appeared to me that the habitual excessive use of these drugs, especially ganja, has been the exciting cause of insanity and has also produced all the diseases mentioned in paragraph 45, such as dysentery, asthma, etc. 47. No, not at all. 48. I do not think so. -  Evidence of GURU CHARAN GHOSH, Medical Practitioner, Monghyr.


45. The habitual use impairs the healthy tone of mind, and creates a longing to satisfy which petty crimes are committed. Causes dysenteric complaints, especially in those who don't get adequate food. - Evidence of ANNADA PRASANNA GHATAK, M.B., Private Medical Practitioner, Arrah.


45. (a) Produces a tendency to take in excess. (c) No. (d) Ganja causes dysentery after a long use. (e) Generally not. Occasionally we meet such cases. 47. No. 48. I do not know of any hereditary longing for the drug. In one case the parents were ganja smokers and the boys were also hard smokers and became mad, and I could find no proof that they were hereditary.  - Evidence of DURGA NATH CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, in charge of Tangail Dispensary, Mymensingh.


39. Siddhi is taken by mixing with water. The eating of ganja and charas by mixing with water must be more injurious than smoking. Smoking acts less injuriously, as by this procedure its severity is lessened and thereby some intoxicating portion is burnt. But if taken by mixing with water, their entire severity acts on the whole system. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja or charas, but not of siddhi, may in some cases produce noxious effects, physically, mentally and morally. It impairs the constitution. It injures the digestive power, and creates dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, etc. It also impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, immorality and debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja and charas is generally found to cause all the above diseases. 47. No.  - Evidence of BIJOYA RATNA SEN*, Kaviranjan, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


39. The question whether the smoking of any of the preparations of hemp plant is less injurious than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation, is an open one, inasmuch as the latter form of use is rarely resorted to, and consequently its bad effects are scarcely brought to the notice of medical practitioners. 45. It does not. 46. The excessive use of ganja and charas produces noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It impairs the constitution by reducing the body, injures the power of digestion, and causes loss of appetite. It may bring on dysentery bronchitis, and asthma. It also brings on laziness and habits of immorality...But the excessive use of bhang does not produce any of those bad effects enumerated above, except that it brings in a temporary stupor. 47. No. 48. Even the habitual excessive use of the drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit or that it affects the children. - Evidence of GOPEZE MOHUN ROY, Baidya, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


39. As I have already stated, I have not much experience about the smoking of ganja and charas, but with reference to siddhi, this much I can say that drinking it in moderate doses is less injurious than the smoking of the former. 45. Yes; it causes constipation, affects the brain and consequently leads the consumer to commit acts of criminality. Yes; it impairs the constitution. Yes; it injures the digestion and finally causes loss of appetite. Yes; I know it causes dysentery, and I believe, owing to its heating power, it can cause bronchitis or asthma. Yes; it impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and habits of immorality, as it affects the brain.  - Evidence of PIYARI MOHAN KAVIRAJ, Vaidya, Native Physician, Calcutta.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is not less injurious than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation. Siddhi, if occasionally or regularly used in small quantities by making it a paste with water, does not produce injurious effect, but ganja so taken does. The constitution is affected by the use of excessive ganja. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce much noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It does not much impair the constitution. It gradually injures digestion and causes loss of appetite. Occasionally it causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. Habitual moderate use does not impair the moral sense or bring on habits of immorality or debauchery. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to me to be a hereditary habit or to affect the children of the moderate consumer. 48. The habitual excessive use does not affect the children of the excessive consumer.  - Evidence of BINOD LAL SEN,† Baidya, Kaviraj, Calcutta.


45. In my opinion, even the moderate use of any of these drugs, not according to the rules of Sastra, is injurious in its effects. Short descriptions of the consumption of any of these drugs, in keeping with the rules of Sastra, have been given in answer to the questions Nos. 32, 33 and 34. According to Ayurveda Sastra, smoking of these drugs causes bronchitis and asthma. The drinking of bhang or its use in medicinal pills cures dysentery. All intoxicants produce habits of debauchery and impair moral sense. Its use according to Sastra does not deaden intellect -  Evidence* of RAM CHANDER GOOPTA, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District.


45. Even the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effects, both physical and mental, as has been observed sufficiently above. The use of these drugs is common among the lower classes of people of this part of the country. Certainly this noxious habit, to a very limited extent, is observed among the higher classes of people as well. Upon such people they have very very little demoralizing effect, as mostly they are well brought up and have social connection and regards, which prove as protective against any demoralizing effect The case is quite different with the lower classes of people. Moral is affected by the contagion of bad societies. It is natural with the consumers of these drugs to associate with one another and thus form a society, ignorance being the moving spirit and poverty constant attendant, when the brain becomes weakened by the constant use of them and poverty cannot withstand the tempting call of these devils (drugs). It is very natural that the members must have tendency towards immoral actions. The consumer of any of these drugs becomes emaciated and languid if not properly fed. Even the moderate consumer loses his appetite, and power of digestion is gone to a considerable extent. The answer of paragraph 5 of the question has been sufficiently given in the first paragraph. 47. It is not necessary that a person whose ancestors were moderate consumers must get this habit. The habit is not hereditary, rather it has been observed that children of consumers of these drugs have grown into temperance observing young men. The children of a moderate consumer even are mostly lean and weak. 48. The habit of excessive use of these drugs is not hereditary, but the children of excessive consumers are weaker than those of the moderate consumers, and their complexion is mostly very dark - Evidence of BRAHAM DEO NARAIN MISRA, Vaid, Arrah.


39. Smoking any preparation of the hemp is obviously more injurious than eating or drinking the same. The reasons that can be assigned to this effect are (a) that the smoke is irritating, and consequently may bring on dysentery by its action on the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal; (b) that by irritating the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages it may cause bronchitis and asthma. The smoke that gets ingress into the lungs enters the pulmonary blood, and thence it goes into the brain, irritates it, and hence causes a rush of blood into the same. The man suffers from the effects of congestion. 45. The habitual moderate smokers may become physically, mentally, and morally weak. It may impair the constitution. It does not injure the digestion, nor cause loss of appetite. It may cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It may impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs produces comparatively worse results, physical, mental, or moral. 47. Such habits, in my opinion, can never be hereditary. 48. In this case, too, the habit does not go down from father to son.  - Evidence of MADHAB K. DAS, Kayasth, Private Practitioner, Calcutta.


89. Smoking ganja and charas is generally believed to be more injurious than eating and drinking bhang. Smoking has a stronger effect, and is more liable to lead to excess than eating bhang. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang does not impair the constitution or injure the digestion or the chest, or the moral sense of the intellect. Ganja has been known to produce insanity, but it is only when taken for some time in excess, or by boys or young men not sufficiently strong to withstand its effects. 47. There are no grounds for believing that there is a hereditary longing for the use of any of these drugs.  - Evidence of RAJA PEARY MOHUN MUKERJI, C.S.I., Zamindar, Uttarpara, Hughli.


45. The moderate use of ganja and bhang does not impair the health appreciably, injure the digestive power, or cause loss of appetite. Ganja smoked for years together has in many instances been found to cause bronchitis and asthma. Bhang stops dysentery. 46. All the harmful effects may be produced by excessive use of these drugs. - Evidence of MAHARAJA GIRIJANATH ROY BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur


45. It causes loss of appetite. It generally causes dysentery, bronchitis, asthma. To habitual smokers the use of medicine in dysentery produces little effect. - Evidence of RAJA MAHIMA RANJAN ROY CHOWDHRY, Zamindar, Kakina, Rangpur


A moderate use of ganja is said to help the appetite, but of course I can speak only from hearsay. I certainly believe that it gives staying-power and recuperates a tired man by assisting his repose as I have previously mentioned. I am not prepared to say of ganja that it is harmless even in moderation. But at the risk even of seeming inconsistent, I must say that I consider it a necessity to the people and a thing of which it would be undesirable to deprive them. Doubtless ganja-smokers are of uncertain and irritable temper, but I do not think its effects in that way are worse or even as bad as those of alcohol, and I believe it to be a stimulant better adapted to the native constitutions. There is no doubt that a man can degrade himself mentally, morally, and physically by excess in the use of hemp drugs in the same way as an alcoholist can do; but I think the substitution of alcohol for hemp drugs (and alcohol is to my mind the inevitable substitute) would only magnify what evil at present exists. The practice of ganja-smoking is not, I think, hereditary, but in certain families it might be called traditional.  - Evidence of RAJA SURJYA KANTA ACHARJYA, BAHADUR, Zamindar, Mooktagacha, Mymensingh.


39. Drinking bhang, it is said, is less injurious than smoking ganja. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effects, physical, moral, and mental. The use of ganja impairs the constitution. Its use, they say, causes dysentery. Its excessive use impairs moral sense. It does not bring on debauchery. 47. The use of the drugs is not a hereditary habit. Their use does not affect the children of the moderate consumers. 49 - Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


39. I am given to understand that the smoking of ganja is more injurious than any other preparation of it for consumption. Bhang is never used in smoking. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang sometimes do mischief to the mental power. The habitual moderate use of ganja may impair the constitution to a little extent, but the bhang does not. Bhang and ganja do not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. Ganja causes dysentery and sometimes bronchitis. Ganja sometimes impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. 46. The same answer I have made for question 45 will answer all parts of this question, but the results are more likely to occur from the excessive use. 47, 48 and 49. No - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RADHA BALLAV CHOWDHURI, BAIDYA, Honorary Magistrate and Zamindar, Sherpur Town, Mymensingh District.


45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It has been highly spoken of by Hindu medical writers as it cures indigestion, increases appetite and removes cough. Neither it causes dysentery or asthma, nor does it impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality. In Raj-nirghanta it has been said that it gives good memory, increases the power of speech and makes a man strong and stout. Royballava denominates it as mother of pleasure (harsha janani) and says that it even cures leprosy and impotency. 46. When the drug is used in excess the effects are quite opposite; it then produces noxious effects. By the immoderate use of this drug the temper generally becomes irritable and it is generally seen that the after-effect is dysentery. According to Hindu medical writers the excessive use brings on stupor and useless talk. 47. Neither the habitual moderate use of the drug is a hereditary habit, nor it effects in any way the children of the moderate consumers. I know several young men whose fathers were habitual smokers of ganja, but the sons do not smoke or use any of the drugs. I know an old Brahmin who was a habitual moderate consumer of ganja. He died at a good old age of seventy. He left two sons who are practising as muktears in some district Court. They are healthy, strong and intelligent; one of them does not even smoke tobacco. 48. Habitual excessive consumption of the drug is not also a hereditary habit and it does not affect the children anyhow. I know two gentlemen whose fathers were not in the habit of taking any intoxicating drug. They (the sons) were excessive consumers of ganja drugs, opium and liquor when available. They died early, but their (consumers') sons are strong and healthy and they do not use any intoxicating drug.  - Evidence of BABU HARI KRISHNA MAZUMDAR, Baidya, Zamindar, Islampur, District Murshidabad.


39. No; rather I would say, bhang drinking or eating not injurious at all, but generally beneficial to its consumers, as it cures many diseases, such as piles, etc., etc., which is not to be expected from ganja and charas smoking. 45. (a) Of bhang does not; of ganja does sometimes, mental and rarely moral even. (b) Bhang does not; ganja occasionally may. (c) Bhang does not; ganja occasionally may. (d No. Answer refers only to bhang and ganja. (e) Bhang use does not; the use of ganja not unoften induces laziness and sometimes even habits of immorality only to the persons who are naturally immoral and not to others. 46. There are many eminent sadhus who are habitual excessive consumers of ganja, but no kind of injury has thereby been done to them. But others (besides great sadhus) who are excessive consumers of ganja are more or less injured, but excessive habitual consumers of ganja are mostly found among sadhus. 47. No. Answer refers only to bhang and ganja.  - Evidence of BABU RAGHUNANDAN PRASAD SINHA, Brahman, Zamindar, District Muzaffarpur.


39. Certainly not, rather the more injurious. 45. (b) Ganja and charas do injure the system. They injure the liver and spleen, and hence cause loss of appetite. (d), (e)  46. The excessive use of ganja and charas may bring on the bad effects I have stated above. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU SURENDRA NATH PAL CHOWDHURY, Zamindar, Ranaghat, District Nadia.


45. (a) Ganja produces noxious effects physically and mentally, but not morally. (b) It does impair. (c) No. (d), (e) 47. It is not a hereditary habit. It never affects children. - Evidence of BABU GIRJAPAT SAHAI, Kayasth, Zamindar, Patna.


39. Bhang drinking is much less injurious than smoking charas or ganja. 45. Ganja and charas impair the constitution ultimately. In the cases of excessive consumers ganja causes sometimes dysentery. It does seldom impair the moral sense, and is not calculated to create immorality or debauchery, but to some extent it induces laziness. Ganja in some cases produces insanity, and the symptoms are likely to be reinduced by the use of the drug after abstinence. The consumers perhaps do not admit it. This is a difficult question to answer, for I have known persons who are excessive consumers of ganja to be of jovial temper. I have knowledge of a Sub-Judge, who had a good reputation of his judicial capacities, a more than a moderate consumer of ganja, and who retired from service on full pension, and lived to a good old age.  47. My answer is in the negative. - Evidence of BABU RADHIKA CHURN SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar, Berhampur.


39. Rather the contrary. The general belief is that the smoking of the hemp plant is more injurious than the eating or drinking of the same. Excessive ganja smokers are greater sufferers in health than excessive bhang drinkers. In the case of the former the evil effects appear sooner than in the case of the latter. Cases of excessive bhang drinkers are known who have lived up to old age as not suffering materially in health owing to their habit, while excessive ganja smokers sooner or later contract diseases of the chest or the brain. It is, however, unsafe to generalise from a limited number of instances, but the popular belief is that eating or drinking is the better form of using hemp drugs than smoking them. 45 and 46. So far as my observations go, ther do not follow any noxious moral effects from the habitual moderate use of the hemp drugs nor from habitual excessive use. The physical effects of the habitual moderate use of bhang lead to longevity in popular belief; at any rate, the effects are not harmful physically, but habitual excessive use is harmful physically. I believe the effects of a moderate use: of bhang on the mental faculties are to produce partial stupor or sluggishness in their action. Of excessive habitual use the mental effects may be partial idiotcy and melancholia. Ganja is physically harmful even in moderate quantities if taken habitually. Sooner or later it produces chest or brain complaints. If used in excessive quantities, these complaints are produced more rapidly. But cases may be found of moderate consumers who escape any harmful physical consequences with impunity. These consequences are undoubtedly hastened and aggravated by want of rich farinaceous and oily foods, and, on the other hand, if not wholly prevented, considerably delayed by the use of such foods. On the mental faculties the effects of ganja, unlike those of bhang, are rather exciting than soporific. I am not aware of any case of the perversion of the moral faculties from the habitual moderate or excessive use of the drug. Question 45. [oral evidence]—In saying that there are no bad moral effects from excessive use of hemp, I mean that it does not lead to noisy behaviour, abuse, and fighting as the use of alcohol does. I have only seen a very few excessive consumers.47 and 48. In my opinion the habitual moderate or excessive use of hemp drugs does not lead to children being born with potential germs of the habit in them unlike the children of dipsomaniacs. As to any other effects of the parental habit, if the parental constitution is impaired by it, then children are naturally weak and unhealthy, but similar children are born of parents whose constitutions are impaired from any other cause. - Evidence of BABU RUGHU NANDAN PRASADHA, Zamindar, Patna.


45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not impair the constitution or injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite or impair the moral sense. - Evidence of BABU NUNDO LAL GOSSAIN, Brahmin, Zamindar, Serampore


45. In my humble opinion habitual moderate use of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral. But when it goes to excess, the effect is quite the reverse. This answer refers to question 46 also. - Evidence of BABU KALIKISTO SARKAR, Kayasth, Talukdar, Kasundi, Jessore.


45. No; moderate use will not produce bad effects. 47. No. - Evidence of BABU KAMALESWARI PERSAD, Zamindar, Monghyr.


39. Ganja is used in the three districts I named, only by smoking. No other form of using this drug prevails in this part of the country. Bhang is used generally in liquid form and occasionally in powder form. It is never smoked. I cannot therefore say if smoking of any of the two drugs is less injurious or otherwise. My remarks do not refer to charas. 45. I think this is intended for medical men. 46. The general opinion amongst the sober and educated men is that excessive smoking of ganja has a tendency to insanity. It is productive of dysentery. It impairs the moral sense and leads to laziness and to debauchery. 47. and 48. I am not of opinion that the habitual moderate or excessive use of these drugs, viz., bhang and ganja, would appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. - Evidence of BABU KRISHNA CHANDRA RAI, Baidya, Government Pensioner and Zamindar, District Dacca.


39. As regards bhang only, my experience is that it is less injurious in drinking than smoking. I have no knowledge of the other two drugs, ganja and charas. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) By the long use it impairs digestion. (d) Ganja creates the diseases alluded to. (e) Ganja does so. 46. I cannot do so, as I am not a keen observer. 47. I know in some cases the habit is hereditary. I do not know whether it affects the children of the moderate consumers, but it does to that of the excessive ones. 48. I cannot do it, owing to my imperfect knowledge on the matter. - Evidence of BABU BEPIN BEHARI BOSE, Kayasth, Zamindar, Sridhanpur in Jessore.


39. No; all alike injurious. I can't say whether drinking or eating ganja is more injurious. Bhang is seldom smoked. 45. It does not impair the constitution, unless milk is taken afterwards. It does injure the digestion, but bhang does not. The use of ganja or bhang does not impair the moral sense or induce habits of immorality or debauchery. The use of ganja causes bronchitis and asthma. The excessive use of ganja induces laziness; 46. Ditto. 47 and 48. No; it is not hereditary. It does not affect children. - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


45. (a) The habitual moderate use of these drugs increases lust. Physically it stimulates the nerves for a short time. It produces a bad mental and moral effect upon the consumers. (c) It helps digestion of the habitual moderate consumers. (d) Yes. (e) Yes. 46. The habitual excessive consumers of these drugs, especially of ganja, lose all heart, morality and intellect. There is nothing bad in this world which such a man can't venture to do. 47. No, there are children of the moderate consumers of ganja known to me who have not inherited that habit. But the children of these people generally become of immoral character and of weak health. 48. The children of such people become generally immoral and of delicate health.  - Evidence of SYAD ABDUL JABBAR, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


45 and 46. I would answer all these questions in the negative. I am of opinion that moderate habitual consumption of anything that intoxicates is on the whole more useful than otherwise. Abuse is of course a different thing. It is difficult to draw a line between habitual moderate use and abuse. This must depend upon the good sense of the person using it. When carried to excess everything is injurious. Everything in nature has its use and abuse. I cannot see why, if it is not useful as I say, intoxication in some shape or other should prevail in all classes and in all nations throughout the globe, so far as I know. Habitual moderate consumption of any intoxicating matter is useful only so far as it is confined to its own natural sphere. By this I mean to say that climate, age, and occupation have much to do with reference to any particular class of intoxication. Ganja, for instance, so far as I understand, is not suited to the climate of England or to one of sedentary habit. 47. I don't think. 48. When one has already been attacked with any of the above-named maladies, his children may be affected by it. I don't think the habit in any case proves to be hereditary.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA KISHORE RAI CHAUDHURI, Zamindar, Ramgopalpur, District Mymensingh.


39. Drinking of bhang is less injurious than the smoking of ganja. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang is injurious to physical and mental faculties. It impairs the constitution if rich food is not provided. Does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. Bronchitis or asthma is contracted by it. 46. Ditto. 47. Habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang is not hereditary habit and does not affect the children. 48. Ditto - Evidence of BABU KALI PRASAD SINGH, Rajput, Zamindar, District Bhagalpur.


39. I have not seen any people suffering from the injurious effects of bhang-drinking. - Evidence of BABU GOPAL SINGH, Zamindar, Kumarsar, Bhagalpur


39. In smoking ganja there is more harm done than by eating or drinking bhang. The latter increases the appetite for food; the former tends to destroy it. Bhang has a beneficial effect on the physical frame; ganja reduces the physique, bodily and muscular. One reason given is that ganja is smoked unmixed with softening ingredients; another is that the act of smoking is a tax on the heart and lungs, whereas mere eating or drinking bhang involves much less exertion. 45. No noxious effects are produced from the habitual moderate use of these drugs. 46. Habitual excessive use induces affections of the lungs, throat, and air passages generally., The constitution is impaired and the body becomes emaciated. Laziness is induced, but not immorality or debauchery. 47 and 48. The habit moderately or excessively indulged in is not hereditary, nor does it apparently affect the children of either class.  - Evidence of MR. L. H. MYLNE, Zamindar and Indigo-planter, Justice of the Peace, President of Independent Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Chairman of Jugdispur Municipality, District Shahabad.


45. The habitual moderate use does not seem to impair the constitution. I never met any one insane from the use of these drugs. 46. In the habitual excessive use of these drugs, the patient gets into a comatose state, complains of burning pains, and says he must have milk, which alleviates him; the body has a dried up appearance. 47. The use seems to be hereditary, and does not appear to affect the children.  - Evidence of MR. JOHN D. GWILT, Tea Planter, Longview Company, Limited, Darjeeling.


45. I believe it injures the constitution generally, but I do not know in what way, or to what extent. 47. I do not think it to be a hereditary habit.  - Evidence, of MR. JNO. RUDD RAINEY, Proprietor of "Khulna Estate," Khulna.


45. I do not think bhang drink or ganja-smoking moderately causes laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. - Evidence of Mr. A. G. M. WODSCHOW, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea.


39. I think that smoking of these drugs is less injurious than either eating or drinking them. The eating or drinking of ganja is so very rare a phenomenon that I have never come across a single case in my life. In smoking the active principle does not wholly act upon the system, a part of it being burnt; but in drinking and eating, it wholly assimilates with the blood. 45. There is such diversity of opinion regarding the effects of Indian hemp that it may be safely remarked that medical science up to date has not come to any decided conclusion. Different medical authorities have expressed diametrically opposite views about the effects of these drugs. Dr. Bruce (Materia Medica and Therapeutics, page 374), Dr. Waring (Therapeutics, page 139), and the writer of the "Indian Medical Record" ("Indian Medical Record", March 1, 1892) are not at one in speaking of the action and uses of the Indian hemp. In the face of these conflicting and contradictory opinions it is not safe to give one's opinion regarding its effects depending on the statement of any one of them; consequently I have thought it prudent to state its effects from my general experience. As far as I can understand, any very serious evil results, physical, mental or moral, are not likely to proceed from the moderate habitual use of ganja and bhang. In
some cases in the long run evil effects may follow. But the instances are not so numerous as are likely to affect society materially. In conclusion, I must say that ganja smokers of all descriptions are generally seen to have irascible temper. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja, like all other intoxicants, is productive of all the evil effects, physical, mental or moral, as contemplated in question 45. An habitual excessive smoker of ganja generally becomes emaciated and loses activity and liveliness of spirits. Such use causes loss of appetite, as to be found in the cases of sanyasis and jogis. It does not directly bring on indigestion, but it renders no help for digestion. It generally subjects a man to get dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. An excessive smoker of ganja is generally found to possess a very furious temper and get morally debased. He indulges in these drugs only with a view to satisfy his evil propensities, and thus makes himself an object of hatred by the general public. Here it might be said that in the cases of sanyasis and jogis, no such evil effects, as described above, are manifest. This difference might be explained thus:— Sanyasis and jogis, who cut all connection with society and devote their lives entirely to the contemplation of the Divine Being, do not trouble themselves with evil thoughts regarding worldly affairs. They take to this drug solely with the object of bringing their thoughts to a focus. Such concentration of mind about an edifying and ennobling theme tends to keep the religious smokers, so to say, above the vicious atmosphere which envelops the amateur excessive smokers. 47. I do not think that the habit of smoking ganja is transmitted by the father to the son. But there is no denying that it sometimes affects the character of the children of the consumers by the bad example they set. 48. I have on several occasions carefully observed the cases of habitual excessive smokers of ganja, and I have invariably found them in a very wretched state of health. Excessive smokers are generally found suffering from capillary bronchitis and dysentery. Their health gets completely shattered. If the theory of heredity has any truth in it, I am of opinion that a father with such poor health must transmit the poverty of it to his offspring. Though the children, therefore, of the excessive smokers may not directly inherit the smoking habit from their father, but, for all that, they get very much degenerated in both mind and body. -  Evidence of BABU SASI BHUSAN ROY, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District.


45. (a) Slight. (b) No. (c) No. (d), (e) Yes. 46. See answer to 41. 47. Not hereditary, but incurred; does not affect the children. - Evidence of BABU AGHORE NATH BANERJI,* Vice-Chairman, Serampore Municipality, District Hughli.


39. They are all most pernicious in their effect on the consumers. Bhang is little milder in its effects than ganja and charas. 45. (b) They make one lose flesh and look dull. (c) Yes; they cause indigestion and create a false or short-lived appetite and general debility. (d) They cause bronchitis and asthma. In regard to it there is a well-known saying which has been thus translated into English by Dr. Fallon"Who ganja smoke do knowledge lack; the heart burns constantly. The breath with coughing goes, the face as monkey's pale you see." Many ganja smokers die of dysentery. (e) Yes. Question 45. [oral evidence]—I have seen three to four persons die of dysentery who were ganja-smokers, and I have heard of others. They were smoking ganja all along, and the native doctors could not check the dysentery, and therefore I say the dysentery was caused by the ganja. I have not noticed how many people who were not ganja-smokers died of dysentery. I have never heard of the drug being used as a remedy for dysentery. 46. All habitual consumers, as a rule, take to the excessive use of these drugs, and are reduced to mere skeletons, and show a most pitiful figure of physical decay and moral degradation. They are helpless to support themselves, and with their intellect deadened, bordering on insanity, lungs contracted, bowels diseased, life is a burden to them, and death a release. Many excessive ganja smokers meet with instantaneous death at the time of smoking it. Question 46.[oral evidence]—I have not seen a man actually die of ganja myself; but I have seen ganjasmokers one day, and heard of their death shortly after, and heard excessive smoking mentioned as the cause of immediate death. I have personally observed the effects I have described in 46. By "lungs contracted" I mean difficulty in breathing. 47. It may be so; but I am not certain about it.  - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya


39. Siddhi is the only preparation drunk. This is less injurious than ganja smoking. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Ganja creates artificial appetite for a time, but tends to ultimate injury of appetite. (d) Yes. (e) Yes - Evidence of the REVD. W. B. PHILLIPS, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Calcutta.


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking or eating. Smoking ganja affects the brain and nervous system instantaneously, whereas the drinking or eating siddhi acts on the alimentary canal and helps digestion. 45. (a) Yes, ganja. (b) Yes; in every way. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Yes An account of the cases with which I am acquainted. 1. Sriram Singh, an up-county man, residing at Khulna as a ferry lease-holder, contracted the habit of smoking ganja at an early age and died before he attained his fortieth year, of dysentery and asthma. I believe his premature death was due to his excessive use of ganja. 2. One Jhani, chaukidar of Khulna, died of dysentery, which I believe was owing to his habit of smoking ganja. 4. Jay Sing, a boatman of mine, was addicted to smoking ganja; he died of dysentery. 5. Two of my preachers in their younger days used to smoke ganja moderately. Few months after they got colic pain. The cause was ganja. They gave up the habit and got well. 7. I am told that a rich landholder of a neighbouring village, Rakhalgachi, who was an excessive consumer of ganja, died suddenly while actually engaged in smoking the drug. 46. I have already said that moderation in ganja smoking is impossible, consequently my answers to question No. 45 apply with greater force in the case of excessive use of ganja. 47. If moderation be strictly observed, I do not think the children of the moderate consumers are in any way affected by the vicious habit of the father. 48. The diseases engendered by the excessive use of ganja are sometimes inherited by the children. Question 45. [oral evidence]—I believe Sriram Singh's premature death was due to ganja, because I see that people who take ganja get dysentery and asthma and die. It was not my belief alone, but that of all Khulna, where the man was well known. One of his relatives told me this was his belief, just before I started for Calcutta to give evidence. No professional man saw the case. Jhani chaukidar came to me for medicine, but I could do him no good, and he went elsewhere for advice. I think his death was due to ganja, because he is an habitual smoker. Jay Singh's death was, I believe, due to ganja. His wife and relatives thought so, and I accept their view. I have seen him smoking. The two preachers mentioned under Case No. 5 are those to whom I referred in my answer No. 26. I do not remember Prem Chand, nick-named Amira. I know nothing about the case myself, and got the information from one of my friends. I do not think the cases of dysentery I have given were due to hard life. Boatmen in our district are not hard-worked. Dysentery is very common in my district. I do not remember to have known any other cases than those named. These men got dysentery without any previous illness. I have known cases of dysentery following on fever and spleen, many of them. My conclusion that the cases of dysentery I have named were caused by ganja is based on the fact that there was no spleen or fever  - Evidence of the REVD. G. C. DUTT, Missionary, Khulna


45. Habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce noxious effects on the body nor on the mind, except forgetfulness, when the use is long and continued. Moral effects, as they are understood, are not also bad, for bhang undoubtedly produces a serene temper and quiet disposition. But effects on the spiritual man are decidedly injurious. Bhang has none of the bad effects detailed in the question except laziness. Ganja impairs the constitution and makes a man thin. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery and affects the lungs. It impairs the moral sense. It does not induce laziness, nor does it necessarily induce habits of immorality or debauchery. It deadens the intellect. -  Evidence of BABU PURNENDU NARAYAN SINHA, Kayasth, Pleader and Zamindar, Bankipur, District Patna.


39. The general belief is that smoking and eating bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja and charas. 45. Confining to the moderate use of ganja and bhang— (b) No. (c) No. (e) I am not aware of. The drug when moderately used generally produces beneficial effects, but contrary is the result when used in excess. The evidence of beneficial effects lies in the general healthiness of the moderate user and in his willingness and ability to work; he is less susceptible of being affected by cold and is protected against the ordinary ills to which the non-users are subject. On the contrary, those who indulge in the drug to excess, that is, in various proportions, degrade themselves to a state of vagabondism and often are afflicted with dysentery and the infirmities consequent upon a state of premature old age. They cannot work. They are not active. They keep low company and are ostracised by society. They do not live to an old age. 47. Certainly not. I think there are no grounds to come to a conclusion that it is a hereditary habit. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA CHANDRA MITRA, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas.


45. All these drugs when used for some length of time affect the brain; especially ganja, when used in excess, tends to produce insanity. All these drugs also produce intoxication. Bhang used in very small quantity is good for dyspepsia. - Evidence of BABU RAM DHARI LALL, Assistant Government Pleader, Darbhanga.


45. (c) I have not seen bhang produce any such effect when habitually but moderately used.  - Evidence of BABU MADHAVA CHANDRA CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Dinajpur.


45 and 46. Yes; but, as I am not a medical man, I am not in a position to discuss the question in detail. 47 and 48. Yes, to a certain extent.  - Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra


45. (a) and (b) Use of ganja and charas produces noxious effect, physical and mental, and impairs the constitution. (d) and (e) Use of ganja causes dysentery if the consumers do not get proper diet. It induces laziness. 47. It is not a hereditary habit. 48. I am unable to answer the remaining questions. - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur.


39. The drinking or eating of any preparation of hemp plant is not known, but only bhang is drunk. 45. (a) The habitual moderate use of these drugs, except charas, is known to produce physical, mental or moral effect, whenever the persons using them are in need of any of the effects (b) to (e) No. 46. No answer necessary. 47. No. 48. Not necessary.  - Evidence of PUNDIT RAKHAL CHUNDER TEWARY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Diamond Harbour, 24-Parganas.


39. I say of ganja: smoking certainly is less injurious, especially huka smoking. The reason obviously is that some injurious principles are burnt away and eliminated. In eating, the whole drug is swallowed. 45. I omit charas from consideration. Habitual moderate use does not produce any moral noxious effect, so far as I am aware. But as regards mental and physical, it does produce such effect in the long run. It dries the constitution, injures digestion in many cases in the long run. After very many years of habit, the moderate consumers at the end get dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. I do not find that it impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, or habits of immorality or debauchery. 47. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of BABU SASADHAR ROY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Rajshahi,


39. Ganja or charas smoking is more injurious than siddhi drinking. But the latter becomes equally injurious if indulged in excess. The intoxicating effect of bhang lasts from twelve to fourteen hours and sometimes for no less than twenty-four hours. In my opinion smoking is more injurious than either eating or drinking, as in the former case the head is affected more suddenly than in the latter. 45. Yes, it produces bad effects. Yes, it does impair the constitution. It impairs the nervous system. It causes loss of appetite. So far as I know, it causes asthma. It impairs the moral sense materially and induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive use of any of the three drugs is certainly injurious to health. It tells heavily on the intellect and the moral power. The nervous system is deranged. Laziness and drowsiness are the result. 47. It is not necessarily a hereditary habit. But the children of those who use those drugs are oftentimes corrupted by their examples. The sons of boatmen, fishermen, and the disciples of religious mendicants and singers often imbibe the habit. 48. See answer to question No. 47.  - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.


39. There is difference in the sensation of drinking bhang and smoking it. The sensation comes gradually, specially in bhang drinking, whereas in ganja it is turitananda. This is well-known throughout the country. 45. (a) and (b) Not at all. Of course opium smoking impairs the constitution or makes a man morally degraded. (c) Not ganja, bhang or opium (raw) certainly. (d) No, on the contrary they are preventives. (e) No, ganja smokers as a body are scrupulously moral, hard working and active. 46. Excessive use of ganja and bhang is very bad indeed. Ganja makes a man lose fat. Hence you will see every smoker take a little ghee at every meal. There is a saying that the opium and ganja had better be taken by the "amir" (rich man) and the fakir. This means that he that uses opium and ganja must have good food. The "amir" can afford it. The fakir does not mind it. He is always travelling. This is bard labour, and he does not feel the want of good food. Hence it is eminently the stimulant for the poor. The lazy rich man avoids the evil effects, if any, by taking rich food. Labour helps the poor. In this poor country the moderate use of these drugs is highly beneficial. Deprive the poor of these, they will sicken. In the Punjab, North-West, in the Himalaya countries, in marshy and jungly districts, these drugs are extensively used. Every country has its own stimulants as well as food given by nature. Our ancient physicians and kings were no fools to have allowed the cultivation and use of these drugs. Experiments and experiences of ages convinced rulers and people that these drugs were necessary. The great personage Siva, who, and not Bacchus, found out inductive philosophy, made experiments before he would use a drug. Like St. Simon, he experimented on himself. He recommended the moderate use of ganja, bhang and opium. Europeans would do well if, when they sicken, they would use opium instead of drinking wines or spirits. 47. No. 48. Excessive use of ganja destroys both body and mind. Excessive use of opium impairs the digestive organs, and finally the man dies of dysentery. The immoderate use of the best medicine yet discovered by man—quinine—leads to disastrous results. Habitual moderate use is good. As I have said, the tone of the constitution remains always the same. That man is an enemy to the human race who would abolish moderate habitual use of ganja and opium, and drive people to have recourse to that terrible thing, alcohol, or to no less terrible things, dhatura and strychnine, although these in small doses are used as good medicine.  - Evidence of BABU BEPRODAS BANERJEE,* Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset


39. Majority of people prefer smoking. Very few occasionally drink and eat. The former system is less injurious. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It does not impair the constitution, nor does it injure the digestion, or cause loss of appetite; nor does it cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. Moderate use of ganja with good food does not produce any bad effects above mentioned. In my entire experience I have seen many rich men live a long life and die a good death after a habitual moderate use of ganja. 46. Excessive use of any of these drugs, and not accompanied with good food, leads to fatal consequences...constant use of ganja without good food leads to fatal consequences. It has been seen with men who indulge in ganja to render themselves subject to the fatal diseases of consumption, dysentery and insanity, etc., as an eventual consequence. As to charas, I have no experience. As to ganja, I have learned by enquiry, and once I heard that the consumers have the ganja mixed in water, and drink the same; and when consumers of ganja don't get ganja, they smoke subji. The people who are consumers, use and drink ganja as above for medicinal purposes. I quote Sanskrit Madanpur. A sanyasi told me that if some of other drugs be powdered with ganja and used with water, leprosy may be cured. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU NOBO GOPAL BOSE RAI CHOWDHOORY, Kayasth, Talukdar and Judge's Court Pleader (late Munsiff of Nator), Memari, Burdwan District Municipality.


45. The habitual moderate use of all these drugs produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution of the consumer and makes him look haggard and lank. It injures the digestion and causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense and induces habits of immorality and debauchery. It also deadens the intellect and makes the man devoid of common sense and reason. Question 45.[oral evidence]—It is not the habitual moderate, but the habitual immoderate use that produces the effects mentioned in the first five sentences of this answer. The next sentence is right. The seventh and two following sentences refer to the excessive or immoderate use. The kind of excessive use to which I refer in answer 46 is the same as the excessive use I now speak of. There is great difficulty in distinguishing between moderate and excessive use. What is moderate to one person is excessive to another. I have seen a man to whom a very small dose, which would have been very moderate to another, was very excessive. This was the origin of this confusion. In other words, I was thinking of a certain amount, and I remembered that that might be excessive to some people, though moderate to others. It was not that the only effects I had seen were cases of excess; and that it was these cases I had in my mind. Neither was it that I was only thinking of ganja generally and merely copied in the words "habitual moderate use" from the question. I was thinking of a special amount, viz., four chillums every day; and I gave it this name "habitual moderate use." But I now mean to say that, though that might be "habitual moderate use" to some, it would be too much for others; and it is only these others, to whom it would thus be too much, who would suffer the ill effects described in this answer. I was thinking of ganja-smoking as meaning four chillums a day. 46. The habitual excessive use of all of these drugs ruins the man for ever. Physically, mentally and morally, he is lost for good...I should like to do away with both habitual moderate and habitual excessive use of these drugs. I have no objection to people's occasional moderate use of them. Question 46 [oral evidence].—When I said I should like to do away with both habitual moderate and habitual excessive use, I was animated by the impossibility of distinguishing definitely what is excessive from what is moderate. And I was not thinking of the habitual moderate use of the drug by agriculturists and other labouring classes outside the town of Bankura. It is not my opinion that ganja should be prohibited.47. I cannot say whether the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is a hereditary habit or not. But this I can say for certain that it affects the children of the moderate consumer used in this way. It sets a bad example to children who gradually learn to think that even a moderate use of these drugs is not so bad a thing after all. They are thus in danger of contracting a habit which may either be moderate or excessive. In this sense the habit may be called hereditary. 48. After what I have said about the habitual moderate use of these drugs, I think I need not discuss the question in regard to their habitual excessive use. - Evidence of BABU ABINAS CHANDRA DASS, M. A., B. L., Pleader, Judge's Court, Bankura.


47. In most cases I have seen the sons of the fathers addicted to ganja-smoking also smoke ganja -  Evidence of BABU ANANGO MOHAN NAHA, Kayasth, Judge's Court Pleader, Comilla, Tippera District.


45 and 46. I am inclined to think that it impairs the constitution. It produces congestion of the brain and redness in the eyes. It interferes with sound sleep. A ganja-smoker may sit up the whole night without going to bed. It keeps the system abnormally hot. 47 and 48. No, it is not a hereditary habit, though the example of the father may now and then be followed by the son. - Evidence of BABU KAILAS CHANDRA DUTTA, Baidya, Vakil, Judge's Court, Comilla, Tippera District.


45. A very moderate use of these drugs is not known to produce any of these effects. 46. But the excessive habitual use of ganja affects both the mind and the body injuriously. It often brings on insanity, and sometimes causes death by producing dangerous maladies, such as dysentery, asthma and others. 47. It is neither hereditary habit, nor seems to affect in any way the children of the consumer. - Evidence of BABU MOHINI MOHAN BURDHAN, Kayasth, District Government Pleader of Tippera.


47. These drugs do not produce any hereditary effect. - Evidence of BABU TARA NATH CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Faridpur.


39. It is for medical experts to express any opinion on this. The visible effects are, however, apparently almost the same. 45. The habitual use of these drugs leads to physical deterioration, mental debility and moral depravity. It impairs the constitution and weakens the digestion. Bronchitis and asthma are the never-failing concomitants of such use, which generally terminates in dysentery. It does to a certain extent impair the moral sense, and carried to excess, leads to debauchery, though I must say that ganja-smokers are not often as debauched as consumers of spirituous liquors. It certainly induces laziness, 47. It does not appear to be hereditary, though children do sometimes acquire the habit from the example shewn by their fathers.  - Evidence of BABU AMVIKA CHARAN MAZUMDAR,* Vaidya, Pleader and Zamindar, Faridpur.


45. Bhang.—My answer is "no" to the questions. Ganja.—The habitual moderate use of the drug I think produces physical noxious effects. It does impair the constitution in the long run. It may cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma after use for a long time, especially in the cases of those who live poorly. 46. Ganja.—The habitual excessive use of the drug produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution of the consumer. It causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. 47 and 48. No - Evidence of BABU BHUVAN MOHUN SANYAL, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Purnea.


45. (a) Habitual moderate use of ganja and charas produces noxious effects, physical and mental. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) It induces laziness and habits of immorality to a certain extent. 47. No. 48. The children of the habitual excessive users of ganja and charas are affected by the habits of their parents.  - Evidence of BABU AMRITALAL RAHA, Kayasth, Pleader, Judge's Court and Talukdar, Khulna.


45. (b) Does impair the constitution, if not accompanied by substantial food. (c) Causes loss of appetite in the long run. (d) Ganja has been known to cause bronchitis and asthma. 46. Vide last portion of No. 45. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU JADUBANS SSHAI, Pleader and Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.


39. Only ganja is used in smoking, and I believe it is more injurious than drinking or eating bhang. I think ganja-smoking affects the lungs, for I have seen persons using it excessively, constantly coughing and throwing off thick mucous matter.  - Evidence of BABU GOWREE SUNKER ROY,* Kayasth, Secretary, Cuttack Printing Company, Cuttack.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja produces noxious effects. It impairs the constitution and causes dysentery. It also impairs the moral sense or induces laziness or habits of immorality,  - Evidence of BABU GURUDAYAL SINHA,* Kayasth, Honorary Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner and Secretary, Total Abstinence Society, Comilla, Tippera


39. Smoking ganja and charas is generally believed to be more injurious than eating and drinking bhang. Smoking has a stronger effect and is more liable to lead to excess than eating bhang. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang does not impair the constitution, or injure the digestion, or the chest or the moral sense or the intellect. 47. There are no grounds for believing that there is a hereditary longing for the use of any of these drugs.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RAJ KUMAR SARVADHIKARI, Secretary, British Indian Association, Calcutta.


45. (a) The moderate use of ganja produces mental and moral depravity. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) It impairs the moral sense in some. I have seen many persons who are deficient in self-control, through weakened intellects, fall victims to excessive use of ganja from moderate use and at last die of consumption and dysentery. It may be noted here that I know four or five persons of the middle rank who used to smoke ganja moderately, say once in the evening and once at bed time, died at last of consumption and dysentery. 46. Excessive use of ganja produces physical infirmity, mental and moral depravity. It impairs the digestive functions, and often produces dysentery and consumption or asthma. It also impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, and sometimes habits of immorality. Bhang also affects the brain if taken excessively - Evidence of UMAGATI RAT, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association.


39. Smoking a hemp drug is by far the less injurious form of its consumption than drinking or eating the same. In smoking, the volatile fumes alone are inhaled temporarily and exhaled out of the body; but in eating or drinking the same drug, its substance is made to reside longer in the body where it is more or less assimilated by the votary which cannot but produce worse results. 45. Even a moderate use of any of these drugs, if practised as a daily habit, produces physical, mental and moral [degradation in course of time. The normal physical condition of some votary may be strong enough to withstand constant poisoning with these drugs for some time, but in the long run every constitution is sure to break down under the influence of the drug. The use of these narcotic drugs impairs the constitution, injures digestion, causes dysentery and bronchitis after some years. Their habitual use induces laziness and low habits, and by impairing the intellect and the moral sense degrades the votary. The physical effects of habitual use of ganja come very soon to be observed by the neighbours. A beginner in a family, however carefully he may try to conceal his newlyformed habits, is sure to be found out by his family members. The mental derangement produced by the constant use of ganja takes some time to appear as a permanent trait, but a long continued habit of this nature generally ends in insanity and very often in dysentery, bronchitis, and sometimes in complete loss of voice...I do not know anything definitely about the effects of charas. Bhang physicially induces laziness and produces an intoxication that may last for a period above 24 hours; it makes the intellect dull and stupid, and thereby induces intellectual degradation; morally, this drug is believed to excite immoral tendencies in its votary. 46. The same results as above are produced by habitual excessive use of these drugs, the only difference being that the duration of time within which the evil effects begin to appear in moderate use is longer than that within which the evil effects appear in excessive use. 47 and 48. Habitual moderate use of any of these drugs has never been known to be a hereditary habit or to affect in any way the children of the consumer. But the example of the father is likely to be followed by his children and, as a matter of fact, is followed by the children of some consumers. - Evidence of BABU AKSHAY KUMAR MAITRA,* Secretary, Rajshahi Association, Pleader, Judge's Court, Member, Rajshahi District Board, Commissioner, Rampur Boalia Municipality


Question 45.—The negative answer to Question 45 only refers to the 1st paragraph of the question. Question 46.—The Committee deliberately refrained from expressing any opinion on this question. The Association had no particular experience on some of the matters contained in the questions which have not been answered, so they did not answer them; but they had some experience about moderate use, and therefore answered the first portion of Question 45.  - Evidence of MR. A. F. M. ABDUR RAHMAN, Honorary Secretary, Muhammadon Literary Society, Calcutta.


45. (a) Bhang does not produce special noxious effects, but ganja does. (b) Bhang does not, but the ganja does. (c) No. (d) Bhang does not, but the ganja does. (e) It may or may not. 46. Excessive use of bhang as well as ganja is equally injurious as stated above. 47. Most probably not. 48. Most probably does.  - Evidence of BABU KAMALA KANTA SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar and Pleader, President of the Chittagong Association.


39. I do not suppose so. I am of opinion that the smoking of hemp is more injurious than eating or drinking it. Although I cannot give any sound reason concerning the medical operation of it, but my personal experience leads me to believe that smoking invariably deteriorates constitution, loses teeth sooner, and gives always bloodshot eyes. 45. (a) Yes. (b) No doubt it impairs the constitution, and generally chest disease follows by smoking. (c) I do not know for certain, but 1 believe it will on account of its continual action on brains. (d) Smoking causes asthma and chest disease. (e) It greatly impairs moral sense. 46. I am of opinion that all intoxicating drugs act upon brain. And brain being the seat of all nervous action, nervine prostration will necessarily follow when the brain is overworked by habitual excessive use of the hemp drug. The abnormal; functions of all organs lead to the premature decay of health; therefore it is not strange that the habitual excessive use of hemp drugs will produce the same consequence by working in the brain and exciting the blood. It is true that the re-action follows, but to bring back the system into its normal condition the consumers again have recourse to the drug without seeking any other means to have the desired effect or without suffering the delay for the recovery by means of nature which would bring the system into its former tone. And therefore a continual excitement and action of brain is kept on, without knowledge of the consumers that great danger they are running into; idiocracy, insanity, brain and chest disease with their concomitant maladies gradually invade the system impairing both body and mental faculties. The feelings are blunted and reasons diminished, and therefore by loss of both physical and mental energies, laziness of habit and immoralities are engendered in habitual excessive consumers of hemp and other intoxicating drugs. 47. I believe the habitual moderate use of these drugs does not perpetuate the habit in the children of the moderate consumer, nor affect them in any way. 48. I am not sure that the excessive use of these drugs by habitual consumers will reproduce the same habit in their children; but when the physical power is enervated by continual use of it, children born after such enervation will certainly be affected; mostly the intellect is affected rather than the physique of the children. Use of bhang got from special bhang plant, does not materially injure either physique or intellect. It is remarkable among the people of North-Western Provinces to retain health and vigour after habitual use of the drug, even in excessive quantity. Their children do not suffer from their parents' indulgence in the said drug, but are always of healthy and blooming appearance. - Evidence of BABU NITYA NANDA ROY, Teli, Merchant and Zamindar, Chittagong.


45. Ganja impairs the constitution, but does not cause loss of appetite with proper nourishment of rich food. The effect is not palpable, but with hard smoker the free use of ganja results in dysentery, asthma, bronchitis and other bodily ailments. It causes laziness, but does not necessarily lead to immoral habits; with hard smokers sometimes produces temporary insanity, but not of a very offensive type. Possible; not known to me.  46. See above. 47 and 48. Never; no hereditary effect.  -  Evidence of BABU NOBIN CAHNDRA SARKAR, Kayasth, Wholesale and retail vendor of ganja and bhang, Barisal.


45. Ganja does not impair the constitution in any way. It does not injure the digestion. It produces cough. In some it produces laziness; but it does not induce habits of debauchery, nor does it deaden the intellect or produce insanity. Bhang has no injurious effects. 46. Excessive consumers of ganja get a driedup appearance. They also get dysentery in the end. I am not aware of the effects of excessive consumption of bhang. 47 and 48. Not hereditary, - Evidence of BABU DHANI RAM SAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh.


45. Ganja— (b), (c), (d) and (e) No. 46. Excessive use of ganja produces dysentery and asthma. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of BABU RAM NIDHI SHAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensing


45. Habitual moderate use of these drugs never produces any untoward symptoms but on the contrary the excessive use produces all the symptoms enumerated in the question. 46. The excessive use of these drugs tends to bowel complaints.  - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA NATH ROY, of Santa, Jessore


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking. In drinking, much of the deleterious matter is washed away. Ganja is more easy of adulteration. Eating the extract of siddhi known as majum or majun is more injurious. Ganja and charas are never drunk. Siddhi, however, is chiefly drunk. The smoking of ganja and charas is more harmful in its effect than siddhi-drinking. 45. (a) No. In some cases it produces noxious' effects. (b) In few cases it does. (c) No. (d) Yes, if taken intemperately. (e) Intoxicants generally impair the moral sense, and these drugs form no exception to the rule. They induce laziness. 46. Habitual excessive indulgence leads to the various evils enumerated in the above question. 47. No. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, 24-Parganas (Sub-Committee)


39. Smoking of ganja is less injurious than eating or drinking the same. But it is seldom eaten and drunk. We can give no particular reason for it, but such is the impression. 45. Moderate use. It does not produce any noxious effect, physical, mental, or moral. Those who are well fed do not suffer; but the poor do suffer in constitution. No loss of appetite is perceptible amongst moderate consumers. Moderate consumers scarcely suffer from these diseases. Moderate consumers are not found to suffer physically or undergo moral degradation. 46. By excessive use it does produce physical deterioration. It does injury to digestion. Sometimes it causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. Though moral sense does not leave the consumer, its excessive use is likely to impair it. 47. It is not hereditary, but the association is likely to affect the children. 48. In case of an excessive consumer the effect may be the same in a greater degree.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Patna.


39. Smoking and drinking preparations of the hemp plant are both injurious to health. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) Cannot say. (e) Cannot say. 46. Habitual excessive use of ganja or bhang is a fruitful source of brain disease. It brings on torpor. 47. Habitual moderate use of the drugs, is not a hereditary habit. It does not affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. Nil. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Mymensingh (Sub-Committee).


39. Eating ganja more injurious than smoking. No special difference between the effects of smoking and of eating bhang. 45. The habitual moderate use of bhang is held to be not injurious. With regard to ganja.—It affects the physique and gradually impairs digestion. If moderately used, increases appetite. Without proper food must weaken digestion. Causes dysentery if used in excess. Produces laziness, but not immorality or debauchery. 46. Vide ante. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Monghyr (Sub-Committee).


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang is innocent, but the habitual moderate use of ganja and the excessive use of bhang is injurious physically, mentally and morally. The use of ganja engenders asthma and bronchitis. 47. No. 48. See reply to question 45.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Arrah


46. The excessive use of ganja has most pernicious effects, and it must be remembered that what is a moderate quantity for one person may be an altogether excessive quantity for another.  - Evidence of MR. G. GODFREY, Commissioner, Assam Valley Districts


39. My experience, such as it is, is confined to smoking, though I have seen drinking, but to so small extent that I cannot make comparisons. 45. (a) Not that I am aware of. (b) and (c) No. (d) Not that I am aware of. (e) No.  46. I must leave this for a medical expert - Evidence of MR. J. J. S. DRIBERG, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails.


45. I do not think it causes bronchitis or asthma, but ganja consumers do not shake off these diseases as easily as others. See Dr. Powell's reply to last question. Dr. Dundee of Labac says:— "I have noticed that confirmed ganja-eaters after a time become weak and debilitated, and are especially liable to get dysentery and also pneumonia. In the thoroughly drunken state I have noticed the eyes getting injected - Evidence of MR. J. L. HERALD, Deputy Commissioner, Silchar, Cachar.


45. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Not that I know of. (e) Not that I know of.  - Evidence of MR. E. A. GAIT, Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Assam.


39. Smoking is considered more injurious than the preparations that are drunk here. The moderate use of the drug is not supposed to be more harmful than the moderate use of alcohol. 46. The excessive use is not supposed to have the same ill after-effects as alcohol when used in excess. 47. No. -  Evidence of MR. C. W. E. PITTAR, Officiating Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup


39. Ganja is only smoked here, and I am not aware that it is drunk or eaten in any form. 45. (a) Not to any appreciable extent. (b) It seems it does to a certain extent. (c) Long use seems to injure the digestive power. (d) It does, it is said. (e) I cannot say. 46. See my answer to question No. 45. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of ISHAN CHANDRA PATRANAVISH, Bengali, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Sylhet.


45. I can't define moderation no more than I can in the case of alcohol. The limit is reached when any ill effects are apparent, when the limit is crossed. The constitution is impaired and digestion is injured. Dysentery, bronchitis and asthma find an easier victim. The moral sense is degraded and habits of immorality formed - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR J. W. U. MACNAMARA, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Tezpur.


39. Bhang is drunk, not smoked, here; its action is generally much slower than that of ganja smoking. It chiefly affects the nervous system by first stimulating it, then gradually producing narcotic effects. Ganja is always smoked and not drunk here; it affects the brain quickly. At first the person is excited, talks, laughs, sings inordinately and is often subject to hallucinations chiefly of a sexual nature. These symptoms are generally followed by deep narcotism. Question 39. [oral evidence]—I was informed by the fakirs and others of whom I made enquiries that ganja did concentrate the thoughts on religious subjects. I was also informed directly by people like my syces that hallucinations of sexual nature followed upon ganja-smoking. These hallucinations were experienced in dreams at night. I should think that these drugs acted as aphrodisiacs, for I can recall one case in which I administered the extract of Cannabis indica with nux vomica successfully in a case of sexual weakness. I have no other personal experience. I do not think the whole effect in this case was due to the nux vomica. I cannot refer to any book in which Cannabis indica is stated to have aphrodisiac properties. 45. (a) Not to any appreciable extent. (b) I do not think so. (c) No. (d) No. (e) No. 46. Habitual excessive use of ganja thoroughly impairs the constitution; it often brings on in its train one or other of the following diseases: dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, hœmoptysis, hœmatemesis; it thoroughly impairs the moral sense and makes a man lazy and addicted to all kinds of debauchery. It blunts the intellect and brings on eventually a kind of insanity called dementia. Here is a case in point. Juma, a native of the town, started life as a cook, smoked ganja excessively, became a syce, was obliged to leave that occupation, now walks the streets a helpless pauper suffering from dementia; his constitution is perfectly broken up; he is dirty, talks incoherently and is ever ready to put his hand to any kind of dirty job for the sake of a few coppers to procure ganja. Question 46.[oral evidence]—I have seen dysentery in patients who said that the ailment had followed upon excessive use of ganja. This information was given in answer to my enquiries whether they had eaten bad food or got chills. They said no, but they had indulged more largely than usual in ganja in company with other people. I did not make further enquiry regarding the exceptional dissipation indicated in their replies. The cases were rapidly cured by a little astringent and regulation of diet without ipecacuanha. I would call these cases of dysentery of a mild type, I have seen two cases of hœmoptysis which, in my opinion, were due to ganja. One case I saw three times within a fortnight, after which he was all right, and I did not see him again. I think I saw the other case twice, and then the man never returned. They were both out-patients. Hœmoptysis is, strictly speaking, a symptom and not a disease, but it is entered as a disease in the "Nomenclature of Diseases" of the Royal College of Physicians, London, so I regard it as a disease. Hœmoptysis is a common symptom in phthisis. It is generally a late symptom. It may be laid down in text-books as one of the early symptoms, but that is not my experience. In the two cases I have mentioned symptoms of phthisis were absent. The lung symptoms were dullness and moist rales. I made only a rough examination as they were out-door patients, and prescribed rest and astringents and low diet. I have only heard from some native practitioners about asthma, bronchitis, and hœmatemisis, not seen any cases. I ascribed the cases of hœmoptysis to ganja-smoking, because the patients said they were ganja-smokers. They were fairly young men, without, as far as I could make out, any lung disease, and I could discover no other cause. The dullness might have been due to effusion of blood, but could not have been due to physical consolidation, because in one case at least it was completely cured. In both cases the dullness was at the base of the lung. I made a fairly searching enquiry in these cases. I asked if there had been any fall or blow or exposure, and could not ascertain that there had been any. 47. No. 48. Generally speaking ganja-smokers of this class have very few children and they often suffer from impotency or a tendency to it; there are however instances where a son of a habitual excessive ganja-smoker has contracted the vice, but this might be more from constant association than from any hereditary taint in the blood.   - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. C. BANERJI, Civil Surgeon, Sylhet.


45. Causes bronchitis and asthma, and induces laziness. 47. Does not appear to be hereditary - Evidence of DR. H. A. MACLEOD, Civil Medical Officer, Garo Hills


45. Every drug used regularly, and ganja also has an effect upon the system that becomes a habit, and whatever its effect, or relief, is sought for at the usual time. Persons who have slight control over their desires are liable to increase the quantity or the times that it is used. The extra stimulation of the brain with its symptoms of intoxication must be prejudicial to a healthy condition of body and mind. Those who are deprived of it for a time feel uneasy or sometimes suffer much from a weary feeling and aching of the whole body, and they will make special efforts to obtain it. Its use enslaves the person. The habit of inhaling the smoke into the lungs causes cough and irritability, and the gradual deposit of carbon, even in small quantity, tends to obstruct the air passages, and tends to bronchitis. It deadens the intellect and moral sense, and conduces to lazy habits which are tempered by fits of extra exertion when the drug is used. 46. All the foregoing are more enhanced. 47. There is every probability of hereditary tendencies in such cases. 48. Ditto. Enhanced.  - Evidence of DR. J. MCNAUGHT, Civil Medical Officer, Nowgong.


39. I should think so. The effects of the drugs, when drunk, are more lasting, and are therefore likely to be more injurious than when they are smoked. This perhaps is due to the difference of quantities respectively used in drinking and smoking. Bhang drinking, however, is less injurious than ganja smoking. 45. It is very difficult to draw a line of demarcation between moderate use and immoderate use. As far as my experience goes, habitual consumers scarcely keep within such a bound as not to be more or less sufferers in the long run. In such cases the constitution, the appetite, and the moral sense are more or less impaired. Moderate habitual use has not, I believe, much to do with dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, or insanity. 46. Vide my answer to the question 45. 47. No, it is not. 48. My answer to the question 47 does also apply to this question.  - Evidence of ATUL CHANDRA ROY,* Bengali Vaidya, Assistant Surgeon, Emigration Department, Tezpur.


45. Undermines the vigour of the body. Ganja smoking causes asthma and bronchitis. Yes; to some extent it impairs the moral sense. 47. One ganja smoker tells me that his father was a moderate smoker. He and his brother have learnt to smoke from him in boyhood. Both the brothers are moderate smokers now.  - Evidence of BAIKUNTHA KUMAR NANDI, Hindu Kayasth, Assistant Surgeon, Nayasarak, Sylhet.


39. If the hemp plant is taken in any form, it produces no intoxication, but it causes disorder of stomach, as it is not easily digested. 45. In long-standing cases the moderate use even produces noxious effect, i.e., weakens the man, and produces dullness morally, as the tendency of the mind is. Yes; weakens the constitution. Yes, it does injure the digestion. Certainly, in longstanding cases it produces dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. It impairs moral sense, and creates tendency to laziness and for debauchery, as the tendency of the mind is after the doses. Its effect helps the mind towards that direction to which it is turned. Yes. 47. It is not an hereditary complication, and does not affect the children of moderate consumers. 48. The same as above.  - Evidence of AZHER HOSSEIN, Hospital Assistant, Gauhati.


39. The best method of procedure of consuming this drug is to drink the siddhi or bhang, which is more wholesome than the smoke of ganja, which affects the brain directly, whereas the siddhi affects mildly. 45. (a) Yes; weakens the brain to some extent. (b) Yes. (c) Yes; in advanced ages. (d) Yes. (e) No. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of LATCHMAN PERSHAD, Kayasth, Hospital Assistant, Manipur State.


39. Smoking, in whatever method it may be, is more injurious than drinking. Bhang is a cool drink and when moderately used it improves digestion and general health of the drinker. It has no tendency to insanity, but smoking ganja, if carried to an excess, produces temporary insanity by affecting the brain. 45. Moderate use does not produce any noxious effect. The constitution is not impaired. Does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. Does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; rather moderate ganja smoking allays hard breathing in asthma. Moderate use does not impair moral sense or induce laziness, rather a moderate smoker can concentrate all his attention to a work undertaken, and can labour harder. 46. All the evil effects mentioned in question 45 are caused by the excessive use of these drugs. 47. The habit is not hereditary and the children of a moderate consumer are not affected in any way. 48. Even in excessive use the habit is not hereditary, neither are the children of an excessive consumer affected in any way.  - Evidence of PROSUNNO KOOMAR DAS, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Silchar, Cachar.


39. No; because smoking carries its injurious effect more rapidy and directly into the brain than the drinking of the same drug does. The narcotic action is moderated in its way through the stomach and alimentary canal. I refer to ganja and siddhi. 45. (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) Yes. 46. Habitual excessive consumers of ganja are more prone to commit mischief, and become more disorderly than habitual moderate consumers. 47. I refer to ganja. Physiologically it is likely that the children may also be affected. 48. Similar, but more marked effects come over children. I refer to ganja.  - Evidence of KRISHNA CHANDRA SANYAL,* Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Sylhet.


45. (b) No. (c) No. (d) No; the reverse. (e) It induces habits of immorality and debauchery. 47. No. 48. No - Evidence of MR. F. C. MORAN, Tea Planter, Khoniker, Lakhimpur.


39. Ganja smoking is all I have here. 45. (b) It seems to be always injurious. (d) It produces bronchitis and pneumonia. The Doctors state that ganja does not produce bronchitis and pneumonia, but that any ganjasmoker catching these diseases is more likely to die than others who do not indulge. 47. No.  - Evidence of Mr. ALFRED SPICER,† Tea Planter, Pathecherra, Cachar


45. As regards the effects of the moderate ganja-smoking on the physical and mental condition of the people, I have observed that injurious effects are produced by its moderate use. It produces emaciation, and in many cases it causes dysentery and bronchitis or asthma in old age. It also weakens the intellect and enfeebles the mind; but I was told that these deleterious effects take place for want of good food consisting of milk and its preparations, besides other articles of food, which the generality of the smokers of ganja can ill-afford to have on account of their straitened circumstances. I know of no case where ganja-smoking has produced moral depravity of any kind. It also causes loss of appetite, and injures the digestion unless accompanied by good food, and induces laziness. 46. I have observed that excessive use of ganja ruins body and mind. I have also observed that excessive and habitual use of ganja has produced the aforesaid noxious effects within a shorter period of the indulgence. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not appear to be a hereditary habit. I think it may affect the children of the moderate consumers when its use causes bronchitis or asthma. 48. The habitual excessive use of ganja too does not appear to be a hereditary habit, but, in my opinion, it will affect the children of the consumers as it causes bronchitis or asthma.  - Evidence of BABU ABANTINATH DATTA, Kayastha, Pleader, Judge's Court, Cachar.


45. Habitual ganja-smoking impairs the constitution, injures the natural digestive functions, and the end of a ganja-smoker is death, generally of dysentery or affections of the organs of respiration. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I have actually seen many reputed ganja-smokers who have died from dysentery and lung and respiratory diseases. In these cases I did not make enquiry as to other possible causes of the diseases, and my statement is a general impression only. I have known many people to die of dysentery who were not smokers. I can recall three excessive smokers whose acquaintance I made in the last year. One of them died of dysentery, another has gone half mad, and nothing of consequence has yet happened to the third as far as I have learnt. I have known six people in the course of my life who were ganjasmokers to die of dysentery. I don't know how many excessive smokers I have seen, because I cannot tell when a man becomes an excessive smoker, and ceases to be a moderate smoker, but I have known hundreds of smokers. Ganja would, I believe, be more fatal to life than alcohol if it were used by the higher classes. The lower classes who consume it are better able to withstand the effects of ganja. I know of no case in which I can ascribe death to either ganja or liquor as the principal cause, but I know of one ganja-smoker who was reported to have died as a consequence of taking ganja. By principal cause I mean the immediate cause. I am not prepared to say that I know any case in which death is to be ascribed directly to ganja or liquor, except one, where the man died under the intoxication of liquor; but I do know cases in which ganja or liquor has apparently caused diseases which have resulted in death. There is no particular case in which I can say that ganja or liquor was the cause, and that other causes did not produce the disease.  - Evidence of BISHUN CHANDRA CHATTOPADHAY, Pleader, Dhubri.


45. Yes, it impairs the constitution generally. It causes dysentery and bronchitis. It induces laziness. 46. The effects are more visible in this case. Insanity has been known to result from ganjasmoking. 47 and 48. Children of ganja-smokers do often take to the drug. Whether from heredity or not I have not been able to learn. - Evidence of KAMINI KUMAR CHANDRA, Kayastha, Bengali, Pleader, Silchar.


39. Smoking is somewhat less injurious rather than eating or drinking; because the effects of smoking are less lasting than those of eating or drinking. 45. (a) Yes; it does. (b) It impairs the constitution by absorption of blood. (c) It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. (d) It causes dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. (e) It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, in the case of occasional consumers especially. 47. Neither the habitual moderate use nor the habitual excessive use appears to be a hereditary habit. The children of the moderate consumer are affected by the inheritance of the angry habit at least. 48. The children of the excessive consumer are affected a good deal in their physical and mental constitution.  - Evidence of GANGADHAR SORMAH, Brahmin, Pleader, Jorhat.


45. (a) I believe it does—physical, mental and moral. (b) Yes. I think so. (e) Yes, habitual consumers become more lazy every year, and as a rule they are given to immorality. 46. It is difficult to define moderate and excessive use in ganja, for some who consume a large quantity daily do not suffer apparently from its use; others who consume but a very small quantity are immediately affected by it. 47. I cannot say - Evidence of REVD. J. P. JONES,* Missionary, Sylhet.


39. Smoking is more injurious, because it easily affects the brain. 45. Constitution is impaired. Eventually digestion is impaired. Smoking causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. - Evidence of HARIBILASH AGARWALA, Merchant, Tezpur.


45. Ganja-smokers are generally weak in physique. Mental power is also affected by it; morality is also depraved. I am told that in the beginning the use of ganja increases appetite, but afterwards decreases it. Yes; it impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and habits of immorality, and deadens the intellect.   - Evidence of LAKSMIKANTA BARKAGATI, Brahma, Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats' Association, Tezpur, Darrang.


39. Both smoking and eating are injurious. 45. All the bad effects of the use of the hemp drug enumerated in this question are visible even to habitual moderate consumers of tender age. 46. Above answer proves that discussion of this question is not necessary. 47. Does not appear to be a hereditary habit. 48. Discussion unnecessary.  - Evidence of RADHANATH CHANGKAKOTI, Brahmin, Proprietor, "Radha Nath" Printing Press; Municipal Commissioner; Member of Local Board; Secretary to the Upper Assam Association; and Secretary to the Government Girls'  School, Dibrugarh


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking, as the former affects in lungs and brains sooner. 45 and 46. (a) Yes. (c) No. (d), etc. Yes. I saw three cases of dysentery and bronchitis caused by habitual smoking. It impairs moral sense, but induces no laziness to my knowledge. - Evidence of JADU RAM BOROOAH, Assamese Kayasth, Local Board Member; Pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department, Dibrugarh


45. I have no reason to suppose that the habi -tual use in moderation of either bhang or ganja produces any injurious effects whatever. No in-stances of this have come under my own observa-tion. I have of course frequently heard District Superintendents of Police describe men as being idle and useless because they were addicted to the use of drugs ; but I do not remember that District Superintendents have ever told me that this was the result of ganja smoking alone ; and I am in -clined to think that they seldom, if ever, take the trouble to distinguish the effects of different forms of drugs. Besides this, the men thus re-ported to me as being idle and useless were all excessive consumers, and it is also open to doubt whether in many cases at least they were not idle and useless before they took to drugs. Since the question has been before me, I have seen and spoken to a good many moderate consumers among the general population ; and there was nothing whatever in their appearance or talk to distinguish them from non-consumers. I can call to mind many instances in which Police officers have been dismissed for neglect of duty owing to indulgence in alcohol ; but not a single case in which this was owing to ganja smoking.  - Evidence of COLONEL M. M. BOWIE, Commissioner, Nerbudda Division.


45. No case has come under my personal notice in which the use of ganja, moderate or excessive, has produced any of the noxious effects recited - Evidence of MR. A. C. DUFF, Deputy Commissioner, Jubbulpore.


45. I prefer to leave this and the next question alone as being more the province of a medical man. As I have already stated (question 42) the moderate use of ganja.I consider to be entirely harmless and to have no more evil effects than the use of tobacco. This is the unanimous opinion of the moderate smokers whom I have spoken to. 47. No, so far as I have been able to ascertain. 48. No.  - Evidence of MR. B. ROBERTSON, Deputy Commissioner, Nimar.


Question 45.[oral evidence]—I cannot make any statement regarding the effects of the drugs, as I have not had opportunities of observing them in particular cases. The subject has not forced itself upon my notice. I disapprove of the general use of intoxi -cants of all kinds; nor do I consider that intoxi -cants are necessary to any class. But the people themselves do consider them necessary under the circumstances of their lives. I cannot mention any class, all members of which abstain from every kind of intoxicant.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR AULAD HUSSEIN, C.I.E., Assistant Commissioner and Settlement Officer, Jabalpur.


39. Bhang is doubtless the least intoxicating of the preparations used in these provinces. Majum eating and ganja smoking produce pretty similar results in this respect, the intoxication caused by the latter being probably shorter-lived than that induced by the former. I am pot prepared to say that moderate indulgence in any one of these three preparations is injurious. - Evidence of MR. H. V. DRAKE-BROCKMAN, Officiating  Commissioner of Excise, Central Provinces.


9. None say that smoking of ganja in any form is less injurious than eating or drinking it. On the contrary, it is worse in effect than the latter. 45. Ganja smoking impairs the constitution of the consumers, who look pale and thin; whereas this does not appear to be the case with bhang consumers. Its consumer looks stout and healthy. Both these drugs have a tendency more or less to induce debauchery, The object of young men commencing to use them is to increase the sexual desire. - Evidence of TRIMBAK RAO SATHE, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and Diwan of the Sonepur State.


39. No. Smoking is more injurious than drinking or eating, as smoking causes more heat to the brain and to the nervous system than eating or drinking does. When bhang or ganja is eaten or drunk it is always mixed with cooling drugs. This reduces the natural heat of the drugs and makes them less injurious. 45. (b) Yes. It impairs eyesight and reduces the manly powers. (c) Yes. It does in the long run. (d) Yes. (e) Yes. Question 45.[oral evidence]—My opinion is that the moderate habitual use tends to the excessive use. Thus there are the ill-effects I specify, But the poorer classes remain moderate smokers, because they cannot afford more. The moderate use, if it remains moderate, is, as I have said in answer No. 42, harmless. The poorer classes, who are the greater part of the consumers, and also people of determination, remain moderate smokers. Dhatura is not often used, because of constriction of throat, and also the very severe intoxication it produces. The people generally dislike and fear it. I knew a ease of dhatura making a man insane. The general actual result is that the majority of mode rate smokers do not go to excess. I do not think that the habit does harm to poor persons who have to work hard and to endure exposure. 46. It is in every way injurious. It exhausts a man and makes him impotent. Brings on dullness, laziness, and insanity, in cases of young men, by causing heat to the brain. 47. No. The effect on the issue is weakness. 48. Persons who are habitual excessive users of the ganja are generally very soon exhausted and get no issue at all, and if they get any, their issues turn out very weak. - Evidence of RAGHUNATH RAO, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Damoh.


39. The smoking of the preparation of hemp drugs is a more injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same. The reason is that smoking produces greater and immediate effect on one's brain, while the effect produced by drinking or eating is not so quick, and it is less injurious to the brain. It has often been seen that the smoker, while taking a long draught of smoke, fell down quite stupefied. Question 39.[oral evidence]—I have seen a man fall down after a draught of ganja in the way described. Twice witnesses have fallen down in my presence, and I have been told that they had just primed themselves with ganja. I have seen men fallen in the bazars, about whom I have been told that they had been smoking ganja. I cannot say if they were habitual smokers. I have seen a man fall in a similar manner when he was smoking tobacco in consequence of the chilam having been suddenly removed from the hookah by a com-panion, and the smoker having, consequently, taken a strong draught of air. 45. The habitual, moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effect, physical, mental and moral. It is injurious to lungs, vision, and produces an offensive smell in the body of the consumer. It is useful in the early stages of dysentery. It impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The injuries the moderate use of these drugs produces, are discussed in the answer to the 45th question. The excess augments the injuries. 47. In my opinion the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, and affects in no way the children of the consumer. Question 47.[oral evidence]—A man named Munnu Das was quite well when he entered my service. He took to ganja smoking, and had asthma in consequence for 10 years. His two sons and one daughter all had asthma. I have no other case I can quote from personal knowledge48. If the consumer is subject to any of the diseases, such as asthma, dropsy, or insanity, owing to the excess in consumption of any of these drugs, his children inherit the diseases of the parent.  - Evidence of SYED MOHAMED HUSAIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner ; Diwan, Khairagarh State.


39. Ganja smoking is more injurious than drinking bhang. The former produces asthma, bronchitis and such other diseases. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes, unless they get a very good and nourishing food. (c) Not exactly. (d) Yes; certainly the latter two. (e) Yes. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs would necessarily prove more harmful. 47. No. 48. No.  - Evidence of RAM KRISHNA RAO, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara.


39. No; the drinking or eating of any preparation of hemp plant is not more injurious than smoking, because in drinking they put massalas (spices) and black pepper, and in modak, a form of medicine, the effects are less injurious than smoking. 45. (a) and (b) The habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce any noxious effect, nor does it impair the constitution. (c) and (d) No, it does not. (e) The consumers become a little lazy. 46. I have come to know by observation that the habitual excessive use of ganja is very injurious. I think of all the intoxicants ganja is said to be the worst. I have known cases that by excessive use of ganja the consumers who were very healthy in their youth have become totally blind...In old age the excessive smoker of ganja generally gets cough and asthma, and many have come to their grave at a premature and early age. I have seen excessive smokers of ganja to become cranky and not affectionate to their wives and children, and quite indifferent to their affairs. In short, the excessive habitual smoker of ganja becomes quite useless to himself and to society. 47. No; I am acquainted with persons who are habitual moderate consumers of bhang and ganja, but their children never use these drugs. 48. It has been often observed that the sons of habitual excessive drinkers of bhang and smokers of ganja have been found using these drugs, but there are some exceptions to this ; also generally in some family where excessive use of these drugs appears to be hereditary.  - Evidence of BATUK BHARTHY, Superintendent of Kalahandi State.


39. I don't think the smoking of the hemp plant is in any way less injurious. Yes, It impairs the constitution. In no way it will increase the appetite. It will cause bronchitis or asthma. It will produce laziness and habits of immorality. 46. Excessive habitual use of ganja is certain to produce insanity. Men using ganja moderately often take recourse to excessive use, simply sometimes to relieve them of their mental anxieties. It deadens their intellects, and for want of self control, induces them to indulge too much in its smoking. 47 and 48. It is not a hereditary habit, but affects the health of the children.  - Evidence of ALAM CHAND, Superintendent, Bastar State.


39. Ganja smoking is much more injurious to health than the drinking of bhang. The latter form, if well prepared, cools the body and keeps up a man's spirit. The former causes great heat and makes a man weak. Bhang is prescribed by the school of native physicians on account of medicinal qualities. It is chiefly used in medicines given to remove nervous debility. In the treatment of cattle disease also it is used. 45. It impairs the constitution in the long run to some extent. It does not cause loss of appetite. It causes bronchitis and asthma if good quantity of ghee is not taken. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of T. GOONDIAH, Tahsildar, Janjgir, Bilaspur District.


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious than drinking of bhang or ganja, leaf decoctions. Never heard of any bad result of the latter. 45 and 46. Habitual excessive smoking is bad; induces asthma in old age and dimness of sight. Habitual moderate use will have the same effect but in a less degree; perhaps in some cases no result at all.  - Evidence* of MUNSHI THAKHT SINGH, pensioned Tahsildar, Bata, District Damoh.


45. The moderate use does not produce any noxious effects, except that it produces the effect (physical) of reddening the eyes and mental effects of making the consumer a little lazy—i.e., it causes a tendency for sleeping. Instead of causing dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma, it cures  them. If râsayana called kalpa of bhang is made use of, it produces immorality with indulgence in sexual desire to some extent. It deadens the intellect if excessively used, and causes temporary, change in disposition - Evidence of CHINTAMANI NAND VIDYÂ BHUSHANA, Uria Brahmin, late Tahsildar, Sonepur, Sambalpur.


39. I would give preference to smoking ganja. Charas, majum and drinking bhang produce intoxicating effects stronger than the first, and which last longer. Excepting charas the effects from the other two preparations are in no way injurious to the health, so far as I have ascertained in my own case. 45. (a) No. (b) No. (c) I don't know. (d) No. (e) Not to my knowledge. 47 and 48. No, it is not hereditary.  - Evidence of VINAYAK BALKRISHNA. KHARE, Brahmin, Excise Daroga, Nagpur.


39. Smoking hemp is more injurious than eating it, because by smoking, the heat is increased through the fire which burns it. It is not very injurious if it be eaten as majum or drunk with water, because water, sugar, and ghee reduce the heat to a certain extent. 45. It is injurious to persons who are so addicted to it as to use it daily excessively. It diminishes a man's strength when he does not get good food with sugar and ghee. If he does not get good food, ghee and milk, it dries up his body and reduces his digestive power. When a man becomes weak and suffers want of nourishing food, it produces cough, and often turns into asthma. Generally the excessive use of hemp dries the body and makes the sense defective, and when a man does not get ganja, dullness prevails over him and blunts his memory and he becomes insane. But the dullness and insanity disappear when he gets ganja to smoke. Its visible signs are that the eyes are always red, and a roughness appears on the face. - Evidence of ANANDI PERSHAD, Excise Daroga, Hoshangabad.


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious than drinking bhang. It produces cough and headache and other diseases. 45. As to ganja and bhang only excessive taking is injurious. 46. Habitual excessive use of ganja impairs the constitution. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery, cough and asthma. It also generates rheumatism. It impairs the moral sense and induces habits of laziness and debauchery. As to bhang the bad effects are similar but less severe. I have observed cases myself. I cannot think of any particular cases. 47. It is not hereditary, The children of ganja smokers are often very weakly. They have no particular diseases. I have not observed this effect from bhang. 48. The above is the effect of habitual excessive use of ganja. No such effect on children is observed in cases of habitual moderate smokers.  - Evidence of BRIJMOHUN PATNAIK, Mahanti, Treasurer, Sambalpur.


45. I have never found ganja smoking stand in the way of my work, and 1 have never had to take sick leave on account of ill-health. I never heard of anybody going mad from ganja smoking, or committing violent crime in consequence of it.  - Evidence of UMA CHURN MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Government Clerk, Jabalpur.


39. The smoking of ganja is more injurious than the eating or drinking of any preparation. The smoking affects the health, and if not supported by something nourishing in the way of food, such as cream or milk, it brings on emaciation. Question 39.[oral evidence]—My opinion of comparative effects of smoking and drinking hemp drugs is derived from my enquiries, not from any personal experience. 45. Yes, to a slight extent it weakens the consumer. Yes, if habitually taken, even in moderate quantities, it injures the digestion. Yes, if habitually taken, it brings on bronchitis and asthma. Yes, if habitually taken, it induces laziness somewhat and habits of immorality. Question 45.[oral evidence]—My opinion is based on the effects of the drug on two servants of mine, a tent pitcher and a sweeper. These men did not admit the admixture of nux vomica, or dhatura. My observation showed they were weakened generally. The tent-pitcher, a middle-aged man, is asthmatic. He is lazy, but not immoral. He does not shew any tendency to insanity. For the rest of my answer I depended on general enquiries. The sweeper was a great ganja-smoker, but a bad lot all round. I cannot attribute his bad qualities to ganja.  47. No, the habitual moderate use of these drugs is not a hereditary habit. 48. No, the habitual excessive use of  any of the drugs is not hereditary.  - Evidence of MR. A. E. LOWRIE, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda.


45. I have always understood it to induce laziness and debauchery. - Evidence of COLONEL H. HUGHES HALLET, Officiating Inspector-General of Police and Prisons. Central Provinces


Question 45 [oral evidence]-The excessive use of ganja is, I think, injurious to the brain. The moderate smokers are far in the majority. I should say five or ten per cent, of consumers are excessive consumers. Perhaps between thirty or forty per cent, of adult males use hemp drugs. I think that about three per cent. of the adult male population are excessive consumers. By excessive use I mean the use which affects the mind, i.e., where the consumer takes more than is good for him, as we speak of an excessive drinker. I do not think the moderate use of ganja is more harmful than the moderate use of tobacco or liquor - Evidence of MR. F. A. NAYLOR, District Superintendent of Police, Saugor,


39, I have only known of ganja being smoked and know nothing of the consumption of other forms of the drug. I don't consider moderate smoking prejudical, and have from an early period of my service understood that a large Percentageof lunatics confined in asylums was caused by the excessive use of ganja. 45. (a) I think not. (b) to (e) Not that I am aware of. 46. I have no information. 47. I am not aware of any evidence of heredity in the ganja habit, 4S. I have no knowledge  - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON–LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. B. GAFFNEY, Civil Surgeon, Jabalpur


39. I should think smoking has a more deleterious effect than drinking. It does, I think, give rise to a form of temporary insanity; but I see no reason to suppose it is more the cause of insanity than alcohol or excessive venery. Question, 39.[oral evidence]—I think smoking more deleterious than drinking, (1) because 1 do not know that good bhang.ian has the same amount of the deleteChang Gus ingredient as the ganja, i.e., the cannabine; and (2) because in smoking, the drug is more quickly absorbed and has less chance of being changed in character. I am not prepared to say that the consumption of ganja by smoking is more hurtful than the drinking of alcohol. The latter produces disease. I am not prepared to say that ganja does. Alcohol affects the liver, kidneys, etc. I do not think ganja does. Ganja is said to produce bronchitis, etc., but this effect is probably more mechanical than due to the absorption of the poison. I am not prepared to deny that ganja may thus produce asthma or bronchitis; but it is not proved 47. I should say no. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. K. MCKAY, Civil Surgeon, Nagpur.


39. Smoking ganja appears more injurious, because ganja contains more of the active principle than bhang. It is more readily absorbed in the form of vapour by the lungs, and for smoking it requires no lengthy preparation ; hence it is more resorted to. neasy, restless, and disinclined for exertion.. 45. I have no evidence that the moderate use of the drug produces any noxious effects, such as those given in the question. 46. The excessive use of the drug appears to deaden the intellect and to produce a condition of stupefaction in which the person thinks of and cares for nothing. Sometimes tremulousness of the muscles occurs. Bronchitis is not uncommon among those who indulge excessively; but this may be owing to neglect and exposure - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. QUAYLE, Civil Surgeon, Nimar.


39. None; each of these have their baneful effects on the system. The three drugs affect the brain and intellects. The smokers are prone to chest diseases, and generally cough and asthma and weakness of the heart. The drinkers suffer from stomach disorders and indigestion, and most suffer from dysentery and die. In fevers with the consumer the brain is soon affected. Question 39[oral evidence].—Charas is worst, ganja next; then bhang is less harmful: not much less. I have never seen charas used in this province; but I have attended patients who took it in the NorthWestern Provinces. When I speak of "the drinkers " suffering from the stomach, I mean bhang drinkers. More than fifty per cent of bhang drinkers die of dysentery, or such diseases. Perhaps that is too strong a statement; but I have seen several die. I have noted in the case history whether the man took ganja or bhang. I am talking of Kalahandi State. Bhang is not used to excess as a rule; but those who use it are more subject to dysentery than others. Yet it is used for dysentery. I have found it useful in dysentery. That renders the patient inaccessible to usual remedies if he is a consumer. It is the same with opium. I think that liquor does not tend so much to dysentery. 45. Yes, the noxious effects are physical, mental, and moral. It impairs the muscular powers and nervous system. In time both appetite and digestion are impaired. The consumers are most subject to these diseases, dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It certainly induces laziness. In the beginning it excites venery to a certain extent. Of all the intoxicants used by the people of India, none are so baneful as the hemp drugs. The pleasurable feeling of intoxication lasts for about three hours, and requires gratification and longing, and there is a tendency to its increase. The consumers at this state talk much and largely and their intentions in doing much, but never perform them . 47 and 48. I have no knowledge of this fact.  - Evidence of HONY. SURGEON-MAJOR J. E. HARRISON, Retired List, and Civil Surgeon, Kalahundi


39. I consider ganja smoking as far more injurious than bhang eating or drinking. In the former, acrid smoke containing nicotine from tobacco, carbon, and other products of combustion, is drawn directly into the lungs, setting up asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and eventually valvular incompetence. I have frequently found at post mortem examinations, the lungs of old ganja smokers so full of carbon as to resemble miners' lungs in England. Question 39.[oral evidence]—Every ganja smoker I have spoken to has had some affection of the lungs or bronchial tubes. A special effect is due to the effort of strong inspiration. The affection here eferred to is emphysema. The second sentence of my answer would be true of tobacco also, if it was constantly smoked in the same way as ganja is . The third sentence would, under the same condi tions, be true of tobacco. I am of opinion that a very large proportion of the poorer class of toba cco smokers who attend dispensaries mix ganja with their tobacco. Congestion of the eyes is frequently noticed, and, I regard that as symptomatic of ganja smoking. It was only since receiving the Commission's questions that I came to regard the deposit of carbon in the lungs as the effect of ganja smoking. The presence of carbon in the lungs is a diagnostic mark of smoke having been drawn into the lungs. 45. Ganja smoking only. (a) None : it brightens the faculties, I am told. (b) See reply to question 29. (c) No; has the opposite effect. (d) Dysentery, no ; bronchitis and asthma, yes. (e) Not laziness but possibly some tendency to immorality. Not more so than alcohol. Question 46.[oral evidence]—The congestion of the eyes and the speedy intoxicating effect of ganja lead me to suppose that the drug must affect the brain more markedly than other intoxicants do. Intoxication supervenes on indulgence in ganja much more rapidly than on drinking of liquor. Congestion of the conjunctiva is not necessarily connected with congestion of the brain ; but in the cases of ganja smoking in which I have observed this symptom, I believe in the connection, because I could ascertain no other cause. Congestion of the brain does not always produce congestion of the conjunctiva. The congestion of the conjunctiva appeared to me in observed cases to be permanent, and I should expect that a corresponding permanent congestion of the brain existed. Congestion of the conjunctiva is found in cases of alcohol poisoning ; and in those cases there is corresponding congestion of the brain, leading afterwards to other degenerating changes. I should think it probable that similar degeneration took place in the brain of the ganja smoker. I have never noticed in post mortem examinations any brain changes due to ganja, because the point was not in my mind at the time. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of APOTHECARY J. PRENTIE, Civil Surgeon, Bhandara.


45. The moderate use of ganja and bhang does not ordinarily produce any noxious effects. Ganja sometimes causes a thickening of the mucous lining of the throat and larynx producing chronic catarrh. The constant mental enervation, consequent on ganja inhalation even in moderate doses, does not seem to induce further aberration, or culminate in laziness and immoral habits. Question 45.[oral evidence] —I do not find that this constant mental enervation tends to permanent evil in the case of the moderate smoker, though such cases occur among excessive smokers. This " aberration " seems connected with temporary congestion of brain; and ordinarily one would expect that its frequent recurrence would lead to permanent mischief ; but experience is against this. I do not think that the moderate indulgence leads to laziness or immoral habit. No doubt the habitual use creates a desire to repeat the indulgence; but smokers tell me there is no difficulty in controlling any desire to indulge at odd times. It is easy to keep to the regular times fixed. 46. The habitual, excessive use of ganja generally produces lasting physical injury, mental confusion and moral deterioration. Loss of flesh and even emaciation frequently occur from disinclination for food and dyspepsia. A chronic bronchiectasis is always present, simulating asthma. Inertia, due to mental depression and general physical languor, exists; but there is usually a complete absence of sexual desire. 47. Heredity cannot be traced in any single case. 48. Facility in obtaining the drug is quoted by a few habituals. A habitually drunken father leaves the drug lying about and the son thus contracts the habit at a tender age. Heredity cannot however be made out.   - Evidence of APOTHECARY GEORGE MURPHY, Civil Surgeon, Mandla.


Question 39.[oral evidence] — I do not think there is any real difference in effect between ganja and bhang ; but there is difference in degree. I think that ganja smoking is more harmful than bhangdrinking. That is my experience. 45. Yes, it produces injurious effects, physically, mentally and morally. It impairs general health, and predisposes its victims to subsequent bodily and mental diseases. It causes diarrhœa, dysentery, bronchitis and asthma in after life. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and immoral habits. Question 45.[oral evidence]—The " remote " or after-effects to which I refer in question 42 are such diseases as asthma, bronchitis, diarrhœa, functional diseases of the heart, etc. I think these may result from the moderate use of the drugs. The result is cumulative. In regard to asthma, bronchitis, diarrhœa, and dysentery, I think the moderate use is enough to cause them...I do not think that the moderate use of bhang would cause asthma or bronchitis or diarrhœa or dysentery. It is ganja that causes these remote effects. Bhang is, I think, harmless as regards its remote effects. The last sentence of my reply to question 45 is based on the case above narrated. My remarks about the typical symptoms are based on what I have heard.  46. The above remarks apply more strongly in case of habitual excessive use of the drug. 47. Neither. 48. The same as above - Evidence of DOORGA DAS SEN, Baidya, Assistant Surgeon, Warora.


39. The smoking of any of these preparations is, of course, more injurious form of consumption than eating and drinking, for the drug is composed of cannabine, which is not diluted in smoking, and hence it vigorously injures the system. Question 39.[oral evidence]—Cannabine is the resin of ganja or hemp. It is not decomposed by smoking.  45. Undoubtedly the consumer becomes gradually emaciated, dull and unable to bear the sun and is consequently exposed to variety of diseases, such as lung diseases, dropsy, and anasarca, etc. ; the consumer becomes peevish, dull of intellect and memory, and loses mental faculties, and adheres to immoral character and habit, because he likes the society of bad characters and indulges in luxury. 46. Habitual moderate consumers become ultimately habitual excessive consumers, and hence the result becomes much the same as given in reply to question No. 45. Question 46 [oral evidence]. —I think that those who remain moderate consumers, and do not fall into the excessive habit, are few. This is in my opinion true of all intoxicants. I have served in cities and towns, and have not experience of village life. I have seen two or three cases in my hospital practice of men attributing loss of appetite, etc., to ganja. One man was brought to me (a fakir) insensible from ganja, and a man with fever once asked me if I could give him something to cure a tendency to impotence. I have never seen any other cases of illness ascribed to ganja. I have seen cases in which the administration of cannabis as medicine in dysentery led to violence and a form of intoxication. In mania it is a sedative. 1 have not found ganja to be a cause of disease. Beyond what I have said, it has never come before me. I have never seen an asthma, bronchitis or dysentery case arising from ganja. I have only had one case of insanity in my hospital practice. 47. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit. The moderate use can affect the children of the consumers in case he gets insanity. 48. Same thing as above. - Evidence of MUHAMMAD HABIBULLA, 1st grade Hospital Assistant, Seoni.


45. Yes, even the habitual moderate use of ganja and charas and bhang do produce very noxious physical, mental, and moral effects. Yes, ganja and charas impair the constitution while bhang makes unusually fat and produces bronchocele and hydrocele. Ganja and charas injure the digestion and cause loss of appetite. Yes, ganja and charas cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma, and bhang affects urinary system. Yes, ganja and charas and bhang also impair the moral sense and induce laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive use of any of these drugs leads to the above-mentioned harms, very rapidly and strongly. 47 and 48. No hereditary habit. But the children are often led to follow the example of their father.  - Evidence of MIR ZAMIN ALI, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Jabalpur.


45. I have known hundreds of ganja smokers and I smoke it myself. I have never known a case in which it did any harm. I give it as a medicine for diarrhoea. I do not believe that ganja causes the illness called " damma." It is as common amongst people who never touch ganja. Question 45.—My age is 55 years. I have smoked ganja for thirty-five years. I learned it in the society of fakirs or mendicants wandering about who came to Jabalpur. I only occasionally take bhang. I take ganja regularly. I take tobacco with it. I sometimes add musk, nothing else. I do not know about admixture of poisons ; but I have heard of its being done. Old ganja does not intoxicate enough. I smoke six to eight or ten chillums a day. The labourer smokes alone. But we do not smoke alone. Four or five of us smoke together. Two tolas suffice for three or four chillums and will go roundas many as fifty people. In a tola of purchased ganja three-fourths will be real ganja (leaving sticks) ; but the present ganja is bad and only yields onehalf. A tola of ganja will give four chillums for single consumers or for two or three people at a time. I think that the consumption has decreased owing to the very high price and, the age of the ganja sold. I have steadily smoked for thirty years, and have good health and always appetite. I have no asthma, nor have I any cough that troubles. I have never been intoxicated, i.e., insensible, from ganja. The baluchar ganja makes the head swing. It is stronger than the other. I can bring two hundred old men who are hale and hearty, who have smoked fifty years. I do not take liquor except occasionally as medicine. Ganja has a bad name. People who do not take it call us " ganjeri," as I should call a man who takes liquor " sharabi," and a charas smoker " charasbaz." The man who does not use an intoxicant calls the moderate consumer a debauchee. The poor man really requires it, as also the fakir for his exposure : to the rich it is luxury and so a vice. It is since Mr. Nicholas was here that the great set was made against ganja. If a man takes ganja excessively, he will have a bad name, he will become weak and thin ; but he will not become insane; neither will he become insensibly intoxicated (as in the case of liquor), however much he takes. He will not go about smashing things and behaving like a mad man as he would with too much liquor. Ganja tends to religious meditation. I am a Baid. In dysentery, diarrhoea and coughs, ganja is useful. The ashes are useful in asthma, taken in pân. I know Hindu books on medicine. They never ascribe insanity to ganja. My sons died young and therefore never took ganja. I am a Brahmin and priest or preacher. I am also a wrestler. 47. I have not observed the ganja habit to be hereditary. - Evidence of FAKIRCHAND, Brahmin, Baid and Pandit, Jabalpur


39. Smoking is the most injurious, as it affects the intellect, dries up the body, and causes bad coughs. 45. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Not dysentery but bronchitis, and asthma almost certainly. (e) It causes laziness and reduces the power for sexual intercourse, and so of sensual feelings. This is one reason why bairagis take it. 46. The constitution is impaired. Digestion is not injured. Bronchitis and asthma are caused. 47, 48 and 49. No. - Evidence of KHUSHALI RAM, Honorary Magistrate, Chhindwara.


39. The smoking of ganja is more injurious than either drinking or eating it. They say the smoking of it has a very irritating effect, while the drinking of it has a soothing effect; and so it is that bhang has come to be used as a beverage on fast days to alleviate the heat caused in the system by abstention from food. Question 39.[oral evidence]—There are people who chew ganja like tobacco. That is not so injurious as smoking.  45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does produce noxious effects, but not to the extent produced by consumption of opium and madak. A moderate use, as far as I have been able to make out, does not deteriorate the physical strength of a man to any very large extent; but it necessarily destroys his mental equilibrium. For some time it helps digestion, but when the habit becomes settled, it begins to produce noxious effects, and in some few instances causes loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, but in a few cases helps to produce symptoms of asthma after a course of years of regular habit. This has been the case in my own cart-driver. I don't know if the consumption of ganja has a necessary effect of demoralizing a man, but my experience goes to show that generally persons given to ganja smoking are persons who lead an immoral life. In many cases it gives an incentive to work hard. Question 45.[oral evidence]—Opium does more harm than ganja, because it is smoked, and in that form does much harm. The eating of opium is confined to people who are of better means and are able to afford good food, and so mitigate the evil effects.47. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit, and does not in any way affect the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of GANGADHARRAO MADHO CHITNAVIS , Honorary Magistrate, Nagpur.


39. Smoking of ganja is more injurious than eating its leaves or drinking bhang. 45. Ganja smoking (habitual) induces cough and asthma. It does not lead to immorality or reduce the frame to a skeleton as madak does. It makes the white of the eyes red and dims the sight.  - Evidence* of MIR IMDAD ALI, Honorary Magistrate, Damoh


Question 45.—I have never had personal experience of any person suffering severely either in health or in pocket from smoking ganja.  - Evidence of CHAUDHRY UMRAO SINGH, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


39. There is no ganja preparation smoked which is less injurious than drinking bhang. The drinking of bhang causes no injury in most cases while the smoking of ganja is injurious if it is used frequently. 45. (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) No, as regards bhang and ganja. 46. All these drugs used in excess cause loss of appetite and weaken the constitution and induce laziness. They engender a desire for milk and sweet things. All these drugs in excess cause insanity of a permanent nature. 47. The habitual moderate use of these drugs is not hereditary, though children of moderate consumers would learn the habit from their parents. The children of moderate consumers are, as a rule, weaker than those of others. 48. Same as to 47 ; but the habitual excessive consumers have fewer children.  - Evidence of SETH BACHRAJ, Honorary Magistrate, Wardha.


39. Ganja and bhang-smoking and drinking are not injurious. The effect of each drug is the same. 45. Excessive consumers of these drugs, with the exception of fakirs, have noxious effect. There are fakirs who smoke half a seer of ganja per day. It induces laziness, and in old age causes asthma and cough, etc. It does not impair the habit of debauchery, 46. Sometimes habitual excessive consumers get a kind of senselessness. 47. The habitual use of these drugs does not appear to be hereditary, but depends only upon the company which the consumer joins.  - Evidence of MODAN MOHAN SETH, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


39. Yes, smoking is injurious ; it leads to asthma, etc. Eating or drinking is not injurious. 45. Ganja leads to asthma and bronchitis, but not to dysentery. Bhang produces no evil effects, except general lassitude. Consumers of both drugs are apt to be quick-tempered, but this is more marked in the case of ganja. They do not produce immorality. 46. See above. 47. No. 48. No - Evidence of KAPUR CHAND, Honorary Magistrate and Gumasta, Raipur


39. Ganja smoking is worse than bhang drinking, or than eating or drinking any form of either drug. 5. Ganja smokers are generally thin, and have bad digestions and poor appetites. I have not noticed any evil mental or moral effects. 46. Habitual excessive consumers are liable to bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery. They are also lazy and stupid, but not necessarily debauched or immoral. 47. No. 48. The only danger is that the children will become consumers by force of example. - Evidence of RAGHOBA MAHADIK, Malguzar and Honorary Magistrate, Rajim


39. The smoking of ganja is less expensive than any other preparation. 45. The habitual moderate use of this only deranges the mind, and does not produce any physical or moral injury. When the mind is deranged it injures the digestive power and causes loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery or bronchitis. It causes asthma in some cases in old age. It impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness, habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use results in brain diseases and commission of thefts, dacoities, debaucheries, etc., and produces insanity. 47. It is not the custom to use ganja hereditarily; nor do I know that the use of it affects in any way the children of the moderate consumer.  -  Evidence of HARI HAR SINGH, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate, Sambalpur District.


45. Ganja-smoking causes cough. It has a deleterious effect on the brain, and so bhang has. 46. Vide reply against question No. 45. 47. It does not appear to be hereditary or to affect the children of the consumer. 48. Vide reply against question No. 47.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR SETH TIKA RAM, Brahmin, Money-lender and Malguzar, Narsinghpur.


39. The same drug is never smoked and drunk or eaten. 45. Charas injures the constitution. There are no serious effects from the use of charas and bhang. They cause bronchitis, not asthma. A moderate use of these drugs does not lead to laziness or immorality. 47 and 48. The habit is not hereditary.  - Evidence of DIWAN PREM SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


39. Bhang is by far the least injurious of all preparations of the hemp plant. 45. It causes cold, bronchitis, and cough. There is no one in my zamindari commonly pointed out as a victim of bhang or ganja smoking. 46. Men frequently take to ganja and bhang drinking to stimulate the passions. The immediate effect is to stimulate the passion. This leads to immorality; but the effects soon wear off and leaves the man impotent. 47. The habit is not hereditary - Evidence of LALL UMED SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


39. They don't use bhang for smoking. Ganja is so used, and the chur is both used for smoking and drinking, The use of ganja for smoking is very injurious as is evidenced by the effects
produced on the smokers, many of whom become insane, and others are reduced in health owing to loss of blood. - Evidence * of PANDIT NARAYAN RAO GOBIND, Brahmin, Zamindar, Hurda.


39. Ganja smoking is more injurious than bhang eating. 45. (a) Yes, ganja smoking does, even though moderate, but the bhang eater when he has re -covered from his intoxication is none the worse. (c) Ganja smoking injures the digestion, but not bhang eating. (d) Ganja smoking generally causes asthma in habitual smokers. (e) Yes, ganja smoking does so, but bhang eating only whilst the intoxication lasts. 46. The effects of habitual excessive ganja smoking are the same as mentioned above, but intensified. 47. No. 48. No.   - Evidence of CHANDI PERSHAD, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda.


45. (a) Yes. Ganja smoking produces idiotcy and lunacy, as it affects the brain. (b) Yes. (c) No. (d) Yes ; it causes dysentery and asthma. (e) Yes. 46. It ...causes loss of appetite; it injures digestion and impairs the moral senses, and leads to crime and immorality. 47. It is not hereditary : it affects the children of the consumer. The issue is weak and not healthy. 48. The effects are worse than those described above. - Evidence of THAKUR MAHARAJ SINGH, RAI BAHADUR,* Malguzar, Saugor.


39. The smoking of any preparation of hemp plant is in my opinion not less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same, but on the contrary it is decidedly more injurious, because smoking acts more directly upon brain than eating or drinking. 45. Habitual moderate use of ganja impairs constitution if the consumer is not richly fed. It slightly injures the digestion. It also causes bronchitis and, in older age, asthma. It does not impair moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. It does not seem to deaden the intellect. The above remarks apply to habitual moderate use of bhang also, except that it does not cause bronchitis, asthma or insanity. 46. Physical effects of the moderate use of ganja are still worse when it is taken in excessive quantity. The excessive use of these drugs does make one lazy and is likely to tend towards debauchery. 47. The habitual moderate use of none of these drugs appears to be hereditary, but such use of any of these affects injuriously the constitution of children. They are born weakly. 48. Excessive use injures the constitution of children the more, but the habit is not hereditary.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB BALWANTRAO GOVINDRAO BHUSKUTE, Brahmin, Jagirdar of Timborni, Barhanpar, Nimar District.


39. I think that drinking bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja, because the smoke which goes inside the body affects the brain. Liquid bhang does not go to the brain so much. I have observed that smokers are more affected than drinkers, 45. No. 46. Excessive use impairs the constitution. It disables him from walking and makes his temper irritable. It deranges his mind and brain. Digestion is injured, and appetite lost. It may cause dysentery, cough and asthma. It injures the moral sense, and induces laziness and debauchery. I cannot answer the remaining questions. These remarks apply to both ganja and bhang. I speak from what I have heard. 47. I do not think it is hereditary. 48. The children of excessive smokers are not affected in any way. I have seen many such - Evidence * of DAMODHAR DASS, Brahmin, Mafidar, Bargarh, Sambalpur District


39. Ganja-smoking is considered very injurious. Bhang drinking is considered most beneficial to health. Majum-eating, prepared with ganja, is considered less harmful, as also "yakuti" and "panjari." 45. (a) These noxious effects are not immediately produced, but they gradually tell on the physical, mental and moral faculties of man. (b) Ganja smoking impairs the constitution of a man. (c) Yes it does, I am told, in the case of an excessive habitual smoker. (d) Sometimes ganja does produce these maladies. (e) Ganja smoking does, I am informed. 47. The habit of ganja smoking is not hereditary in the same sense as some diseases are, which descend from father to son. It is very highly probable that the child which constantly observes its father from an early age smoking ganja, would acquire the vicious habit from mere association of parental acts, which may tend to good or bad. But I have heard it said that the physique of a habitual moderate consumer of ganja is more or less affected - Evidence of the REV. I. JACOB, Church of England Missionary, Chairman, District Council, etc., Chanda


45. Yes, it produces bronchitis, asthma and cough owing to that smoking of ganja consolidates the lungs. It seems to weaken the intellect and make the consumers very dull. - Evidence of the REV. A. G. DANIELSSON, Missionary, Chhindwara.


39. As far as I know, smoking is more injurious than any other form of indulgence in this drug, for in all the cases of attempted suicide and delirium I have come across from indulging in the drug, smoking has been the cause. 45. (a) Yes, to some degree in all three senses. (b) Yes, if continued. (a) Not in moderate, quantities. (d) Not to my knowledge. (e)Yes, it induces laziness and immorality. 46. I have answered this question in the above. 47. I have not ascertained this fact; but I think in a great many cases it is hereditary. I do not think the children are in any bad way affected. I have seen very intelligent children of habitual ganja-smokers. 48. I should answer this question as above.   - Evidence of the REV. O. LOHR,* Medical Missionary, Bisrampur, Raipur District.


39. No; although a little tobacco is mixed with ganja, its evil effects are in no way mitigated. The case is different slightly with bhang, as the proportion of massala that is pounded with it is about 70 per cent. and to a chhatak of bhang about two seers of milk and water are added. A bhang drinker takes some time before he gets really intoxicated, and he is under its influence longer than the ganja smoker is. The admixture of tobacco is necessary, as without it ganja can bardly be smoked with comfort. 45.Certainly, my idea of an average ganja -smoker is that he is a skinny, shrivelled, bareboned individual, worn to a shadow, and that of a bhang-drinker a veritable Rip Van Winkle, probably not so weak-looking as the ganja-smoker but a candid waiter on Providence. I have never seen either of these individuals what I should call good eaters. They show, however, a decided partiality to things made with sugar and ghi. A ganja and bhang smoker is always a prey to asthma, pre-eminently the former. The action of the drug, when used in excess, is originally upon the brain and the spinal marrow, and secondarily upon the stomach and the bowels, which are as a rule irritated and inflamed. It, therefore, injures digestion and the normal appetite fails. Barring a certain class of persons who use it occasionally for the purpose of sexual pleasure, it deadens the finer feelings of those who without it would have been perfectly straight and moral person. Question 47.[oral evidence]—The opinion in the last part of the answer is based on my own observation.I remember three children of an insane father who were all insane. The father was an excessive ganja smoker. The same effect on the children would be traceable from a parent who was bordering on insanity of any other kind. I did not know the family well enough to say whether there were other cases of insanity in it.  - Evidence of ADHAR SINGH GOUR, Kshattri, Barrister-at-law, Hoshangabad


39. From a personal experience of a number of ganja smokers and bhang drinkers, I am inclined to think that the latter practice is by far the least injurious to health. The ganja smoker is as a rule thin and prone to anger. I have invariably found corns of a peculiar form in the soles of the feet of ganja smokers. They are said to be liable to dysentery and lung diseases. I have never noticed any such thing in the bhang drinker. Question 39.[oral evidence]—The feet of ganja-smokers in Bengal frequently bear corns on the soles. In such cases they walk tenderly. 45. As I have said above, I believe that the habitual smoking of ganja, even in moderation leads to physical, mental and moral deterioration. Its effect becomes first visible in the attenuation and enfeeblement of the body and quickness of temper and eccentricity in words and action. Later on these evil results stand in the way of a man's finding employment, and a gradual disinclination for regular active work succeeds; necessity helped by misanthropy and a gradually diminishing sense of right and wrong soon makes the man dishonest. This is perhaps an extreme case, but the general tendency is in this direction. A ganja smoker is the least reliable of working men. Ganja attenuates the body and is popularly believed to be productive of dysentery and lung complaints, and corns in the soles of the feet often impeding quick movements. I have seen more than one case of dysentery amongst ganja smokers, but I am not prepared to say that the disease was the result of the habit. I cannot remember any cases of lung complaint brought on by ganja smoking. I have never heard of a ganja smoker suffering from loss of appetite; on the other hand, I believe that such people eat proportionately more food. I believe that the habit of ganja smoking does unfit a man for regular work and gradually impair the intellect and eventually deaden the power of judging between right and wrong and makes him regardless of consequences. But I do not think that it induces debauchery, except it be through idleness. 46. I believe that habitual excessive use produces the above effects sooner than moderate use. 47. The children of the ganja smoker or the bhang drinker have greater chances of following the paternal habit than other children. I do not, however, believe that this is due so much to any inherited tendency as to the fact of that want of salutary aversion to such indulgences which surrounding public opinion inculcates and the opportunities they get, of indulging in it, at a period of life when curiosity is stronger than consideration of consequences. 48. I knew a man of good family and in easy circumstances who indulged in all sorts of intoxicants, wines, spirits, opium and ganja in excessive quantities. He had two sons, both of them born during the period of the father’s excessive indulgence; the children. in their infancy and boyhood did not differ in any marked way from other children. They were at school and prosecuted their studies up to the middle school standard, but by the time they came to the period of adolescence they took to the paternal habits one after the other, and both of them died before they were 20. Question 48.[oral evidence]—The two young men described in my answer cannot be held to be instances in point,. because the father had other bad habits, and the youths themselves indulged in ganja,  - Evidence of MR. TARA DASS BANERJI, President, District Council, Raipur.


39. Drinking bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja. The one is an occasional drink, which does not form into a habit even if drunk daily, but the latter becomes a habit and makes the smoker uneasy and ill if he is deprived of it for a time. 45. The effect of the habitual moderate use of ganja is that it weakens the body and the mind, and not necessarily the moral sense. After a long use it weakens the digesting power. It can cause bronchitis and asthma, but bhang is not so injurious. Both these drugs bring a laziness after a lengt i of time. 46. I can only guess that the effects will be proportionately aggravated. The excessive use of ganja (habitually) brings on insanity of a permanent kind. 47. No. 48. I have no information on this point.  - Evidence of BABU KALIDAS CHOWDHRY, Brahmin, Pleader, Hoshangabad.


39.Smoking of ganja is more injurions than eating or drinking, as the smoking affects the lungs. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja smoking does not produce any noxious effect, except the affecting of the lungs, which causes either bronchitis or asthma, which generally comes on in old age, It does impair moral sense or induce laziness, or immorality or debauchery, when used for the purpose. 46. I am of opinion that the excessive use of ganja does impair the constitution, injures the digestion, and causes loss of appetite, causes bron-chitis and asthma, and impairs the moral sense and intellect. 47. The moderate use of gauja smoking is not hereditary, and it does not affect the children. 48. Excessive habit of ganja smoking is not hereditary, but it affects the health of the children, as they are generally weak and pale. 48. I cannot specify cases here; but I think this so. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB RANGRAO HARRY KHISTY, Pleader, Bhandara.


45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs without sufficient nourishment, makes a man
physically weak and silly. It brings on asthma ; it impairs digestion ; it induces laziness and habits of immorality. 47 and 48. Children may take up their habits by imitation, but there is no hereditary tendency. - Evidence of Mr. J. A. MAUGHAN, Manager, Central Provinces Collieries, Umaria, Jubbulpore district


45. (a), (c), (d) and (e) No. 47. No.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KUSTOORCHAND DAGA, Bania, Banker, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


39. Smoking of ganja and charas is more injurious than eating or drinking of bhang, inasmuch as in the former case the smoke rising into the brains deranges them and results into madness, etc. 45. (a) No; if ghee is taken in sufficient quantity. (b) Yes ; it does if underfed. (c) No. (d) It does not cause dysentery, but it does produce bronchitis and asthma. (e) It does impair the moral sense, and induces laziness. 47. No. 48. No. Excessive smoking affects the pros -geny mentally. - Evidence of LALA NIINDKESFIORE, * Agartcal, Merchant, Banker, Contractor, Malgoozar, Honorary Magistrate, Secretary, Municipal Committee, and Member, District Council, Saugor.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja is general in this district, and it has no injurious effect on the constitution; neither does it injure their digestions or affect their appetite; nor does it cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; nor make our labourers and artizans lazy or immoral; 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja has no effect of any kind on children. On the contrary our Goads and outdoor labourers have notoriously large families, and their children are as strong and healthy as any one's. I never heard of any hereditary habit or taint in children of ganja smokers. 48. Even the excessive use of ganja does not affect the children of consumers who have a hard outdoor life, wherein they work off its effects. Near my neighbourhood there lives Dharmoo Kunjra, a Khatik, who sells fruit, vegetable, and spices, and cultivates his own land. He smokes five or seven chillums of ganja a day, which is excessive compared to other people. He has two very fine healthly children of 10 or 12 years of age.  - Evidence* of GIRDHARI LAL, Oswal Bania, Merchant and Banker, Seoni-Chapara.


39. The smoking of ganja is more injurious than the drinking of a decoction of bhang. More people fall into excess over ganja than over bhang. If either ganja or bhang be indulged in to excess, the evil effects are alike. People go off their head from both. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not impair the constitution. On the contrary, it sustains the body under hard work and fatigue. The poor merely smoke ganja to sustain them at their work, and fortify them against the exposure, which would otherwise injure them. So long as they continue to get their accustomed smoke of ganja, it does not injure their digestion or lessen their appetite for food. It does not cause either dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; it is only excessive indulgence in ganja that causes asthma; moderate indulgence has no such effect on the working man. For the labouring man the habitual moderate consumption of ganja neither induces laziness, immorality or debauchery. It only has such effect on the man of sedentary or idle habits. For the man who works hard out of doors, ganja, in moderation, is good; for the man who lives an in-door life, it is bad. I believe it is only persons of sedentary in-door habits, and indulgers in ganja to excess who become insane from the effects of ganja. I have no personal knowledge of such cases. 46. The excessive consumer goes off his head, and speaks nonsense, and becomes violent and ag -gressive, and his constitution becomes enfeebled, and he coughs day and night. 47. Habitual moderate use of ganja is general in this district among the labouring classes, but it does not affect their children in any way. They are just as healthy and strong as children should be. I never heard of their inheriting a craving for ganja ; but they do take to ganja, generally in moderation, as they see their fathers and seniors do. 48. Excessive indulgence in ganja enfeebles the man and his seed. I cannot call to mind any children whose feebleness of constitution I can attribute to their fathers having been excessive consumers of ganja. Neither in any assembly of children could a person pick out any as the children of indulgers in ganja to excess. - Evidence* of ONKAR DAS, Agarwalla Bania, Mahajan, Seoni-Chapara.


39. Bhang drinking in moderation is not harmful at all ; on the contrary, it is cooling and refreshing in hot weather. Ganja smoking is injurious and may lead to excess, but is not so likely to do so as indulgence in alcohol, opium or madak. 45. The habitual moderate indulgence in ganja has no injurious effect on the consumer, either physical, mental or moral, provided he is a man of active habits who has to work hard in the open. It does not impair his constitution, but, on the contrary, enables him to bear up against trying conditions. It keeps his digestion and appetite in good condition. It does not cause either dysentery, bronchitis or asthma to the labouring man ; it is, however, apt to cause asthma to the sedentary classes. It does not induce laziness or immoral habits. Neither does habitual moderate indulgence affect any one's reason. 46. Excessive indulgence in ganja does impair the constitution, including the digestion and appetite, and causes asthma and dysentery and inability for labour. Those who work off the effects of the ganja with hard labour do not suffer so much. They can stand much more ganja than the sedentary classes. Ganja has no effect in inducing immorality or de bauchery ; on the contrary, excessive indulgence in ganja incapacitates for such vice. 47. The moderate habitual consumption of ganja does not affect a man's children in any way. I never heard of any hereditary tendency on the part of a ganja smoker's children to take to ganja too. Fathers pass the ganja pipe on to their sons to join with them in a smoke as they get old enough. 48. I have known sons, whose fathers are addicted to excessive indulgence in ganja, to abstain from the drug from disgust at their fathers' excess.  - Evidence* of HUSEN KHAN,† Pathan, Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


39. Bhang drinking and majum eating are less injurious than the ganja. smoking. Ganja will immediately affect the brain, while bhang will take time to get the required effect. The appropriate names are given by Hindu sages. Bhang is called "the joyous," "delight giver," "the intoxicator," and ganja is called" the noisy." 45. The habitual moderate use (i.e., 1/8 of a tola per diem) will not produce any noxious effects, physical or mental, as long as the consumer gets his regular nourishment, but, whenever he is not able to get the same nourishment, he will have some bad physical effect, but not mental. It will not affect his morals in any way at all. Under this circumstance, it will not impair the constitution, nor injure digestion or cause loss of appetite, nor produce dysentery or bronchitis or asthma, nor impair moral sense or induce laziness or immoral habits, much less debauchery, neither it deadens the intellect or produces insanity. 46. Habitual excessive use of ganja will bring all the miseries enumerated in the Question No. 45, the unfortunate being a curse to his own existence, and there is strong presumption to believe the fact that medicine loses its efficacy during any serious illness of the consumer.  - Evidence of COWASJEE MEHERWANJEE HATTY-DAROO, Parsi, Merchant and Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


45. (a) to (e) No. 46. The habitual excessive consumer sometimes becomes emaciated, with a tendency to chest complaints; but I do not think that any mental or moral injury results. 47. No. 48. Not hereditary in this case either. - Evidence of BIJRAJ, Marwari, Wholesale ganja vendor, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


39. The use of the preparation is less injurious than the use of ganja in its original shape. - Evidence of LALA RAMSAHI AND LALA SITARAM,  Abkari Contractors, Nagpur.


45. Fifteen days ago I saw a man, Naga Baba, smoke himself alone in two hours a pound of ganja. At the end of it he was quite in his senses and could sit upright and speak, and he ate food that evening. 45. I think that the ganja habit is more injurious than the opium or the country liquor habit. Ganja intoxication is instantaneous in most cases, not gradual like that induced by other drugs. -  Evidence of BABU MUNA LALL, Ex-Contractor of Ganja, Jabalpur.


39. There is not much difference. Smoking if in excess is also injurious. The Head Assistant Collector says : " Smoking is said to be more injurious." Just as with tobacco, there is a liability that the throat and sight may become affected. Such liability seems slight. 45. M. R. R. P. Theenathayalu Naidugaru answers all the questions in the affirmative. Mr. Walter Francis answers the questions in the negative. Smoking is said to cause some throat affections. 46. The first named officer mentioned in the answer to question 45 says : " Produces all the above effects." The second named officer says : " Habitual excessive use has been known to impair the intellect." 47. No. 48. No.  - Evidence of MR. E. TURNER, Collector of Madura.


39. Ganja is smoked or eaten ; bhang is drunk ; and majum is eaten. Smoking is said to be more injurious. A single inhalation produces an instantaneous effect. Whereas in drinking more, an hour more or less (according as it is mixed or not with spices or other inebriationginebriatin ingredients) elapses before the effect is produced. The reason is that in smoking the fumes act directly on the nervous system, whereas in chewing, or eating, or drinking, the drug enters the system through the various processes of digestion and assimilation before it begins to act on the nerves. It is less potent as it has no resinous matter, which is the most effective narcotic principle. 45. The eventual evil consequences are weakness of digestive organs, quickness of the action of the liver, emaciation, indecision of mind.   - Evidence of MR. C. B. MACLEANE, Collector of Nellore


39. Tahsildars all think that smoking is more deleterious than eating or drinking, because it appears to affect the lungs. 45. Opinions differ, but I think that the general belief is that moderately used, the drug produces no noxious effects. It all depends on how much is taken. One Tahsildar of much experience says that moderate consumers find that the drug excites the mental faculties and enables a man to concentrate his attention on a subject that he wishes to study. Similarly it is said to be of great effect in enabling a religiously-minded man to concentrate his attention on religious subjects, and isolate his thoughts from things around him. 46. Habitual and excessive use produces all the bad effects mentioned in question No. 45. It produces languor and insensibility to what is going on. I have frequently spoken to men, as witnesses, or in village streets, who seem unable to understand questions or frame answers, who seem as if their faculties were all asleep, and this has been accounted for by the remark by a bystander, or some one in court, that the man is under the influence of ganja or bhang.  - Evidence of MR. R. SEWELL, Collector of Bellary.


39. Smoking is generally regarded as more injurious than other forms of consumption. 45. (b) The general opinion is that in course of time it produces debility. (c) Apparently not. (d) No. (e) It produces laziness, but not necessarily immorality or debauchery. It must, however, be remembered that the custom is regarded as reprehensible by the respectable and virtuous. Question 45 [oral evidence] —I don't think I have ever come across any case in which the hemp drugs have produced any injurious effect ; but the matter has never been pressed on my notice before. I could not say the same of alcohol. I don't think I have noticed any injurious effects from opium ; but on this point I don't wish to speak positively. From reports which I have received during my enquiries for the Commission, I have framed my answer to question 45, and I have nothing to add to it. 47. No, but the use of the drug is not common enough here to allow of a decided opinion being formed. 48. No.  - Evidence of MR. W. A. WILLOCK, Collector, Vizagapatam.


39. Smoking is said to be more injurious its effects than eating or drinking. It is only the smokers that get emaciated and look like living skeletons. Smoking is besides said to affect the lungs direct. The drug when eaten or drunk is always mixed up with reputed soothing or cooling substances, such as ghee, cow milk, cocoanut milk and poppy-seeds, etc., which, to a. great extent, counteract its injurious effects. 45. (a) Ganja smoking (habitual) is said to produce lung disease and to emaciate the body. (b) It weakens the pulmonary action. (a) The stomach is not affected, but the appetite may be increased. (d) A few suffer from these diseases. (e) Opinions vary. The District Medical Officer says " no," while some others say that it induces laziness, but not habits of immorality or debauchery. (f) The District Medical Officer says :" The moderate use does not deaden the intellect or produce insanity. "It is a predisposing cause of insanity. I saw two cases of insanity produced by ganja being used in excess. In both cases acute mania was present, and in both it was permanent." 46. The District Medical Officer's opinion :" Ganja produces loss of appetite and strength, trembling and much mental weakness;  excessive use produces moral inertia, a desire not to do any kind of work, mental or physical, and this state gradually leads on to cerebral softening." 47. Is generally held to be not hereditary, although the District Medical Officer considers it to be hereditary. The children of consumers naturally often take to the use of the drug from the force of example. 48. The District Medical Officer considers that it has a stronger hereditary tendency. The SubCollector says that the habitual excessive use of the drug generally impairs the constitution so much as to affect that of the children of the consumers  - Evidence of MR. J. THOMSON, Collector of Chingleput.


39. Ganja smoking is said to be more injurious than eating and drinking of any of the preparations from hemp, as the ingredients which enter into such preparations lessen the ill effects of the drug, and render it highly agreeable to one's self. Bhang is said to sharpen the appetite, and it therefore does good to consumers. But it should not be taken too much, and it requires good nourishing food. 45. (a) The moderate use of the drug is not followed by any of the noxious effects so long as sufficient food is supplied. (c) No. (d) No. (e) It produces laziness. 46. No information is available. 47. There is no evidence to show that the habitual use of these drugs is hereditary ; neither does it affect the children of the moderate consumers. 48. No information is available. - Evidence of MR. G. STOKES, Collector of Salem,.


45. Reports are conflicting. 46. Habitual excessive use produces debility and impairs digestion and the moral sense. 47. No. - Evidence of MR. G. S. FORBES, Collector of Tinnevelly.


39. One Hospital Assistant says smoking is more injurious than eating; another says it is less. I could not find out myself. 45. My enquiries elicited that the habitual moderate use emaciates people, and if they do not get food soon after consumption, their mental qualities would suffer; otherwise it was harmless, as it improved digestion and appetite. Only bad ganja, and not what they call in Cuddapah mulki ganja, causes dysentery and bronchitis or asthma. It induces laziness, but not immorality; 47. I think not. 48. I do not know. If the father emaciates himself by excessive consumption, I presume there is less chance of the child being a healthy one.  - Evidence of MR. C. H. MOUNSEY, Acting Collector of Cuddapah.


39. Smking is more injurious than eating or drinking. Skilled physiologists must say the reason. 45. (a) Yes; moral and physical deterioration may be caused; no disease. (b) No. (c) No. (d) No. (e)Induces laziness, but no other vices. 46. The excessive use of any drugs is, of course, baneful. 47. No. 48. It must naturally affect the children : in the case of alcohol, "Saturday night's" children are proverbial.  - Evidence of MR. F. D'A. O. WOLFE-MURRAY, Acting Collector of the Nilgiris.


39. Smoking is said to be preferred, as being less injurious than eating or drinking; but the Head Assistant Collector reports that it is considered to be more exciting. 45. I have no satisfactory information. Some consumers stated to the Head Assistant Collector that, as long as the consumer has sufficient nourishment, no ill-effects follow. But if food is insufficient insanity may follow. I know of no case. 46. Habitual excess is no doubt injurious, but what are the precise effects I cannot say. 47 and 48. Consumers say that it is not hereditary and does not affect children.  - Evidence of MR. L. C. MILLER, Acting Collector of Trichinopoly.


39. Opinion is varied in the matter, some stating smoking is less injurious, others eating and drinking less injurious. 45.(a) Generally impairs the constitution if no proper nourishment is taken. (b) No. (c) Prone to cause lung affections and, in the end dropsy. (d) No. 46. The same remarks apply more so, and the constitution gets impaired for want of sufficient nourishment owing to the appetite being comparatively deadened by the excessive use of the drug. 47. No; the children must be in a degree affected. 48. It is believed that owing to the habit, being contagious, it may become hereditary and affect also the children. -  Evidence of MR. K. C. MANAVEDAN RAJA, Collector, Anantapur.


39. The bulk of opinion in this district is to the effect that drinking bhang is the least injurious and is sometimes even beneficial.  - Evidence of MR. C. J. WEIR,* Acting Collector, District Magistrate, and Agent to Govr., Ganjam.


45. (b) Yes. (e) Y - Evidence  of  MR. J. G. D. PARTRIDGE,  Assistant collector, Ganjam.


45. I can give no satisfactory reply to this question, as I have not studied the effects of the use of the drugs in any particular cases. I believe that their habitual moderate use induces a habit of laziness. 46. The effects of the excessive use of ganja are said to resemble delirium tremens, resulting from excessive indulgence in alcohol. The first indication of the, activity of the drug is a childlike gaiety and tendency to find comical resem -blances and contrasts in the surrounding objects. A phase of pleasant humour and urbanity succeeds this state of feeling, and is followed by an interval of tranquil rationality, which is a prelude to further excitement. No instance of fatal poisoning by this drug has been heard of. 47 and 48. The use of hemp drugs does not seem to be a hereditary habit, nor does it seem to affect the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of MR. H. CAMPBELL, Acting Sub-Collector, Guntoor.


39. Smoking is said to be the more injurious. Just as with tobacco, there is a liability that the throat and sight may become affected. Such liability seems slight. 45. (a). No; none are discoverable. (b). No; vide supra. It supports it. (c). No. (d), Smoking is said to cause now and then throat affections of a nature not clearly known. 46. No cases of any injury are here ascertainable. It is said that habitual excessive use has been known to impair the intellect. 47. No, there appears to be no reason to consider that the habit is ever due to heredity.  -   Evidence of MR. W. FRANCIS, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Ramnad.


39. Ganja smoking is more injurious than drinking bhang massala. The smoking of ganja (or charas) affects the breathing, and produces chronic cough. 45 (a) Yes. (d) Yes; causes asthma after four or five years . (e) Causes laziness. 47. No. Children are said to be somewhat weakly.  - Evidence of MR. R. E. GRIMLEY, Acting Head Assistant Collector, North Arcot.


39. In this division ganja and charas are only smoked and bhang only drunk or eaten in the form of sweetmeat. The question is, therefore, not applicable. 45 to 48. My knowledge of the effects of the drugs is not so extensive as to permit me to offer an opinion on these points. - Evidence of Mr. H. F. W. GILLMAN, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Nilgiris.


45 and 46. So far as I can gather, the habitual moderate use of ganja does not produce any bad effects: the danger lies in the excessive use of the drug. The excessive use of ganja makes a man lose all self-respect, abandon his usual business, and live by begging - Evidence of MR. J. H. MERRIMAN, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari, Central Division.


Question 45.—The habit of smoking ganja is sometimes formed by association, but generally it is adopted as a protection against malaria and bad water. Ganja is prescribed for diarrhœa by native doctors. I think the drug has beneficial effects in improving the digestion and curing bowel complaints, if it is used in moderation and is accompanied by good feeding. If used in excess the drug produces weakness and emaciation, and causes laziness - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR  R. DHARMARAO, Deputy Commissioner, Salt and Abkari, Northern Division


39. No unanimity of opinion on this point. 45. It is accompanied by physical retrogression, and conduces to indolence. It is not thought to lead to immorality, or to seriously impair the mental powers except in so far as the physique is weakened. 47. Information meagre, but thought not to be hereditary. 48. Insufficient information.  - Evidence of MR. F. LEVY, Acting Deputy Commissioner, Salt and Abkari, Southern Division.


45. (a) I think it does. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes. (f) Deadens the intellect, but does not produce insanity. 46. The moderate use brings on mischief as above, to say nothing of the consequences of any excessive use. 47.  No. 48.  I can give no opinion.  - Evidence of P. PUNDARIKAKSHUDU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Venukunda, Kistna District.


39. Smoking has a less injurious effect than drinking or eating, inasmuch as the latter two keep the consumer under intoxication for a longer time. 45. (a) After some years' use the physical condition suffers, not mental or moral. (b) and (c) Impairs the constitution. After long use it affects the digestion and causes loss of appetite. (d) No. (e) It does not impair moral sense. Induces laziness, but not habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive use affects a man in a short time, makes him impotent, emaciated, 47 and 48. Not known.  - Evidence of  D. JAGANNADHARAO PANTALU, Brahmin,Deputy Collector, Anantapur.


39. No. - Evidence of W . VENKATAPPIAH PAN TULU GARU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Chatrapur, Ganjam.


39. Smoking heats the system, while eating and drinking it cools the system. To a sickly man smoking does more good, but to a healthy man eating and drinking does more good. As healthy people use it only for pleasure, it must be said that smoking does more good. 45. Physical.—Moderate use does not impair the constitution; it does not injure the digestion; unmixed ganja produces cough, but the prepared one cures asthma, bronchitis, etc. Moral.—A consumer of ganja becomes impotent and never immoral. It is consumed to extinguish sexual desire. I know of no cases of insanity. 46. Physical.-Excessive use impairs the constitution, increases the tile, and weakens the nerves. Mental.-May produce insanity; deadens the intellect. Morale-Becomes impotent - Evidence of M. R. R. DEWAN BAHADUR S. VENKATA RAMADAS NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Godavari.


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious than eating or drinking bhang ; the former affects the lungs and brings on cough, which keeps them always sick. 45. (a) Yes; physical, mental, and moral. (b) Yes. (c) No. (d) Causes dysentery and asthma. (e) Causes laziness and debauchery in the beginning. 46. Habitual consumers are subject to fatal diseases to which they succumb. 47. No ; the children of the moderate consumer are not effected. 48. The use of the drug is not hereditary ; but the children of excessive consumers are weak and unhealthy.  - Evidence of M. AZIZUDDEEN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Deputy Collector, North Arcot.


39. Smoking ganja is less injurious than eating and drinking, because smoking does not produce the same amount of intoxication as eating and drinking. 45. The habitual moderate use of this drug in eating and drinking produces noxious effects physically to a certain extent, and morally to a very limited extent. Smoking does harm to mental powers also to a certain extent. Habitual moderate use of this drug is apt to impair constitution and injures digestion ultimately. It does not cause dysentery, but will in some cases cause bronchitis or asthma. It does to some extent impair the moral sense and induces laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. Excessive habitual use of this drug is injurious to mental, moral and physical powers. It impairs constitution, injures digestion. Smoking brings on diseases. Eating and drinking impairs moral sense and induces laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery and impairs the intellect. 47. No. 48. No. - Evidence of B. NARAYANAMURTY, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Ganjam.


39. Smoking is said to be less injurious than eating or drinking the same. 45. (a) None. (b) It does, if proper nourishment is not taken. (c) No. (d) No. (e) No. Moderate consumption does not produce any of the above results. And it is only when taken in excess that it is likely to produce evil results . 47. No. - Evidence of K. NARAYANA IYER, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Gooty


45. Yes ; it impairs the constitution. Gradually destroys the digestive powers. It causes asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The effects of excessive use are :—(1) The person is always under the power of intoxication ; (2) he does not like to work ; (3) he is disposed to commit theft. His chest is affected. He loses manhood. 47. No. 48. No - Evidence of M. R. RY. P. VEERASWAMI NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Masulipatam.


39. Drinking bhang is better than smoking or eating ganja, because the several ingredients which are used in the preparations of the drink lessen the force of the bhang, and because the strength of the bhang itself is less than that of ganja.  - Evidence of TADEPALLI SIVARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector, Chatrapur.


45. Moderate use is said to produce all the good effects mentioned. It does not produce insanity. 46. Excessive use produces effects contrary to the benefits described in the previous answer. 47. The habit cannot be said to be of hereditary tendency.  - Evidence of M R. W. E. GANAPATHY, Retired Deputy Collector, Palamcottah, Tinnevelly


39. Both are considered to be more or less injurious, because the smoker, though half conscious under its influence, is equally emaciated as the consumer. 45. It is believed that even moderate use of this will produce noxious effects physically, mentally and morally. No case has been continually watched to give a narrative account of it. - Evidence of C. VENKATA CHALAM, Tahsildar, Guntur.


45. Vide answer to No. 44. It does not impair the moral sense, but induces laziness. It does not bring on habits of immorality or debauchery. Experience wanting. 47. The habit of using the ganja is not known to be hereditary, nor to have any effect on the children of the consumers.  - Evidence of A. KRISHNAMACHARULU, Tahsildar, Bapatla, Kistna District.


45. It weakens the constitution a bit; but I don't think it has effect on the mind or morals. It does not affect the digestion. Excessive smoking is known to produce lung affections. It produces laziness, but certainly does not induce immorality. 47. I don't know.  - Evidence of P. S. SINGARAVELU PILLAI, Tahsildar of Erode.


45. (b) Man gets weak if he does not take good nourishment. (c) Eventually does so. (d ) No. (e)  No. 46. By excess use men do not stand in need of food. They keep up without nourishment. The result is that physically and mentally the men get impaired. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of S. VASUDEVA. RAO, Tahsildar, Tadpatri.


39. Smoking is said to be more harmful because it affects the lungs. 45. A moderate use does not produce any bad effects. On the other hand it fixes the attention of the consumer on objects over which he wishes to devote his time. It keeps down manly power and that is the reason why sanyasis take to it. The consumer is quiet and appears to be in a contemplative mood.  - Evidence of T. KODANDARAM NAIDU, Tahsildar, Hospett.


39. Smoking ganja is injurious to health because it affects the lungs. Drinking and eating in the form of bhang is not so bad as that of smoking, because in preparing it for either drink or eating, milk, sugar, almond, melon seed, pepper, rose petals, and other ingredients and spices are added to ganja ; consequently, these articles being nourishing, tend to counteract the bad effects of ganja. Hukka smoking is more injurious than drinking or eating. 5. First it acts like a stimulant and then as a sedative upon the nervous system. - Evidence of M. BIMACHARI, Tahsildar, Rayadrug.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not produce any noxious effects on the consumer, either mental or moral; but it affects physically, i.e., he gradually diminishes in weight. Even stout people accustomed to ganja smoking become by degrees in the course of a few years thinner and thinner. I have seen many habitual consumers. I did not observe any change either mental or moral when compared with non-consumers.  - Evidence of MUNSHI S. MOHAMED UNWUR SAHIB, Tahsildar, Suthanapully Taluk, Kistna District.


9. Smoking is considered a more injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating, for the smoke inhaled affects the internal organs of the stomach. 45. Moderate use of the drugs does not seem to produce any noxious effects so far as known.  - Evidence of M. SAMBA SIVA RAU NAIDU, Tahsildar, Bellary.


39. Some say by smoking ganja they will get chest diseases and brain affections. Sometimes many of them turn mad by using much ganja. Eating ganja is not more injurious to the health than smoking it. -  Evidence of P. RAM RAO, Tahsildar of Hadgalli.


39. There is a popular belief that smoking ganja is a less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same. 45. (b) It impairs the constitution. (e) It induces habits of immorality or debauchery. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja appears to be a hereditary habit.  - Evidence of ADAKI JAGANNADHA RAO, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


39. Smoking ganja is less injurious than eating and drinking bhang. Reasons cannot be given. 45. (a) None. (b) to (e) No. 46. No cases have come within my experience. But it is said that, owing to excessive use of ganja, as any other stimulant, lessens the appetite, and works both upon the body and mind so as to impair the physical and mental faculties. Such consumers will, however, be restored to their former vigour by moderate use of the drug and proper nourishment. 47. No. - Evidence of G. JAGANNAYAKULU, Acting Tahsildar, Gooty


39. Smoking is considered to be more injurious than eating and drinking. Smoking gradually weakens the chest, stoops down the consumer, renders the countenance ghastly, and makes one timid and impotent. 45. There used to be two peons in my father's service for about 12 years. They were both addicted to smoking ganja. They were at first smart and good looking, and by smoking ganja gradually acquired an emaciated countenance, timidity, and were gradually bent down, and became very weak and unfit for active work, and were ultimately discharged. When in school, two boys of my class who belonged to the native regiment stationed at Vizianagram, acquired the habit of smoking ganja and maddak from a bairagi, who used to frequent their house. These two boys were at first very smart and intelligent, and used to get up their lessons very well ; but within a year and-a-half after they learnt smoking ganja they became languid and drowsy, and gradually gave up their studies and left the school. A few more cases may be mentioned, but their history is the same. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I do not know how the two peons learned the habit of smoking ganja ; but probably it arose out of their association with sepoys of the Maharaja of Vizianagram. They gradually increased the habit until they smoked a pipe every hour or half hour. The Maharaja's sepoys with whom the peons associated were men of Hindustan. They were men of bad character. The boys were about 10 years of age, sons of sepoys. They did not learn to drink. They continued to use the drugs as long as I knew them, that is, until they were 18 years of age. They began taking the drugs stealthily ; but after four years they took them openly. Their fathers, who belonged to a British Native Regiment, were alive, and must have known what was going on. Their mothers had died, and they used to smoke in the presence of other female members of their families. They lived in adjoining houses. Such case are not common. - Evidence of CHAGANTI SOMAYAJULU, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Palakonda.


39. No; eating is considered less injurious to health than smoking of any kind. Smoking is considered to induce consumption, and other diseases of lungs and chest. 45. Any use of the drugs will tell more or less according to the extent to which the consumer is addicted to it, upon both his physical and mental conditions. But I have seen no case where a man's morals are spoiled on this account.  - Evidence of K. RAMA KRISTNA BRAMHAM, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Kudlighi, Bellary District


39. I hear that smoking is more hurtful than eating or drinking these drugs. Smoking produces asthma. 45. The use of these drugs, even in moderate quantites, produces ruinous effects, physically, mentally and morally. It impairs his constitution, produces asthma, stupefies or puts him out of his senses, and deprives him of all intellectual improvement and produces idle and dirty habits. It also causes loss of appetite. 46. In the case of habitual and excessive use of these drugs, the effects are appalling. Qmeslion 45. [oral evidence]—I know people who take small quantities who suffer in this way. I know many who do not so suffer. It is a matter of temperament. It is the weak constitution people who suffer. Strong people can bear the drug. Bairagis are excessive smokers. Rajputs, Mahrattas, and others who remain stationary are, as a rule, moderate. Those who have work remain moderate smokers without becoming excessive consumers. It is the idle, those who have little to do, that go to excess. Many Bairagis suffer from asthma. They wander long distances and have no homes.  - Evidence of M. SESHACHALA NAIDU, Baliya, Pensioned Tahsildar, Vellore.


39. Smoking is considered to be a milder form, and is no doubt less injurious. 45. However moderate the use of the drug may be, it has some bad effect in the long run. It is said to weaken the physical and mental powers. It does not injure digestion, but causes loss of appetite. It induces only laziness and not other vices. Some ascetics use it to give them concentration of thought. 47. It is not a hereditary habit, and it does not affect the children of the consumer. - Evidence of N. SOONDRAMIAH , Brahmin, Deputy Tahsildar, Ootacamund.


39. Smoking ganja is said to be worse in its effects than its use in other forms. It is said to weaken the lungs. The smokers of ganja are said to look emaciated. The consumers of the pills, milk mixture, and cakes are said to be sometimes very healthy and to take proper quantity of ordinary food. 45. Physically the moderate use of these drugs is said not to affect much the consumers thereof. Though they themselves do not become vicious, it is not favourable to the growth of morality in their family in the long run. I am not acquainted with any particular case. - Evidence of R. SAMINATHA IYER, Brahmin, Acting Deputy Tahsildar, Coonoor.


45. I am informed that the habitual use of the drug makes a man weak in his constitution and makes him timid and absent-minded.  - Evidence of R. C. RAMA IYENGOR, Brahmin, Village Magistrate, Berangy, Mudanapulee Taluk, Cuddapah District.


9. Smoking or eating within proper boundsis not at all injurious. Among the consumers of this drug great many are smokers, those that eat being very few. Smoking is therefore consider -ed more injurious than eating, because more smokers of lazy or indolent habits are seen in this country. Smoking is carried on all the day, while the eating is done after the night meal, the effects of which are lost in the pools of slumber. 45. Habitual moderate use produces noxious effects, physical and mental. It does impair the constitution. Moderate use does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It induces laziness, but it does not impair the moral sense ; nor does it lead to habits of immorality or debauchery, except in rare cases. 46. Excessive consumption of ganja strengthens digestive powers, alleviates fatigue, gives staying power under exposure, and is a preventive of dis-ease in malarious tracts. Excessive use is not, however, harmless, for it ruins a man in every way. Excessive consumers are not also offensive to their neighbours. Immediate effect of excessive use is instantaneous stupefaction and intoxication. Its effect lasts from six to eight hours. After-effects are lowness of spirits or depression of mind and indisposition to hard and honest work, laziness, and an attempt to satisfy the stomach in an easy manner, begging or pilfering. it produces noxious effects, physically, mentally, and morally. It impairs the constitution by weakening the chest and stomach or intestines, and thereby producing asthmatic symptom. 47. I have no instances to show that the moderate use of the drug is a hereditary habit ; but I believe with some families, such as wandering professional beggars, it has become hereditary. When the constitution of the consumers is affected, of course the physique of the offspring must be affected. 48. Except the tendencies mentioned in the above answer, I am not disposed to believe that excessive use is hereditary. - Evidence of K. NARAINASWAMY NAIDU, Velama, Huzoor Sheristadar, Masulipatam


39. Smoking is not less injurious than drinking or eating the same; one accustomed to smoking loses blood in the body and becomes a skeleton and at last falls a victim to it. Some say it is less injurious as its power is weakened by the fire, hut it does not appear to be so; one who smokes loses his courage and grows timid and fearful of any attack from a foe. Drinking and eating ganja gives a man strength in body and befits him for any hard exercise, but they produce bad results if one remains idle after drinking. 45. No. It does not produce physical, moral or noxious effects. The cases of bairagis (wandering Hindus) or fakirs can be taken for instance.  - Evidence of P. LAKSIIMINARAYANA, Brahmin, Manager of Court of Wards' Estate, Nuzvid.


Question 45.—I cannot say that a large number of consumers have passed through my hands as criminal. But I have come in contact with many in other ways, specially street waifs, travellers, and bairagis. I have observed in excessive con-sumers that they eventually become emaciated and weak-minded, though harmless creatures, who can just pass to and from the ganja shop. There is, perhaps, one in ten thousand or fifteen thousand in the city who is an excessive consumer, or about one in five hundred of those who go to the shop ; and his state may be due to some loath-some disease or some misfortune. The same is the case with excessive opium smokers. The moderate ganja smokers are hale and hearty. There are no physical effects on them. I think you can distinguish an excessive consumer of alcohol from the excessive consumer of opium or ganja; but you cannot distinguish between the two last, except perhaps that the chest may be more hollow in the case of the excessive consumer of ganja. I should say that even an expert could not tell the ganja smoker (in excess) from the opium smoker without evidence as to habit. There is nothing peculiar in the eye. There is heaviness of the eye in the case of excessive consumers of ganja and opium. No redness except in ease of exposure to the sun. The opium eater's eye is heavier than the ganja man—heavier eye-lids. The general appearance of the ganja smoker would be no guide; but the mark or corn on his hands from rubbing ganja would be a guide. These corns are not formed with tobacco. The moderate use of ganja makes no impression whatever on the appearance. I can produce men who have smoked for years and are in perfect health. We would not enlist ganja smokers in the police, because we enlist boys. We enlist lads of eighteen. If such a lad took liquor, I would not take him; nor would 1 take such a lad if lie took ganja. But there are men in the force who have long taken ganja or bhang without being absent from duty or incurring censure. The moderate use does not lead to breach of discipline, and it is not regarded as au offence at all. - Evidence of MR. S. D. SIMPSON, Deputy Commissioner of Police, Madras.


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious than eating or drinking, because smokers look more un-healthy than eaters or drinkers. 45. Even the moderate use of any of these drugs affects to some extent the virile powers, and tends to increase the belief in God. I have known of several men who complained of the loss or weakness of their sexual desire by the use of ganja smoking. I have also known of some cases in which the users of ganja smoking have become sadhus or mendicants. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I have been Inspector about seventeen years. I have never in all that time had to make any report regarding a subordinate in connection with hemp drugs. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR K. NARAINASWAMY, Telaga, Inspector of Police, Vizianagram.


39. Smoking of these drugs is less injurious than drinking, as the giddiness produced by smoking is being relieved in a short time, but the giddiness produced by drinking takes a good deal of time for relief owing to the late digestion of the substance that got into one's body. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces no harm whatever, physically, mentally or morally - Evidence of T. S. KRISTNASAMY C HETTY, Vishnuvite, Pensioned Police Inspector, Trinamalay, South Arcot District.


39. Drinking or eating the hemp plant in any way is injurious to the brain ; it soon makes one insane. Smoking, although less dangerous, takes time to cut up the constitution, weakening the nervine system. 45. Yes ; physically, mentally and morally. It impairs the whole constitution gradually by a regular decline of muscles, and finally emaciation sets in. 46. No information  - Evidence of MR. H. E. G. MILLS, Superintendent, Central Jail, Triehinopoly.


Bhang drinking is stated to be the best form of consuming ganja, but is costly and dif-ficult of preparation by travellers. People in easy circumstances prefer bhang drinking to ganja smoking ; it is said to be pleasant to the taste, and as it contains nutritious ingredients it is less injurious than ganja smoking. It is well known that habitual excessive ganja smokers and opium eaters are fond of rich food, otherwise is it said that their constitutions break down. 45. The whole set of questions in this paragraph may be replied to in the negative except that, being an aphrodisiac on that account it may be said to impair the moral sense. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs does produce noxious effects. If good nourishing food is not obtainable the constitution is impaired. As the individual gets used to the drug it causes loss of appetite. Yes, when nourishment is insufficient a derangement in the system is caused, and consequently dysentery, diarrhoea, bronchitis or asthma. In the earlier stage it produces immorality and induces laziness, but in the latter, it puts immorality beyond power, his health being impaired - Evidence of MR. G. CLONEY, Superintendent of Jail, Tanjore.


45. Undoubtedly. Even a moderate use of the drug causes moral and physical deterioration, but not disease. It is the immoderate use of the drug, however, that is so ruinous. 47. No. - Evidence of MR. R. W. MORGAN, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ootacamund, Nilgiris.


45. (b) and (c) Yes. (d) Asthma. (e) Produces laziness and in the long run impotency.  - Evidence of Mr. G. HADFIELD, Deputy Conservator of Forests, South Malabar.


45 Physical, yes ; mental, occasionally; Moral, no. Impairs the constitution. Causes dysentery and asthma. Does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness, etc. - Evidence of COLONEL II. S. ELTON, Commandant, 16th _Regiment, Madras Infantry, Bellary.


45. (b) Always in the long run. 46. The habitual use in excess of these drugs produces marked symptoms of mental and physical deterioration very rapidly. 47. The children are as a rule weakly and puny. [oral evidence] My answers No. 46 and No 51 are based in part on observation of men in the regiment who are excessive consumers; but mainly on enquiries from and conversation with Native officers. These answers deal solely with excessive use of these drugs. My answers No. 47 and No. 53 are based wholly on information received from the Native officers. I have had no opportunity of observations such as would justify me in having any opinion of my own regarding Question 47. And I have never had a case such as is described in answer 53 in my regiment. I recall a case of that kind which happened in another regiment at Bangalore. My Subadar Major knows the details. - Evidence of CAPTAIN C. M. KENNEDY, Commandant, 1st Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


39. Drinking has least effect. 45, (a) May produce mental, as it affects the brain. (b) Yes ; if insufficient food is taken. (c) Only if used in excess. (e) Impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, etc. 46.  See above. 47. It does not appear to. 48. Children are puny. - Evidence of SUBADAR MAJOR MAHAMMAD MURTUZA, 1st Madras Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


39. The eating or drinking of any form of the drug necessarily is the more likely method of producing full effects than by smoking. In my opinion there can be no doubt numbers of natives are rendered lunatics by use of the drug, who would. never have become mentally deranged failing the use of this powerful disturbant of the nervous system. 45. (a) In moderate doses the physique is not impaired, but the perceptive and moral faculties degenerate. (b) and (c) No. (d) In the habitual smoker bronchitis is frequent. (e) Yes; it impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, immorality and debauchery. Question 45 [oral evidence]—I refer to the habitual or continued moderate use when stating that the drug impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness, im-morality, and debauchery. The portion of my answer relating to insanity, including the reference to answer 39, contemplates the excessive use. I have known the moderate use in cases of sepoys and one private servant. I have seen sepoys smoking ganja, in the lines, and known from hearsay that it was ganja they were smoking. Besides the above direct observation, I have derived general impressions. My opinion of the effect of the moderate use in impairing the moral sense and inducing laziness, etc., is a general impression and not based on actual observation. I could not say that the cases of the sepoys presented these effects. My general impression is based upon the fact that persons alleged to have been ganja smokers have presented these characteristics; but I have not specially enquired into the truth of the allegation that they were ganja smokers. They were pointed out as notorious ganja smokers. did not discriminate in these cases between the moderate and excessive use, because I was not called upon to do so. Though I have not made the matter one for special enquiry, still I an decidedly of opinion, from general observatioi during my service, that the moderate use of the drug leads to laziness and debauchery, Thes effects can be produced by other causes. A viciou life will produce them. Question 46.[oral evidence]—The physical effects of moderate smoking vary with the constitution of the smoke wr. hAo  msaaind  ohfe  ahbaodut 35 years of age, smoked from five years of age and is now an immoderate smoker, showed no physical deteriora-tion. Another man of about 55 who took to the habit at 30 or 35 is now a wreck. The conclusion I draw from these cases is that the results will differ with the constitution of the persons co n-cerned. I refer here to the immoderate use, which may in one case induce no symptoms, and shew very evident effects in another. I should say the same of opium. Speaking generally, the immoderate use of the opium does induce certain symptoms. Ganja also used immoderately induces specific symptoms. The immunity in one of the cases described above is due to the man's power of resisting the drugs ; but the normal tendency of the drug is to cause deterioriation. I base my explanation in regard to these two cases on my general experience of the excessive use of the drug and not upon the two cases alone. 47. I should think it is never hereditary, and that moderate use does not affect the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. G. KING, Acting Sanitary Commissioner, Nadias.


39. No, they both have the same effect. 45. (a) Not as far as I know. (c) Said to create appetite. (d) No. (e) Cannot say. 46. No information. 47. Not as far as I know.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL II. HYDE, District Surgeon, Trichinopoly.


39. I believe the smoking of ganja is the worst of all. Drinking bhang and eating majum are not so deleterious. 45. It generally makes a man thin and his eyes bloodshot. He sometimes becomes insane from its constant and immoderate smoking. It does not produce any particular disease except a peculiar cough, the result of a kind of chronic bronchial catarrh. Question 45.[oral evidence] —What I have said here is based on personal experience of sepoys who are smokers, though they would not acknowledge it, as it is contrary to military orders. I could almost spot a man who was a confirmed smoker. As a professional man, I cannot say I am sure. I know that the opinion of skilful men is opposed to this view ; but I am morally certain that I could spot a man who bad long smoked immoderatel - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR CHATTERJIE, Medical Officer in charge 13th Madras Infantry, Cannanore


45. (b) Yes ; it makes him thin. (c) It lessens his appetite. (d) I believe it cures them. (e) Yes.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. A. F. NAILER, Acting District Surgeon, Tanjore


39. It is said that smoking the drug more readily affects the lungs and brain. Rapid delirium often follows excessive smoking. I have seen two cases of mania (homicidal) following smoking. They came under my immediate observation. Question 45. [oral evidence]—The cases mentioned under Question 39 are the same as those mentioned under Question 46. I have had no opportunity of noticing the effects of the moderate use of the hemp drugs. They have not come before me. 46. The excessive use does impair the constitution, and has evil effects both moral and mental. There is no doubt about this. It injures the appetite and digestion finally. It causes bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery. It impairs the moral sense in every way. 47. No.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR JOHN LANCASTER, District Surgeon, North Arcot.


46. Habitual excessive use produces general debility and impairs digestion and moral sense - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. C. SANJANA, Parsi, District Surgeon, Tinnevelly


45. (a) to (e) Not apparently so. 46. See answer to question 50. 47 and 48. Not known - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. O ' HARA, District Medical and Sanitary Officer and Superintendent of Jail, Bellary.


37 to 39. I have not personally come across a case in this district suffering in any way from the effects of hemp drug consumption, nor can I call to mind a case amongst the civil population in any of the 12 districts of Madras presidency in which I have served as Civil Surgeon, though I have seen an occasional case of ganja or bhang intoxication amongst sepoys when "on a spree". I cannot therefore differentiate the effects of the different preparations of the drug. 45.My acquaintance with the use of the drug is too limited to enable me to answer this question.  -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. L. WALKER, Civil Surgeon, Ootacamund.


39. I should say smoking is more injurious. 45. The habitual use of these drugs tends to impair. constitution, by producing loss of appetite and emaciation, and a constant irritable cough. 47. No.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. C. SARKIES, District Surgeon, Nellore.


39. The drinking of bhang is more intoxicating. While smoking is soothing, drinking produces an uncontrollable restlessness, singing, boisterous talking, and fighting. 45. (a) No. (b) It weakens the pulmonary action. (c) The stomach is not affected, and the appetite may be increased. (d) A few suffer from dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. (e) No. 46. Ganja produces loss of appetite and strength, trembling and much mental weakness. The excessive use produces moral inertia—a desire not to do any kind of work, mental or moral—and this state gradually leads on to cerebral softening. 47. Yes, it is hereditary . 48. The habitual excessive use has a stronger hereditary tendency. Question 47.[oral evidence]—This answer is based on information gathered in the villages of the Chingleput district. I believe the heredity to take the form of an inborn craving for the drug. I have not seen any case of the kind.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. F THOMAS, Acting District Medical and Sanitary Officer, Chingleput.


39. It appears that smoking is less injurious, as its effects are very temporary, passing off within a couple of hours, whereas eating and drinking the effects will remain for about ten or twelve hours. 45. Impairs the constitution, causing weakness of the limbs and other tissues, and hence the drug has to be taken to keep up the tone of these tissues. Causes indigestion in many. It has an aphrodisiac effect and tends to immorality. Causes in many a morose disposition and want of interest in things around them. 46. Injures the constitution as well as mental faculties. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN C. F. FEARNSIDE, Acting District Surgeon, Ganjam.


45. (b) and (c) Yes. (d) No; relieves asthma. (e) Yes; certainly. Question 45.[oral evidence]—My answer is based on experience gained on service with troops and during my civil employment in Ganjam between 1887 to 1889, where the drugs are consumed to a large extent. This explanation relates to the whole of my answer, none of which is based on Cochin experience. I have observed the effects described in this answer in the persons of sepoys. An habitual ganja smoker was always known in the regiment; but I could not tell that he had the habits from his ap -pearance. Such men were much more frequently in hospital than other sepoys. The cases were entered in the case books. The probable cause of their illness was not entered; it was so well known. I have never known of a man being punished for using hemp drugs. A man is not liable to punish -ment merely for the use of ganja. When the per -sons I have been speaking of were admitted to hospital, I was in the habit of examining them particularly in order to ascertain if their illness was due to ganja. If it had been, I should have reported them. I never reported a man, because I was never certain that his illness was due to ganja. The cause of illness is always entered in the cause book, with a view to judging of a man's qualifica -tion for pension. Ganja was, nevertheless, never entered for the reason I have already state  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. PEMBERTON, Civil Surgeon, Cochin.


45. In time, I believe, it leads to mental and moral degradation. It lowers the brain power. No; on the contrary, increases the appetite considerably. Yes; those who get habituated to its use usually give up work. This is the case in this presidency; in the north all the dooly-bearers take it as far as I know. Question 45 [oral evidence].—I have never been into the ques -tion of ganja. I never see it scarcely. My first sentence is based on what a ganja smoker said. He said,"It is a bad thing. I should  like to leave-it-off; but 46. It is difficult to draw the line; moderation passes into excess imperceptibly. Many of my answers apply perhaps more to the excessive use than to the moderate. 47. The son of a ganja smoker, etc., generally is said to take to the drug, but not the daughter.   -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR A. J. STURMER, District and Sanitary Officer, Masulipatam, Kistna District.


39. The use of the hemp plant in any form, except in cases where it is required for medical treatment, is highly injurious. 45. Yes; the habitual moderate consumer becomes lean and reduced in body, and it makes him dull, apathetic, and disinclined to exertion. It also deadens the intellect. It does impair the constitution is several ways. It injures digestion and appetite. It causes bronchitis and asthma. It induces laziness. It deadens the intellect and produces idiocy. Question 45.[oral evidence]—All the statements made here are based exclusively on hearsay. I have not seen any of these ill-effects myself in my practice 46. All the above ill-effects of the mod erate habitual use of any of these drugs will also result from habitual excessive use, but in an enhanced degree.  - Evidence of Civil Apothecary T. M. CHERIYAN, Manantoddy.


45. Once I was called in to see a bairagi, head of a religious endowment. He was a habitual smoker of opium and ganja. He was a ghastly skeleton of bones covered with the skin. As for his mental condition, he was then engaged in litigation. I have no information of his morals. 45. [oral evidence] I did not treat the bairagi. I only saw him once, and apart from his own statement that he was an habitual smoker of opium and ganja, I learnt nothing whatever of his history. I cannot therefore judge whether his condition was due to other causes than the habit he confessed to. The only reason for mentioning his case is his emaciation, which may or may not have been due to opium and ganja. - Evidence of Apothecary K. VASUDEVA RAU, Brahmin, Adirampatnam, Tanjore District


39. Smoking is more injurious than the use of purified ganja or opium. 45. (b) Slightly. (c) and (d) No. (e) I think it impairs the moral sense and induces laziness in some. 46. They are very injurious in excess, and produce general breaking-down of the constitution. 47. Hereditary in some cases; acquired by living or mingling with consumers in most cases.  - Evidence of Apothecary G. A. W. VELLONES, Chetambaram, South Arcot.


45. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes. 46. The habitual excessive consumer is dull, dirty, and ill-clad; the eyes protrude, cheek bones prominent, the body thin and emaciated, with a pale sallow complexion. 47. No. 48. The children of habitual excessive consumers are weak and debilitated, and do not live long.  - Evidence of Apothecary N. H. DANIEL, In charge Police Hospital, Koraput, Vizagapatam District.


39. Smoking is decidedly more deleterious to health, causing, as it does, great emaciation and desiccation of the system. Drinking and eating are to a certain extent conducive to health and strength if moderation be observed. These latter methods are on the whole said to be tonic in their effects, In drinking and eating the admixtures are very nutritive and luxurious. 45. (a) As far as physique is concerned, it is a decided anti-fat; and with regard to mind it is in the long run permanently perturbed, and permanent mental aberration to a greater or less extent invariably results. It certainly undermines morality. (b) It causes emaciation if not combated by good nutritive diet. (c) No. (d) Causes bronchitis owing to enervation of the lungs, the air cells being constantly over inflated by the smoke of the drug. It causes excessive or increased secretion of the bronchial sputa. (e) It induces laziness, and by no means debauchery. 45.[oral evidence] I have no notes of any cases in which the bad effects described in question 45 have resulted from the use of the drugs. I have, however, treated cases of asthma, bronchitis, and the like, which have resulted from prolonged use of the drugs. But I cannot recall any such cases. By undermining 'morality' I mean that moral notions are degraded, but not that sensuality is induced. 46. Cannot. 47. Yes. 47.[oral evidence] In my opinion the habit is not inborn, and the children are only affected by way of example.  - Evidence of Apothecary MUHAMMAD ASADULLA, Ellore, Godavary District


45. (a) Yes. (b) Not definitely known. (c) Cannot definitely state. (d) No; but relieves any of these diseases. (e) Yes. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs would tend to insanity. 47. It appears to be hereditary. It is reported that the children of the moderate consumer suffer from weak intellect. 48. The same can be said of the habitual excessive use.  - Evidence of DR. ARTHUR WELLS, Medical Officer, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


39. The popular belief is that eating is more injurious than drinking, and smoking is more deleterious than either. I cannot assign any specific reason. But this much I can say: in eating or drinking, patti or bhang is generally used, whereas in smoking only ganja is used, and ganja is more inebriating than patti or bhang. 45. (b) to (f) No. 46. Excessive smoking does affect the constitution and produce asthma. But, excessive drinking and eating do not produce any of these effects generally, that is, chest symptoms. 47. I do not think. 48. I do not know.  - Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU,* Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District


39. Ganja-smoking is believed to be more injuri–ous than bhang-eating, unless, indeed, the latter is carried to great excess, coupled with inadequate living. The reason attributed is that the former, habitually used, dissipates the appetite and dries up the constitution, and is also apt to produce a chronic cough. It also slowly but surely destroys the virile power and weakens eye-sight. On the other hand, the ingredients mixed wit h the ganja to make bhang counteract the ill-effects of the drug, and thus render the latter preparation less injurious. It also sharpens appetite, and therefore does good to the consumer, as long as he is able to obtain sufficient food in satisfaction to the increased demand. 45. Consumers say no noxious effects are produced under any of the three heads so long as sufficient food is supplied, but that physical and mental deterioration is brought about if supply of food is inadequate; but no moral ill-effect. Others contradict and say that even the moderate use of any of the drugs produces eventually emaciation, complete loss of virile power, a continuous moroseness and apathy to surroundings, chronic cough, mental deterioration, sometimes even amounting to insanity and annihilation of love for kith and kin, and also considerable diminution of nervous energy, etc, But it is pointed out saliently that the habit never leads to intemperance, but on the other hand produces a kind of antipathy to liquor. Said hardly to impair the moral sense, or induce habits of immorality. 47. No evidence at all of the ganja habit being hereditary, nor does it seem to affect the children of moderate consumers. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SALDANHA, Salem.


39. Drinking is less injurious than smoking and eating, because it does not affect the health. Smoking by affecting the lungs and nervous and muscular systems. Eating will lead to gradual development of temporary insanity. 39.[oral evidence] By eating I mean the eating of the leaves and flowering tops of ganja. The drug was not eaten in my presence, but consumers told me that they used to eat it. Smokers of the drug would not eat the drug on the same day that they smoked it, nor vice versa. The number of eaters is very small, perhaps only 5 per cent, of the number of smokers. I had previously heard that the drug. was eaten, but the information I have given. in my paper was collected in my enquiry. 45. (a) No. (b) Does not impair the constitution. (c) to (e) No. 46. It produces worse results in aggravated form in habitual consumers, used excessively. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant T. RANGANAYA KULU NAID00, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


39. Smoking is more injurious than any other mode of consumption. I had known several instances, while serving in a detachment of Madras Infantry in the Central Provinces, where I had observed myself and gathered information about the use of these drugs. My reasons for confirming that smoking is injurious are as follows :—It affects the respiratory organs to such an extent as to produce consumption and other wasting diseases; hence persons addicted to this mode are generally spare built, with great narrowness and deformity of the chest. In persons who are much addicted to this mode, a peculiar feature will be observed in their persons, and any body would take them to be mad in consequence of the drug acting on the nervous system. These symptoms will not be so appreciable in those persons who use otherwise. 39. [oral evidence] By "consumption " I mean phthisis. I have seen some cases of people going into con-sumption from the use of ganja. I did not ascertain in these cases whether a bacillus was absent or present. 45. It does not produce any of the symptoms mentioned by persons who use in moderate habitual quantity. 46. The excessive use of the drug would be sure to originate such of the diseases mentioned in the question in a severe or in a less type. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M. IYASWAMY PILLAY, Saint Thomas' Mount, Madras.


39. I have seen cases of injurious effects of ganja in its three forms of use. 45. A habitual consumer generally exceeds moderation. Their moral sense, physical and mental energies, though preserved for some years, will be perverted after a time. It weakens the constitu- tion. It does not seem to produce loss of appetite. Induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. Whether in moderation or excess, it is practised by men who are in want of self-controlling powers. 46. It deadens the intellect. Habitual excessive use is undoubtedly injurious to health. It produces, besides the evils from moderate use, anæmia, piles, somnambulism, and emaciation. 47. In some the use of ganja and bhang is hereditary. Children of moderate consumers are not affected. 48. The result is the same as above.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant CHINNY SREENIVASA RAU, Prapanna Komity, L. F. Hospital, Bobbili Vizagapatam District


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious to health than eating or drinking in its different preparations, as it directly passes through the air passages and irritates them. But smoking by huka or gudgudi is preferable to dry smoking by chillum [vide 15 (A.)], as in former cases, the smoke is somewhat purified by the water kept in them. 45. Smoking ganja moderately does produce noxious effects, physic-ally, mentally and morally, to the family people, but not to the bairagis and other religious people who are accustomed to it, though in some cases the physical strength of the latter may be affected. Drinking bhang moderately does not produce any effect physically even to family men if they are accustomed; but it may produce some bad effect mentally and morally to them, and nothing to bairagis and other religions people who are accustomed to it. Except moderate use of drinking bhang, all forms of smoking ganja impair the constitution of family men as well as bairagis or other religious men to a certain extent. Moderately smoking ganja, even occasionally, in my opinion, injures digestion and causes loss of appetite in due course  of time; but occasional moderate eating of ganja in different preparations, as stated in answer No 15 (B), under a doctor's advice, does not cause loss of appetite or injure digestion. Moderate use of smoking ganja may cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma, both to those who are habituated or not habituated to it, and sometimes even when taken occasionally; but eating ganja or drinking bhang occasionally (vide answer Nos. 15 (B) and (C) for their different preparations) in moderate doses may not do harm to those who are accustomed, and it does not cause the abovementioned diseases even to those who are unaccustomed, except slight intoxication, giddiness, loss of memory, great depression in spirit, excessive thirst, and deep sleep temporarily. Habitual moderate use of smoking ganja or drinking bhang may lead to undue laziness, habits of immorality or debauchery to all classes of consumers, with the exception of those who indulge in them intentionally to devote their time specially in religious matters. 46. Smoking and eating ganja and drinking bhang in excess, whether habitual or not, certainly produce noxious effects physically, mentally and morally. They do impair the constitution, injure digestion, and cause loss of appetite. They may cause chronic bronchitis, asthma, and other diseases of respiratory system, nervous disorders, chronic gastritis, etc. Smoking ganja excessively certainly brings on in a short time con-sumption, dysentery, etc. ; whereas drinking bhang and eating ganja, in my opinion, are not causes for dysentery. As for charas, I do not know. 47. The use of these drugs is not at all a hereditary one. 48. None. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant JAGANNATII PANDIT, Uriya, Russellkonda, Ganjam District


39. Yes ; it is injurious to health. It produces derangement of the system, shortens the life. There is loss of muscular and nervous power, aumanrosis.  45. It produces noxious effects. Physically. Impairs the body; mentally : affects the sense. No morality towards those who take these drugs. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant MADURANAYAGUM PILLAI, Vellala, Uravakonda, Ananlpur District


39. Drinking and eating it less injurious that smoking, which affects the lungs and heart. 45 and 46. I have not observed any noxious effects. In some, when taken in excess in the form of smoking or eating, without sufficient food, it impairs the constitution and brings on dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. 47. It is only a habit. I have seen some chi ld-ren of habitual moderate consumers in sound health. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant C. M. APPATHORAI MUDALIAR, Vellala, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


39. Smoking ganja is less injurious than drinking bhang or eating the drug. This can be best explained by the simple practical fact that tobacco, smoked in the form of cigars, is less intoxicating and less poisonous, if it is at all a poison, than when eaten. 45. Of habitual moderate ganja-smokers and habitual moderate bhang-drinkers. (a) No. (b) No. (c) No. (d ) A kind of hoarse cough is found in ganja -smokers. (e ) It does not impair the moral sense, but pro -duces laziness. 47. No hereditary habit can he found. The children are not affected by the parents of moder -ate habits in the use of the drug. 48. It cannot be said that the children of the habitual excessive consumers will be taken to this hereditarily, but there seems every reason to say that their children will be constitutionally weak and excitable, having nervous temperament. 48.[oral evidence]—What I have written here is what I should guess to be the fact. It is not founded on observa -tion.  - Evidence of Hospital Assistant I. PARTHASARATHY CHETTY, Penukonda, Anantapur District


39. The smoking of the three preparations of the hemp plant is less injurious than drinking or eating, as in the former a small quantity is con-sumed, whereas in eating or drinking a large quantity, and its effect is lasted upwards of three hours. 45. The habitual moderate use never produces any bad effects, such as impairing the constitution or loss of appetite, or causing any dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, or any impairment of the moral sense or immorality ; and they confer generally its value than its injuries. 46. The habitual excessive use of these drugs stupefies the consumer, and he suffers the same as a man under the influence of alcohol, by rigidity of muscles, insensibility, etc., which lasts sometimes for several hours. 47. The habitual moderate use of these drugs is not a hereditary habit, and is not affecting to the children of moderate consumers. 48. The habitual excessive use of these drugs probably may be a hereditary one in a small degree in some only.   - Evidence of MIRZA DAVOOD BEG, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Trichinopoly.


46. " The habitual use of cannabis in excessive doses causes the face to become bloated, the eyes injected, and the limbs weak and tremulous; the mind grows imbecile, and ultimately death by marasmus is apt to occur." (Dymock's Pharmacographia Indica, Vol. III, page 329.) All these facts have been verified by me personally. 47. It does not appear likely. - Evidence of P. S. MOOTOOSAMY MODELLIAR, Retired Native Surgeon, Tanjore.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It does not much impair the consti -tution, provided the moderate consumer also takes moderately good meals, or if the habitual moderate consumer does not indulge in sexual intercourse much, or if he does not marry at all or does not give himself up to debauchery, etc. This is the case with sanyasis and fakirs. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. On the other hand, ganja smoking is beneficial to asthma. Native doctors prescribe ganja with other medicines for preventing asthma, neuralgia, coughs, etc. Moral sense is not impaired, and debauchery is not induced by the moderate use. It causes laziness for a time, as is the case with other intoxications. In short, the moderate use of ganja is not harmful in any way to the consumer, 46. The excessive use of ganja brings on all or some of the noxious effects pointed out in question 45. It may impair the constitution, cause dysentery, etc., 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does it affect the children of the moderate consumer in the majority of the cases. In very rare cases it may affect the children. (Here it depends on the degree of pleasure the consumer takes and his disposition as to its acceptance.) 48. The habitual excessive use of ganja may affect the children of the excessive consumer in several cases, Questions No. 47 and No. 48 are answered from my natural experience of medicine, which teaches me that at the time of a man's sexual intercourse the high pitch of disposition which he then possesses on account of any intoxication, or pleasurable luxury which he indulges in, may probably affect the issue. But that it is a hereditary habit is not my strong opinion. This acceptance or non-acceptance of the pleasurable sensation introduced into a man by the consumption of any of the said drugs depends entirely on temper and disposition of the consumers, which disposition is bestowed by God or nature with great power of acceptance in some, and that of resistance in others.  - Evidence of H. S. A. M. MUNJUMIAH, Native Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


45. A beginner at first seldom makes use of ganja, etc., for a few days. After a short period he begins to smoke moderately, but further on he commences to consume it inordinately ; in the case of ganja, persons seldom adhere to moderation. Dysentery, asthma and various other diseases, such as drowsiness and weakness of body, etc., result from the use of ganja. - Evidence* of SAIYID MAHMUD alias HAKEEM NHANNAY MIAN, Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


39. Ganja is not either drunk or eaten here, but only smoked. So I cannot say whether smoking is a less injurious form of its consumption than drinking. 45. The moderate use of this does not produce noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. - Evidence* of SINGITAPU VENKATA RAO, Brahmin, Madahwa, Native Physician and Inamdar, Coconada, Godavari District.


39. It is not injurious to those people who are accustomed to it for years together. 45. The habitual moderate consumers, by the use of these drugs, produce moral effects, physical and mental, only to those people who are accustomed to it, and not in any way distructive - Evidence of I. PONNUSAWMI PILLAI, Private Practitioner, Pothawar, Salem, District.


39. Smoking is more injurious than eating ganja in the shape of lagiums. In the preparation
of lagium other cooling substances are included, and hence it is less injurious. On the other hand, it is conducive to health. Smoking is more injurious, because the smoke gets into and affects the lungs, and makes the man thin and wiry. 45. No doubt it produces noxious effects. I know of about 15 men who have become wiry, day by day. In the long run they were subjected to bronchitis, and their eyes became dark gradually. The heat in them increases as well. They were under my treatment until they recovered.  - Evidence of ABDUL KARIM SAHIB, Native Physician, Namakkal, Salem District.


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking and eating, for it weakens the strength and causes dry cough in the consumer. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja is the cause of ill-heath, both mentally and physically. I am sure that those who are well-disposed and make a moderate use of ganja become stout, vigorous, and cheerful.  -  Evidence of SRI VASUDEVA RAJAMANI RAJAH DEO, Kshatria, Zamindar of Mandasa, Ganjam District.


45. Speaking generally, the moderate use of these drugs seems to produce no evil effect of any sort on the consumers.  - Evidence of SRI SRI SRI GOURA CHANDRA. GAJAPATY NARAYAN DEO GARU, Kshatria, Zamindar of Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


39. No; on the other hand, smoking is said to be more injurious. As the effect of the smoking does not last long and the smoker is incapable to resist frequent temptations, he is apt to smoke more frequently than a drinker or eater drinks or eats. These admittedly being drugs of an intoxicating nature, the more frequent the use of them is the more intoxicated the user is. Hence smoking is said to be more injurious. 45. Yes ; I believe it does produce noxious effects physically, it weakens the constitution mentally, and it interferes with the brain.  - Evidence of TIMMARAZU VENKATA  SIVA RAO., Brahmin, Landed Proprietor and Chairman, Municipal Council, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


39. The consumers of these drugs say that the effect of smoking is of less duration than that of eating. Although the natural inference from this is that eating or drinking is more injurious than smoking, since smoking directly acts upon the lungs and produces consumption in a short time, I think it is equally, if not more, injurious to the physical well-being of a man. 45. It weakens and emaciates one, and it produces consumption ; e.g., there is a tenant of mine at Chunampet who got into the habit in his early days, broke down from want of proper nourishment and dropped the habit. This is the physical effect. Morally, they are indifferent to all laws, social and religious, and they won't get out of their way to put their neighbours, when they offend against the laws of society, into the right path, or even remonstrate with them for their unlawful conduct. Further, they themselves don't care about the laws of society as far as decency and caste prejudices are concerned. I am therefore of impression that they lose all idea of morality, and don't feel the moral responsibility which one ought to have towards society. - Evidence of C. MUTHU KUMARASWAMI MUDELLIAR, Zamindar, Chunampet, Chingleput District.


45. None  - Evidence of P. SESHACHALLAM NAIDOO, Balija, Landlord, Merchant, and Chairman, Vetapollem, Kistna District.


39. Smoking is more injurious, as it causes consumption and the lungs become blackened. The lips are also blackened. The body becomes thin and reduced. 45. (a) No. (b) Yes. It reduces the body and makes him weak. (c) It causes injury to the digestive powers of some and loss of appetite to others. (d) It causes asthma and bronchitis. (e) It does not impair the moral sense, induces laziness, and does not create habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The excessive use of these drugs causes great intoxication, and deprives him of any worldy knowledge. 47. It is not a hereditary habit among ordinary people, but hereditary among the sanyasis and fakirs. No ; it does not affect the children of the moderate consumers. 48. The habitual excessive consumer has no family or anything, and consequently no hereditary habits.  - Evidence of AZIZ-UD-DIN ALI KHAN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Jagirdar, Cherlopalle, Gurramkanda, District Cuddapah.


39. Smoking is more injurious than either eating or drinking it, causing the disease named spermatorrhœa (loss of semen). 45. It will act as poison if in the habitual use of it intemperance is reached. On heated constitutions it has the effect of weakening. On flabby constitutions it has a good effect. It dulls intelligence. The use of it retards the desire for sexual intercourse. It impairs the constitution by making the man lean. Increases digestion, removes dysentery and cough. It does not impair the moral sense. It induces laziness. 47. No.  - Evidence of SAGI RAMA SASTRY, Brahmin, Inamdar and Native Doctor, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


45.[oral evidence] I should say that ganja was unquestionably doing more harm than alcohol or opium, and that opium was the least harmful of the three. By ganja, I mean the flowering head of the plant either smoked or eaten. I should think it was more harmful than opium-smoking; but I limited my written answers to three of the Commission's questions, because I thought they contained the only points on which I was qualified. to speak. I have no special knowledge of the subject, except such as could be picked up by a Superintendent of a jail.  - Evidence of MR. W. A. SYMONDS, Agent and Manager to the Lessees of Sivaganga Zainindari, Madura District.


39. Neither  ganja nor its preparations are eaten by all except habitual consumers . It causes intoxication to those who are not habitual consumers. Smoking does not produce as much intoxication as eating. 45. No. - Evidence of BONDILI MOTIRAM, Cultivator, Cocanada, Godavari District


39. Smoking the hemp plant is said to be less injurious than drinking or eating the same in any other form ; for eating or drinking of the ganja produces irritation in the stomach at times, and induces the person to repeat the dose to check the irritation. 45. I have not heard that it produces noxious effects, either physical, mental or moral.  - Evidence of LANKA KRISTNIENGAR, Vaishnava Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Srirangam, Trichinopoly District.


39. I am unable to say ; opinions are divided on this subject. 45. Not in any instance that has come under my notice.  - Evidence of MR. W. TAYLOR, Chairman, Municipal Council, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


39. Smoking is said to be more harmful, because it affects the lungs. 45. Habitual moderate use of the drug is said not to produce any serious bad effects, physical, mental or moral, on the whole; but, compared to toddy, they say its effect in the long run cannot be said to be altogether good. 46. Habitual excessive use of the drug is said to produce bad effects, such as attenuation of body, forgetfulness, laziness, and impotence. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of K. SUBBARAYADU PUNTALU, Brahmin, Chairman of the Adoni Municipal Council, Bellary District.


39. Smoking is less injurious than eating and drinking the drugs, as smoking is less intoxicating than the latter two. 45. Physically the man gets weaker when not properly nourished. Mentally he gets absent minded; morally he becomes useless. It does impair. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite in the long run. It causes dysentery, bronchitis or asthma when not properly nourished. It does so. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of E. SUBRAMANA IYER, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Con jevaram, Chingleput District.


45. Most certainly the effects are injurious in every way, more especially, I think, mentally. The digestion becomes impaired and the body more or less emaciated, but its ill effects are chiefly seen in the peculiar imbecility which it produces—an unsteadiness of mind which is its chief characteristic. 46. Excessive use results in the same symptoms in an intensified form. Not unfrequently death is said to speedily follow excessive indulgence.  - Evidence of the REV. H. J. GOFFIN,*Missionary, Kadiri, Cuddapah District


9. Smoking is certainly less injurious than consumption. In smoking pure plant made into a size of a cake balled, but in drinking and eating different ingredients are mixed which lessen the power of the stuff. 45. (a) Yes, physically, mentally, and morally too. (b) Yes. (c) Does not interfere. (d) No. (e) After reaction sets in, it must induce. 45.[oral evidence] My answer relates to the moderate as well as the excessive use. I have some actual knowledge as well as a general impression on the subject. I did distinguish in my enquiries between the moderate and excessive use, though it does not appear in my answers. I should now attribute the bad effects described in this answer to the excessive and not to the moderate use. Moderate consumers do not become insane ; but they are not capable of doing work. They wander about and do not show attachment to their families. The moderate use generally ends in the excessive use. I have seen some 20 consumers, who are idlers, and always ready to smoke and drink; and these are the people from whom my impressions of the effects of moderate use are derived. These persons frequent a building attached to a mosque in Badvel, and their drink is " paraka" a mild intoxicant prepared with a small quantity of ganja. I could recognise a moderate smoker of ganja, even though I did not see him smoke, by the redness of his eyes and a certain stiffness of gait. I cannot say what quantity of ganja or Chang represents moderate consumption. 47. Not at all a hereditary habit, but does affect children's health. As far as my experience goes, I can confidently testify that the children of such men are generally very weak and sickly.  47.[oral evidence] The consumers of the hemp drugs generally have no issue. My impression that the children of consumers are weak and sick, is general ; but its is also based on observation of particular cases, for I have noticed that excessive smokers either have no issue or weakly children. I have not made similar observation regarding moderate smokers. The only moderate smokers I know are those I have mentioned under question 1. I can only recall one excessive smoker, and I have known him for 3 years. He had three children, who are all weakand sickly. They are all three grown up. Three children were born, etc., people say, before the father smoked excessively. He is now about 5 years of age. My opinion that excessive smokers do not have children is based on hearsay. - Evidence of the REV. J, DESIGACHARI, Missionary , Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Badvel, Cuddapah District.


45. I have seen fakirs and others ruined by ganja smoking. There is a notorious instance in Salem of a man who, through ganja smoking, has a vitiated aopetite. He eats filthy things, and is an awful object lesson on the abuse of ganja. The effect I have observed in other cases is that of imbecility or rather besottedness, mentally and physically, great emaciation, a staggering walk, staring look, and sunken bloodshot eyes. The moral perceptions do not exist in these cases. - Evidence of the REV. W. ROBINSON, Missionary, London Missionary Sobriety, Salem.


39. All consumers whom I have asked say that the eating or drinking of ganja is much worse than the smoking, as they tend to produce madness and frenzy. 45. The use of ganja certainly injures the digestive organs and causes a lack of appetite. Many smokers have told me that they didn't care whether they got their food or not if only they could get their supply of ganja. A young man named Philip, a teacher in a school under my charge, had his constitution completely ruined by indulging in ganja smoking for about a month or six weeks. His digestion was destroyed and some time he had no appetite and felt repulsion at the sight of food. After he had been given strong purgatives, this to a great extent disappeared. When I saw the young man. which was about a fortnight after his illness commenced he was very weak and trembled and started from time to time. He seemed unable to look steadily at an object for any time and could not answer my questions intelligently. His mind was permanently affected and he has never since been able to do any work. So far as I could find out he had not used the drug for more than six weeks and had never gone to any great excess. The moderate use of the drug certainly impairs the moral sense and makes a man lazy and useless. When the people speak of a man as " a ganja man," they mean a lazy, good-for-nothing fellow who cannot be trusted. I know a great many ganja smokers, and I believe hardly one of them is capable of distinguishing between truth and falsehood in the narration of an occurrence. As a rule ganja smokers work spasmodically and fitfully and are incapable of prolonged exertion. I have not met any cases of persons who have taken to hemp to obtain relief from brain disease, nor of insanity disposing people to indulge in these drugs. 45.[oral evidence] Philip was a Pariah Christian. I learnt from himself and the villagers whom he taught that he only used the drug moderately. He did not drink to my knowledge. He was of good character before he took to the hemp, but somewhat lazy. He was not of strong constitution. I did not know any member of his family, except a brother and an uncle, who were strong, and. the former of whom was of good character. I used to visit the village, 50 miles from Cuddapah, where the men worked, three times a year. On one occasion he neglected to come up to one of our centres for his pay ; and when I was travelling near the village a short time afterwards, the villagers brought him to me. There are three or four habitual moderate consumers in the same village. They are Pariahs and Christians, and I know them personally. They taught him the use of the drugs. One of them is at present in jail for house-breaking, and I am not certain that another is not also in prison. They are men of bad character, and I have cut them off from the congregation. They drink liquor at times, as almost all the low classes do. It was from the testimony of the neighbours that I came to the conclusion that lie had indulged very moderately. I dismissed him from the congregation. He was a fairly well educated lad of 25. I have no doubt that I have diagnosed the ease correctly as due to hemp drugs. All my knowledge of his character was gathered from the information of the villagers, the reports of our evangelist, and the state of his school. I could get no evidence of his having been addicted to the habit before. He lived in a quarter of the village which is inhabited by Pariah Christians...Before arriving at this conclusion, I should make other enquiries as to the man's family, as to his other habits, and as to the time he had been using the drug. If I got information of heredity as well as the ganja habit, I should probably conclude there had been a predisposition, which had been brought on by the ganja. The man always looked poor, weak, and underfed,..So far as I have seen, ganja consumers are inclined to do things by fits and starts. We have no dooly-bearers in any district, and I know of no class who smoke ganja as a class and work like other people. There are, however, individuals who, consume the drugs in moderation and work steadily. - Evidence of the REV. W. H. CAMPBELL, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Cuddapah.


39. The smoking of ganja is said to be much more injurious than the eating of ganja confections. It should be remembered that the smoke is swallowed, not merely drawn into the mouth. Smoking destroys the appetite and decreases seminal secretions even from the first. It results in impotence. The use of majium, etc., has the same effect in the end, but at first it greatly increases the appetite. It is used for this purpose and as a digestive. It is a strong aphrodisiac and is used to that end. Several men asserted that they smoked to remove hunger and to give staying power. One man, who said he would give it up if he had plenty of food, said he took 1/4 measure of rice daily. The young Mudaliar I have referred to said lie used not to eat in. the evening while he indulged the habit of ganja smoking. A ganja smoker will not feel stirred up to be aggressive. Rather than fight he will bear blows quietly. Smokers give little trouble at chattrams, they become fearful rather than fearless, but for a time they have great staying-power and can lift heavy weights or run long distances. pilgrimes going to Palni from Malabar, some 60 miles, move along with great swiftness and go many miles ; they say smoking ganja helps them. They do not all take ganja ; sanyasis when begging will gash themselves severely on the arm or neck and scarcely feel the pain ; this is due to their practice of smoking ganja. I have seen numberless scars of gashes on the neck or arm of a man. 39.[oral evidence] My statements regarding the aphrodisiac effects of the drugs are based only on the remarks of the smokers referred to in answer 1 and on the books referred to in answer 40. The statements regarding the non-aggressive character of ganja smokers are however based on my experience of the appearance and behaviour of the smokers I met and talked to. - Evidence of the REV. S. J. LONG, Missionary, Coimbatore.


45. Yes ; little harm physically, mentally, and morally is apparen - Evidence of the REV. W. V. HIGGINS,* Missionary, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District


45. (a) No. (b) No. (c) No. It increases the appetite. (d) No. It relieves all these diseases. (e) Not in moderate doses. 47 No. - Evidence of the REV. A. MARGÖSCHIS, Medical Missionary, S. P. G., Nazareth, Tinnevelly District.


39. Smoking is said to be less injurious, because those who smoke do not commit such excesses as those that drink. 45. (a) It exaggerates effects referred to under 44. (d) Yes. (e)It does  - Evidence of the REV. JOHN S. CHANDLER, Missionay Madura.


39. However, ganja-smoking is regarded as more injurious than bhang-drinking, as the admixture of milk with the latter is said to counteract its ill effects. Whereas some say that the drinking of the preparation of any one of the different parts of the drug is more injurious than the smoking. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Ganja is said to produce a cough, the disagreeableness of which is prevented by the smoker using an excess of ghee. If well-to-do, he takes a good deal of rich sweetmeats in which ghee is freely used. (e) It induces laziness, and to such an extent that "a lazy man " and "a ganja smoker " are synonymous terms, though the lazy man may not use the drug at all. - Evidence of the REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, Canadian Baptist Mission, Yellamanchili, Vizagapatam.


39. Answered above. The eating of the preparation marjinum has the most enduring effect, the unconscious state lasting for twelve hours or more. The smoking of ganja seems to make a complete stupor of shorter duration, and the drinking of bhangi a less complete stupor and an inclination to anger if interfered with. 45. (a) Physical weakness, leanness, cough, mental listlessness and eventual imbecility, moral loss of self-respect and self-restraint. (b) Yes. (d) It produces cough ; whether bronchial or asthmatic, not known to writer. The former at all events, and it increases laziness.  - Evidence of the REV. J. F. BURDITT, Missionary, Narsaravupet, Kistna District.


45 and 46. As regards the effects of the use of these drugs, I may say that their use generally induces laziness on the part of the consumers. People who indulge in ganja smoking never like to work hard and appear to be physically weak in constitution. These drugs are not used as an aphrodisiac, but on the other hand it is said that the use of the drug tends to produce impotence. It is why men who dislike worldly affairs have been generally practising ganja smoking. Most of the ganja smokers are thus to be seen among bairagis, sanyasis, and fakirs, who have nothing to do with the worldly duties. A fakir with whom I had conversation the other day confirms the above fact. Moreover, the ganja smokers are generally dull and appear to be physically weak. It does not appear that the moderate or the excessive indulgence in any of these drugs incites to commit crime or violence, nor are they used by criminals to fortify themselves to commit a premeditated act of violence. 47. I believe it does. 48. I believe the evil effects to be proportionate to the use of the drug.  - Evidence of the REV. J. HEINRICHS, Missionary, Vinukunda, Kistna District


39. Smoking brings with it more evils than eating and drinking. This also has been formed into a common saying namely:—He who eats bhangi flourishes, he who smokes it, is ruined - Evidence of the REV. S. C. SCHAIBLE, Missionary, Moolky, South Canara.


Question 45.[Oral evidence]—I have given the matter of hemp drugs very little attention until I was asked the other day. I had noticed the use among the bairagis at the chatrams (rest-houses) in villages, and had known one or at most two cases among the Native Christians. As regards the common people, the use of the drugs had not been brought to my personal notice in any way. I am there –fore not prepared to say that there are any palpable effects on the people generally from the use of hemp drugs. I could not say the same of alcohol. I have seen much more of the effects of alcohol, i.e., of drunkenness publicly. I cannot say whether the use of the drugs is less injurious than that of alcohol, for I have not seen enough of the use of the former to be able to institute a comparison. I have seen but very little of the drugs in the outlying villages ; and generally speaking nothing of them. I have seen nothing in this part of the district that seems to call for Government interference. I am myself a total abstainer; but the London Mission does not make a point of total abstinence. Most of our Native Christians are total abstainers ; but this is not made compulsory. I should not myself permit amember of the church to use hemp drugs. I should strictly forbid it. If be did not obey I should not permit him to remain a member. I should not take the same course in regard to alcohol (spirit) provided that no effect came to my notice, and that the use was not a confirmed habit but only occasional. I should treat the use of opium precisely as I should treat the use of ganja. The reason of the difference in my attitude towards alcohol is that I think the drugs seem to affect a man more directly and markedly than alcohol. It is possible that this opinion may be due to the fact that I know less of the drugs and less of what may be moderate or excessive use, and may be therefore more apprehensive of the drugs. It may be less that I know the effects of the drugs than that I fear their being possibly very injurious. I cannot say whether there is any general impression in the country that the effects of the drugs are worse than those of alcohol. What I have been describing above is my own attitude, not that of the church, which as i have said, has not taken up the ground of compulsory abstinence. I have not discussed this matter with brother missionaries ; and as I am far from our other stations I have not been at any conference for some years. I have only had to deal in discipline with one man ; and he gave up the habit on admonition ; and we had suspicion of another man. I have had struggle with one man about opium, but believe he has given it up. I have had to warn two or three persons about alcohol but never to dismiss a man.  - Evidence of the REV. M. THOMAS, Missionary, London Mission, Vizagapatam.


As to effects, I should say that, of course, the drug is injurious if taken to excess. I have seen a little, but very little of this. I have questioned a number of smokers who have told me they have smoked for different lengths of time : from ten to (in one case) sixty years. These men looked practically all right, talked sensibly enough, and the main effects that I could discover (in the worst cases) were a certain listless look and glassy stare. In the younger smokers I could see no such effects. There seemed to be a good deal of fun in them. I cannot say that these were excessive smokers ; but I found them in these smoking places. Another recognized effect, i.e., attributed to the drug by smokers, which one cannot see, is the great increase of appetite. I heard of one poor man who had to give up smoking because he could not afford the amount of food required. I never heard of special quality of food being required by the ganja smoker. The moral effect is, I should think, bad. As far as I could discover, smoking at all events tends to destroy the will power. I am not sure about the other forms. I mean it tends to produce a lack of resolution and lack of interests in life. I examined men to see this, watching the look of the men, their eyes and hands. But, of course, I have not observed the development of this in any case. I did not keep men under observation. It does not seem here to lead to violence, but rather the opposite. The smokers claim to feel happy and never get angry. That seemed to me to be true, judging from what I saw of smokers. I am unable to say what the effect of the privation would be. I never saw that. It was never shown to me that the character of the smoker was irritable. What I saw was the contrary. My experience in this respect surprised me. Of course it is limited, too limited to permit of valuable generalisation. All that I had said regarding the effects is based on the enquiry I had been making during the last three months, on observing and questioning the smokers themselves, and on statements made by the native Christian agents who enquired on my behalf. I did not enquire from the friends or relatives of smokers. But when I asked a smoker what the effects were, he could say, " it keeps me from anger." The smokers did not seem at all irritable. The chief immediate effect of use seemed to be a certain sleepiness and listlessness. As a rule, I did not see the same individuals more than once. I asked one bairagi why the bairagis used ganja so much. He said, they wandered about from place to place, and had often to use bad water. He said ganja removed the pain or ill effects of this. One man also mentioned the staying—power of the drug. No bairagi mentioned that the drug was good for concentration of thought. I have heard that stated casually, but not from a consumer. All I have said about effects is in regard to smoking ; for I have not seen any effects of eating or drinking the drug. I have not seen much of these uses, and have not been able to trace effects. I have seen no marked physical character—no emaciation—in any consumer of the drug in any form. The old sixty years' smoker was thin ; but, then, be must have been nearly eighty years old. I rather think he had a cough, but it did not strike me at the time. I attributed it to age. - Evidence of the REV, GEO. PITTENDRIGH, Missionary, Free Church of Scotland Mission, Madras.


Question 45.[oral evidence]—I have come in contact with ganja consumers enough to know their general appearance. They have red eyes, are lazy and listless, are constantly yawning, and are pale and unhealthy-looking. These are excessive consumers. The moderate consumers could hardly be distinguished from other people. They can be with difficulty distinguished. The moderate use is beneficial. Their appearance has no marks of superiority. The drugs are beneficial to them, only if taken in the form of refreshing drink. In other forms the drug is not beneficial apart from its medicinal use. Alcohol in moderation contributes to health by refreshing and relieving the mind and body. I regard alcohol as better than bhang. Excess in either bhang or alcohol is equally bad, Excess in ganja smoking is worse than both, because I am told, though I have no experience of it, that it affects the brain. I should receive either a spirit drinker or ganja smoker into my congregation. If he were given to excess, I should inculcate moderation.  - Evidence of the VERY REV. A. CHELVUM, Roman Catholic Diocese, Vizagapatam.


39. Yes; smoking affects the brain, while eating and drinking affects not only the brain but also the body. 45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes; when he has not been properly fed . (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Yes.  - Evidence of S. P. NARASIMMALU NAYUDU, Editor of the " Crescent," Coimbatore .


39. Drinking (bhang) is less injurious than smoking ganja. 45. (a) Moderate use does not produce noxious effects. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Produces a little bronchitis. (e) Induces laziness, but not immorality. Generally the poverty of the consumer and his previous indolent habits, ignorance of sanitary rules, and such other things are the causes. The consumer of the drug, if he eats well, will be always strong and healthy. 46. Excessive habitual use, if the consumer has plenty to eat, does not injure him so much.  - Evidence of N. KOTHUNDARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Editor of "Suneeti" Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


39. It is said that smoking is more injurious than eating, which is, however, more injurious than drinking on account of the admixtures. - Evidence of K. VEMATASOOBIAH, Veishya, Trader and Pleader, District Munsiff's Court, Cuddapah.


39. It seems to me that smoking ganja must be less injurious than drinking or eating its admixture, especially the admixture of dhatura, inasmuch as the substitutes forming the mixture have the tendency to intensify the intoxicating effects of the drug. 45. It impairs the constitution, lessens sexual desire, deadens the intellect, 47. No.  - Evidence of GANJAM VENCATARATNAM, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader, Coconada, Godavery District.


39. Smoking seems less injurious. - Evidence of VISWANADHAM GURAVAIAH SASTRI, Brahmin, Pleader and District and Taluk Board Member, Chicacole.


45. In strong constitutions noxious effects are not markedly perceptible as in weak constitutions. Bhang creates indolence and slightly dulls the intellect and moral sensibility. Ganja acts injuriously on the nervous system, inflames the temper, and weakens the sense of moral responsibility. I know a relation of mine who from the most dutiful and obedient of sons came to be self-willed, wayward and disobedient, and not amenable to any control, all through the moderate use of ganja. Charas does not injuriously affect the temper, but has in other respects almost the same effect as ganja.  - Evidence of B. CHATTERJEA, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Ganjam, and Chairman, Berhampore Municipality.


39. Smoking is considered to be more injurious than drinking or eating the same drug. 45. (a) No. Not majum and panakum. (b) No. Not majum and panakum. (c) No. Not majum and panakum. (d) Ganja smoking produces dysentery and is injurious. It affects the eyes. 47. Not known to be a hereditary habit. Does not affect children. 48. Excessive use of any of these drugs in any form is injurious.  - Evidence of P. C. ANUNTHACHARLU, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, and Government Pleader, Bellary.


39. The drinking and eating of bhang is less injurious than the smoking of ganja or charas, because the active principle of the former loses much of its effects in the course of preparation, whereas ganja and charas are smoked in its raw state. - Evidence of V. SIVA YOGI, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader and Municipal Chairman, Vellore.


39. Smoking is less injurious, as it does not excite the system as much as eating, nor it spoils constitution as eating, even if an overdose is taken. - Evidence of V. SRINIVASA RAO, Brahmin, Pleader, District Munsiff's Court, Tirukoilur, South Arcot.


39. Bairagis regard the use of ganja as enabling them to fix their mind upon the Divine Principle in their process of (Samadhi) concentration of mind upon the Eternal Principle. This plant is therefore known as yoga patri in the common language of bairagis. Ganja smoking
is in disrepute because habitual consumers are known to be drowsy. Ganja smokers are proverbially lazy.  - Evidence of MANCHALLER JAGANNADHAM, Brahmin, Pleader, Bapathla, Ristna District


45. Bairagis being unmarried as a class, their constitutions are not undermined. Others, unless their nourishment is good, gradually suffer. Lung diseases occur after a long use. It does impair or blunt moral sense and induce laziness, but not immorality of the kind of debauchery. 47. No.  - Evidence of P. KESAVA PILLAI, Karnam, Pleater, and Honorary Secretary of the Gooty People's Association.


39. Smoking ganja is mere injurious than eating or drinking. The sharpness of its nature is softened when mixed with ghee or milk , whereas in smoking the ganja is used in a raw state and thus produces more heat in the body. 45 and 46. It impairs the constitution if proper nourishment is wanting. It does not injure digestion directly. It causes dysentery, costiveness: invariably brings on asthma. It induces laziness generally; but steadiness in the work in hand or taken up at the time 47. It is so for the most part in Northern India. 48. Not necessarily hereditary. - Evidence of the HON'BLE A. SABAPATHY MOODELLIAR, RAI BAHADUR,* Merchant, Bellary.


39. All these three preparations are equally injurious. 45. (a) No, nothing of that sort. (b) No. (c) No. (d) There will be a sort of remedy for the diseases questioned. (e) No. It further creates activity in the man. 46. When it becomes perfectly agreeable to the constitution, it does no harm, whatever quantity is taken. It is quite plain to say that no one comes forward to use the drug when it does not agree with his constitution. It does not create as much temptation as alcohol for beginners. This is as harmless as tobacco. 47. No. 48. It requires no discussion. - Evidence of CHODISETTY VENKATARATNUM, Merchant, Coconada, Godavari District


39. Smoking is not considered in any way injurious to health. No drinking or eating the drug in its own form is prevalent in this country - Evidence of KOMMIREDDI NARASINGA Row NAYUDU GARU, Merchant, Coconada.


39. I think the smoking is less injurious as it only gives a slight effect to the brain, whilst by eating, the body as well as the brain is affected.  - Evidence of MIRZA MEHDY ISPAHANI, Merchant, Madras.


39. Smoking produces greater injury than drinking. Smoking heatens the system, whereas it is cooled by drinking and eating. Smoking affects the lungs and produces lung diseases, generally catarrh. - Evidence of NALUM BHIMARAUZ VYSYIA, Merchant, Berhampore, Ganjam District.


39. It is generally believed that smoking of the drugs are more injurious than using it in drinking and eating. The smoking affects the brain, liver and the chest. As for eating and drinking, it is not so much injurious, it being diluted by mixture of other drugs or spices. 45. (a) It does produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral also. (b) to (f) Yes. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of MR. D . MANECKJI, Parsi, Merchant and Contractor, Calicut.


Question 45.[Oral evidence]—My knowledge of hemp is limited and of a general character, but I have been inquiring since this Commission was constituted, for the Collector asked me whether I was willing to be a witness. I said my knowledge was limited and my evidence would not be of value. The population of Bimlipatam is about 9,000. The number of smokers will be about 50. Among agriculturists the use is less than among people living in towns...The moderate use does no harm, except that it, tends to the excessive use. This is the only harm. I do not know any moderate smokers who have not shown this tendency. The number of times of using the drug is increased. All this is based on the observations of a few months. I have never watched it before. There are smokers whom I have asked who have described this tendency to increase as animperceptible influence. This seems less to apply to bhang. The smoking is more injurious, as more likely to tend to excess. I have seen cases of drinking bhang which have been attended with good results: the bhang has been beneficial. I am not aware of any such case in regard to ganja. I did not know before beginning this inquiry that there were 50 smokers in the town. I have since inquired from the ganja shopkeeper, and visited his shop. I have also tried to find out ganja smokers from one or two other sources. And what I have said above is mainly based on what I have ascertained from, and in respect to, these ganja smokers. Before I began this inquiry I had a general impression that hemp drugs were injurious, but I had no knowledge of any case in which injurious effects had occurred. My inquiries have been mainly confined to the town of Bimlipatam, but I have also obtained some information in Vizianagram. I have made no direct inquiries in villages, but I do not believe there is injuiry in the interior, for the village officials tell me the custom of using the drug has been hardly ever noticed there. - Evidence of M. R. RY. V. ANANTH  RAO  PANTULU GARU, RAO SAHEB, Bank Cashier, Vizagapatam District.


45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not produce noxious effects—physical, mental or moral. - Evidence of MOKHALINGAM APPANNA, Ganja Vendor, Coconada.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than the drinking or eating of the drug, inasmuch as it affects the lungs and the brain. 45. It produces noxious effects as regards the physique, in so far as the habitual consumer suffers from incessant cough in later age. It does not materially affect the morals of the person resorting to it. - Evidence of  PERIANNA CHETTY, Potter, Ganja Shop-keeper, Kitchipolayam, Salem.


39. It is said that smoking is considered to be less injurious than drinking or eating the same, but I cannot give reasons from my own experience. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja produces noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. I know this by personal observations. I cannot give an account under each of these points.  -  Evidence of KAMALAPURAM NAGAYYA, Komati, Ganja Contractor, Adoni.


39. The effects of smoking ganja are worn out sooner than effects produced by its absorption in any other form. 45. The moderate use of ganja, if not productive of any good, does not produce much ill effects. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not appear to be a hereditary habit.  - Evidence of T. RATNASAMI NADAR, Arrack Supply Contractor, Malabar.


39. In cold climates ganja is eaten raw. Some eat ganja for the sake of more intoxication than what is caused by smoking. Smoking is less injurious. 45. Habitual moderate consumers of ganja do not turn weak as long as they eat well a sufficient quantity of ghee and sweets made of ghee. It produces bad effects on the mental qualifications of men of business. They become slow and quiet in thinking powers. Those who use ganja in moderate doses become morally good characters. If sufficient ghee and strong food is not taken, it impairs constitution. Immoderate use also produces bad effects. If immoderately used it creates dry cough, but not asthma. It does not impair moral sense. It induces laziness, but not immorality or debauchery. The bad effects of ganja can in some cases be cured by administering lime-juce, honey and water. If raw ganja with seeds is used, it may become poisonous. 47. This does not create hereditary habit, nor does it in any way affect their children. 48. Habitual excessive use may produce various bad effects—lungs, heart and liver may be affected; insanity, laziness, etc.  - Evidence of MULAGULA KONDIAH, Goldsmith, Rajahmundry


39. Smoking ganja is less injurious than eating it. Eating produces (mind that it is never eaten in the raw state, but only in the form of lahiam and poornathi) head giddiness, and excess sometimes brings death to the consumer. 45. (a) and (b) The consumer looks like one suffering from consumption. The flesh is reduced, and the man becomes thin. (c) No loss of appetite is produced. (d) Smoking does not generally produce the disease, but only rarely eating invariably does (e) Smokers are always brisk. Eaters become gradually very lazy. 47 and 48. It is not a hereditary habit. It does not affect children. - Evidence of ANGAPPA GONUDEN, Blacksmith, Salem


39. Smoking is less injurious than eating or drinking. 45. The habitual use of these drugs degrade a man physically, mentally and morally.  - Evidence of MALLAPPA, Reddy, Guntakal.


39. Smoking ganja is more dangerous than drinking treacle of ganja. The effects are different. Eating is bad. Eating in medicines gives different effects. 45. (a) Moderate use does not produce any bad effects, either physical, mental or moral, provided the consumers eat nourishing food, such as curd, milk, ghee, sugar, &c. (e) It does not produce laziness or immoral habits. (f) If no nourishing food is taken, the vital powers of a man are destroyed. If excessively consumed, it no doubt affects the system and may turn men lunatics or affect lungs. 47. The use of this drug can never produce hereditary habits.  - Evidence of SAMDASU BAVAJI, Brahmin, Priest in the Matt of Sri Jagannadha Swamy, Rajahmundry.


39. The use of ganja for smoking purposes heats the body, raises its temperature, and, if taken to excess, results in the loss of semen. If taken with milk and sugar, it invigorates the person and strengthens the constitution. 45. To some it does; but if it suits the constitution and becomes a habit with the consumer it does not impair the health. If the consumer takes in milk, sugar, ghee, curd, etc., it strengthens him; but if not, i.e., if he is not a man of good living, it weakens and thins the person. It does not injure the digestion, nor does it cause loss of appetite. It does not induce laziness, nor does it produce habits of immorality or debauchery, except in a very few cases.  - Evidence of BALDEVDAS, Brahmin, Priest of Hanuman Math, Rajahmundry.


39. There is more injury caused in smoking it than in eating or drinking. In smoking it there is much injury caused, because it changes the features of the face, and the smokers become indolent and sick, and therefore they take to begging. Everything, whatever it may be, is digested by him By walking a great distance he does not feel tired. Cold does not catch him, even although he may go to cold countries. The climate and water of every place suits him. 45. By eating it he becomes stout, and by smoking it he becomes feeble. It brings on mental injuries when it is taken without being washed ; but not injury is caused when it is taken after washing. - Evidence of SYED SHAH ABDAL HUSAINI, Manager of Pencundah's Dargah, Pencundah, Anantapur District.


In regard to effects, I have made no special en-quiry, but from all I hear, the use of bhang is practically innocuous. You hear of a "bandani" of ganja, i.e., a man who has the habit. You seldom hear of this with bhang. It is also said that jewellers when they have delicate appraising to do, clear their wits with bhang. This quality is frequently attributed to bhang. I have myself had no cases of ganja among my servants or dependents, but I know there is a general impression that ganja is bad, especially if you cannot satisfy the great appetite it produces. I have been told this. I have been told in asylums that some cases were due to ganja. I have also seen dissipated people of the loafer and fakir classes who had the red eyes and generally dissolute appearance popularly ascribed to ganja. But I have had no personal experience in my official capacity of the effects of the drugs among the people. - Evidence of MR. G. B. REID, Commissioner, Northern Division, Ahmedabad.


Question 45.—The effects of the drugs have never forced themselves on my notice in any way either as a Magistrate or as a Revenue Officer - Evidence of MR. G. W. VIDAL, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay.


39. Local opinion seems to be that smoking is more injurious than drinking. Ghota is considered to be a cooling drink, appetising and digestive when taken in moderation. Smoking is said by some to heat the system and to injure the constitution when carried to excess, unless accompanied by liberal diet, in which milk and ghi are essentials. Majum is said to be largely used by professional wrestlers as a stomachic and calmer of the system. I am inclined, therefore, to suppose that eating and drinking the drug is less injurious than smoking it. 45. Local opinion, as far as sounded, has attributed none of these effects to the moderate use of ganja when accompanied by sufficient diet. My enquiries have of necessity not been extensive enough to enable me to offer remarks worth recording on this page. In the whole district I am told of...124 of impaired constitution, attributed to the use of the drug ; but I have not secured details of the cases for want of time. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I have had no personal experience of the effects of ganja smoking. The subject did not attract my attention until the last two months. I then had a census taken thr oughout the district of the number of persons who consumed the drugs moderately and excessively, of those whose health had suffered thereby...47 and 48. Local opinion is in the negative.   - Evidence of MR. E. J. EBDEN, Collector, Ahmednagar.


39. It is supposed that the drink is less injurious than the drug smoked, because of the greater admixture of harmless ingredients. 46. I have never seen a case of any harm arising from the use of ganja. 47 and 48. No ; the habit is purely personal.  - Evidence of MR. F. L. CHARLES, Collector, Belgaum.


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang and ganja is not believed to be injurious, as a rule, if accompanied by sufficient nourishing food. I have met several habitual consumers, who are none the worse for it. On the other hand, ganja has induced asthma in some. Without good food it causes also loss of appetite and indigestion. 46. Excessive use of ganja is believed to cause asthma and indigestion in a more marked degree, also consumption and impotence. The excessive use of bhang is believed to cause rheumatism and indigestion. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of MR. F. S. P. LELY, Collector of Surat.


39. I should say that ganja and charas smoking with or without admixture are much more injurious than bhang-drinking. I know of no edible preparation made from the hemp plants. 46. The excessive ganja smoker may be detected by his emaciated body, his dull lustre less eye, his listlessness and feebleness. He becomes after a few years enfeebled in body and mind, and even a worse wreck than the victim of alcohol. Appetite goes, and at last the maddening fumes become his sole resort for temporary relief and oblivion. 47.  No. - Evidence of MR. H. WOODWARD, Collector, Kaira, Gujarat


39. Opinions differ altogether on this. 45. (a) to (e) No. 46. Excessive use impairs the constitution, causes loss of appetite, 47. No. 48. I cannot say - Evidence of MR. W. W. DREW, Acting Collector, Ratnagiri.


47. The smoker above mentioned has six chil dren, all born since he became a smoker ; eldest aged 25. Eldest daughter has also six children; all are healthy ; none are smokers. 48. No information. - Evidence of MR. R. A. LAMB, Acting Collector, Kolaba.


39. Smoking ganja is said to be less injurious than eating majum, unless the latter is only taken in very small quantities. Majum when taken in large quantities has an instantaneous and powerfully intoxicating effect. 45. The habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce any of the first five evil effects referred to in the question ; but the habitual moderate use of ganja produces them all. 46. The excessive use of ganja, majum or akhoti will have the same effects as are referred to above, but in an aggravated form. Persons who smoke, as some few do, as much as 20 tolas of ganja per diem rapidly succumb to its effects. 47. The habitual moderate use is not hereditary and does not in any way affect the children of the consumer.  - Evidence of MR. C. G. DODGSON, Assistant Magistrate and Collector, Khandesh


39. I do not regard smoking of any of the hemp plant drugs as less injurious than drinking or eating the same. Ganja smoking is more in -toxicating than eating the confections made from it. The reason is that in smoking a much larger quantity of ganja is used proportionately than in manufacturing the sweetmeats or confections of ganja. The latter, moreover, are mixed with ghi and other ingredients which reduce the strength of the narcotic. For the same reason and because bhang is much milder than ganja, the beverage prepared from it is also much less powerful than ganja smoking. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of the drugs produces noxious effects, physical especially. Ganja smoking especially has bad effects. It weakens the constitution and emaciates the body. Its continued use impairs the digestion, though the first use of it excites appetite. It produces an obstinate cough, which results in bronchitis or asthma in old age. The moderate use does not cause dysentery. Its excessive use causes bodily infirmity. Indolent habits are induced by the habitual use of the drug, however moderate...Bhang drinking is said not to be baneful and not to be attended with any of the effects stated above. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of the drugs produces noxious effects and in an aggravated form. The constitution is completely impaired, resulting in emaciation of the body. The excessive ganja smoker is a deplorable object, troubled with nausea and headache, and presenting the appearance of extreme general debility. He has an anæmic appearance, always sickly and fretful. The digestion is affected; there is loss of appetite; dysentery, bronchitis or asthma results. The moral sense is impaired and habits of indolence supervene. The sexual passions are excited oftentimes, leading to excessive debauchery. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. I am not in a position to state if habitual excessive use of any of the drugs appears to be a hereditary habit, although the children of the excessive consumer are sickly. - Evidence  of  MR. A. H. PLUNKETT, City Magistrate, Poona.


39. Excessive smoking of ganja is more injurious than excessive drinking of bhang. A moderate use of either is said to be not injurious. 45. None of these effects are known to be produced by habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang. The answers as regards habitual excessive use are — (b) Yes, if the consumer does not get sufficient nourishment. (c) Ganja is said to do this to a certain extent, (e)It induces laziness, but not habits of im -morality or debauchery. 47 and 48. Not at all. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LALLUBHAI GORDHANDAS, Vania, Huzur Deputy Collector, Nasik.


39. Smoking is admittedly more injurious than drinking or eating. Smoking affects the lungs and brain more immediately and directly than the latter. 45. Smoking affects physically and mentally, but it is doubtful whether it has any effect on one's morality. It affects the lungs and the brain and impairs the constitution. The effects are slow in the ease of persons who live well, Indigestion and loss of appetite follow weakness of body, brain, and lungs. It is known to cause asthma and bronchitis, but is said not to cause dysentery. It does not produce habits of debauchery or immorality, but induces habits of laziness. 46. In the case of habitual excessive use the abovementioned effects appear earlier and with greater severity. An ill-fed excessive consumer can be easily distinguished by his sunken eyes, black lips, pale face, and emaciated body. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR NARAYAN GANESII DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Belgaum.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation, because smoking is hurtful. It affects lungs and chest, produces cough and excessive heat in the system and dries up blood. While in drinking and eating it has a beneficial effect on the constitution, inasmuch as it cools the system. It is therefore consumed even by higher classes in the hot season. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects—physical, mental or moral. It would impair the constitution to a certain extent should no substantial food be taken. It does not injure the digestion. It creates appetite. It arrests dysentery. Habitual ganja-smoking. would alone cause bronchitis unless it is followed by substantial food. I have never heard that the use of these drugs causes asthma. It does impair the moral sense. It does not induce laziness, but it leads the consumers to habits of immorality. 46. A person consuming any of these drugs excessively would, I think, be subject to all the harms referred to in the last preceding question. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VYANKATESH BAPUJI WADEKAR, Deputy Collector, Ahmednagar.


39. Bhang is used for drinking purposes only and ganja for smoking, except when used for majum and yakuti. 45. Please see answer to question No. 42 as regards the effects of ganja smoking. In some cases of young persons ganja smoking for a year or two induces habits of debauchery, but not to a greater extent than is caused by other intoxicants. It does not generally induce laziness or impair the moral sense. 47. No. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DADABHAI DEENSHAH, Parsi, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Kaira.


39. Smoking seems to be more injurious than drinking or eating. Smokers generally appear to be pale and weakened in constitution. The mental derangement amongst smokers appears to be appreciable. These effects do not appear to have been caused by drinking or eating the drug in any form. 45. Even moderate use of ganja for smoking produces noxious effects, both physical and mental. It does impair the constitution. It seems to injure the digestion and cause asthma. It induces laziness ; but does not seem to lead to habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The effects are in the same way more noxious in proportion. 47. No. 48. N o. In the case I have quoted in my answer to question No. 46, I have seen that the children of the consumer have not been affected in any way.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHASKAR RAO RAMCHANDRA HEBLIKAR, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Sholapur


39. The smoking of ganja is less injurious for the reason that the resinous substance is removed by washing, and therefore its intoxication does not last long. Such, however, is not the case with the preparation made for drinking or eating. For in the case of eating or drinking, the leaves with its resinous substance are finely ground and drunk or eaten, and therefore the effects of intoxication are more severe in the latter case and last longer. 45 and 46. Information on these points is not within my knowledge. 47 and 48. This does not become a hereditary habit, except in the case of gosavis and bairagis, and in no way affect the children.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR SITARAM DAMODAR, H uzur Deputy Collector, Khandesh.


39. Smoking is considered more injurious than ' drinking or eating any of these drugs, as the smoke affects the brain more quickly than eating or drinking. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja produces noxious effects on the consumer's mind, conduct, and physique. It impairs the constitution and injures the digestive system. It causes bowel complaint and bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. It impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness and diminishes the power of understanding. It does not induce habits of debauchery...The eyes of the consumer grow red, and he presents the appearance of one deeply absorbed in meditations.  46. All the abovementioned noxious effects are produced much sooner by the habitual excessive use of ganja than by its moderate use. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja is not a hereditary habit, and does not affect the children of the moderate consumer. 48. The longing for ganja is not hereditary, and has no effect on the children of the excessive ganja consumer.  - Evidence of KHAN BHADUR RATANJI ERDALJI KANGA, Parsi, Deputy Collector and Magistrate, Dharwar


39. Ganja smoking is considered more injurious than bhang drinking. 45. Moderate use of bhang drink and ganja smoking does not appear to bring about any of these results. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not appear to be a hereditary habit. It does not affect the children of moderate con-sumers. 48. Ditto as regards excessive consumers - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BAPUJI MAHIPAT KHARKAR, Kayasth, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Satara


39. Only ganja is used for smoking, and smoking is considered as more injurious than drinking or eating any of the preparations of the hemp drugs, as it affects the brain quicker than drinking or eating. 45 In giving information on this subject , native medical officer in the Dharwar district states :—" Even the moderate use produces noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral. It im -pairs the constitution by making it lean (absorb-ing all fat) ; prolonged use makes the digestion bad. It causes bowel complaint and bronchitis. It induces laziness, deadens intellect, and produces insanity in some cases. It causes mostly perma -nent derangement of the brain." I think that officer's statement, quoted above, applies to ganja. Some of the persons whom I have consulted in Poona say that the habitual moderate use of any of the drugs does not produce any noxious effects —physical, mental, or moral—provided the con-sumer is well fed. I can say that, at least in the case of poor people who hardly get sufficient nutritious food, the habitual moderate use of ganja for smoking, to which only they are gener-ally addicted, produces the noxious effects as de -scribed above. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of the drugs does, in my opinion, produce noxious effects —physical, mental, and moral.  47. No. 48. The habitual excessive use of any of the drugs also cannot be said to be a hereditary habit, and does not affect in any way the children of the excessive consumers.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RANGO RAMCHANDRA BHARDI, Deputy Collector and Native Assistant to the Commissioner, Poona, Central Division.


39. It is said that the drinking or eating of the hemp plant is more injurious than smoking the same through a pipe. 45 and 46. Yes ; the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effects. It impairs the health of consumers, causes the loss of appetite, produces asthma. It does impair the moral sense, induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does it affect in any way the children of moderate consumers.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RUDRAGOWDA CHANVIRGOWDA ARTAL, Lengayet, Deputy Collector, Bijapur.



45. (a) to (e) No. 46. No information could be obtained with regard to this question. 47. N o. 48, 49 and 50. Not known - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR V. H. SHIKHRE, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector, Alibagh, Kolaba District.


39. Drinking ghota or bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja or eating majum or yakuti. The smoking of ganja affects one's brains—some times permanently—and the consumers of yakuti are found to be more intoxicated than the drinkers of ghota or bhang. 45 and 46. Even the habitual moderate use of ganja does produce noxious effects on the health of a person. It impairs the constitution of the consumer in some degree. It causes asthma, and makes a man drowsy and immoral sometimes. Questions 45 and 46.[oral evidence]—Moderate use of the drugs is only injurious to those who do not get good food, i.e., ghi or milk or animal food. Otherwise it does no harm at all,  47. The habitual use of ganja or bhang is not a hereditary habit, and it has no effect on the children of the smokers further than this, that they imitate their father and become ganja smokers also. 48. The effect of the habitual excessive use of the drug has a pernicious effect on the children of the smokers. The children are more weak.  - Evidence of NARAYAN RAO BHIKHAJ1 JOGALEKAR, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector ; now Karbhari of the Aundh Stale.


39. I am told that bhang drinking is the least injurious form in which a hemp drug may be used, and that charas smoking is the worst form. Ganja smoking is said to be more injurious than bhang drinking. A little bhang only is eaten in Bombay, and I understand, when eaten, it is more injurious than when drunk. Garda is drunk in the shops like bhang, and is said to be stronger in intoxi cating effect and more injurious than bhang. 45 and 46. The habitual moderate or excessive use of a hemp ding does, I believe, eventually harm the consumer in a greater or lesser degree. The harm done will depend much on the individual's constitution and his style of living. Questions 45 and 46.—I have not personal knowledge of harm done by the habitual moderate use of these drugs; but I am told that the general opinion, the popular idea, is that the habitual moderate use does harm. It is thought that if a man is comfortably off and well-nourished that injury is prevented. Otherwise it is thought that ganja smoking affects the lungs and causes cough. There is also a popular opinion, I think, that the habitual user of the drug ( even moderately ) is sometimes not so trustworthy as others, less truthful and somewhat tricky. It is also said that the very excessive use of the drug causes lunacy, whether permanent or not I cannot say. I have myself no experience of any kind of harm from the habitual moderate use. I cannot be sure that I know anything even of the excessive use causing injury. about the shops I have sometimes seen some wretched emaciated looking men; but I cannot be sure that this state was produced by the ganja. I should not say that I see many such men about the ganja shops. It is the ganja shops where they are seen. In proportion to the consumers, I should say that there were more such men about ganja shops than about liquor shops. I would rather not say about opium shops, as it is some time since they were closed. Generally, then, my impression is that there are more wrecks from ganja than from liquor in proportion to the number of consumers ; but not actually more. These wretched-looking objects are, I think, chiefly Muhammadans, beggars, fakirs. Fakirs are credited with indulging in excesses in regard to ganja, but not (I think) in other excesses. Their want of food, clothing and comforts. would tend to emaciation apart from ganja. I believe they take ganja because they are idle and have nothing to do; possibly also that they may not feel their privations so keenly. I think it possible that persons in comfortable circumstances only occasionally become wrecks from ganja ; but I cannot say that I know a case. The persons I refer to are chiefly but not exclusively of the fakir class. I have occasionally seen people in shops who gave me the impression that they had been better off and had been injured in this way by ganja. I visit the shops for purpose of revenue duty. I do not consider it any part of my duty to enquire into the antecedents of consumers or the effects of the drugs.  - Evidence of MR. W. ALMON, Assistant Collector, Abkari Department, Bombay.


39. I am not in a position to answer this ques tion satisfactorily. In practice, however, I have found that, in the long run, ganja smokers are more injuriously affected than those that eat or drink it in some form. The reason, I think, is that the poison directly enters by inhalation into the lungs, and is absorbed by, and circulated through, the system more rapidly, thus producing more injurious effects. 45. Habitual moderate use of the hemp drugs is observed to cause the following infirmities. Whether these results can, and if so by what scientific process, be connected with the consumption I am not in a position to say. A person long given to the habit of ganja consumption, even in a moderate form, is found to be very thin and generally weak, with impaired digestion, and suffering from bronchitis and, in a few cases, from asthma. He becomes lazy and averse to hard work; but his moral sense is not impaired, nor does he acquire habits of immorality or debauchery. I am of opinion that a long use of the drugs would result in a loss of appetite for sexual passions, owing probably to the affection of the nervous system. 46. The above injurious effects are observed in an aggravated form in an habitual excessive consumer. His constitution is completely pulled down, and he becomes quite useless for work. He suffers from bronchitis and asthma of a worse type. and is labouring under constant headache, uneasiness, and vacantness of mind. 47 and 48. No, not to my knowledge. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB GANESH PANDURANG THAKAR, Deshastha Brahmin, Mamlatdar, Pandharpur, Sholapur District, at present auditing the jamabandi accounts of the Poona  District, Poona.


38 and 39. Both the smoking of ganja and the drinking of bhang (ghota) produce intoxication. The smoking produces heat in the body. It increases appetite and is likely to affect injuriously the consumer's brain and blood if he is not, given sufficient food to eat. It is also likely to bring on asthma and cause disorder of lungs. Such are not the effects of the ghota, the use of which keeps intoxication longer than in the case or the ganjasmoking. It also sustains consumer's power of working. A ghota has a cooling effect in the end. It does not tend to increase appetite, nor is it so injurious to health. If consumed in a moderate quantity, it has these advantages. But ordinarily moderation is not observed, and its immoderate use is therefore injurious. 44 to 46. Reliable information is not obtainable to give satisfactory answers to these questions. 47 to 52. I am not aware of any instances of this nature. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB SHESHO KRISNA MUDKAVI, Mamlatdar of Taluka Bijapur, Bijapur.


45. The occasional use of ganja in moderate quantity is said to be conducive to health. It acts a s stimulant and engenders activities and is generally held to be beneficial to health, although when taken in excess or continued as a habit it has a very prejudicial effect on health and mental faculty. I have consulted a few of my friends in the medical profession, and they are all unanimous in condemning the habitual use of ganja, as being essentially deleterious to the health. 46. In habitual excessive consumers all the symptoms are greatly aggravated, and in addition there is the deterioration of the mental faculties. There is loss of memory, numbness and want of power and control over the nervous system, and helpless condition and complete depression and inactivity.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB L. M. DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Poona City


39. The drinking or eating of ganja is less injurious to health than smoking, as the latter directly acts upon the brain, while the former serves as a nourishment. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja, if accompanied by good nourishment, does not produce any of the noxious effects mentioned in this question. However, in old age and decline of health all these effects are produced. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. It does not deaden the intellect...On the contrary, it is said that it sharpens the intellect. 46. Habitual excessive use of ganja produces all the noxious effects mentioned in question No. 45. 47 and 48, The habitual moderate use of ganja does not appear to be a hereditary habit or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumers.  - Evidence of BALKRISHNA NARAYAN VAIDYA, Parbhu, State Karbhari of Sangli


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation, because the excessive use in smoking is hurtful. It affects the lungs and chest, produces cough and excessive heat in the body, and dries up blood in the system. While in drinking and eating it has a beneficial effect on the constitution, in -asmuch as it cools the system, and it is consumed even by more advanced classes in the hot season. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral. It impairs the constitution in some way if substantial food be not taken. It does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite, but it creates appetite. it arrests dysentery, but causes bronchitis or asthma if used in excess in smok-ing in the absence of any substantial food, It impairs the moral sense and does not induce lazi-ness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. An excessive consumer of any of these drugs would suffer severely. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. Please see answer to the preceding question (i.e., No. 47). - Evidence of DADABHAI BURJORJEE GUZDER, Parsi, District Abkari In spector, Ahmednagar.


39. I cannot answer this question. 45 and 46. I cannot answer these. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja does not appear to be a hereditary habit. It does not affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. I cannot answer this. - Evidence of KHAN SAHIB NASARVANJI EDALJI SETHNA, Parsi, Abkari Inspector , Satara.


39. The smoking of ganja and charas is considered more injurious than bhang drinking, though it takes a longer time to take effect, and its influence lasts longer. Many moderate smokers of ganja and charas are said to suffer, though slightly, from chest affections, such as cough and asthma, in old age. 45 and 46. There is no reason to suppose that habitual moderate consumers, when properly fed, suffer either in body, mind, or morals ; but excessive consumers may suffer both in body and mind, and certainly do suffer in morals. 47 and 48. There is nothing to show that the habit of consuming hemp drugs is hereditarily transmitted, or that there is any special tendency, apart from association and example, for children of even immoderate consumers to become addicted to the vice. - Evidence of YASHVANT NILKANTH, Patana P rabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay.


39. Drinking is probably less injurious than smoking. - Evidence of MR. G. P. MILLET, Divisional Forest Officer, West Thana, Thana


Question 45.[oral evidence]—Including the Ramusis I have about 2,400 men under me in the force. In Bom-bay I have never had occasion of knowing that men smoked, except in the case of two old jail birds who were detectives. The habit seemed to produce laziness and untidiness : a stupid, lazy, slovenly appearance. I suspected them from their appearance and was told that they had the habit. These men were not under strict discipline. So there was no offence against discipline on their part. They were rather cute detectives, and I had not to dismiss them. The habit did not interfere with their work. They were both Muhammadans. The effects of the drug have never forced themselves on my notice at all in regard to the Bombay police force. I know of no case in my experience, either as Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of Police. In Sind I have had to get rid of men, because they were habitual ganja-smokers. I was told this. I did not discriminate between differ-ent forms of the drug. They were got rid of because they were idle and slovenly, and took no interest in their work. There might be three cases in my six or seven years in Sind as Deputy Superintendent of Police. In the districts I held, the force varied from 900 men (in Shikarpur) to 1,500 (Karachi). A s regarded these men they were hereditary smokers. The father in one case took opium and hemp, and even European liquor. He was father of two of the men employed in the force who followed his example. They were good enough men with no tendency to crime, but they were devoid of interest in their work, I think their ruin was due to ganja, not liquor, though I was told they took liquor also. Charas and bhang have not been specially brought to my notice. But, as I say, the different forms of the drug were not distinguished until recently. If I knew that a man habitually took ganja, even moderately, I should not keep him ; so I would also not have a man who was a moderate liquor drinker. You never know where a native's "moderation " will cease. The danger of his going on to excess is great in both liquor and ganja ; the man has broken away from the ordinary moral restraints under which a native usually lies. If he were a Bhil, I should think differently of the case; it is the custom of the Bhils to drink. If a class is habitually given to intoxicants, my feeling would not be so strong regarding a man of that class, but I should prefer the nonconsumer of intoxicants, unless (as in Khandesh) I were compelled to take consumers. My aversion in regard to hemp drugs is due rather to fear of the unknown results that might ensue than to any experience I have had of evil results. It is also due to a certain extent to the ill repute of hemp drugs. Punishments for drunkenness are more frequent, but are also very rare indeed.  - Evidence of MR. R. W. E. H. VINCENT, C. I. E., Officiating Commissioner of Police, Bombay.


39. Ganja smoking takes effect at once, and is said to be a more injurious form of taking the drug than either eating or drinking it. Bhang is always drunk. In this form not so strong as when eaten. Is taken more as a refreshing beverage, and chiefly in the hot weather. 44. Vide answer to question 41. Both ganja and bhang produce intoxication if too freely taken. Their consumption in moderation does no harm, and is supposed to increase the appetite. 47.  No. 48. Apparently has some effect on the progeny. Father of fourteen and an habitual excessive smoker here has only three children living. Looks a very emaciated specimen himself. - Evidence of MR. H. KENNEDY, District Superintendent of Police, Ahmednagar.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang appears to impair the constitution and produce chest affections. It induces laziness, and probably impairs to some extent the moral sense. 47. No. - Evidence of MR. J. E. DOWN, Districts Superintendent of Police, Satara.


39. The habitual smoking of any preparation of hemp is, I consider, more injurious than the eating or drinking of bhang. The continued, though moderate, use of ganja appears to dry up the natural fluids, and to prematurely age and give a haggard appearance to the consumer; whereas no such marked changes are, as a rule, noticeable in the moderate bhang drinker.
45. The habitual moderate use of ganja has a tendency to impoverish the constitution unless the consumer is accustomed to nourishing food, and though, when first indulged in, it increases appetite, it ultimately, I think, impairs the digestive powers, and in many instances causes asthma. It induces laziness, but not immorality; Bhang.—The habitual moderate use of bhang is not supposed to impair the constitution, nor does it affect the digestive organs like ganja. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma, but induces habits of laziness, and possibly of immorality. 47. No. 48. I do not think that the habitual excessive use of these drugs is likely to become a hereditary habit, or to affect to any great extent the offspring of such consumers. -  Evidence of MR. F. T. V. AUSTIN, District Superintendent of Police, Surat.


39. I am unable to answer this question from personal knowledge or observation; but from information I have been able to gather from smokers, eaters and drinkers of the drug, I am told that smoking the drug is far more injurious to the constitution than either eating or drinking it. There are thousands who drink decoctions of the drug who would scorn the idea of smoking it. Either eating, drinking or smoking the drug to excess by a novice produces intoxication, whereas habitual smokers or drinkers may either smoke or drink it from morning till night and never become stupefied. The effect produced by drinking bhang lasts much longer than the effectproduced by smoking either charas or ganja Smoking the drug to excess produces asthma, bronchitis and impotence. It also...generally impairs the constitution. The general belief is that eating or drinking preparations of the drug does not produce the above-mentioned symptoms, but such a question can be better answered by a medical man. 45. The habitual habit of smoking charas and ganja in moderation does impair the constitution. It causes bronchitis and asthma. It does not impair the appetite but, usually creates it and aids the digestion. It induces laziness and also habits of immorality and debauchery when the consumer is able to take good nourishing food.  Ganja and charas smoking in moderation by various people who live well is said to materially assist them in the accomplishment of their lustful desires. 46. Excessive smoking of ganja and charas causes impotency. The majority of sadhus, gosains and other devotees take vows of celibacy, which I doubt many of them would be able to fulfil were they not more or less incapacitated for sexual intercourse by the excessive use of these drugs. 47. The habitual moderate or excessive use of these drugs does not appear to be hereditary, and does not appear to affect the children of moderate consumers. 48. The habitual excessive use of these drugs does not appear to be hereditary. The habit of smoking these drugs is usually contracted as described in paragraph 27. The habitual habit of drinking preparations of the drugs is, as far as I have been able to ascertain, very rare among all classes. The occasional use of it on festivals and during the hot season sometimes develops into the habitual habit. Those who use bhang habitually and take good food are usually stout. Bhang drinkers are said to he great eaters. - Evidence of MR. T. G. FOARD, Superintendent of Police, Cambay.


39. Bhang is used for drinking purposes, and ganja for smoking. The habitual smoking of hemp preparations is more injurious than the eating or drinking of bhang. 45. Kindly see answer to question No. 42. Young persons in habit of smoking ganja for some time are induced to incur habits of debauchery, but not so great as caused by other intoxicating things. 46 and 47. I do not know. 48. I don't think the habitual, moderate, or excessive use is likely to become hereditary habit or to affect the children of such consumers  - Evidence of KHAN BAH ADUR NANABHOY COWASJI, Parsi, City Police Inspector, Surat.



45. ( a) None. (b), (c) and (d) No. (e) No; but it does induce laziness.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB PRANSHANKAR, Brahmin, Inspector of Police, Detective Branch, Bombay


Question 45.—I have no personal experience of the effects of the hemp drugs, on the people - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR-GENERAL P. S. TURNBULL, Surgeon-General with the Government of Bombay.


 45. (a) Yes, mental. (c) Not, if bhang is moderately used.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. N. PARAKH, Parsi, Surgeon to the Gocul Dass Tejpal Hospital, Malabar Hill, Bombay.


39. Smoking ganja and charas appears to be more injurious than the drinking of bhang, because drinking is indulged in to a limited extent, while smoking the drug is indulged in to a larger extent. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs produces, I think, no deleterious effects. I don't think it impairs the constitution or injures the digestion or appetite ; neither have I known any cases where it caused dysentery, bronchitis or asthma ; nor taken in moderation does it destroy the moral sense, nor induce laziness, though it undoubtedly stimulates, I think, the sexual appetite. 46. When taken in excess, and long continued, it impairs the brain and intellect, making the person taking it heavy, stupid and listless. In this way it also impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, with a tendency to immorality.  47 and 48. No. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. W. B. BOYD, Superintendent, Colaba Lunatic Asylum, Bombay


39. No;  the  reverse  is  generally considered  to be the more correct. Ganja and charas-smoking are more injurious than bhang-drinking, in consequence of the nervous system being more readily affected through the pulmonary than the digestive system. 45. The habitual moderate use of bhang or ganja does not injure the constitution in any way. It does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of bhang or ganja impairs the constitution, injures digestion, causes loss of appetite and bronchitis, impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness. Question 46.[oral evidence]—think it is ganja and not bhang which is likely to produce bronchitis. Bhang would only do so as a secondary effect if it weakened the constitution. It would not have the direct effect any more than alcohol would. I believe ganja does it by irritating the lining membrane of the tubes of the lungs. Bhang used in excess would, I think, be more likely to produce dysentery than ganja would, because it irritates the lining of the stomach and bowels. 47. The habitual moderate use does not appear to be a hereditary habit and does not affect the children. 48. I am not aware of any case in which the habit could be considered hereditary, or the children in any way affected by its use.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. MCCONAGHY, Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Poona.


39. Ganja-smoking appears to be practically the only form in which the hemp plant is used in this district. 45. So far as I can learn, the moderate use of ganja in smoking does not appear to be either physically or mentally injurious, generally speaking. 47. In several cases the habit appears to have passed from father to son, but whether merely as the effect of association or hereditary transmission it is difficult to say. 48. The above would appear to hold good in both cases.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. C. DAVIDSON, Acting Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent of the Jail and Lunatic Asylum, Dharwar.


39. The smoking of ganja is more injurious in the long run than drinking bhang or eating it in a preparation called majum. (Majum is made up of wheat flour, ghee, bhang and sugar in various proportions.) The following are my reasons :— Ganja-smoking deadens the appetite and tends to produce loss of digestive powers. Hence the general emaciation of all habitual excessive ganja smokers, their pallid hue, and, strange to say, blood-shot eyes. From these appearances one can at once recognize a confirmed ganja smoker of the excessive type. The prime effect of bhang drinking is to create an excessive desire for food. Milk is generally drunk after such craving. Bhang drinkers have generally better digestive powers, and are in consequence well known to be voracious eaters, and are by no means any the worse for their voracity. I know of no instance in which even excessive bhang drinkers have become insane. Insanity is the result more of ganja smoking than that of bhang-drinking. Ganja smoking on the whole is more pernicious. 45. There are two classes of moderate habitual smokers of ganja and drinkers of bhang. There are some, for instance, who have a perfectly good physique and a healthy body whose mind is perfectly clear and active, and who lead a moral life, and indulge in their respective practices before their day's work is begun or after they have finished it. There are others again who even after moderate use of bhang or ganja live a life of idleness and are unfit for any kind of work requiring mental or physical exertion. They may be otherwise healthy and perhaps mentally happy ; they may also be moral ; but they are persons who show that they are indulging in a practice which is doing them no good. These drugs lead to a little emaciation, especially smoking, or when after bhang the required supply of food is not available. It is noted by ancient Hindu writers as a reducer of fat. Perhaps this emaciation is due to loss of appetite among ganja-smokers, and not to any direct preventive influence on fat-formation in the body. As noted above, ganja-smoking impairs the power of digestion, and though it may actually cause loss of appetite, it staves off hunger. Hence it is that the bairagis and gosains look upon it as a stand-by when the collected alms of the day do not give them their full meal. I have not seen, nor have I heard from any reliable source of dysentery, asthma, or bronchitis being traced to the use of hemp in moderation. European physicians use it for the cure of dysen tery. To my knowledge, moderate use does not impair moral sense. It does induce laziness in some cases, especially where a person has not to earn his livelihood. But as a general rule with habituals, bhang sharpens the intellect, so does ganja. So far as I am inclined to believe, there is nothing in bhang or ganja to lead to habits of immorality or debauchery. It does intoxicate men not accustomed to it. It staves off hunger. The effect of ganja is transient. It lasts for an hour or two at the utmost. Want of a ganja smoke to a habitual but moderate smoker produces uneasiness. The man misses his little excitement. There is always a longing for it among confirmed smokers. The same is the case with habitual moderate bhang drinkers. Bhang drinking is decidedly cooling at first; byand-bye the drinker feels exhilarated; within half an hour he becomes talkative, after which he feels sleepy, especially if he is a novice. The sleep is full of dreams. On waking there is a desire for food. The desire for food is in some instances immediate ; and a man may eat voraciously under its influence. Some prefer taking bhang on an empty stomach ; others take it a couple of hours after food. In the former case the effect is more rapid for obvious reasons. After the drinker wakes from his sleep, if he is an habitual, he goes to work as usual, but if he is a mere beginner be feels heavy in. the head and still continues to be talkative. He often gets double-vision. The effects pass off in about five or six hours. With habitual drinkers beyond talkativeness there is no marked effect. They appear happy. They have not to lie down, or go to sleep after their usual drink. The habitual use of these drugs, even in a moderate degree, is looked upon as vice. It is, however, not considered wrong by the devotees of Shiva to indulge in ganja or bhang on days held sacred to that divinity. I am not satisfied that either of these drugs acts as a direct aphrodisiac. Of course, when there is a general excitement of the whole system under the influence of smoke or drink, the sexual passions may be roused as often as not. The drug acts more on the sensory part of the brain than on the motorial. It acts as a distinct sedative on the cerebral centres and benumbs the sensory nerves. The theory of hemp acting as an aphrodisiac is not borne out by clinical investigation or experience. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja does impair the constitution. Young men who have taken to it have either died of melancholia and a general break-up of the system or some other complaint such as asthma or chronic bronchitis. I do not think excessive ganja smoking causes dysentery. The tendency of excessive ganja smoking is to reduce the excretions and secretions of the body by paralysing the sensory nerves, hence the pinched face, dry sluggish eye, often bloodshot, and shrivelled frame. From the few cases I know, I do not think excessive ganjasmokers are given to sexual excesses. Gosains and bairagis who are given to excessive ganja smoking are men whose morals are of a low order, as would appear from the many cases of bad syphilis for which I had to treat them in the hospital. 47. I have no reason to suppose that the moderate use of hemp drugs is either due to or engenders a hereditary habit. Nor do I know of any instance where it has affected the children of the moderate consumer, in any way, either as regards health or morals. 48. Excessive ganja smokers are generally not men with families. They generally belong to the class of gosains and bairagis, who are not supposed to marry. Where such ascetics have children by illicit intercourse, they are sickly and generally die of infantile diseases due to proverty of blood, insufficient nourishment, or congenital syphilis.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. R. KIRTIKAR, Civil Surgeon, Thana, and Medical Officer, Thana Depot and District Jail.


45. To the best of my recollection many of the comparatively young sepoys (sixteen years' service), who appeared before Invaliding Boards were said to be addicted to ganja and charas smoking to which their early break-down was attributed. I think the smoking of charas causes bronchitis and asthma, as I well remember cases of these diseases in the 14th Bombay Infantry which were ascribed by the Hospital Assistant and the men's comrades to charas smoking, and which recovered in hospital quicker than cases due to ordinary causes. Question 45.[oral evidence]—I remember that when the yearly inspection for pension took place each year in Sep¬ tember, a number of men, of service only just long enough to earn pension, came up suffering from bronchitis and asthma. They were generally weak and broken in appearance, but this may have been caused by voluntary starvation. They would attend the hospital and be cured, and be in a short time readmitted for the same complaint. They were, as I have said, of the length of service which would entitle them to invalid pension. It was explained to me that they owed their illness to charas smoking. I did not certify in any case that the illness of a man who was granted pension was due to charas. I am bound to state that an applicant's disease was not aggravated by vice or intemperance, but I took no notice of the use of the drug in any of these cases, because I did not attach sufficient importance to the statements made to me, and was not sure that they were correct. I speak only of physical break-down in this answer - Evidence of SURGEON-COLONEL D. E. HUGHES, Principal Medical Officer, Bombay, Deesa and Aden Districts, Bombay.


By smoking ganja and charas, mental, digestive, and consequently the physical, powers of the body are impaired. In extreme cases it leads to melancholy, impotence and dropsy. Smoking is more injurious thin eating. European doctors prescribe extract and tincture of ganja in cases of diarrhœa, dysentery, asthma, gleet, tetanus, etc. Native Vaidyas prescribe ganja and its preparations in some of the above maladies. Native physicians are known to use ganja in cattle diseases. Habitual moderate use of these drugs is, I think, not beneficial to the digestive system, but it does give some staying- power under severe exertion ; it does not serve as a febrifuge or preventive of malaria. Habitual use of this drug, however moderate, does in no way do good to the human system. Moderate use of ghota, a preparation of bhang, slightly aids digestion, but taken in excess it produces injurious effects. Moderate consumers are inoffensive to their neighbours. The immediate effect of moderate use is invigorating and refreshing. It excites hunger. Habitual use of ganja and charas impairs the constitution and injures digestion, but I think it does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It impairs the moral sense, and brings on laziness, The habit is not inherited.  - Evidence of RAO SAHEB BHICAJEE AMROOT CHOBHE, Brahmin, Assistant Surgeon, Poona City.


45. No, it does not. 46. Hxbitual excessive use of the drug produces derangement of the mental powers. It reduces the vital powers of the system, and renders the consumer liable to attacks of dysentery and bronchitis. It has the effect of impairing the moral sense, and produces habits of immorality or debauchery.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DOSSABROY PESTONJEE, Parsi, Assistant Surgeon, Parakh Dispensary, Surat, and Honorary Assistant Surgeon to His Excellency the Viceroy.


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking bhanga. 44 and 45. I had no opportunities of observing this. 47. No. It is not a hereditary habit. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ANNA MORESHWAR KUNTE, J. J. Hospital, Bombay.


39. All the different preparations of hemp plants are not used both for drinking and smoking, and so it is difficult to determine the effects of the same preparation both when drunk and smoked. Ganja is generally used for smoking ; in very few exceptional cases it is taken internally. Charas is generally smoked. I am not aware of its being taken internally. Bhang is generally drunk. Of all the three above preparations bhang is considered the mildest preparation of hemp drugs. This appears to me to be true, because the active principle of the plant is less in quantity in the leaves than in the flowers of the plant. The resin is the active and intoxicating principle of the plant, and hence it is that chains, which is the resinous exudation, and ganja which is the flower tops, contain more of the resinous principle than the leaves, and hence they are stronger and more intoxicating than bhaug. The general effects of ganja smoking on the constitution are exhilaration of spirits, heaviness of head, which sometimes amount to actual headache, slight injection of eyes and dryness of the throat, increase of appetite, and sometimes burning at the pit of the stomach. The effects produced by bhang to persons not accustomed are exhilaration of spirits, dryness of throat, increase of appetite, sensation of flying in heaven, lengthening of time, concentration of the mind on a particular object to which he is inclined before taking it. As a rule all these symptoms are not noticeable in habitual consumers, except slight exhilaration of spirits, general vigour, and concentration of mind on objects to which they are inclined before taking the drug ; thus persons of religious turn become more religious under its use. Their ideas are concentrated on one true God. If persons not accustomed to its use indulge in these drugs excessively they do become insane, but to those who are habituated, the habit becomes a second nature ; and the drug acts more as a food than a narcotic. No injureous effects are produced to habitaual excessive consumers provided they take good nourishing food. 45. (a) to (f ) No. When taken in habitual moderate doses, it is not injurious in any way. When indulged in habitual excessive of doses, I have not seen any injurious effects, provided that good nourishing food is taken after its use. Persons not accustomed to its use indulging in excesses are the class of persons who generally fall victims to various diseases such as asthma, insanity, etc. Neither hereditary effects of any kind result from the use of these drugs, nor the progeny is affected. Even the abusive use of these drugs is not so injurious as alcohol. 46. One who is habituated to the use of these drugs is not affected as regards his constitution in any way, provided he takes good nourishing food, because when once the habit is formed, these drugs do not act as narcotic on him, but act more as food. In some cases, asthma and bronchitis do occur, but a man not accustomed to its use, if indulges in it excessively, then his constitution is affected both physically and mentally. His face assumes a peculiar expression, his eyes appear always red, sensation of floating in air, in rare cases impotence...is not uncommon ; 47 and 48. No. It is neither a hereditary habits nor the progeny is affected.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR THAKORDAS KIKABHAI, Bania, Assistant Surgeon, Wadhwan Civil Station, Kathiawar.


39. There is no degree ; all the preparations have the same effects. It depends upon temperament. Moderation in some will be excess in others. The first effects of any of the preparation are that it is stimulant, excites imagination, increases appetite and is an aphrodisiac. The worst effect of excessive use is that it produces dyspepsia, wasting body, cough, dysentery, impotency. 45. The moderate habitual uses are not very perceptible in their effects physically, only that the smoker or drinker is very acute to receive observation and pointed in his remarks, rather rash and quarrelsome. He is indifferent. It does not impair the constitution, nor loss of appetite, or cause dysentery, bronchitis. It induces laziness and a little indifference. 47 and 48. None has come under my observation under these circumstances,  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ABDUL GHANI, Hakim, in charge of Gadag Dispensary, Gadag, Dharwar District.


45. Yes, ganja produces injurious effects, both physical, mental and even moral. It impairs the constitution, for a habitual ganja smoker is a thin, somewhat emaciated man, with sunken eyes and hollow cheeks. He is seldom known to be fat or corpulent. It produces loss of appetite and strength, though its early use occasions in some a ravenous sensation, not even completely appeased by food. It is a popular belief amongst the ganja smokers that a long-continued habit produces diarrhœa and dysentery, unless these evils are counteracted by an abundant supply of wholesome food, with especially a liberal allowance of ghee and other oleaginous materials. My experience supports the above-made statement. It blunts the moral sense and induces habits of laziness. I do not think it necessarily induces habits of immorality. The constant irritation of the bronchi by the ganja smoke leads to their chronic congestion and to the production of bronchitis. 46. In this connection it would be sufficient to state that the habitual excessive use of the ganja would produce the same set of evil symptoms as those mentioned above, but that they would necessarily be more intense and marked. 47. Ganja smoking does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does its use in any way affect the children of the moderate consumer. 48. Ganja smoking does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does its use in any way affect the children of the excessive consumer.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON B. H. NANAVATTY, Parsi, and Teacher of Surgery and Midwifery, Medical School, Ahmedabad.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is not less injurious than drinking or eating the same. In fact bhang is drunk or eaten, and ganja and charas are smoked. The preparations of hemp, when taken in moderate doses, impart at first a gentle reviving heat, and then a refrigerent effect over the whole body. They exhilarate the spirits, excite the imagination, increase the appetite and promote sexual desire. If habitually taken, they produce indigestion, wasting of the body, melancholia and impotence...By smoking or drinking hemp preparations the eyes become red. 45 and 46. I have no sufficient information to answer this question. 47. It does not become a hereditary habit or affect the children. 48. I do not think the excessive use of any of these drugs creates a hereditary habit or in any way affects children of the excessive consumers.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT BHAU SACCARAM, Brahmin, Raipur Dispensary, Ahmedabad


45. Using these drugs moderately is a very uncertain thing. However, those who are seen to use them pretty moderately are seen growing weaker and sallower; are easily excited and moved and become of weak and blunt intellect. So they impair the constitution. As it is seen to cause increase in the quantity of food required for a meal without in proportion causing the system robust, it must be regarded to interfere with the digestion and nutrition, though it does not cause loss of appetite. As it breaks down the constitution it may predispose to these diseases. It in duces laziness. 47 and 48. Not known.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT RAJANA LOKAJEE, Máli Telgu, Thana.


39. I do not know of any such preparations of hemp plant, the smoking of which would in any way be less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation. I do not think preparations of hemp produce any constitutional effect in small doses ; but when in excess people starve under the influence of narcotism and are frequently seen in emaciated and debilitated conditions and some suffering from lung diseases. 45. I do not think that habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces any noxious effect. Ganja and charas impair the constitution in long run, specially of the persons taking low diet. It injures digestion to a certain extent. Ganja and charas smoking causes bronchitis. Bhang is used in the treatment of dysentery and asthma. It impairs the moral sense or induces the habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. I cannot say, as I had not the opportunity of narrowly watching such cases. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT JAMIATRAM JEYASHUNKER, Nagar Brahmin, West Hospital, Rajkot, Kattiawar.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the drug is generally more injurious than drinking or eating the same quantity. The smoking is a concentrative form, and whereas in drinking or eating it is much diluted with spices. Reasons :—The effect of smoking is in the form of vapour and the absorption into the blood in the lungs is very rapid and immediately on the brain, causing tendency to produce intoxication with unconnected ideas and immediately forgotten, affecting general sensibility and furious delirium by its narcotic effects on the nerve centres and paralysis... While in drinking or eating the same or such preparations the constitution is not so soon affected, as the effect of the drug in this form refreshes constitution and passes off through the system. Question 39.[oral evidence]—The "reasons " here stated are not based on my experience in treating cases. The whole statement is theory. 45. The habitual moderate use of the drug in certain constitutions produces noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. Yes ; it generally impairs constitution from frequent stimulation of nerve centres; the nervous tone of the system is lowered. Yes; it injures digestion and causes loss of appetite. Yes; it causes bronchitis and asthma, and not dysentery. Yes ; it impairs the moral sense, produces laziness and not habits of immorality or debauchery. Question 45.[oral evidence]—The constitutions affected injuriously by the moderate use of hemp drugs are nervous and weak constitutions. In small quantities the drugs would do no harm to a healthy person. 46. Habitual excessive use of any of these drugs would produce very noxious, physical, mental or moral effects, and that within a very short period of the indulgence, and the same effects and injuries, etc., stated in the last question within a very short period. 47. The habitual moderate use of the drug does not appear to be hereditary habit, nor it affects the children in any way. 48. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs does not appear also the hereditary habit. I am not sure, but I conjecture that the children of habitual excessive consumers should be weak in body and perhaps in mind.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SUDASHIO WAMON, Brahmin, Mansa, Mahikantha


39. Drinking of bhang is considered a better and a safer form of using hemp plant than smoking. Bhang drinking in moderate doses is considered refrigerating and stomachic. Smoking ganja affects brain sooner, and gets into the head quicker. 45. (a) Yes, it does. (b) Yes. (c) It causes loss of appetite. (d) Ganja causes bronchitis and occasionally asthma. (e) It induces laziness. It is used by sadhus and sanyasis to induce impotency in order that they may be better able to approach their " Maker." 46. It is obvious from my reply to question No. 45 that habitual excessive use of any of these drugs produces more harmful effects.47. It is not at all a hereditary habit, and does not seem to have any effect on the offsprings of moderate consumers. 48. Excessive use of any of these drugs does not produce hereditary habits in the children of the consumers. But as the excessive consumers become weak in mind and body through its use, their issues naturally come out weak in mind and body as well.   - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PHIROZSILAW D. COOPER, Parsi, in charge Dispensary, Ilao.


39. The general effects of the drugs on the constitution is the same. They are not injurious if used moderately. 45. (a) to (e) No. 46. The excessive use of these drugs is injurious ; it...impairs constitution and digestion. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SHAIK SURFRAZ HAKIM, Nasik.


39. The smoking of ganja and charas is more injurious than drinking bhang. It causes continuous irritation in the respiratory passages, resulting into chronic bronchitis and asthma. It acts also on the nervous system as an excitant, but this action may prove a little beneficial to the system; but after some time by continuous excitement, the nervous system is exhausted...This occurs early in those who cannot afford to supply their system with the proper nourishment. 45. (a) Produces weakness and loss of flesh, intellect dull, and volition impaired and morally weak. (b) It does. (c) Yes, after some time. (d) It causes chronic bronchitis and asthma, but cures dysentery. (e) Yes. 46. Same as discussed in column 45, but more severely. 47. The habit is not hereditary. The children of these consumers are nervous, weak in stamina, and prone to convulsions and hydrocephalus. Question 47.[oral evidence]—This condition of the children is due to nervous weakness of the parents. I know a few cases. I have never had the parents under observation, but have had history of their using ganja. I have had children with similar symptoms whose parents did not use ganja. I have associated these symptoms with the use of hemp by the parents since I went to Sind seven or eight years ago. In Sind nearly every one uses bhang. The Sind climate is very severe—great extremes. I found many cases in Sind of such weakness in children. I have found cases here—a few—but none traceable to hemp. Mr. V.'s children are all right. In conclusion hemp drugs in my opinion cause less harm than alcohol.  48. The habit is not hereditary. The children of the excessive consumers are more nervous, more weak in stamina, and more prone to convulsions and hydrocephalus.  -  Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PURSON SINGH CHATTRY, Sholapur.


I believe both the smoking and eating of the drug are injurious. It does produce dry cough eventuating in bronchitis, asthma, but it does not seem to produce dysentery so far as my experience goes. Its long continued use diminishes the quantity of blood in the system, that it produces anæmia. It does impair moral sense, induce laziness, and leads to habits of debauchery. It does produce insanity of a permanent character to an appreciable extent. I have no data to say that the habit is inherited. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHRAM RAMJI GHOLLAY, Retired Honorary Assistant Surgeon, and Medical Practitioner, Poona City.


39. Taking the same preparation and the same dose, smoking may be said to be less injurious than eating or drinking, for the simple reason that a portion of the active principle is burnt up and decomposed before it reaches the blood. But if the effects of smoking one preparation in a particular dose be compared with the effects of drinking or eating any other preparation in a different dose, the result will vary according to the preparation and the dose. By way of illustrating the first statement, I might say that the effects of smoking a drachm of ganja are less injurious than the effect of eating or drinking the same quantity of it, and so also with charas and bhang. To render the second statement more definite and complete, I might say that the dose being the same, the effects of smoking ganja and charas are worse than the effects of eating or drinking bhang, and that quite the reverse will be the case if we compare the effects of smoking a small dose, say about 10 grains, of ganja or charas with the effects of drinking or eating a large quantity, say an ounce of bhang. 45.(a) No. I have seen many moderate consumers of bhang and ganja in quite a good health, physical, mental, and moral. (b), (c), (d) and (e) No. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs does produce all the bad effects indicated in the above queries. I have seen several cases of asthma and insanity produced by excess in ganja and a few cases of dyspepsia, dysentery and insanity by indulgence in bhang. 47. The habit is very likely to be hereditarily transmitted to children. 48. Children of habitual immoderate consumers would be affected in various ways. But as I have no instances to quote, I can't say anything further upon this point.  - Evidence of GANESH KRISHNA GARDE, * Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City.


39. I have said above that I have known the class of Gorawallas drinking bhang. I have also known them to smoke ganja, and I think smoking is less injurious than drinking. I cannot go further than this. 45. I do not think so. 46. Excessive habitual use of these drugs is always injurious. I have known persons impairing both their body and mind by the habitual excessive use of the drugs. 47. I do not think so. 48. I believe it affects the children of the excessive consumers.  - Evidence of J. GERSON DA. CUNHA, Medical Practitioner, Esplanade, Bombay.


45. The habitual moderate use of ganja smoking tends to produce physical and mental debility. It does not seem to produce any depravity of moral character. Bhang and ganja do not injure digestion, nor do they cause loss of appetite. They do not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma, but, on the contrary, do good to these diseases. They do produce laziness to a certain extent and deaden the intellect. Their habitual use often produces night blindness. 47. There seems to be no hereditary tendency in the use of these drugs. - Evidence of EDALJI NASHIRVANJI, Parsi, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


39. I don't believe the smoking of these drugs is less injurious; perhaps it is more injurious than the drinking. My reason for holding this opinion is that the smoking process is more rapid by the absorption of the narcotic principles of the drugs, and the poison is at once and directly brought into contact with the lungs, the blood and the nervous system ; while the drinking process affects the system through digestive organs. 45. I have not met with any cases in which the habitual moderate use of bhang has produced any noxious effect, either physical, mental or moral. But I believe the habitual moderate use of ganja and charas does produce some noxious effect, physically, mentally and morally. I am inclined to believe that the habitual moderate use of the latter two drugs impairs the constitution, generally injures the digestion, causes laziness and indolence ; but I have not known of cases where it led to immorality or debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of all these three drugs is in my opinion very injurious. It causes the face to become bloated, the eyes injected, and the limbs weak and tremulous;  47. I am not aware of the hereditary nature of the moderate habitual use of the drugs.  - Evidence of BHALCHANDRA KRISHNA BHATAVADEKAR, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


39. Smoking ganja is very injurious, as I have had a number of cases in my practice; atrophy of the whole body is set in after prolonged use of ganja smoking. 45. After ganja—Yes, body wastes, mental faculties become confused, and the moral sense becomes below par. Yes ; many cases of chronic diarrhœa and dysentery, as well as chronic bronchitis and asthma, are seen in those who use ganja. It does produce laziness. 47. I believe it is hereditary in some cases. - Evidence of ISMAIL JAN MOHOMED, Khoja, Physician, Bombay.


45. (b) and (c) Yes. (d) It causes dysentery and other derangements of the bowels. (e) It induces laziness. 47. Not hereditary. The children are weak.  - Evidence of ARDESIR DADABHOY MODY, Parsi, J.P., Member, Municipal Corporation, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


39. The smoking of ganja and charas is less injurious than drinking and eating the same. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral; does not injure the constitution. Ganja after long time, and if no nutritious food is taken, would produce bronchitis and asthma, and weaken the teeth. The moderate use does not deaden the intellect. 46. I cannot positively say that excessive use of ganja and bhang injures the man, physically, mentally, and morally. It depends on the man's constitution. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. The excessive use even does not affect the children of the consumers.  - Evidence of UTTAMRAM JEEWANRAM, ITCHAPOORIA, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat.


39. The smoking of ganja is less injurious than eating and drinking. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja, bhang and charas does not for a long time produce any noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. 46. The habitual excessive use injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes bronchitis and asthma. It spoils the moral character of the consumer. The typical symptoms of an insane from the use of these drugs are that he gets staring sight, his eyes become red, he gets forgetfulness and his voice is changed. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be hereditary habit, or to affect in any way the children of the moderate consumers. 48. I do not know whether the excessive use of these drugs affects the children of the consumers or not. - Evidence of KESHOWRAM HARIDAT, Chcepooria, Audesh Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya) , Render, Surat and Bombay.


39. The smoking of a preparation of the hemp plant is not a less injurious form of consumption. Bhang is seldom or never known to be drunk in moderation with injurious effects. An overdose of bhang will simply cause a man to lie down, to experience a whirling sensation, to vomit, and to dream. A little acid acts as an antidote, or sometimes a good dose of milk and ghi is an effectual cure. The individual is none the worse afterwards for his indiscretion. Excessive ganja smoking is bad and injurious ; it weakens the nerves. 45. No, as regards the moderate consumption of bhang. 46. The excessive habitual use of bhang produces noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral. It impairs the constitution and moral sense, induces laziness, and produces constipation...The excessive habitual use of ganja is more injurious than in the case of bhang. It produces also bronchitis and asthma. 47. The habitual moderate use of hemp drugs does not appear to affect in any way the children of consumers so far as I know. 48. I am not sure whether it does or does not.   - Evidence of MR. PURBHURAM JEEWANRAM, Nagar Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay.


39. The drinking of ganja or charas is more injurious than smoking these drugs. Ganja and charas are very strong, and by drinking them a man completely loses his senses for the time. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and charas produces noxious physical, mental and moral effects on the consumer to some degree. It impairs the constitution in time. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite in time. It causes asthma in time. The habitual moderate use of bhang or garda does not produce ill-effects like the smoking of ganja and charas. 46. The habitual excessive use of all hemp drugs is bad and harmful. The excessive use produces noxious effects, physical, mental, 'and moral.  - Evidence Of VITHALDAS PRANJIWANDASS, Bhunksali Landlord and Trader, late Intoxicating Drugs Farmer, Bombay.


39. No; the smoking of ganja or charas is not less injurious than drinking bhang. Drinking bhang has not that nasty and injurious effect on the constitution as smoking ganja or charas. Smoking ganja or chums produces constant congestive irritation of the throat. This later on leads to affection of the lung. Drinking bhang does not do it. 45. No ; the moderate use does not produce any noxious effects—physical, mental or moral. it does not impair the constitution in any way. No ; it does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does cause bronchitis, which may lead to asthma, and those who indulge too much in ganja smoke, and eat nothing for days, under the effect do get dysentery. Bhang does not produce any such effect. No; it does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of debauchery. 47. No; it does not appear to be hereditary habit ; it does not affect the children in any way. 48. The habitual excessive use of ganja smoke does produce insanity in persons who smoke it, and at the same time their children are wanting in all the functions of the brain, and they are irritable and silly. Question 48.[oral evidence]—The want of intelligence I have mentioned has been noticed by myself in some five or six families. On my describing this to the doctor, he supplied the explanation that the children were wanting in all the functions of the brain. There are other silly children in the village. I cannot say if the silly children of the ganja smokers are more or less numerous than the other silly children. - Evidence of RAMCHANDRA KRISHNA. KOTIIAVALE, Brahmin, Inamdur, Taluka Wai, in Satara District


45. The moderate habitual use of charas or ganja makes the consumer easily irritable and impatient of contradiction. It also impairs his virile powers seriously. The use of bhang, on the contrary, makes the consumer of a very quiet and considerate disposition, and his virile powers get stronger. As said above, ganja and charas impair and undermine the health if proper food be not taken after their use. The food should be necessarily cooling in order to counteract the effects of these drugs. Ganja and charas do neither injure digestion nor cause loss of appetite, but, on the contrary, whet it. Bhang, so long as its effect continues, creates appetite, but after it is over it produces flatulency and loss of appetite. 46. The habitual excessive use of chains and ganja totally destroys the virile powers and makes the mind irritable and defiant at the least provocation. Ganja causes strong constipation of the bowels. 47. I can say that even the moderate habitual use of charas or ganja produces certain permanent effects on the system of the children. The child becomes irritable and constipative ; its eyes get weak ; the growth of hair on the head is very small ; it does not grow vigorous, and its limbs do not develop so much. Toe form remains diminutive. 48. The habitual excessive use of ganja or charas produces similar effects in a proportionately greater degree. But in both these cases, if proper and cooling food be taken, the effects are counteracted.  - Evidence of DESAIBHAI KALIDAS, Brahmin (Khedaval), Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Kaira.


39. I think smoking must rather be injurious than eating or drinking. 47. I don't think. 48. I don't think the excessive use of any of these drugs leads to an hereditary habit or in any way affects the children of the consumer.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR GOVINDRAO RAMCHANDRA GARUD, Pleader Dhulia, Khandesh.


39. It is said that the smoking of ganja and charas are less injurious than eating ganja and drinking "ghota " of bhang. 45. No. 46. Excessive habitual use of any of these drugs does impair the constitution; does injure the digestion and causes loss of appetite; produces asthma and dysentery ; impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. It is not likely to produce habits of debauchery. It deadens the intellect and it is likely to produce insanity. 47. The habit does not seem to be hereditary. Surroundings do influence the children in contracting this habit. It does not affect the progeny of the moderate consumers. 48. Regard being had to the answer to question 46, there is a tendency to affect the children of the excessive consumers to a certain extent.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR HUCHRAO ACHUT HARIHAR, Deshast Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Belgaum.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking or eating the same. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral. The constitution is somewhat impaired if milk and ghee are not taken in sufficient quantity ; but if the man gets milk and ghee, his constitution becomes strong. It does not injure the digestion, nor cause loss of appetite, but, on the contrary, increases it. When they are not well digested, they cause asthma and not dysentery. It does neither impair generally the moral sense nor induce laziness or habits of immorality, nor produce debauchery. It does neither deaden the intellect nor produce insanity, except to a very small extent in those who cannot get substantial food. This insanity is likely to cease as soon as the habit of smoking ganja or drinking and eating bhang is given up. The symptoms of insanity may be re-induced by the use of the drugs after liberation from restraint. The insanes who have no recorded ganja history confess the use of the drugs. I am of opinion from local information that the use of these drugs by persons suffering from mental anxiety or brain disease will not give them real relief, although it is popularly supposed that it alleviates pain to a certain extent. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs is very harmful. One becomes weak. 47. Use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit. It does not affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. Please refer to the answer to question 46.  - Evidence of NARO DHAKADEO, Brahmin, Pleader, Jalgaon, District Khandesh.


39. The use of drink of hemp would doubtless be more injurious than smoking ; because drinking is always practised in company, and as a rule leads to excess. But its preparation is costly and is only arranged for in companies. A drink is not therefore very frequently resorted to. Smoking, on the other hand, is cheaper, more frequent, and pervades all the lower classes. Practically, therefore, it causes more havoc than drinking. 47. I know of instances in which the father smoked and the son did not. But I have not come across instances on this side of India where ganja was habitually used for two or three generations. I cannot therefore offer any remarks on this question as to the transmission of the vice by heredity.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHWANATH KESHAWA JOGLEKAR, Brahmin, Sowkar, Karajgi in Dharwar District.


39. Smoking is more injurious to health than drinking bhang. Smoking injures lungs and brings on bronchitis and other lung diseases ; while drinking bhang is less injurious because it is mild in its effects. 45. (a) None. (b) to (d) No. (e) It induces laziness. 46. It does.  - Evidence of DINANATH SHIWSHANKER, Druggist and Chemist.


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang produces no noxious effects of any kind. 46. The habitual excessive use of bhang produces no noxious effects. It is true, however, that a consumer in such a case loses the time during which his intoxication lasts. 47. I do not know of any case in which the habitual moderate use of bhang has appeared to be an hereditary habit, or affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. Same reply as to question No. 47.  - Evidence* of NAWALCHAND HEERACHAND, Jeweller, Bombay.


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang and ganja does not apparently produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral ; does not impair the constitution in any way, injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite, cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma, impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of bhang produces noxious effects, physical or mental, impairs the constitution, injures the digestion or causes loss of appetite, induces laziness,.. The habitual excessive use of ganja produces noxious effects, physical or mental ; impairs the constitution ; injures the digestion, or causes loss of appetite; causes dysentery, bronchitis or asthma ; induces laziness;   - Evidence of JAMSEDJEE NASSERWANJEE GINWALLA,* Shenshai Parsi, Abkari and Opium Farmer, and proprietor of cotton-ginning factories, Ankleswar.


39. The smoking of any preparation of hemp plant is more injurious than drinking or eating bhang, as the latter is more cooling and less intoxicating. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects. It does not impair the constitution nor does it injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It is said to prevent dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive use of these drugs is simply injurious..To such consumers [fakirs and sadhus] the drugs are harmless, but to novices it is very harmful. 47 and 48. It is not hereditary, nor does it affect the children of moderate consumers so far as I know and I am informed by the fakirs and sadhus.  - Evidence of NANNU MIAN B.SHAIKH, Municipal Secretary, Surat.


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking any preparation of hemp ; and eating the same is least injurious of all. Inordinate smoking makes the eyes smoky or red and the lips black, burns the blood and causes cough and constipation. Moderate smoking with nourishing food is least injurious, and proves tonic in some cases. Drinking is not known to cause any of these injuries, even though the food is not nourishing. Eating ganja or majum is equally harmless. All smokers of ganja are required to take a preparation of fowl's meat at least once in six months to avoid these diseases. Those who do not take animal food take butter, milk, or bananas for the same purpose. 45. (b) Yes. See under question 39. (c) No. It increases appetite. (d) It causes bronchitis, but checks dysentery and diarrhœa. See under questions 39 and 41. (e) It induces laziness and makes its consumers quarrelsome. 46. See the above answer. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VENKAT RANGO KATTI, Pensioner, Dharwar.


45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces noxious effects on body and mind, but not on morality. It burns the blood and impairs constitution. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense. It induces laziness, but not habits of immorality or debauchery.  47. The use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does it affect in any way the children of the moderate consumer. 48. The excessive use of any of these drugs does not also appear to be a hereditary habit ; but the progeny of the excessive consumers become weak and sickly. - Evidence of GURAPPA RACHAPPA, Lengayet, Office of Shetti (Revenue and Police), Dharwar


39. The least injurious form of the use of hemp drugs is bhang drinking. Ganja is, I know, very occasionally consumed in the form of a drink like bhang. This mode of consuming the drug is, believe, injurious. It is less injurious to smoke ganja than to drink it. On one occasion I happened to drink ganja and found the effects so strong that I had to take quarter of a seer of ghee to moderate the effect. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja in my own case has not produced any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. I am now forty-nine years of age and enjoy excellent health. I eat well and sleep sound. I work at home in the mornings and attend office usually from 11 A.M. to 5 P.M. In my own case, when I have a difficult case to look into, 1. usually take it up alter my smoke, and I find that I can deal better with the matter than I could without first having smoked. In my opinion the moderate use of ganja brightens the intellect. 1 think it absolutely necessary that the ganja smoker should have nutritious food. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja and bhang is bad. The effects of such a hiibit are very much worse on the individual in the case where he is unable to obtain good food. 47. in my own case I have a son aged twenty two years. He is my only child, now alive. He does not indulge in intoxicants of any kind and does not even smoke tobacco. He has passed his matriculation examination and now assists me in my office as Assistant Managing Clerk. He is physically a fine young man and a good cricket player.  - Evidence of LALDAS LAXMONJI, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay


45. I have often made it a practice to converse with ascetics, as some are very intelligent and able to give interesting accounts of their travels, and I should say that on the whole, the use of drugs by them does not injure their health. Many are often very robust specimens of humanity, though of course their wandering life is not a healthy one in many respects, and there are many feeble ones amongst them. The ordinary sepoy or coolie who takes hemp drugs, in lieu of alcohol, does not appear to suffer from it. - Evidence of MR. H. E. M. JAMES, Commissioner in Sind


45. The habitual moderate use of bhang has in the opinion of all consulted no bad effect whatever, at any rate until old age approaches. Then some people think that the constitution becomes enervated and weakened by it, but the popular idea is that even then a plentiful use of ghi and sugar will counteract all bad effects. 46. Used in excess, bhang causes all the bad effects mentioned in the question; Its principal effect is to render the consumer thoroughly inert both in mind and body. 47. The habitual moderate use of hemp has no tendency to become hereditary or to affect in any way the children: The landholder referred to in paragraph 31 said he had warned his sons against its use lest they should be bitten by the same snake as their father was, and that neither of them drank it. 48. Nor do I think that excessive bhang drinking is an hereditary habit; but it would no doubt injuriously affect the children in proportion as the parents' health was impaired by its use.  - Evidence of MR. R. GILES, Collector, Shikarpur.


39. Bhang is taken in a liquid form, and ganja and charas are smoked. The drugs are not taken in any other way. 45. The moderate use of bhang is not considered to be injurious; otherwise it is said to enfeeble the constitution and to bring on mental anxiety and extreme nervousness. Persons addicted to it are more susceptible to fatigue than others. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite, nor bring on bronchitis or asthma. In cases of dysentery it is mixed with curds and given as a remedy. Its use is conducive to laziness ; neither immorality nor debauchery is laid to its charge...Ganja and charas, it is admitted on all sides, produce most baneful effects. There is a saying in Sindi, "Charas be taras "—i.e., charas is ruthless." These drugs weaken the physique, causing wasting of the body. Vision becomes impaired and the lungs affected; the intellect becomes deadened, and, while in the first instance they operate to incite debauchery, they end by rendering those addicted to their use impotent. 47. No - Evidence of Mr. C. E. S. STAFFORD STEELE, Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Thar and Parkar District.


39. In this province every body will share with me in saying that smoking of any preparation of the hemp drug is more injurious than drinking it or eating the same in the shape of majum, because smoking has more stupefying effects than drinking and eating. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is not proved to produce any noxious effects — physical, mental or moral. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness of habits or immorality or debauchery. It does not deaden the intellect or produce insanity. These drugs have been never known to produce insanity if taken moderately. 46. In the case of those who use these drugs habitually in excessive quantities, they are certainly inferior physically, mentally and morally, to their brothers who do not use the drugs or use them moderately. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not become a hereditary habit, and does not affect the children of moderate consumers. 48. In the case of habitual excessive consumers of these drugs, the habit does not become hereditary, and their children are not affected, because in this country, with the exception of prostitutes, no female is an habitual excessive consumer of these drugs, and one of the parents of the child, being free from the habit of the excessive use of the drug, is probably the cause of the children not being affected. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR KADIRDAD KHAN GUL KHAN, C.I.E., Deputy Collector, Naushahro Sub-division.


39. Do not know, as there is no preparation of hemp, the smoking of which is considered to be less injurious than drinking or eating the same. The smoking of all the known preparations of hemp are considered to be more injurious than those which are drunk or eaten. 45. The habitual moderate use of light watery preparation of bhang in the hot season does not produce any noxious effects, physical or mental ; it does not impair the constitution, injure digestion or cause loss of appetite, produce dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. But the moderate use of charas does produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution, specially the brains, on account of its hot and dry effects ; it does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite, as its moderate use does not affect the bowels nor does it cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. Among Mussalmans the moderate use of bhang and charas impair the moral sense and induce habits of immorality, but not of debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of bhang and charas produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution, injures the digestion, causes loss of appetite, produces weakness of lungs, the use of bhang on account of its unfavourable properties stated in Appendix A, and charas on account of its strong hot and dry effects. It is a common saying that the habitual excessive use of these drugs acts on the human system and undermines it the same way as salt deteriorates the land which is impregnated with it, It impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, habits of immorality, but not of debauchery, as their masculine powers are weakened to the lowest degree, as is shown in Appendix A. 47 and 48. Do not know. - Evidence of S. SADIK ALI SHERALI, Deputy Collector and First Class Magistrate, Frontier District of Upper Sind.


39. Charas and ganja are smoked and are never used for drinking, and bhang is drunk. 45. (a), (b), (c) , (d) I cannot say. (e) It may do so. 46. I cannot discuss this. 47 and 48. Not as a rule. - Evidence of WADHUMAL CHANDIRAM, Pensioner, late Huzur Deputy Collector. Karachi.


45. It produces habits of excess which are injurious. It impairs the beauty and enfeebles the constitution. It injures the digestive organs, and ultimately causes loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery. It causes asthma. It impairs the moral sense by the long use. It produces laziness, habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. Some persons get into habits of excessive consumption by using it either when alone or when in company with others. 47. It is not hereditary, and it does not affect the children. 48. I have given replies above in question 46.  - Evidence of RAHMATALA KHAN, Police Inspector, Shikarpur.


45. (a) The use of charas alone, particulars of which are given under No. 25, produces noxious effects, physical and mental but not moral. (b) Nothing else, except the diseases mentioned under No. 25. (c) No. (d) No, but it produces asthma. ( e ) It does not impair the moral sense, produces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The same as under 45. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LAKSHMANSING MATTHRAJI , Police Inspector, Hyderabad, Sind


39. Smoking is a more injurious form of consumption since the stronger products of the hemp plant is used. 45. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) No. (d) and (e) Yes. 46. It produces debility, impaired mental energy, loss of strength of character. 47. If it does, it is not perceptible.
48. It will affect the offspring, causing them to be weak in intellect and idiotic. - Evidence of MR. GEO. JUDD, Head Preventive Officer, Karachi.


 39. Bhang is only drunk, and ganja and charas smoked in the province. 5. Bhang used moderately is said not to impair the constitution. Ganja and charas can be used even in moderation and without apparent injury to constitution by men leading an active or labourer's life and who eat well. Pathans, Seedees, and others who use charas moderately, do not suffer by it, as they live well and are of a robust constitution. 46. Bhang is difficult to use excessively being taken in a liquid form and a small quantity of the drug being used in its preparation. Ganja and charas both thin the vital sap, and are apt to produce impotence, especially ganja. Charas affects the eye-sight, teeth, and chest causing coughing and asthma. I have come to the above conclusions from questioning closely many habitual consumers, who have been smokers all their lives - Evidence of MR. GEO. J. BARKER, Abkari Inspector, Karachi.


45. In the case of bhang, none. In the case of ganja and charas cough, and asthma and weakness of vision are produced. The semen also is said to be injuriously affected. 46. If used in moderation, charas and ganja produce noxious effects; â priori the habitual excessive use would be much more injurious, although an excessive smoker of charas informs me that it has done him no harm yet. The only evil effect mentioned by him is loss of appetite.  -  Evidence of RAO BAHADUR ALUMAL TRIKAMDAS BHOJWANI, Deputy Educational Inspector, Karachi


45. I have no evidence; but I should say that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is harmful. 46. I have no data which enable me to distinguish between moderate and excessive habitual use of any of the preparations of this drug, or between their respective effects. My remarks apply to the use of any of the preparations which, I believe, to have similar effects in varying degrees. It causes emaciation and debility. It causes chronic bronchitis and emphysema of the lungs, resulting in an asthmatic condition. It causes at first hyperœmia of the conjunctivæ, which later assume a dusky or yellowish hue, and lividity of the lips and complexion. I believe that it impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness and immorality.  - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. BAINBRIDGE, Civil Surgeon, Karachi.


39. The answer to this question is implied in the answers already given. Bhang is used moderately to stimulate the appetite and as a cooling drink. In a general debauch bhang forms, so to speak, the first course, and is drunk to the degree of excitement. Ganja forming the second course, advances this degree to a state of intoxication. Question 39.—A debauch is begun by drinking bhang, and then ganja and charas follow in succession. This is the course of an ordinary debauch among the mawalis, a name applied to habitual drunkards. I have known this to take place in Hyderabad, but have no knowledge of it elsewhere, Ganja as distinguished from bhang and charas is in use in Hyderabad. Some take ganja, who cannot stand charas. The debauch described above is practised by the mawalis. In my written answers I have been careful to distinguish their habits from those of respectable people who use the drugs. Tobacco forms a run ning accompaniment through the whole debauch. Some take a small pill of opium before drinking the bhang. I have seen my own ghorawala go through the courses I have described, and I have seen it at the tikanas. There are very few mawalis in Hyderabad. I cannot say how many. They are mostly mendicants. The mawalis are well-marked class by themselves recruited from all castes and religions. They are both Hindu and Muhammadan, and these two classes do not amalgamate. They have fakirs among them and bairagis and sadhus, and the bad characters make up the complement. Men out of work are sometimes mawalis. African Seedees are to be found among them in considerable number. The mawalis are known all over Sind. They are not confined to Hyderabad. The name is a term of reproach. A man who works hard for a week, and then spends his wages in such debauchery as I have described, may be called a mawali. I might describe the mawalis as utterly abandoned blackguards. I have seen parties of them as large as one dozen sitting together. My ghorawala is a Shekh, e., a Hindu converted to Muhamma -danism, and his immediate friends are of the same class. The mawalis have a shabby, ill-conditioned look. At the meetings they would sit in a circle round a fire if it were cold weather. The chillum passes round, and they talk , chatter and laugh, and are amusing. After a while they become intoxicated, their conversation becomes irrelevant, and they all talk together. Some drop off to sleep and some stagger away. Co-ordination of the lower extremities is partially lost. The symptoms are hardly distinguishable from those of alcohol. There is in the earlier stages a similar exaltation to that caused by alcohol. The state of excitement caused by alcohol is not distinguishable from the same state caused by bhang. The remarks found in the asylum case book, that people were under the influence of a narcotic, refer to the drowsy, sleepy, wandering stage of intoxication, a state of inco-ordination of the physical functions. 45. It has been several times pointed out that in Sind the moderate use of bhang, as far as effecting the integration or disintegration of the animal tissues is concerned, does neither good nor harm. It is merely a sort of pastime for the idle. Ganja and charas are always used by mawalis with a view to intoxication, which always does harm physically, mentally and morally. A mawali is a man no one relies on. If he does, he will certainly repent his folly. To the other questions under this head a general negative reply may be given. 46. Physical aspects.— A mawali is never, as a rule, a stout well-to-do-looking individual ; on the contrary, he is a person of a lean, skinny, wrinkled, mangy, nervous appearance. In Sind when respectable men meet, they embrace and ask one another are you getting stout, fat, strong, healthy, and content? The mawali is opposite of all these qualities ; although his lingual expressions are the same, to him they can have no meaning. This wrinkled or dried-up state of the constitution shows that nutrition is profoundly changed. This arises from the excessive metabolism of the nervous elements from constant stimulation. To a healthy man engaged in the struggle of existence the daily disturbances to his nervous system arising from his environment are usually sufficient to keep up the equilibrium between assimilation and dis-assimilation; but the constitution of the mawali has, in addition, to sustain the excessive waste that goes on from over-stimulation of his nervous system by hemp drugs. A gradual deterioration, therefore, of his nervous system takes place, not only from excessive stimulation, but from want of sleep ; for he rarely sleeps unless during the influence of intoxication, which lasts from two to three hours. The primary effect on the nervous system would be accompanied by a corresponding deterioration of the muscular system associated by an impairment of the assimilative power of the cellular elements of the nervous and muscular tissues, and also of the glandular elements. The general normal expenditure being thus reduced, appetite would be impaired, and dysentery or any other disease might arise from exhaustion. Bronchitis and asthma might arise from the irritation to which the bronchial tubes are continually exposed from the inhalation of the drug. Laziness would be the consequence, therefore, of the general dyscrasia just described. From what has been above mentioned, and from the fact that mental and moral phenomena are now believed by recent authorities on the subject to be subjective states, produced by the action of external incident forces upon the cerebrospinal nervous system, the inner or subjective sides of objective phenomena corresponding to co-existences, and sequences in space and time ; then, a priori, deterioration of the nervous system would necessarily produce alterations in the degrees of intensity in the manifestations of mental and moral phenomena generally, congruous with that mentioned above as manifested by the physiological deterioration of general nutrition characteristic of the mawali, whose morals are, as a rule, as mangy as his appearance. It may be said to impair, while it also excites, the intellect according to the degree of administration and stage of the periodic action of the drug; but the general result is, not so much a weakening of the acuteness of the intellect, as a general immorality and debauchery ; and it is astonishing how long these people will go on living on the borders of crime, and contrive to keep clear of the Magistrate and the police. 47. No. 48. The idle and the vicious gravitate towards the society of mawalis, and they are the dregs of society, the lowest classes in physical, mental, and consequently in moral development; the idea, therefore, that these people would have highly developed offspring is incongruous. They propagate, on the contrary, recruits for our jails and lunatic assylums—institutions which the evolution of altruistic ideas has now rendered indispensable - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. KEITH, Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Hyderabad, Sind.


45. The moderate use of these drugs does not produce any immediate noxious effects; but if bhang is indulged in for a considerable period, it impairs the constitution and produces emaciation. At first it acts as a digestive, but afterwards impairs it, gives rise to asthma and bronchitis, but not dysentery. It induces laziness and habits of immorality at first, and when continued for any long period, it deadens the intellect. Indulgence in charas and ganja is said to impair the sexual organs. 46. This habitual excessive use has the same effect, but in a shorter time and to a more marked degree. 47. Neither  the  habitual  moderate nor excessive use of any of these drugs is admitted to be hereditary or to affect the issue of consumers; but as the use of charas and ganja is said to impair the sexual organs, it is reasonable to suppose that the issue is to some extent affected. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. CORKERY, Civil Surgeon, Sukkur.


39. As the stronger products of hemp are smoked, smoking would seem to be the more injurious form of consumption. Of the effect of either towards producing insanity I am not in a position to give an opinion. I believe the effect of drinking or smoking in a person unaccustomed to it would be intoxication merging into frenzy.  45. a) Not perceptibly, but the tendency is towards an impairment of these faculties. (b) and (c) Not perceptibly. (d) No. (e) Yes; it does induce to laziness and habits of immorality. 46. Habitual excessive use may impair the moral sense and lead to insanity. 47. Not perceptibly. 48. The offspring of the habitual excessive con-sumer might be weak-minded or idiotic. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, EDWARD MACKENZIE, Manora, Karachi, Sind.


39. The drinking of subzi is less injurious than smoking ganja or charas, because the drug has to pass through the stomach and the liver before entering the general circulation, so that the active principle is possibly modified by the gas tric and biliary secretions. In the case of ganja and charas, combined with the nicotine of the tobacco admixed, is absorbed by the blood during the process of oxygenation of the blood in the lungs and thence conveyed to heart and the general circulation. Moderate subzi drinkers are as a rule healthy. 45. From the enquiries I have made and the information obtained, I am of opinion that moderate use of subzi does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. Small doses of subzi are said to sharpen memory and vivify imagination. 47. In the sense of the hereditary taint of diseases, such as scrofula, phthisis, syphilis, etc., subzi habit does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor in any way to affect the children of moderate con sumers. Boys when they approach the age of puberty and have to work for themselves or assist their fathers in earning livelihood, take small doses of subzi ; the idea being that the boys think that the drink taken by their fathers must be produc tive of some benefit. Girls who do household duties do not take subzi. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, G. M. DIXON, Medical Officer and Superintendent, Nara Jail.


39. No, it is in every way more injurious than either drinking bhang, or eating it in the form of "majum" or conserve. My reasons are detailed and comprised in section 37 ante, and sections 42, 44, and 45 seq. 45. I cannot say this of bhang, but charas and ganja, even in moderate doses, tend to weaken the bodily frame, diminish corpulency, deprive the individual of any capability to much physical exertion, blunt his memory, and make a coward of him. They also impair the constitution, and injure digestion. As regards causing the diseases mentioned, I have not a single case on record to warrant such a conclusion, so far as bhang is concerned, but several of my cases indicate that the continued use of charas and ganja do cause dysentery and bronchitis. I have no history regarding asthma. Whether it impairs the moral sense, or induces laziness, etc., are questions difficult to answer in the affirmative in reference to Sindhis. It must be noted that the Sindhi is, by nature, a slow,indolent, apathetic race and subservient to a lax moral code, whether habituated or not to the use of these drugs. Bad example of the elders, and the evil influences of society, are, therefore, im-portant factors in these questions, and must be considered. Hence the deviation from a correct moral code, as it should exist, cannot be directly attributed to the use of bhang in the relation of cause and effect. Without a predisposing tendency, bhang cannot be said to induce laziness or conduce towards evil ways, and the remark is equally applicable to the moderate use of ganja or of charas. 46. Bhang, employed in excess, and its use extended over a long period of time, debilitates the system and brings on emaciation; also causes digestive disorders leading to piles and chronic dysentery. Chronic bronchitis is common with bhang-drinking in excess. Of asthma, I have no cases. That it impairs the moral sense, deadens the intellect, and leads to evil ways, I have no doubt. I would here record also a case of paraplegia which came under my notice some time ago, and which was attributed to the excessive use of bhang. The patient is now dead. He was a man of about 35 years, with no history of syphilis or venereal excesses as far as I could ascertain from the other members of the family, and no habit of taking any other narcotic than bhang, except tobacco in moderation. He used "ghata" bhang of his own preparation twice a day regularly, and sometimes even three times, besides what he happened to consume with his friends in the tikhanas. I learn that he died from exhaustion and bed-sores after three months' lingering illness. 47. No, for in the family history of many of the cases recorded by me, I find that, although the parents are habitual consumers, the children have not acquired the habit, and, further, I can say from personal observations, that the children of moderate consumers are in no particular way affected by the habit. 48. Enquiry in this direction has been met with very puzzling results. In the excessive consumer, the history of the possibility of an inherent syphilitic or scrofulous taint had always to be considered, which invariably tended to mar conclusions. I mention this because while in some cases the children have appeared to me to be tolerably healthy, in other cases, where a comparatively small amount of the drug was consumed daily, the offsprings were of exceedingly weak bodily constitution, pigeon-chested, thin-haired, flabby little mites. In four cases that came under my observation, the children were decidedly rachitic. Such conditions as bad feeding and insanitary surroundings add no little to the difficulties in solving this question. Generally speaking, it appears that even the excessive use of the drug does not exert any material influence upon the health of the children.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, J. E.BOCARRO, Lecturer, Medical School, Hyderabad (Sind).


45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not produce any effect beyond a temporary pleasurable intoxication. So far as I have been able to ascertain, it does not impair the constitution. It does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. I am not aware of any cases where insanity has been brought on by the moderate use of these drugs. 46. The habitual excessive use of these drugs impairs the constitution. It renders it feeble. Bhang, when used as an aphrodisiac, causes nervous exhaustion. Also it leads to impotence and sterility. All induce laziness and injure digestion and impair appetite. 47. No. 48. Children of intemperate men are liable to nervous disorders; but I have no knowledge of any specific cases.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, MULCHAND GANGARAM, in charge Larkana Dispensary.


39. Yes, the effects produced by smoking ganja and charas are less injurious than drinking or eating it. By eating any of these drugs there isa tendency of retching nausea and diarrhœa, as these drugs cause irritation of stomach, and by smoking these drugs the brain is affected. 45. (a) , (b), (c), (d) No. (e) Yes, to some extent. No. 46. Yes, it produces noxious effects by using bhang, ganja and charas to excess. Yes, it impairs the constitution, causes loss of appetite, dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. Yes, it impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness or habits of immorality. 47. No. 48. The habitual excessive consumption of any of these drugs may bring on nervous disorder to the children of the excessive consumer.   - Evidence of ELIJAH BENJAMIN, Jew, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shikarpur.


39. The smoking of ganja and charas are far more injurious than drinking bhang or eating majum, which is a sweetmeat prepared from bhang. I find that ganja and charas smokers generally waste away, getting thinner and thinner as they continue in the habit, which is not the case with bhang drinkers; charas and ganja act on the brain, nervous, and respiratory system, which in time brings on constitutional derangement, such as bronchitis, shortness of breath, and seldom bleeding piles. 45. (a) The habitual moderate bhang drinking produces no noxious effects, but smoking charas and ganja makes a man physically and mentally feeble. It has no bad effects morally. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) Cause bronchitis and shortness of breath. (e) Yes, it does impair the moral sense or induce laziness. 46. The excess quantity impairs the constitution. It does ruin the digestion. The ganja and charas smokers generally suffer from bronchitis and shortness of breath. It does impair the moral sense, and does produce habits of laziness and immorality. - Evidence of SHAIK ALI, First Class Hospital Assistant, Jacobabad.


39. The smoking of ganja and charas I consider more harmful to the system than the drinking of bhang or even the eating of ganja, for the reason that there is absorption, both rapid and in large quantities, of the deleterious cannabis into the system. 45 and 46. The habitual moderate use of ganja and charas acts injuriously upon the constitution physically, mentally, and morally; more so the excessive indulgence of all the hemp drugs. Hemp drugs chiefly act upon the brain; produc -ing pleasurable excitement and intoxication with hallucinations. The individual, fancying himself in paradise, is happy and contented with himself and his surroundings. He laughs, sings, libidin -ous ideas are frequent in his head; the appetite is at first increased. These sensations are followed by sleep. The pleasurable sensations and hallucinations lead to constant indulgence, and in large doses of the drugs; the pleasing sensations become gradually less marked, the individual remaining in a state of stupor. He becomes anæmic, pale, dusky in hue, debilitated, the eyesight fails, the eyelids droop; bronchitis, and especially asthma, are noticed in habitual consumers, chiefly of charas; the appetite fails; the individual becomes sluggish, idle, suffers from forgetfulness, the mind deterio -rates, the person does not attend his work regularly, does it by fits and starts, and ultimately leaves it off. Persons of the labouring and artisan classes turn beggars and fakirs, infesting mosques, burial grounds and the like. Thorough physical and mental debasement ensues. Excessive venery and prolonged sexual intercourse, leading to ultimate impotence are common. Questions 45 and 46.[oral evidence]—The effects here described (after paragraph 1) refer to both moderate and excessive use in part. It is difficult to draw a definite line between moderate and excessive use. They merge into one another. But generally speaking the results from paragraph 3 onwards are of excessive use, though with some constitutions the moderate use might cause them - Evidence of DR. S. M. KAKA, Medical Officer of Health, Karachi.


45. (About bhang alone.) It produces physical energy. It produces noxious effects in morality. At first the appetite is lost. It produces habits of immorality and debauchery. It may deaden the intellect. It does not produce asthma. 46. I do not know. 47. I have never heard of its being hereditary, and no effects are visible in the children of parents who consume it. 48. I cannot get sufficient information.  - Evidence of MAKHDUM DOST MOHAMMED MAKHDUM FAZUL MOHAMMED, Zamindar, Bubak, Karachi.


45. If taken for its benefits, it produces no noxious results, physical, mental or moral. It does not injure the digestion, does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense, and induces no laziness, does not produce habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. It injures the digestion, produces bronchitis and asthma (charas and ganja, but not bhang); charas and ganja impair the moral sense, but not bhang. The two, if excessively used, produce laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery, but not bhang. 47 and 48. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does it affect the children.  - Evidence of SETH VISHINDAS NIHALCHAND, Zamindar, Merchant, and Contractor, Manjoo, Karachi


47. An experienced native doctor whom I questioned on this subject gave it as his opinion that habitual moderate use of these drugs does not affect the children of the consumer.  - Evidence of the REV. A. E. BALL, Missionary, Church Missionary Society, Karachi.


45. The habitual moderate use will produce noxious results. If the moderate habit develops into the excessive, all the effects given in answers to question 45 are produced; and if the drug is not used at the proper time, it is in every way injuri-ous. Therefore, it is not good to make it a habit. But, if not otherwise necessary, the moderate use will not produce any bad effects. Further parti-culars under this question can better be given by doctors or physicians. 46. It would produce more noxious effects. 47. and 48. No. - Evidence of MAHOMED LAIK, Mukhtarkar of Hyderabad.


39. Bhang is generally drunk. When it is smoked, it serves the purpose of ganja and charas (vide answer to question 15). Ganja and charas are smoked. Some fakirs eat charas, and it is said that it is not less injurious in that form. 45. (a) I think not. (b) and (c) No. (d) The use of charas and ganja causes bronchitis and asthma. (e) and 46. (a) It causes loss of strength, trembling and mental weakness, and enfeebles the constitution. (b) Yes ; it causes loss of appetite. (c) No. The use of charas and ganja causes bronchitis and asthma. (d) It induces laziness. 47. No. 48. Not as a hereditary habit. - Evidence of PRIBHDAS SHEWAKRAM ADVANI Secretary, Band of Hope, Hyderabad, Sind.


45. Bhang , drinking produces no  noxious effects but ganja and charas produce asthma and cough, etc. ; the eyesight is weakened and the manly power is diminished. Charas.-Ganja and charas smokers appear black and feeble. The use of these two drugs deadens the intellect and excessive use of bhang also deadens the intellect. 46. The moderate use of charas and ganja is injurious ; necessarily the excessive use is more injurious. 47. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit. 48. Bhang, charas and ganja taken excessively are very injurious. - Evidence of TIRITHDAS HASRAJMAL, Member of the firm of Denmal Sachanond, Karachi.


39. Ganja and charas are never used in drinking. but are specially used in smoking. Bhang is specially used in drinking, and its smoking is more injurious than its drinking, for the smoking of bhang will produce all the evils of ganja smoking. 45. The habitual moderate use of all these drugs excepting bhang does produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. The use of ganja or charas impairs, but the moderate use of bhang does not impair the constitution. The use of ganja or charas injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense, induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The excessive use of bhang, charas and ganja produces all the evils produced by the moderate use of charas and ganja, as detailed in the answer to question No. 45. 47 and 48. It does not appear to be a hereditary habit, nor does it affect the children of a moderate consumer.  - Evidence of PESUMAL NARUMAL, Farmer and Merchant, Hyderabad


45. A moderate use of the drugs causes no injury to consumers. - Evidence of AHRUMOL PRITAMDAS, Farmer of Bhang, Charas, Ganja and Opium, Karachi


39. The best bhang is cultivated in Shikarpur. The zamindars pluck off ghundis from the plant and pound and drink them. These ghundis (knotted leaves and young twigs) form a kind of ganja. The ghundis after they are pounded and drunk are as intoxicating as ganja. This is called bhang of ghundis. If ganja is to be prepared, it can probably be prepared from the ghundis. 45. Moderate use produces no noxious effects. Moderate use of bhang is not injurious. Excessive use of ganja and charas is injurious, because it brings on coughing. 46. Excessive use of ganja and charas is injurious to the consumer. 47. No.  - Evidence of MANGHANMAL ALUMAL, Bhang, Ganja and Charas, and Opium farmer, Karachi.


39. Ghundis of bhang are smoked and drunk. Majum is also prepared from them, which is used in eating ; bhang is used as bhang. It is not in any way injurious. 45. (a), (b), (c) (e) No. (d) No ; but ganja and charas produce asthma. 46. Excessive use will bring on all the diseases mentioned in 45. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of DAYARAM KISHUNCHAND, Bhang, Charas and Ganja, and Opium Farmer, Hyderabad.


39. It is not injurious. 45. (a) No. (b) It impairs the constitution. (c) It injures the digestion. (d) It does not cause dysentery, but causes asthma in the end. It induces laziness, but does not induce habits of immorality. 46. They are used both in moderation and in excess. 47. The use of bhang leads to the formation of a habit, but it has no effect upon the children. 48. Each of the drugs can be consumed in excess.  - Evidence of DIN MAHOMED, Contractor, Shikarpur.


39. Drinking the preparation of hemp plant is less injurious than smoking the same. The drink-ing bhang keeps the body cool and healthy. 45. It produces noxious effects, namely, mental, moral, and physical. It impairs constitution. In case of habitual moderate consumers it causes loss of appetite. It produces asthma, but I do not know about dysentery or bronchitis. It impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, and to acquire habits of immorality. It deadens intellect and makes a man dull. It produces a sort of madness. 46. It impairs the system very much. The consumer becomes very weak and exhausted, and he cannot manage without an excessive dose, and his power of intellect suffers. 47. It does not affect the children in any way, and it does induce hereditary habit. 48. The children of the habitual excessive consumers are very weak. It is not hereditary even in this case. - Evidence of C. SHAM RAO, Attachè to the Resident at Hyderabad, now at Pusad, Basim District.


39. No ; the smoking of ganja is said to be more injurious to consumers than the bhang eating and drinking. The smoking is said to produce asthma, phlegm and cough in the consumers of ganja. The smoking often causes consumers to be immediately senseless and sometimes lose their lives. 45. The habitual moderate use of the drug produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. In the first place, it is to be remembered that the use of these drugs, especially of ganja, is generally made by low classes of society, who cannot arrange to eat substantial food. The use of ganja for smoking soon works on such men. It produces too much heat in body and thereby causes loss of blood, which impairs his constitution. It also injures his digesting power and causes loss of appetite. The drug seems to have a natural tendency to increase the digesting power which is produced in the consumer thereof. If with a digesting power substantial food be used, it must produce large quantity of blood in body, which may conduce to a healthy constitution. But the consumers being generally without means, are unable to obtain substantial food in proportion to the increased digestive power, and there. by the heat works its effects on the internal system and then the digesting power ultimately dies away having nothing to live upon. The heat thus pro. duced may naturally lead to cause dysentery in a consumer. Bronchitis and asthma are also the effects visible in a ganja smoker. The consumer of ganja is gradually weakened and becomes peevish, quarrelsome, and reckless of consequences. The smoking of ganja induces laziness and excites carnal desires. It also works on brain, - Evidence of KRISHNARA0 HARI, Officiatiny Extra Assistant Commissioner, Buldana.


39.I have noticed that those who eat and drink ganja or bhang are healthy and in better condition than those who smoke. But I can't give reasons - Evidence of A BARAO JAUROO, Maratha, Karbhari Patel and Special Magistrate, Khamgaon, Akola District.


39. Smoking is more injurious than either eating or drinking ; the former form of taking the drug flies to the head quickly, it is said, and is the more injurious. 45. Liver and lungs get deranged, producing eventually asthma. Mental condition becomes excited, and in the end stupidity sets in, and morality is blunted. I am not aware that it brings on dysentery. 46. See above answer. 47 and 48. Can't say.   - Evidence of MR. A. ARDAGH, Deputy Superintendent of Excise, Ellichpur.


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking and eating, because the smoking affects the constitution sooner than drinking or eating. 45. Yes, it affects physically on the liver, lungs and brain ; diminishes mental power. Yes, it does impair the constitution. Yes, it causes indigestion and loss of appetite gradually. It causes bronchitis and asthma. Yes, it does impair morality and induce laziness - Evidence of MR. J. C. WATCHA, Excise Inspector, Ellichpur.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than eating or drinking, because by smoking it brings on cough and weakness. It is not mentioned in the medical books that ganja should be smoked. 45. (a) The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces noxious effects. (b) It does impair the constitution in any way. (c) It does injure the digestion and cause loss of appetite. (d) It does cause dysentery only. (e) Reliable information on this head cannot be supplied. But if any new man takes to these drugs he is naturally to lead to immorality and debauchery. 46. The reasons given above apply to this question also. 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit and effect in any way the children. 4S. See answer above.   - Evidence of WAMAN GANESH, Tahsildar, Wun.


45. The moderate use of any of these drugs produces intoxication, cough, weakness, asthma, immorality, and madness during intoxication. 46. Just as above, but in more degrees, in the case of habitual excessive consumer. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs appears to be no hereditary habit. Nothing can be said positively about this.  - Evidence of VICKOOJI NARAIN, Tahsildar, Kathapur.


39. The smoking of the hemp drugs is more injurious than that of drinking or eating, but this habit is not so commonly in use as that of smoking. 45 and 46. Vide Medical Officer's report attached.* 47. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, but in some way it affects the children of the moderate consumers. 48. The excessive habitual use of any of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, but it affects the children.  - Evidence of VINAYAK APPAJI KAUR, Brahmin, Officiating Tahsildar, Darwa, Wnn District.


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is not in any way less injurious, but, on the contrary, more injurious than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation. 45. The habitual use of any of these drugs (ganja and bhang) does produce noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It (ganja) impairs the constitution. It (ganja) and bhang in the long run injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. Ganja causes asthma when the consumer loses health and grows old. It induces laziness. It does deaden the intellect. 46. As to the consequences from the habitual ex-. cessive use of any of these, they ensue earlier. 47. The habitual moderate use of ganja does affect the children of the moderate consumer. 48. The habitual excessive use of ganja  does affect the children of the excessive consumer very badly.  - Evidence of LAXMAN GOPAL DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Naib Tahsildar, Mangrul Taluk, District Basim.


39. From my own experience among regimental sepoys the smoking of ganja is far more injurious than drinking or eating bhang. The confirmed ganja smoker is always smoking, and will light his chillum whenever he gets a chance of so doing, and the cases of sepoys that I will mention. hereafter were all excessive ganja smokers. 45. I do not think that the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces any noxious effects, physical, mental or moral. It does not impair the constitution, injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, diarrhœa, bronchitis or asthma; nor does it impair the moral sense or produce laziness of habit. I have known several moderate users of these drugs, and they did not appear to me to be any the worse for it. 46. A habitual excessive user of these drugs, in my opinion, is unfitted morally, physically and mentally for any employment. He is a curse to himself, and a burden to all those connected with him. 47. None. 48. The excessive use of these drugs is not in any way inherited. The offsprings of an excessive user will not necessarily follow in the footsteps of their parent.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR C. L. SWAINE, Officiating Sanitary Commissioner, and Inspector- General of Dispensaries.


39. Smoking is more injurious than the drinking of bhang. But the eating of ganja is more injurious than either. 45. Not as a rule, unless long continued in, when more or less emaciation occurs, with loss of mental power. Increases appetite and assists digestion. Is said to cause bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. It induces laziness, but not immorality. 46. Increased laziness results, with loss of memory, more emaciation, and a general break-up of the system. 47. I believe not. 48. Not hereditary. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. B. ROE, Civil Surgeon, Amraoti.


45. These questions my informants are unable to answer. As I have but little experience of these drugs, their uses and effects, I am unable to offer any opinion. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN E. W. REILLY, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Jail, Akola.


39. Ganja smoking has a greater tendency to affect the health than the using of bhang or bhaug massala as a drink. Ganja smoking is taken into the lungs and speedily produces its narcotic action, Bhang and bhang massala being taken as a drink, and that often with milk, the dilution weakens the narcotic action, and hence has a less tendency to affect the constitution. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja or bhang is in no way detrimental to the consumers ; on the contrary, it is beneficial. I give this as my experience, and as the experience of men who are in the habit of using ganja in moderation for periods varying from ten to twelve years. 46. The excessive habitual use of ganja is highly detrimental to the consumer. Physically the habitual is rendered weak and emaciated. His intellect also becomes weak and clouded, while his moral feelings are blunted. The constitution of the habitual is highly impaired. He is weak and emaciated, with a tendency to develop tubercle in his lungs. (c) Yes. (d) Causes bronchitis and asthma. (e) Yes ; induces laziness. 47 and 48. No.  -  Evidence of DR. O. W. JONES, Civil Surgeon, Basim.


39. Smoking ganja and charas is said to be more injurious. I, however, have no experience in this matter. Two cases of temporary mania have come under my notice, said to have been due to smoking ganja. 45. (a) Yes, eventually. (b) and (c) Eventually it does. (d) Ganja smoking has induced asthma.(e) It does eventually. 47. I can't say. Does not appear to act injuriously on the offspring. 48. Have no experience.  - Evidence of DR. J. MORRISON, Civil Surgeon, Yeotmal


39. The habitual use of these drugs has a tendency to weaken the constitution. Habitual ganja smokers are generally emaciated and thin weakly men ; and I have invariably found such men suffering from an incurable chronic cough. The cough is so characteristic that I have often been able to say that this is a ganja smoker, simply from this one objective symptom. The muscular tissues and fat dry up so to speak, while the veins become full and prominent. The lips become thin. 45. Yes ; even the habitual moderate use of these drugs affects the physique, mind and morals of the consumer. The physique becomes undermined, the mind weak, and there is a tendency to immorality. 47. No. - Evidence of DR. W. J.. MONTGOMERY, Civil Surgeon, Buldana.


39. Smoking is more harmful than drinking. By smoking, the nervous system is first affected, then respiratory. In drinking its effect is moderated. Smoking makes a man violent, boisterous irritable, quarrelsome, and is apt to make a man sooner insane than drinking of bhang, which makes a man calm, considerate, less apt to mischeif, and lazy. 45 and 46. The habitual moderate use of bhang, ganja and charas at first gives a great appetite, and any kind of food is eaten with relish and delight. Thus the physical state of body improves, the person gains weight and stands any kind of exertion. The muscles become more developed, and he finds general improvement of the whole system. This state of things remain for about a year or two. Afterwards the person finds that any large dose has no effect, and he longs for more intoxication, to obtain which he has recourse at first to increased doses ; then addition of opium, dhatura, etc. Eventually the system becomes so deadened to the effects of these drugs, that ever so much moderate dose produces no desired effect, and gradually the whole system begins to suffer ; at., first the digestion is impaired; next the respiratory and nervous tracts become affected. Dysentery, bronchitis, rheumatism, loss of memory, epistaxis, softening of brain, etc., set in, and the person becomes so sick that he finds his life a burden, more because no medicines which cure ordinarily such ailments do him any good. These drugs in the beginning excite unusually great sexual desire ; but after the lapse of some time, either on account of excessive sexual intercourse or on account of paralysing effects of the drug, the undue sexual desire becomes a matter of anxiety on the part of the person, who finds himself much below the mark, and tries to regain it by increasing the dose and adding opium, dhatura, cantharides, etc., which for the time being gives some satisfaction, but ends in total impotency. 47. Children born of parents who are in the habit of excessive use of any of these drugs are mostly idiots and fools, often lunatics. But I have seen many such persons who have got no issue at all. - Evidence of S. BAIJNATH, Medical Officer, Mady Hospital, Badnera.


39. They are all equally injurious to the general health of the consumers, and the habitual excessive use of any of them has a tendency to produce insanity. The body becomes emaciated, strength reduced, appearance prematurely aged. The mind dull and inactive, a loss of energy and disinclination for usual duties. 45. Charas is not used here. Ganja and bhang do produce noxious effects on body, mind and morals. The constitution gets soon broken down. Digestion and appetite are impaired. Chronic bronchitis is caused by ganja smoking. I have not seen dysentery or asthma result from ganj a or bhang. To some extent the moral sense is impaired and lazy habits and immorality follow. 47. No, the habit is not hereditary, nor are the children of the moderate consumers affected in any way. 48. In this case also there appears to be no hereditary habit, but the children are weakly in mind and body. -  Evidence of DR. S. G. STEINHOFF, Medical Officer in charge, Charitable Dispensary, Khamgaon.


39. Smoking ganja of any preparation is more injurious than drinking bhang or eating the same, because smoking acts directly on the lungs and partly on the liver. It burns vitality of brains, brings on asthma sooner or later, and shortens life. 45. The habitual moderate use of the drug produces after some years noxious effects, both physical and moral, but not mental. It impairs the constitution of the consumer, injures the digestion, causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It impairs moral sense, induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery when the consumer is in the prime of his life. 46. It does no good to habitual excessive consumers, but it shortens his life on the contrary. 47. The habitual moderate use of the drug is not hereditary, nor can it affect the children of the consumer. 48. In the case of excessive consumer of the drug the maladies of the consumer are said to come to his children.  - Evidence of MR. DINNER NARAYEN, District Superintendent of Vaccination, Buldana.


39. In my opinion and from the informations I gathered the drinking or eating of any form of plant is more injurious than smoking, and my reasons are to the testimony of users of the drugs whom I know. 45 (a) Yes, it does to a certain extent. (b) It does. (c) Yes, to a certain extent. (d) Yes, the excessive use. (e) It does most decidedly. 46. It does produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It does destroy constitution. It does destroy digestion. It does cause dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It paralyses moral sense, and induces to laziness, theft, cheating, and general debauchery. 47 and 48. I doubt very much as to its being hereditary. - Evidence of M. DOORGIAH PILLAY, 1st Class Hospital Assistant, in medical charge, AKola Dispensary.


39. The smoking of hemp plant is not in any way a less injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same. It produces dryness of the mouth, thirst, cough, and weakens the constitution. 45. (a) Even moderate use of these drugs produces noxious effects on mental, mo ral and physical powers. (b) No. (c) Yes. (d) Produces bronchitis. (e) It induces laziness. 46. It makes the man, when habitually and excessively smoked, very weak, deadens intellect, produces weakness, and shortens life. 47. No. 48. The habitual excessive use makes a man poor, who never attends work, and loses whatever he has ; and lastly, he robs in order to get the drugs, and leaves his family and children to their fate. - Evidence of M. POONAMBALAM MOODELIAR, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shegoon.


39, I think smoking of ganja is more injurious to the constitution and mental faculties than eating or drinking of bhang. The reasons are the effects observed of both forms, also the resins exuding from narcotic trees are generally stronger than other parts of them.  ( a) Yes; its habitual use produces deterioration of physical frame, perversion of mental faculties, and induces low moral principles. (b) The constitution is weakened and debilitated. (c) No. On the contrary, the appetite is encouraged and digestion rendered easy. (d) The smoking produces cough and asthma in some cases. (e) In the habitual excessive users and exceptionally in the habitual moderate users. 47. It is not. It does not affect the children in any way. - Evidence of G. V. KOT, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Amraoti.


45. Yes. The use of these drugs even in moderation affects the moral character and brain of the consumer and results in immorality. The man loses all the control on himself when under its influence, and the result can be imagined - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NAWAB MUHAMMAD SALAMULLA KHAN, Jagirdar, Deulghat, Buldana District.


39. Smoking is a more injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating, as the lungs seem to become affected after a time. 45. (a), (b) and (c) No. (d) Ganja only produces asthma and bronchitis in old persons, not dysentery. (e) The moral sense is impaired after long use, but laziness is not produced. Habits of immorality and debauchery are produced. Bhang is perfectly innocent. 46. Excessive use produces all the evils mentioned in the previous question, so far as ganja is concerned, but bhang is harmless. 47 and 48. No, but if a parent or any other member of a family uses it, their sons and other members imitate and catch the habit sometimes. - Evidence of YESHWANT VAMAN DIGHE, Pleader, Basim.


39. The smoking of ganja is rather injurious than eating, inasmuch as it produces cough and produces nervous debility, while the eating not ; but very few people simply eat the drug. Bhang is always drunk. 45. It does produce physical and mental noxious effects, but not moral. I can't say if it impairs the constitution. It helps digestion and creates appetite. It causes asthma so far as I know, and that too at an advanced age. It does not impair the moral sense or induce habits of laziness or immorality, etc. 47 and 48. It is hereditary amongst fakirs and sadhus, but not amongst others.  - Evidence of NIAMAT KHAN BILAN KHAN, Merchant, Balapur, Akola District.


39. The smoking of ganja is more injurious than eating or drinking it (ganja is sometimes used as bhang) ; for to smoke is to inhale the gas that is produced, which seriously affects the breast and produces cough. It affects the brains also, and makes the consumer senseless. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and bhang produces noxious effects (physical, mental and moral). It impairs the constitution ; injures the digestion, causes loss of appetite, causes asthma, deadens the intellect, and produces slight insanity, which is of a temporary character. 46. In case of excessive habitual consumers the effects referred. to in my answer to question No. 45, take place earlier, while in case of habitual moderate consumers they take a longer time. 47. As children generally follow in the footsteps of their parents when they become of age, so the children of the moderate consumer are affected to an imperceptible degree at least. 48. The above remarks hold good in the case of habitual excessive use also.  - Evidence of LAKSHMAN ATMARAM MAHAJAN, Merchant, Manjrul Pir.


39. Smoking ganja is more injurious than eating or drinking, for by smoking the smoke enters in the chest and its filth accumulates in the chest. 45. Moderate use of any of these drugs also produce bad effects. It is injurious in every way. It produces bile and asthma ; it makes one lazy ; it accustoms one to whoremongery for some time; 46. Excessive use of the said drugs will lead to worse effects. 47. The use of the said drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit. It affects the health of the children of the moderate consumer. 48. If moderate use is injurious, excessive use habitually must be more so.  - Evidence of KHAJA ABDUL BAKI, Money-lender, Mehkar, Buldana District.


39. The drinking is less injurious, as the preparation in consequence of being mixed with nonintoxicating articles is weaker. 45. As far as I can find out, the moderate use of any of these drugs is practically harmless. In every way it is only when mixed with copper or dhatura that it becomes harmful. 46. The habitual excessive use of all these drugs is said to be harmful in every way, as the consumer is always more or less in an intoxicated state. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of MR. G. W. GAYER, District Superintendent of Police, Ajmere.


The habitual moderate use of bhang does not produce any noxious effects, physical, mental, or moral, but that of ganja and charas does. Ganja and charas smoking impair the constitution, injure the digestion, and cause loss of appetite, but the moderate use of bhang does not. Ganja and charas smoking impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, but not habits of debauchery. But bhang creates a habit of debauchery. 46. Excessive consumers of these drugs get very thin. Their lungs do not work well, and they soon suffer from bronchitis and asthma. 47. No. 48.The effect of excessive use of these drugs is not hereditary. The children of excessive consumers do not fall into the habit of using these drugs and have a sound reason. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DR SHEIKH ELAHI BUX, Government Pensioner and Honorary Mgistrate, Ajmere.


39.I have never heard that any preparation of the hemp plant is used in smoking, but for drinking or mixing with majum or gulkand (confection). Its oil is used in confections, which is extracted by boiling it with milk. 45.Bhang in the beginning produces refreshment, brightness on face, increases hunger and sexual power, but in the endinduces laziness, giddiness, causes darkness in vision, mania, melancholia and dropsy. Ganja and charas cause bronchitis and asthma. These drugs, even in moderate use, produce bronchitis, pain and sleepiness. Debauchees use them for sexual power ; 46.The excessive use of bhang is also injurious, and produces the diseases mentioned above. 47.The moderate use, so long as it has not fully produced its effect on mental powers, does not affect children. 48.The children of those persons who consume these drugs excessively are weak. Their excessive use is a preventive even to beget children. - Evidence of ABDUL KAYUM, Hakim, Ajmere.


39. Ganja and charas are used only for smoking and not for eating and drinking. Bhang is taken with yakuti and gulkand (rose flower confection) or drunk like liquor. Smoking of ganja and charas causes certain diseases, viz., it corrupts brain, produces irritation of throat, mania, bronchitis, asthma. Confection of bhang is used as a tonic. Consumers of bhang in the first stage feel heat, redness in both eyes, excitement in brain, creation of appetite, and sexual excitement, but in the second stage, when its effect subsides, it causes coldness (which is injurious) and loss of memory. 45. Ganja and charas are very injurious, especially to mental powers, and bhang to physical and not mental power. Ganja and charas increase appetite, but are not digestive, while bhang is beneficial to both. Ganja and charas produce bronchitis and asthma, and bhang cures dysentery. These drugs impair moral sense, induce laziness and debauchery. 46. Excessive use of any of these drugs is injurious. 47. It cannot be known that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is hereditary. It seldom affects the children of moderate consumers. 48. The same as explained in answer No. 47. - Evidence of JATI AMAR HANSA, .Baid, Ajmere.*


45. It impairs the constitution. It causes loss of appetite in course of time. It causes dysentery, because several of the smokers complain of it. It does impair the moral sense. It induces laziness.  - Evidence of MR. A. BOPPANNA, Planter, Bepunaad, Green Hills, Coorg.



47. Some of the children of moderate consumers so easily get into the habit by constant presence before the parent, that it is difficult to allude it to any other cause than hereditary. - Evidence of MUKKATI IYAPPA, Cultivator, Davanagiri, Coorg.


47. No. The use does not appear to be hereditary - Evidence of MAJOR G. GAISFORD, Deputy Commissioner, Quetta, Baluchistan.


45. (a) Yes ; it produces noxious effects. (b) Yes ; it does. (c) By eating in excess. (d) No. (e) Generally it does. 46. Yes, it produces noxious effects. Yes, it impairs constitution. Yes ; it causes indigestion. It causes bronchitis and asthma. Generally it impairs the senses. 47. Rarely they are hereditary ; generally they produce the habit themselves. It is not known that it affects their children. 48. Please see my answer No. 47, the same for this also.  - Evidence of MUHAMMAD YUSUF, Hospital Assistant, New Chaman.


45. It injures the digestion. Yes ; it causes dysentery and bronchitis. It induces laziness. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of WARYAM SINGH, Hospital Assistant, Pishin.


45. The long and continued use of charas and ganja impairs constitution, and causes partial loss of appetite, and sometimes bronchitis; induces laziness and habit of debauchery. 47 and 48. No.  - Evidence of MOHAMMAD AKBAR ALI KHAN, Senior Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


39. Smoking of ganja and charas is less injurious than eating and drinking ; in the former case the essential parts of the drug being smoked only ; the effect in this form is more rapid. 45. (a) Yes, it produces emaciation, weakness and dryness of blood. (b) and (c) Yes. (d) Bronchitis and asthma almost common. (e) Becomes Impotent, lazy, and nervous weakness. Congested state of conjunctiva. 46. It kills the persons much more rapidly by destroying the brain functions and thereby producing mania. 47 and 48. No. Yes, children are small and weakly.  - Evidence of BHUGWAN DASS, Khattri, Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


45. From what I have seen of ganja smokers, I should say it certainly had a noxious effect, physically, mentally and morally. 46. I am unable to discuss the question. 47. and 48. Cannot say.  -  Evidence of MAJOR B.A. N. PARROTT, Officiating Commissioner, Southern Division


45. (a) and (b) Yes. (c) and (d) No. (e) Induces laziness. 47. I believe not. - Evidence of MR. H. G. BATTEN,* Deputy Commissioner, Mergui.


45.I can't say ; the hemp habit is so infrequent in Burma. - Evidence of MR. W. N. PORTER, Deputy Commissioner, Upper Chindwin.


39. Consumption of ganja by smoking is said to be less injurious than eating it. 45. The opinion of the medical officers and Burmans consulted is, these drugs produce a noxious effect, but only to a very small degree. Does not impair the constitution of a Burman or injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; in fact it is prescribed by native doctors as a remedy for these diseases. Does impair the moral sense, and induces laziness, but does not induce habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The effects of the habitual excessive use of any of the drugs is the same as the moderate use. Only the effects are more violent in form. 47. No. 48. The habitual excessive use of these drugs is reported to affect the children of habitual excessive consumers. - Evidence of MR. J. S. D. FRASER, Deputy Commissioner, Pegu.


39. I have no experience of either ganja or charas, taken by the mouth, but drinking bhang in moderation is much less injurious than smoking the abovementioned drugs. 45. I have seen several habitual moderate smokers who did not suffer at all, either physically, mentally or morally. Others have injured their constitutions by the use of ganja and charas, 46. I have no doubt in my mind that the habitual excessive use of the hemp drugs injures the constitution - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL P. N. MOOKERJEE, Civil Surgeon, Sagaing, Upper Burma


39. Smoking charas and ganja is less injurious than eating. By the latter process the stomach is upset. It produces vomiting, sometimes purging too, and the individual, instead of feeling happy and comfortable, feels very miserable. I make the statement from what has been told to me by men who when on duty or long marches, when they could not get fire and chillum (the smoking utensil or pipe) for smoking, had to resort to eating, and the above-said was the result. Excessive use of charas and. ganja has produced insanity in a few cases. 45. (b) It makes one thin. (c) It interferes with digestion so far that he does not take the same quantity of food, but somewhat less. (d) It neither causes dysentery nor asthma, but it produces cough. (e) It does not impair moral sense ; excess induces laziness, but in moderation it is quite the reverse. (f) Small dose excites sexual desire, but excess has quite contrary effect. 46. Already discussed. 47 and 48. No. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. H. DANTRA, Civil Surgeon, Mandalay


45. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. In the few cases I have met with, the subjects have been thin and anæmic. When the habit is carried to excess, it appears to injure digestion. (d) I am not aware that it causes either dysen -tery, bronchitis or asthma. (e) It certainly impairs the moral sense and induces habits of laziness. 46, 47 and 48. My want of personal experience debars me from discussing these questions.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR P. W. DALZELL, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Prison, Bassein.


39. All equally injurious in excess. 45. (a) , (b) and (c) Not in moderate doses. (d) No. (e) Not in moderate doses. 46. In moderate doses it enables natives of India to undergo a great amount of physical labour which otherwise they could not. 47. Not that I know of. 48. Not to my knowledge.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. T. THOMAS, Civil Surgeon, Moulmein.


45. (b) Not, so far as I know. (c) Causes loss of appetite. (d) No. (e) Sometimes to a certain extent only. 46, 47 and 48. Do not know. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN R. H. CASTOR, Civil Surgeon, Yemethin.


39. Instead of smoking ganja or charas being less injurious than drinking or eating the same, I am inclined to think that it is more so, for obvious physiological reasons which it is unnecessary to discuss here. 45. (a) I have known habitual moderate consumers of these drugs to enjoy robust health, possess sound intellectual powers and of unimpeachable morals. (b) and (c) No. (d) No ; on the contrary, asthmatic people often resort to it, to allay their sufferings. Immoderate use causes gastro-intestinal irritation. (e) No. 46. Habitual excessive use of any of these drugs will undoubtedly deteriorate the health, produce serious gastro-intestinal disorder, lead to immorality. 47. Assuredly not. 48. Same remarks as the above apply here.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON O. L. MOONSHI, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of Jail, Maubin, Thongwa District.


45. (a) Habitual moderate use has apparently no noxious effect. (b), (c) , (d), (e) Not that I know of. 46. The two excessive smokers I have seen were known for short temper and outspoken habits, otherwise there was nothing wrong physically, mentally or morally. 47 and 48. I have not seen any case which leads me to that conclusion.  - Evidence of MAHENDRA NATH ROY, Resident Medical Officer, General Hospital, Rangoon.


39. In my opinion the smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is not less injurious than eating and drinking of the same, because in both ways it will affect the nervous system. 45.  I  have never seen a man suffer bad effects by moderate use of these drugs. The moderate use does not cause dysentery and bronchitis, but produces laziness. In 1877, while I was doing duty in the 8th Regiment, Madras Native Infantry, I recollect a Madrasi sepoy died suddenly as soon as he re-turned from ball fire. On enquiry it was reported that he had a smoke of ganja before he started at 6 A.M. and had another smoke on his return at 11 A. M. This man was a habitual ganja smoker; cannot say whether moderate or in excess. No post mortem was held. 47 and 48. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not appear to be a hereditary habit, and does not affect the children of the moderate con -sumer.  - Evidence of SONA MULL, Brahmin, First Grade Hospital Assistant, in medical charge of Dispensary and Jail, Myanaung.


39. So far as is known, no one kind of these drugs is used both for smoking and eating or drinking purposes. Charas is said sometimes to be eaten in small quantity as aphrodisiac and is more injurious in the end than if used in smoking. The reason being that in smoking its strength is somewhat diminished and consequently the effects are less injurious. 45. Yes. The use of charas or ganja impairs the action of the lungs and often produces bronchitis or asthma in the end. All these drugs, and particularly bhang, at first sharpen appetite, and as food is taken in immoderate quantities, digestion is injured, resulting sometimes in loss of appetite and often in dysentery. The use of these drugs impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. The excessive use produces worse results. - Answer No 1, Native Army


39. It is considered less injurious to smoke the hemp plant than to eat it. Smoking it is believed to have a cooling effect during the hot weather. 45. Yes, ultimately, with reference to charas and ganja, both impair the constitution. Bhang is said to create an appetite and cause an increase of adipose tissue. The same cannot be said in favour of either charas or ganja. No history obtainable of the drugs causing dysentery, but bronchial complications seem to invariably result from an immoderate use. Impair the moral sense eventually and seem to have a tendency to induce laziness. Deaden the intellect. 46. My experience concerning the excessive use of these drugs is too limited, none having come under my observation. Questions 45 and 46 [answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 3, Native Army


39. It is popularly supposed that smoking is less injurious than any other form of consumption. 45. Habitual moderate use does not, so far as I am aware, produce any noxious effect. - Answer No 4, Native Army


39. Smoking is the most deleterious medium, as it exerts a quicker and more baneful effect on the great nervous centres, and also on the bronchi and lungs. 45. No. No. No. No. No.  - Answer No 6, Native Army


39. Smoking said to be worst and most instantaneous form. The others require to be indulged in for some time. 45. Never known any one satisfied with moderate use of bhang. I believe it (bhang) does impair the constitution, increases appetite at times, indigestion afterwards. I believe not. Yes...I remember a sowar called Mul Raj or Chand, who took all these drugs, took his discharge eight years ago, and is reported to be alive still; he became a fakir. He also indulged in alcohol to excess. I cannot trace any information in the medical history sheets of the regiment. Information of this sort is naturally withheld by himself and his friends. If he indulges beyond moderate limits he cuts his name or otherwise leaves the regiment. In this regiment it is extremely seldom that a case of drug-poisoning appears at the hospital. Probably a considerable number indulge occasionally, i. e., are not daily consumers. 46. A man who indulged to excess habitually could not remain in the regiment.  - Answer No 7, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas are only smoked. Bhang is drunk and also is used in preparation of a sweetmeat, majum. The former, viz., smoking ganja and charas, are very distinctly more injurious than the eating (majum) or drinking of bhang. Ganja and charas (flowering tops and resin, respectively, of the hemp plant) contain far more of the active narcotic principles than bhang, which is an infusion of the dried leaves, and lead to, and are acknowledged to lead to, dirt, crime, mental and physical ruin. Of the two, charas is the more powerful in its effects and results. The drinking of bhang is much like the drinking of spirits in its effects. A period of excitement followed by one of stupor, but the after-results and the craving arising from charas and ganjasmoking are not experienced. 45. The moderate use (habitual) of bhang appears to be innocuous. The moderate use of charas and ganja is apt to develop into the immoderate. Some who are able to keep to the pipe a day do not appear to be any the worse, but ordinarily it may be stated that the charas and ganja-smoker, and especially the former, becomes weak physically, mentally and morally. Yes, by its primary stimulant and excitant effects and secondary narcotic effects on the nervous system, the whole system becomes impaired. Yes, takes away the appetite and impairs the digestion, lessens the strength and powers of resistance to disease. I am not aware that it causes dysentery: but ganja and charas-smoking cause bronchitis and asthma. It does impair the moral sense; theft will be committed in order that the craving may be indulged. The smoker does become lazy and dirty in his habits; it does not appear to induce habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. I have met with no habitual excessive consumers and can only refer to the answers to question 45. Questions 45 and 46 [answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 8, Native Army


39. The smoking of any of these preparations is much more injurious than drinking or eating the same, because the latter is diluted with water and therefore does not produce the same effect as that smoked in a pure state. Smoking is said to destroy the lungs utterly. 45. Habitual moderate use is not calculated to produce noxious effects beyond what is stated below. Renders consumers liable to disease. No, except, perhaps, in the old and weakly. No, but renders consumers liable to these. It has the reputation of inducing laziness, but I believe nothing else. I believe myself that as an aphrodisiac and inciter to immorality the power attributed to the drug has been largely exaggerated. 46. As regards the habitual excessive use as distinguished from the habitual moderate use, I believe that the excessive smoking of the drug will produce decided injurious effects, such as asthma, increased tendency to lung disease and chest affections. The drinking of the preparation bhang in excess will cause dyspepsia, diarrhœa and a tendency to dysentery. As regards the moral effects, they may be gauged by those of any other vice  - Answer No 9, Native Army


39. The opinion seems to be that smoking is more injurious to health than eating or drinking preparation of hemp plant. 45. No cases have come under my observation in which any deviation from perfect health could be attributed to these drugs, nor have I had reason to suspect that they were or had been indulged in. 46. Vide ante. - Answer No 10, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas are only smoked and are not consumed in any other way. Bhang is taken
in several ways: (1) It is ground and mixed with water; (2) it is dried and mixed with other things, like til, black pepper, almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, etc., and eaten dry; (3) it is made into majum and gulkund; (4) it is put into milk and the curds are eaten. Ghi also is made from it and used. Of all these ways of consuming bhang the first is the least injurious. The effect of bhang is cooling and astringent (sardi aur khush ki lati hai). If it is taken ground in water, coolness is produced more quickly by which the secretion of urine is promoted, thirst is diminished, digestion aided, and hunger increased. These results do not follow from taking it in other ways. 45. Consumption in small quantities is, like a hired pony (bhárek at attu proverb-the slave of habit). If it is not taken when wanted hunger goes off. Even if new food or dainty dishes are cooked, there is no pleasure in them. Consumers of bhang, ganja and charas are generally liable to these illnesses-diseases of the liver or kidneys (gurda) and lungs. These results come more quickly from large consumption and more slowly from small quantities. If they are given up after one has been used to taking them for ten or twelve years, the body loses its strength...Besides this, when they are intoxicated, they increase their dose at the instigation of others. - Answer No 11, Native Army


39. The smoking of preparations of hemp is considered worse than eating or drinking them, for intoxication ensues more rapidly and spreads to the whole body. 45. Even moderate use of these drugs is injurious to both body and mind and has a bad effect on the constitution. It ruins the digestion, diminishes hunger. I cannot say whether it is a cause of special diseases, but I believe so. It produces languor. I know the result, but I cannot say why it is produced. Appendix to Answers Nos. 45 and 46. [Answered by Hospital Assistant.] 45. Yes; these bad results follow, i.e., the body becomes feeble and the intellect decays. The digestion is injured. Hunger is diminished. Cough and diseases of the breathing organs are caused. These last are especially caused to consumers of ganja and charas. I have not heard of them causing pain in the stomach (pechish). Languor and restlessness are caused by these drugs. Those who suffer from brain diseases use bhang to induce sleep. Those who suffer from sleeplessness or other trouble, owing to giving up bhang, recover when they take it again. I can mention no special case of this kind, as in this regiment I have not come across persons addicted to these drugs. 46. I cannot discuss this question in regard to persons who indulge in these drugs to excess, because no case of the kind has come before me in this regiment, but I have, in civil employ, seen cases of the kind. - Answer No 12, Native Army


45. The drinking of bhang does not produce noxious effects, but ganja and charas-smoking produces irritation of the mental power to those who do not take nourishing food and are constitutionally weak. It does not impair the constitution in its moderate use. It neither impairs the digestion nor causes loss of appetite. The bhang-drinkers do not get any of these diseases, but ganja and charas-smokers get bronchitis and asthma after long-standing habits. These drugs in moderate use do not produce any of these mischiefs. I have explained the above questions as a medical man, but I have not treated or properly observed any case in the regiments during my stay here. 46. In the excessive use of these drugs, the smokers and drinkers can get the noxious effects physically and mentally. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 13, Native Army


39. Apparently the use of the drug varies according to the season. See answers to questions 20 and 24. Charas is smoked, and bhang eaten with sweetmeats or drunk with water. Both are equally injurious when used immoderately. 45. The number of men using these drugs in the regiment is very small. In the cases I have seen there is no general impairment of the constitution which can be attributed to the habit. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite, but when persons accustomed to the drug are deprived of it, both these effects ensue. Deprivation of the drug is stated to produce dysentery, but no cases have come within my experience. Its use sometimes produces bronchitis and occasionally asthma. It induces laziness, though habitual smokers state that they can work longer without feeling fatigue when under its influence. I am not aware that it induces habits of immorality. 46. I have never met with any cases in which the drug was used to excess. - Answer No 14, Native Army


45. I have no knowledge of these drugs myself, and the following information has been derived from the senior Hospital Assistant with the regiment, who has 34 years' service and has had large experience in civil employ. The moderate use of charas and ganja (which are smoked) often produces chronic bronchitis, mental deterioration and mental irritability. Bhang (which is used as a sher bet) does not in moderate use produce any of these symptoms. The smoking of charas and ganja diminishes appetite and produces emaciation; bhang produces hunger. The smoking of charas and ganja do not materially predispose to dysentery; but when dysentery is developed it is of a very serious type owing to the weakness and incapability of resisting disease produced by the drug. It does cause bronchitis and asthma, but into this question must enter the consideration that the smoking of these drugs may have been due to asthma in the first instance. The smoking of Cannabis indica preparations does cause laziness and induces habits of immorality. There are no known Cannabis indica smokers in the regiment: what has been written above only refers to smoking charas and ganja, and not the drinking bhang, which in moderate use is harmless. 46. The excessive use of charas and ganja produces similar symptoms to the moderate use, except that they are much more aggravated
[Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 15, Native Army


39. The common opinion is that eating and drinking these drugs is a less injurious practice than smoking them. 45. I am unable to answer this question as I have no experience in regard to the use of these drugs. I have seen no ill-effects—physical, mental, or moral—which could unequivocally be traced to them. I have never, so far as I now recollect, had a man under treatment for the immediate or remote consequences of the moderate or excessive use of them, but they may have been contributory to intoxication in the very few (some three or four) cases of that condition which I have seen in the course of my service with Indian troops. 46. Vide answer to question 45. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer. - Answer No 16, Native Army


39. The smoking of these drugs in any form is considered by the natives as more injurious than drinking them, as the mixture of water, milk and sugar, etc., with bhang is said to reduce the heat it engenders, while the smoking produces a dry sensation and causes the smoker to cough. 45. I have no personal experience of the use of Indian hemp in any of its forms by native soldiers. All my knowledge on the subject is gathered from medical literature. Any opinion I may express would be merely an echo of opinions of medical writers. 46. The only positive thing I can state is that, as I never could obtain any proof of any native soldier having used Indian hemp, its immoderate use cannot be common among them. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 17, Native Army


39. Eating bhang has less effect than smoking or eating charas or smoking ganja, it being a much weaker preparation, and a man cannot change his drug without feeling the effects considerably. 45. Yes, the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces slight noxious effects physically and mentally. Yes, it causes weakness and emaciation. Yes, to a slight extent. Long continued habitual use produces bronchitis and asthma in old age. No dysentery has been caused. Ganja and charas induce laziness to a certain extent.  - Answer No 19, Native Army


39. The fumes of these drugs when smoked do more harm than the drinking of them. This is purely a statement of the witnesses; I am not qualified to give reasons. 45. Ganja and charas— Enfeeble constitution. Injure digestion. Induce bronchitis. Do not impair moral sense. Bhang— Does not impair constitution. Does not injure digestion. Does not induce disease. Does not impair moral sense. 46. There is no case recorded in this battery of the habitual excessive use of these drugs.  - Answer No 20, Native Army


45. Have had no personal experience whatever of the use of the drug except in hospital practice as a medicine, consequently to answer the different questions under this No. 45, I should only be giving the information stated in the therapeutic books. 46. Cannot do so from personal experience. - Answer No 21, Native Army


45. My personal experience of ganja, charas, or bhang-eaters is very limited, and I have never known any one who suffered much mentally or bodily by the use of these drugs. I can, however, say from my knowledge of these drugs that they are injurious to health. There is temporary exhilaration and excitement of the mental faculties followed by depression and loss of general health. 46. Most decidedly injurious to health, both bodily and mentally, in excess.  - Answer No 22, Native Army


39. When smoked, the results are felt much sooner than when drunk. The smoking of charas is considered by all natives as the most injurious form of consumption. 45. No. No. No. No. No. 46. Charas when used in excess impairs the constitution and weakens all the functions of the body. Bhang in excess is much less injurious. - Answer No 24, Native Army


39. No, the smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is the most injurious form of consumption. Because in smoking the head is at once affected by ganja and charas; by ganja smoking the lungs are also affected, and habitual smokers of ganja and charas have a dull heavy look about the eyes. 45. This question is answered by the Medical Officer in charge of the regimental dispensary:— No physical, mental or moral bad effect is produced by the moderate use of bhang. It does not impair the constitution. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. But ganja has bad physical, mental and moral effects. It impairs the constitution. It does not injure digestion, but causes loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, but causes bronchitis or asthma, rarely. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. It impairs the intellect and makes the smokers dull. 46. This question is also answered by the same Medical Officer:— Habitual excessive consumers of bhang are not known to be affected constitutionally, thus digestion is impaired only. But it often occasions a ravenous sensation, which is not appeased by food. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. It impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, habits of immorality and debauchery. Excessive bhang is said to be many a time taken for the purpose of debauchery, which very likely develops into the habit. Habitual excessive use of ganja has very bad physical, mental and moral effects. It impairs the constitution. It injures the digestion. It is not known to cause dysentery, but it produces bronchitis and asthma.  - Answer No 25, Native Army


39. By adding a few other things to bhang, such as milk, sugar, cardamoms, etc., it gives a nice taste and loses its bad effects. If ganja is also smoked without mixing in it tobacco or washing it several times with water, it will produce constant burning in the heart of the smoker, and thus the man will soon die if he smoke it constantly. 45. Not to my knowledge. The smokers of ganja lose, I am confident, their brains and constant memory. Such people generally suffer from dysentery. The bhang never produces these bad effects - Answer No 26, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than the drinking or eating of the same. In smoking, the seeds of this plant, which are more injurious, are used, while in bhang the leaves are only used and some other substantial things are added. 45. It affects physically a person if continued for a long time, and produces physical and mental weakness. Yes; man loses flesh and becomes lean and weak. In a moderate dose immediately increases the demand of food, but after a short time, when the effect of the drug is over, then man suffers from hunger. It makes the lung weak and it is hoped to suffer afterwards with bronchitis and asthma. It does not impair the moral sense, but induces laziness, and the habits of immorality or debauchery are checked. A constant smoker does not suffer from the lessening of intellect, but a new beginner may suffer from it. 46. All the above-mentioned effects and intoxication are increased many fold by the habitual excessive use of these drugs. - Answer No 27, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than the drinking or eating of the same. In smoking, the seeds of this plant, which are more injurious, are used, while in bhang the leaves are only used and some other substantial things are added. 45. It affects physically a person if continued for a long time, and produces physical and mental weakness. Yes; man loses flesh and becomes lean and weak. In a moderate dose immediately increases the demand of food, but after a short time, when the effect of the drug is over, then man suffers from hunger. It makes the lung weak and it is hoped to suffer afterwards with bronchitis and asthma. It does not impair the moral sense, but induces laziness, and the habits of immorality or debauchery are checked. 46. All the above-mentioned effects and intoxication are increased many fold by the habitual excessive use of these drugs. - Answer No 28, Native Army


39. By smoking—it is more injurious than by eating or drinking the same drug, as it acts instantly on the brain of the smoker and makes him seedy. 45. (1) Yes, the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces physical and mental noxious effects, and sometimes affects the morals also. (2) Yes, it does impair the constitution. (3) Yes, it does injure the digestion first. (4) Yes, ganja and bhang cause bronchitis and asthma. (5) It does impair the moral sense and induce laziness, but not debauchery.  46. The habit of these drugs could not be satisfactory to the consumers, and that the use of it would lead them to do mischief of all sorts. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by the Hospital Assistant.] - Answer No 29, Native Army


39. It is equally bad in every form. The reason is, from judging the bad effects on the persons making use of these drugs, who for no real cause create quarrels and dispute with every one they come in contact with, but no case of such kind has actually occurred in the regiment to my knowledge.  - Answer No 31, Native Army


39. Drinking bhang is not injurious, but the smoking of ganja and charas is; because the bhang is cool and refreshing with a mild intoxication, while ganja or charas is injurious to health, and procures cough and weakness.  - Answer No 32, Native Army


39. Smoking is more injurious than eating or drinking the preparations of the hemp plant. It affects the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. 45. In moderation. No. Charas and ganja predispose to catching cold. No. Improves digestion and appetite. Ganja and charas in excess cause bronchitis or asthma. Does not induce immorality, only laziness. Ganja does if taken in excess. T46. The effects of excessive use are injurious, but to a less extent than drink. See also remarks bracketed with an asterisk against question 45. - Answer No 33, Native Army


39. No: smoking is said to be the more injurious. That is the result of my inquiries. 41. No beneficial effects from the use of any one of them. 45. I have never had any men under my care suffering from the effects of Indian hemp used either habitually or occasionally. I know of only one man who was said to have been a habitual consumer of the drug. He was often in hospital for ague and debility, but I noticed nothing else wrong with him; he has lately gone on pension. I have heard that a few Pathans and Sikhs take the drug now and again, but more as a medicine for pains in bowels and diarrhœa. The continued use of the drug is said to produce bodily and mental weakness, and also weakens the constitution; an occasional dose is said to increase the appetite. But continued use causes loss of appetite. Medicinally it is sometimes useful in diarrhoea and dysentery, but its continued use is said to cause dysenteric symptoms. I cannot say whether it impairs the moral sense or induces habits of laziness or habits of immorality, etc. 46. I have never seen any men suffering from the excessive habitual use of the drug, so can say nothing about it. - Answer No 34, Native Army


45. No cases have come under observation in this regiment, and as far as it is concerned, therefore, there are no grounds for the formation of an opinion on any of the queries made under this section 45. 46. No grounds for any opinion, as stated in 45. - Answer No 35, Native Army


39. There is no evidence in the regiment to show, as no men are openly known to habitually eat or drink any preparation of hemp, only to smoke it. 45. So far as I have been able to judge during the year I have served with this regiment, no noxious effects, physical, mental or moral, have been produced by the use of preparations of Indian hemp. Its use has not ostensibly to me impaired the constitution, or injured the digestion, or caused loss of appetite, caused dysentery, bronchitis or asthma, impaired the moral sense, or induced laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery, in any men in the regiment. But in considering my answer to this question, it should be borne in mind that this is a Mahomedan regiment and that the Mahomedans as a class do not indulge in any form of this drug. The remaining Hindus in this regiment, with a few exceptions, belong to a caste of men who are not physically or constitutionally robust, and have for the most part gone through the vicissitudes and wear and tear of 12 to 15 years' service. They have probably all their lives been addicted to a moderate indulgence in ganja-smoking. How far the general loss of muscular tone, premature "agedness," and apparent mental obtuseness, which is noticeable among them, is traceable to the former, and how much to their moderate indulgence in ganja, I am unable to determine. 46. The drugs are not known to have been used to excess in the regiment; certainly no case of excess has come under my observation. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 36, Native Army


39. Bhang appears to be the most injurious of all if smoked. Not so much so if eaten; if the latter, the effects are more easily remedied in the event of excess. 45. The Medical Officer states:— Not as far as I know. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. I have no knowledge of any cases. I have had no experience of any such cases, but my impression is that its effects are similar to those of alcohol in this respect. 46. The Medical Officer states:—I have had no experience of the habitual excessive use of these drugs, though I have seen occasional cases of intoxication from them; but these were not habitual consumers.  - Answer No 37, Native Army


39. I am told that smoking ganja is the most economical way of getting drunk, as half a dozen can smoke from one chillum. But the effect passes off sooner than from drinking or eating the same article. 45. Since I have been in medical charge (four years) no case of indulgence in these drugs has come under my notice, and after careful enquiry I do not believe that any of the men use Indian hemp in any form. From my own experience, therefore, I am unable to give any answer to these questions. In none of the medical history sheets am I able to trace any information that any of the men have ever indulged in these habits. 46. Vide question 45. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by the Medical Officer.] - Answer No 38, Native Army


39. The drinking preparation is considered less injurious than the smoking and eating ones. Though its intoxicating effects last longer than those of the smoking one, it is considered less injurious, because of its cooling properties; ganja is heaty. 45. It produces no noxious effects. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. On the contrary, bhang produces good appetite when taken in small quantities. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. On the contrary, hemp plant preparations are often used in these diseases to alleviate the sufferings. It does not impair the moral sense, etc. [Answered by Medical Officer.] 46. This question is discussed at full length in a separate sheet, marked C, attached hereto. C.—Answer to question 46. (By Medical Officer.) (1) Habitual excessive use of any of these drugs does produce noxious effects. physical, mental and moral. I have not seen many "charas" consumers on this side. Excessive use of bhang is not so bad as that of ganja. (2) Excessive use of bhang weakens the constitution; that of ganja does the same, but to a greater extent. (3) Excessive use of bhang injures digestion and causes loss of appetite in the long run; that of ganja does the same, but a little earlier. (4) Habitual excessive use of bhang does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; while that of ganja causes bronchitis. (5) Habitual excessive use of bhang impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery, while that of ganja does the same, but to a greater extent and much earlier. - Answer No 39, Native Army


39. No. On the contrary, it is more injurious as it is liable to produce faintness, or even loss of consciousness, as an immediate effect, and bronchitis or asthma as a more remote consequence. 45. (a) The habitual moderate use of bhang appears to be harmless, and is even regarded as beneficial by those natives who consume it so. The use of ganja and charas, especially the latter, habitually in moderation seems to induce physical cesions, viz., asthma and chronic bronchitis,but only in the course of many years. (b) Yes; in the manner noted above. (c) No, except in so far as these may be associated with asthma or chronic bronchitis. (d) It does not cause dysentery, but may become a factor in the production of bronchitis or asthma, as stated above. (e) No. 46. (a) I have known no case of habitual excessive use of these drugs in this regiment. Speaking generally, however, the effects of bhang, ganja and charas, when they are consumed in excess, are noxious-physically, mentally and morally; charas being perhaps the most objectionable form. (b) They provoke debility and emaciation, and in the forms of ganja and charas, chronic bronchitis and asthma. (c) Yes; both. (d) It would appear that they never induce dysentery, but the smoking of ganja and charas does cause asthma and chronic bronchitis. (e) Yes; they would seem to lead to all these results. - Answer No 40, Native Army


39. The hemp plant in this battalion is only smoked in conjunction with native tobacco. It is never in any form drunk by the Gurkha. 45. (1) In my experience it is never habitually used in moderate quantity. There is a craving to increase the dose, and it injuriously affects the consumer, physically, mentally and morally. (2) It causes indigestion, which is followed by emaciation, and predisposes to bronchitic affections. (3) It does. (5) I do not think indulgence is in any measure due to want of self-control through a congenitally weak intellect. (6) My knowledge of the drug as above stated has been acquired in civil practice, and not among the men of my regiment. 46. My views are fully expressed in my answer to the previous question. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer].  - Answer No 41, Native Army


39. The consumption of the drugs is injurious in every form, but it is more injurious when smoked, because its effects are more rapid taken in that form and men become senseless quickly. 45. It works injury to the physique and mind and morals even when moderately taken. Its use impairs the constitution. Its moderate use produces bad effects: physically it weakens the constitution; mentally the consumers are considerably dulled intellectually; morally their sense is lowered. Their constitution is often considerably impaired. Digestion and appetite not affected. Dysentery not caused by it, but there seems to be a certain relation between this drug, asthma and bronchitis. The moral sense seems to be impaired and laziness induced, but no special cases of immorality or debauchery are known. 46. This drug acts as a poison when taken in excess; but I have no personal experience on this point nor can any records of such cases be found. - Answer No 42, Native Army


39. (i) Smoking ganja worse for a man than drinking bhang. Worse for both stomach and temper. (ii), (iii) and (iv) Both bad. 45. No doctor to answer this or following question. 46. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) Vide last question. - Answer No 43, Native Army


39. Smoking is said to have the more injurious effects. Regret I can give no reason, as it is a medical point, and a medical officer has no experience of these. 45 and 46. I certify that I am unable to answer fully the questions relating to the effects produced from the constant use of hemp drugs. I have only been a short time in the country and have had no opportunity of watching the effects produced by the hemp drugs upon habitual consumers. [Medical Officer in charge.] - Answer No 44, Native Army


39. Smoking is worse than drinking bhang. General opinion of natives consulted. 45. Yes, there is physical, mental and moral degeneration. Yes; renders a person more liable to disease, and less recuperative power. Causes loss of appetite. Has a tendency to predispose to the diseases of the respiratory organs. Impairs the moral sense; induces laziness...There is very little of these drugs used in the regiment; if a man takes to drinking or smoking these drugs, he is very secret about it. He is discovered by his inability to do his work efficiently, and is promptly got rid of. 46. The excessive use of any of these drugs produces the same consequences as related in answer to question 45, only in a more marked degree. - Answer No 45, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered more injurious than eating or drinking the hemp plant. 45. I know too little of the effects of the preparation of bhang to be able to answer. They are, so far as I know, seldom used by Sikhs and then only they are 40 years of age. 46. As Sikhs do not take it, I know little or nothing of the effects of excessive use. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 46, Native Army


39. Native opinion seems to regard smoking drugs as more injurious than eating or drinking them; they say that it produces coughing and emaciation. 45. In answering questions as to the moderate use of the drug the difficulty arises that where bad effects are noted the abuse of the drug is suspected. From such cases as I have seen I believe that the moderate use of the drug has but little effect on the constitution until the habit has been long continued, and this may be explained by the probability of the dose taken being gradually increased in these cases. The above remarks apply to bhang. Ganja and charas are more hurtful and more rapid in their effects, leading to impaired constitution, loss of appetite, and producing bronchitis with asthma. I cannot say with regard to dysentery. The moderate use of these drugs does not tmpair the moral sense. As they stimulate they do not induce laziness, which would only come on as the stimulant effect wore away, that is, coming on to night. 46. The excessive use of the drugs leads to bronchitis with asthma and drying up of the body, destruction of the superficial veins, dilated pupil and injected conjunctiva. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 47, Native Army


45. The habitual moderate use of either charas or bhang does produce noxious effects. Habitual smokers of charas are always lean and ill-conditioned, less liable to bear fatigue or the effects of illness, and may die suddenly from slight illness. Drinkers of bhang are not lean, but illconditioned, but in other respects they suffer in the same ways as smokers. Both smoking and drinking impair the constitution, as already stated. Charas-smoking injures the digestion, both by its effect on the stomach; it also impairs the teeth and causes them to fall out. Bhang increases the appetite and does not cause indigestion. Bhang is said to cause dysentery. Smokers of charas are much troubled with bronchitis. Both bhang and charas impair the moral sense. Smokers are careless, quarrelsome and lazy. There is slight moral impairment (smokers generally inclined to thieving) and cowardice. Smoking impairs the moral sense, but does not lead to debauchery. Drinkers are careless, slightly less quarrelsome than smokers, but more lazy, more immoral and more inclined to debauchery. Both smoking and drinking deaden the intellect. 46. I know no case of the habitual excessive use of these drugs; nor do the Hospital Assistants, whom I have questioned on the subject. Bhang and charas only has been dealt with, as I can obtain no information about ganja. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 51, Native Army


39. Eating and drinking ganja more quickly affects the senses than if the drug is merely smoked. I can give no reason for this, but it is a matter of experience amongst natives. 45. I have not noticed any. Not that I know of. Not that I know. It is said to cause spasmodic cough, husky voice, and dryness of throat. Not that I know of. I do not know. I do not know. I do not know. Purbia sepoys (in — Regiment for instance) used to take a little bhang in a little before morning parade. This I thought was to stimulate them, for they sometimes only ate once a day, in the middle of the day, and were apt to be faint from want of food in the early morning. 46. I have had no experience of such cases - Answer No 52, Native Army


39. The smoking of charas and ganja is hurtful. The smoking of charas and ganja is injurious. The drinking of bhang is not. The hemp plant is very rarely eaten, and eating it is more injurious than taking it in infusion, as it is then much milder. I have lived with natives who took bhang and seen no evil results therefrom. I have seen charas and ganja-smokers who are miserable specimens. I have not personally known any one who eats hemp. Reasons given in reply to question 41. 45. The moderate use of these drugs produces no noxious effects whatever. It does not impair the constitution in any way. It does not injure the digestion or cause loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It does not impair the moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. (1) Prolonged and excessive use produces noxious effects, both physical and mental; but I have not observed any noxious moral effects therefrom. (2) It weakens the constitution like excess in any other vice. (3) Does not specially affect the digestive organs. (4) Does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. (5) I have not observed that it impairs the moral sense or induces to laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 53, Native Army


39. Smoking is as injurious as eating and drinking the drug. It injures the digestion. 45. No. No. Not in moderate dose. No. No. 46. Prolonged use produces loss of appetite and strength, trembling and much mental weakness. - Answer No 54, Native Army


39. The immoderate smoking of ganja is said to be the most injurious form of consuming the drug. 45. Habitual moderate use stated not to have any noxious effect, either physical, mental, or moral. Stated not to impair constitution in any way. On the contrary, it is said to increase appetite and improve digestion. Causes none of these diseases, when used in moderation. Stated not to impair moral sense or to induce lazy habits, but tends to increase the sexual appetite. 46. Dysentery is also common, and often causes death. It is stated ganja both predisposes to, and excites, dysentery. Deprivation of the drug renders consumers helpless. - Answer No 55, Native Army


39. Charas only is smoked in the battalion. No case has come under medical observation or treatment. 45. Habitual use of the drug would probably impair the constitution and leave injurious effects mentally and morally. There have been no cases under medical treatment in this battalion, 46. There have been no such cases under medical treatment in this battalion. - Answer No 58, Native Army


39. No; the general opinion is that, in whatever form taken, the effect is the same. 45. As I have not come across cases of this nature, I am unable to give my opinion on the subject. 46. See the remarks opposite the question No. 45. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 59, Native Army


39: Men who consume the drug at all mostly smoke it; in this way it is less injurious than by eating it as a pill. The smoke of the mixture is not swallowed or inhaled. 45. The doctor states that he is unable to answer these questions, as he has never had any cases in his experience from the studying of which facts could be stated. 46. Same as No. 45. - Answer No 60, Native Army


39. Smoking is said to be the most injurious, as it at once heats the brain and affects the intellect. 45. The habitual moderate use enervates the consumer eventually, and impairs the constitution. Impairs digestion eventually, causes dysentery and bronchitis after a time. It induces laziness. This result has not been observed in the regiment. No cases in which the bad effects have been observed. 46. No habitual excessive use observed in this regimen - Answer No 61, Native Army


45. No; except it excites sexual organs. No. No. No. No; but in small quantities it increases the appetite, and therefore is largely used by the natives as an aphrodisiac. It produces laziness.  46. It causes dysentery and diarrhœa, and in old people more liable to cause chest complications. Dyspepsia is caused by it, and after a time impotency makes its appearance; but, if appetite continues good, it may be taken for years as an aphrodisiac. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 62, Native Army


45. No, except it excites sexual organs. No. No. No. No, but in small quantities it increases the appetite and therefore is largely used by the natives as an aphrodisiac. It produces laziness.  46. It is difficult to give up the habit. Causes dysentery and diarrhœa, and in old people more liable to cause chest complications. Dyspepsia is caused by it, and after a time impotency makes its appearance; but if appetite continues good, it may be taken for years as an aphrodisiac. - Answer No 63, Native Army


39. I believe that low-caste Hindus and poor people smoke charas or ganja, which has a much more injurious effect and is more intoxicating than eating bhang. 45. Charas-smokers lose their muscular development and become thin. Bhang has apparently not this effect. Ganja has also a bad effect on the muscular system. Charas does not cause loss of appetite or hinder the digestion, and the same applies to bhang and ganja in moderate doses. Charas causes bronchitis and asthma. All the preparations induce laziness, but not habits of immorality, though they may induce debauchery. 46. From the habitual excessive use of charas the person becomes emaciated, the appetite is lost, digestion impaired. Bronchitis and asthma are induced, - Answer No 65, Native Army


45. Used for many years it appears to impair the mental, physical and moral powers. Prolonged use impairs the constitution. In some cases it quickens appetite, in others impairs digestion. It does not. In some cases it tends to laziness; in others it leads to debauchery.  46. The prolonged excessive use of charas seems to induce premature old age, general debility, and attenuation of all organs. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 66, Native Army


39. The smoking of ganja is generally reputed to be more injurious than the drinking of bhang, but I cannot speak from personal observation on this point. 45. None, that I have observed. Not, that I have observed. Not, that I have observed. Not, that I have observed. Not, that I have observed. 46. No case of the habitual excessive use of any of these drugs has come under my observation. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 67, Native Army


39. Smoking of ganja or charas is more injurious than drinking bhang: the former habit cannot be left off, the latter can. 45. Bhang and ganja do not produce any noxious effects in moderation, but charas is noxious even in moderation. The moderate use does not impair the constitution. Smoking causes loss of appetite. Drinking improves appetite. In excess may cause bronchitis and asthma, not dysentery. Excessive use produces laziness, but not immorality or debauchery. [B]ut cases of delirium and coma and epilepsy, attributed to continued excessive use of this drug, have sometimes come under my observation. 46. No further information to give on the subject. - Answer No 68, Native Army


39. Smoking less injurious. The same difference exists as between the smoking and chewing of tobacco. 45. Yes, leads to insanity especially. Yes, when used in excess only. No. No. Yes.  46. The same, only in an exaggerated degree. - Answer No 69, Native Army


39. Smoking is said to be more injurious than drinking or eating, 45. (1) Does not produce any noxious effects. (2), (3) and (4) No. (5) In strict moderation (smoking 1 tola ganja during the day) it does no apparent harm. (6) and (7) I have no experience of ganja or other forms of hemp as a relief for mental anxiety or brain disease. (8) The hospital records show nothing about it. 46. Taken in excess it does produce noxious effects. (2) Yes, it causes a tendency to bronchial catarrh and other chest complaints. (3) Yes, I think that in time it would injure the digestion, but I have not seen any cases which I could with certainty attribute to this cause. (4) I have seen a few cases of chronic bronchitis and of asthma which is believed to be aggravated by, or perhaps even caused, by the use of ganja. I have never heard of dysentery being caused by it. (5) Yes, it impairs the moral sense and makes a man lazy. - Answer No 72, Native Army


39. The men I have questioned think smoking is the most injurious. Their ideas are crude, but they hold that the smoke, and presumably the nicotine, pervades the whole system, even the brain, and affects the organs injuriously. Moreover the effects when smoked are instantaneous. These men hold that smoking is worst, then chewing and then drinking or eating. Their opinions, though, are probably only based on casual observance and not worth much. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs undoubtedly does lead to physical debility and moral degradation. But so far as this regiment is concerned, in the few cases in which the drug is known to be consumed, viz., among bandsmen, no ill-effects have been noticeable, save a general tendency to loss of tone and appetite, with nausea in the morning. True, one man died of pulmonary phthisis who was known to be addicted to the habitual use of charas, but how far his disease was aggravated by its use, or perhaps by its discontinuance after his admission to hospital, is doubtful. Those addicted to these drugs are wholly lazy and disinclined for fatigue. 46. No case of habitual excessive use of these drugs has been known to have occurred in the regiment. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 73, Native Army


39. No, smoking ganja or charas is likely to lead to worse results than drinking bhang, particularly if there is not a good supply of nutritious food taken at the same time. This opinion has been formed from the examination of some higher caste Hindus who drink bhang and low-caste men who smoke ganja and charas. 45. There is no doubt that the habitual moderate use of these drugs will produce bad physical mental and moral effects. Bhang seems to be less injurious in its effects. It does decidely impair the constitution and makes the user spiritless, emaciated and decrepit. Although its temporary effect is to create appetite, its ultimate effect is to impair digestion and destroy appetite; its continued use is very likely to cause dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. The moral sense is dulled and from its powerful aphrodisiac effect it is likely to cause immorality and debauchery, but its ultimate effect in this direction will be to cause impotence. 46. The excessive use of the drug will produce a train of symptoms similar to those described in question 45, which will be marked by more rapid onset and be more pronounced. - Answer No 74, Native Army


39. Smoking a preparation of the hemp plant is thought to be more injurious than drinking or eating it, because the former habit allows the fumes to get to the brain with powerful effect. 45. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No one in this regiment uses any preparation of hemp in any form as far as I know. 46. The same as above detailed, only in an exaggerated form. - Answer No 75, Native Army


39. No; smoking charas and ganja is, I believe, more injurious than drinking bhang, as it appears to have a deteriorating effect on the consumers. 45. Not that I have ever noticed. Not that I am aware of. No. No. No. Have had no experience of this kind. Have had no experience of this kind. Have never seen any bad effects traceable to hemp smoking, and there are no records of such cases in the medical history sheets of the regiment. 46. Most of the Kahars are habitual smokers of hemp moderately, and I have never noticed any bad effects. I have had no experience of cases of habitual excessive use.  - Answer No 76, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas are only smoked; bhang is drunk. 45. None, so far as ascertained. No. No, rather the contrary. Smoking of ganja and charas said to cause tendency to bronchitis and asthma. No. Excessive use of bhang is said to cause heaviness and general laziness, followed by irritability. Excessive smoking ganja and charas is irritating to bronchial tubes, and causes excitement and noisy conversation. - Answer No 80, Native Army


39. If ganja is mixed with tobacco and smoked from a pipe, it is considered by natives less injurious than if drunk or eaten. But the medical officers of the regiment consider it the most injurious form of consumption, for the following reasons:— (1) It induces asthma, bronchitis and finally emphysemus of the lungs. (2) Intoxication is more speedily induced and more violent while it lasts, and the man has less control over himself and less remembrance of what he has done. The effect, unless a large dose is taken, is, however, less lasting The medical officer is also of opinion that moral intellectual decay [is] more commonly seen in smokers in excess than among drinkers of bhang. 45. Smoking even in moderation is in my opinion injurious. Drinking bhang in moderation is not, i.e., half to one tola to a pint of water twice or thrice daily. Not drinking in moderation. No. Drinking in moderation stimulates the appetite. Smoking causes asthma and bronchitis. Drinking does not. It is a useful remedy, and used as such by native hakims in dysentery and diarrhœa. With reference to effect on digestion and appetite, there is a man in this regiment who has been known to drink four gallons of bhang water, and then sit down and eat at a meal two pounds of mutton and three pounds of flour. I have had two or three cases of bronchitis with symptoms of asthma in hospital which were undoubtedly caused by ganja-smoking. They recovered speedily when the drug was stopped. 46. The excessive smoking of ganja or charas induces asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, mental decay and moral aberration. It often produces diarrhœa with tenesmus. Impotence is common among excessive smokers and drinkers; but this may be due to habitual over-stimulation of the genital organs. The same results, including asthma and lung affections, are seen in excessive drinkers; but it is very rare to see a man broken down in health as the result of drinking, whereas it is a common sequence to excessive ganja or charas-smoking. - Answer No 81, Native Army


39 Cannot say. It is only smoked in this regiment. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does, I think, produce physical effects. They impair the constitution by injuring digestion and causing loss of appetite. I have not known dysentery, bronchitis or asthma caused by moderate use. 46. By excessive use the digestive powers are often completely destroyed, with, as a result, emaciation and anæmia. Excessive use of any of the hemp drugs, especially ganja, produces dysentery, and I have known some cases of bronchitis which seemed to be rightly attributed to the same cause. Excessive use undoubtedly produces laziness and mental slowness. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by the Medical Officer.] - Answer No 82, Native Army


39. As far as I can ascertain from enquiries, no evil effects ensue from the eating and drinking of bhang, but smoking of ganja and charas leads to intoxication and often evil results. 45. As far as my experience with moderate consumers goes, the use of any of these drugs does not affect them deleteriously in any way, physically, mentally or morally, the effects being no more discernible than those of the moderate use of alcoholic stimulants with Europeans. 46. I have no experience of any case of the excessive use of any of these drugs. - Answer No 83, Native Army


39. Eating less injurious than smoking. 45. Not usually. No. Sometimes a loss of appetite. Bronchitis sometimes. No. No. Unknown. No experience. No hemp-takers in regiment. 46. Constitution is impaired, especially from ganja; indigestion, loss of appetite, bronchitis, frequent diseases, induces laziness. The effects of ganja always worse than those of charas or  bhang. - Answer No 84, Native Army


39. Smoking any preparation of the hemp plant is considered to be less injurious than drinking or eating the same, because the effect in both cases is the same, whilst acute poisoning does not occur to the same extent from smoking the preparation. 45. I have no personal knowledge of any cases where noxious effects have been produced by the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs. I am unable to say, having no trustworthy evidence to go upon. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 46. I am unable to add anything to what I have said in reply to the last question or under this heading, as I have no trustworthy evidence to go upon. Judging from the facts that have come before me, or perhaps, I should say, the absence of facts connecting sickness with the use of hemp drugs in the men of this regiment, one might infer there were no such drugs at all. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 85, Native Army


39. Smoking in excess may be slightly injurious, as the smoke is carried into the lungs. Eating or drinking preparations in moderation medicinally acts beneficially on the nervous system. 45. My experience of men addicted to the use of ganja is extremely limited, and as such my opinion on the subject must necessarily carry very little weight. (a) Habitual moderate use of this drug (ganja is chiefly used by some Telugus and Muhammadans in the regiment) does give rise to mental torp or and disinclination to bodily exertion. (b) It does impair the constitution after prolonged use. (c) I have not noted any ill-effects on the digestion by its use. (d) I should think it has, on the contrary, a soothing effect on dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. (e) It does impair the moral sense and produces laziness. 46. I have not sufficient experience of the drug to enable me to discuss the question. - Answer No 86, Native Army


39. The smoking of ganja or charas is more injurious than the drinking of bhang, as the fumes of former act directly on the brain and nerves, whereas the bhang diluted with water has first to pass through the stomach and system before it can affect the nerves. 45. Yes. There is physical, mental and moral degeneration. Yes. It renders the person more liable to disease; he has less recuperative power. Causes loss of appetite. Predisposes to diseases of the respiratory organs. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. 46. The excessive use of these drugs produces the same consequences as related in answer to question 45, only in a more marked degree. - Answer No 88, Native Army


39. Bhang is least injurious; it acts as a tonic: other preparations are supposed to induce heart disease. 45. It causes loss of appetite. It brings on asthma. Yes. To a certain extent. No. Not known. 46. Not known - Answer No 89, Native Army


39. Smoking is injurious, as it violates the respiratory passages to quite a marked degree afterwards: it also promotes thirst. 45. No. No. No. Smoking causes bronchitis. They may perhaps make a man more sexually active. I have no experience. 46. I have no experience.  - Answer No 90, Native Army


39. The habit of smoking ganja or charas is considered more injurious than drinking bhang. It is supposed to be injurious to the lungs and blood, causes shortness of breath, and in time to make a man unfit for the labours he is likely to have to undergo as a soldier. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs does not, in my opinion, produce any noxious effects, nor does it impair the constitution, injure the digestion, produce loss of appetite, cause dysentery and other diseases nor impair the moral sense. I consider their action to be strictly comparable to that of tobacco when indulged in moderately. 46. The habitual excessive use of these drugs is equally deleterious with that of opium, alcohol, or even tobacco. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 91, Native Army


45. Said to be as under. No. No. No. No. To a certain extent. 46. The excessive use of charas and bhang is said to be destructive from both a moral and physical point of view, . But no such cases can be instanced in this regiment. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 92, Native Army


45. Charas and ganja. I believe it produces physical, mental and moral deterioration, but in the strictly moderate use, slight in degree. Produces general weakness. Yes. Smoking causes bronchitis and asthma, diarrhœa occasionally. Yes, a regular smoker is usually lazy and cannot work until he has had his dose. 46. Charas and ganja— The excessive use undoubtedly leads to great impairment of the physical, mental and moral faculties. - Answer No 95, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas are not eaten, but smoked. Bhang is eaten or drunk. In our opinion both forms of consumption are equally injurious. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs does not, as far as I have ascertained, produce noxious effects, except in the case of charas, which causes bronchial irritation with considerable expectoration. I believe a number of the sepoys of this regiment employ these drugs habitually in moderate doses, with, as far as I am aware, no injury to health. 46. The habitual excessive use of the drugs produces noxious effects. It impairs the constitution, causing general debility, except in the case of bhang, which is said to produce no ill-effects. Charas and ganja injure digestion, &c.; bhang not. Charas and ganja cause bronchitis and asthma. Charas and ganja induce laziness. No case of excessive use of the drugs has come under my observation in the regiments to which I have ever been attached. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 96, Native Army


39. The act of smoking it is considered the most injurious; the next most injurious is mixing it with ghi and eating it. Mixing it only with water and drinking it is declared to be beneficial. 45. Yes, both on body and mind. Those who use these drugs are, as a rule, very delicate in physique. Yes. Cannot say. But it is said that asthma very often results from the smoking of ganja. In India, as a rule, old people who smoke ganja are asthmatic. But whether the asthma is induced by the smoking or quite independent of it, I am not in a position to definitely state. There can be no doubt that moral sense is more or less impaired under the use of these drugs. No information can be traced of the ill-effects resulting from the use of these drugs from the Medical History Sheets of the regiment. 46. There can be no doubt that the habitual excessive use of these drugs is very injurious to health. It principally affects the brain and nervous system. - Answer No 97, Native Army


39. No. The same effect is always felt. 45. (a) Yes, ultimate depression, loss of memory, anæmia. In my opinion, in fact, its continued use would affect a man physically, mentally and morally. All have the same effect. (b) Produces anæmia. (c) Causes loss of appetite. (d) No. (e) Yes, it induces apathy and laziness, habits of immorality and debauchery. 46. Have had no experience. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 98, Native Army


39. Smoking is more injurious than other methods of consumption. 45. (1) The moderate use produces some bad effects as shown in (4) and (5). (2) It predisposes to some chest affections, such as asthma and bronchitis. (3) To habitual consumers it becomes necessary as an appetiser. (4) In habitual consumers, it tends to produce asthma and bronchitis in old age. (5) It tends to impair activity, both physical and mental...In military practice I have seen no cases of bad effect and resulting from its use. 46. Not having any experience of the habitual excessive use of any of these drugs, I am unable to discuss the question. - Answer No 99, Native Army


39. Smoking is worse than drinking or eating, as it affects the brain and all the bodily powers. 45. Bhang moderately not injurious. Bhang increases appetite. Charas and ganja act injuriously. Does not cause dysentery, rather the contrary; but smoking causes great pulmonary mischief. Yes, induces laziness. No evidence of causing habits of immorality. 46. Undoubtedly most injurious to mind and body in every way; - Answer No 100, Native Army


45. The Medical Officer states:— "on inquiry they are said to be innocuous, and are taken to increase appetite and as an aphrodisiac." "Long-continued use produces emaciation, bad temper and immorality." (2) "The constitution becomes impaired after a time, and the individual becomes weak and thin." (3) "Eventually dyspepsia is produced and flatulency; after continued use some loss of appetite follows." (4) "Does not cause dysentery, but long-continued use produces both bronchitis and asthma." (5) "Does not produce debauchery, nor induce laziness, but somewhat impairs the moral sense." (8) "These drugs are not taken by the sepoys, and the followers do not have medical history sheets." 46. "Produces emaciation, bronchitis and laziness." - Answer No 101, Native Army


39. It is more injurious, as it produces heartburn, cough, and renders the teeth brittle. 45. Yes, the moderate use of these drugs produces slight noxious effects, physical and mental. Yes. To a certain extent. No. Induces laziness only to a certain extent. No cases observed. 46. No cases of excessive use observed - Answer No 102, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered the more injurious. 45. Presuming that this question refers to cases which may have come under my notice in the regiment, my reply is that no habitual moderate consumers of the drug have come under my notice, nor have any immoderate consumers. 46. Vide answer to question 45. - Answer No 103, Native Army


39. As smoking is considered unlawful for Sikhs and is not practised by any one belonging to the regiment, there is no evidence on this point. 45. No physical or moral noxious effects have been observed. Mental effects have been produced by the long-continued habitual moderate use, as described in answer to paragraph 6. No. No, if anything, it aids digestion. No, it probably has some effect in relieving bronchitis and asthma. No, not in moderate quantities. 46. The excessive use of the drug habitually causes mental and moral effects. I cannot say whether the constitution, digestion or appetite are affected by it. I am not aware of its causing dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It produces laziness, impairs the moral sense, and induces immorality. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 104, Native Army


45. Prom my experience, which has been rather limited, I know of none. It is credited with lessening the movements of stomach and small intestines and with diminishing their secretions. Nothing in my experience supports the view that it impairs the constitution, Depends on the time it is taken with regard to meals and on individual susceptibilities. In some cases it stimulates digestion. On the contrary, it is often a valuable remedy in combating these diseases. Believed to afford protection against malarial diseases by many natives, and that all the functions of life are more efficiently performed. Not to any appreciable extent. It much more frequently stimulates the intellect. My experience does not enable me to furnish any definite information with regard to the several questions in this paragraph. I do not know of any cases. Nil. 46. No opportunities have been afforded me of witnessing the effects and results produced by the excessive habitual use of any of these drugs - Answer No 106, Native Army


39. Apparently it is, as the intoxicating effects of charas smoked are much more evanescent than those of bhang drunk. 45. Yes, in the case of charas, which is used as an intoxicant pure and simple. Bhang-drinking does not seem to have the same deleterious effect. Yes, habitual charas-smoking weakens the lungs and tends to chronic bronchitis and asthma. It creates a false appetite, with subsequent dyspepsia, bronchitis and asthma, the result of bronchitis. I have no proof of its causing dysentery. Yes, it is used as an aphrodisiac; is used by gamblers and persons of indifferent character generally. The above remarks refer generally to camp followers, who have always a tendency to go on from the moderate to the immoderate use of the drug. In my experience it takes the place that alcoholic spirits do in England, and like them does a great deal of harm when used in excess, which appears to be the general tendency as far as this drug is concerned. 46. There are no habitual excessive users of the drug in the regiment known to me. - Answer No 109, Native Army


39. Smoking preparations of the hemp plant is more injurious than eating or drinking it, Smoking affects the lungs. Eating and drinking it cause dyspepsia. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and charas produces physical, mental and moral deterioration almost always. This cannot as certainly be said of the use of bhang. The constitution of charas-smokers is usually distinctly impaired; they are physically weaker and liable to bronchial attacks. The digestion is injured by bhang, and loss of appetite is caused by ganja and charas. Dysentery is not caused by the use of these drugs. Bronchitis and asthma are caused by smoking charas. The use of all these drags induces laziness. It produces more laziness than active immorality. 46. The habitual excessive use invariably produces great physical, mental and moral deterioration.  - Answer No 110, Native Army


45. I am unable to say, having had no practical experience as to any one using the drug. I do not know. It is valuable in anorcosia and useful in dyspepsia, but I am not in a position to say how far it would prove injurious if kept up for an indefinite period. I should think, on the contrary, that it would act as a preventive. I cannot say. 46. I am of opinion that the habitual excessive use of these drugs would speedily ruin the system of one and so reduce his intelligence as to bring him to the level of a machine. I am, however, unable to give an opinion based upon experience, as I have never met with one addicted to the use of Indian hemp either moderately or in excess.  Answer No 114, Native Army


39. The smoking of these drugs is believed to be the most prejudicial form of taking them; the reason probably is that they are thus taken into the lungs, as natives almost invariably inhale, smoking. 45. Causes gradual loss of appetite and digestive power, with consequent impairment of all bodily functions and muscular power shown by lassitude. Causes gradually increasing forgetfulness and loss of mental balance; the temper is uncertain and the mind ill-regulated; uncontrollable fits of laughing, weeping or unreasonable anger are apt to supervene. Loss.of moral control, with consequent immorality and debauchery. Causes asthma and a chronic form of bronchitis. Diarrhœa sometimes occurs from large quantities of food taken as a result of the drugs (v. 44), which is followed by diarrhœa due to non-digestion of the excessive quantity of food taken. 46. This is rare and produces the above-noted conditions in a more exaggerated degree; When taken in excessive quantities (as in the case of the two Sikhs), ganja is taken. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 115, Native Army


39. Charas and ganja are only smoked. Bhang is not smoked; when eaten is said to be more injurious than when drunk. It is only eaten when opportunities for preparing the drink are wanting. 46. When these drugs are used excessively they impair the general health, conducing to emphysema, dispnœa and bronchitis, with troublesome cough and. copious purulent expectoration The features become pinched, eyes red and half-closed, and turned in a slanting direction. They hate work and like to remain alone; they become obstinnate, quarrelsome and irritable, and get out of temper for nothing and eventually become insane. [Questions 45, except what is stated in para. 1 above and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 116, Native Army


39. Smoking hemp seems to affect the lungs; smoking charas in moderation is not injurious; eating or drinking bhang is the most deleterious of all. 45. It does all these. It makes a man thin, and gives him a pinched look. Not when moderately used only, but when used in excess. No. Yes. Moderate use does not produce any of these things. Immoderate does. I have no proofs to go by. The Medical History sheets would show nothing, as no sepoy is supposed to use these drugs, nor will they acknowledge their use even when the eyes seem to show they are addicted to it. 46. Excessive use produces immediate intoxication followed by great depression. It gives a peculiar look to a man, the chief feature being great thinness of the body, hollow cheeks, sunken eyes and the whites of the eyes blood-shot. It produces a kind of chronic bronchitis, and perhaps asthma but not dysentery. It induces laziness;  - Answer No 117, Native Army


39. Neither smoking nor eating nor drinking preparations of hemp in moderation are bad. 45. No. No. No. No. No. 46. No cases of injury, from excessive use of drug have occurred in regiment.  - Answer No 119, Native Army


45. Not perceptibly, but the tendency is towards an impairment of these faculties.
Not perceptibly. Not perceptibly. No, on the contrary, it is used medicinally in these affections. Yes, it does induce laziness and habits of immorality. 46. Habitual excessive use would in my opinion act very deleteriously upon the system  - Answer No 120, Native Army


39. Bhang usually eaten or drunk. Charas and ganja generally smoked. Smoking is considered less injurious than eating or drinking preparations of hemp, as the effects of smoking pass off quicker. 45. No. No. No. No. No. 46. Will more certainly bring on physical and mental deterioration sooner or later - Answer No 121, Native Army


39. The smoking of charas in moderation is much less injurious than drinking bhang,. because the drug is so much less pure, but even smoking charas has very bad effect on the teeth and energies. 45. None, as far as I have had any experience; certainly not physical when used in moderation. No, I think not. No, I have never had a case which could be attributed to such use. No. I should say not, unless used in excess. 46. Habitual excessive use does without doubt result in physical and moral deterioration. Physically its effects are impaired digestion, general debility, and a variety of nervous conditions, such as insomnia, delirium when suffering from wild attacks of fever, etc. Morally I cannot judge of the effects. - Answer No 122, Native Army


45. The cases I have seen show no noxious effects from the moderate use of these drugs. I think not. I have not noticed any injury to the digestion or loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery or asthma, but I believe it causes slight bronchial catarrh and resulting cough. I do not think the moderate use impairs the moral sense or produces habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. I have never met with any cases of the habitual excessive use of the drug, and therefore can give no opinion founded on personal experience. [ Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 123, Native Army


45. Its use in moderate quantities tends to dull the intellect : it does not impair the constitution; it increases the appetite, but impairs digestion; it tends to dysentery, but not bronchitis or asthma; it tends to laziness and debauchery; There is no record in the Medical History sheets of any cases of men suffering from the use of these drugs. 46. No cases have occurred.  - Answer No 124, Native Army


39. In this battery the natives only smoke the ganja and charas, so no opinion can be formed. 45. In my experience no physical, mental or moral noxious effects follow their moderate use. No, I think not. No. No. I have no opportunity of forming an exact opinion, but I think not. No. I do not think there is any connection. 46. Habitual excessive use, though extremely rare, does produce noxious effects, and a man's constitution may be ruined by it. This is as regards his physical condition; of its moral effects I cannot judge. - Answer No 125, Native Army


39. Smoking is more injurious than other methods of consumption. 41. Only when used medicinally. 45. (1) The moderate use produces some bad effects, as shown in (4) and (5). (2) It predisposes to some chest affections, such as asthma and bronchitis. (3) To habitual consumers it becomes necessary as an appetiser. (4) In habitual consumers, it tends to produce asthma and bronchitis in old age. (5) It tends to impair activity, both physical and mental. 46. Not having any experience of the habitual excessive use of any of these drugs, I am unable to discuss the question. - Answer No 127, Native Army


39. Hemp plant is not smoked. 45. I am unable to answer this question, as no case of habitual moderate use has come under my observation during my service. 46. I am unable to discuss this question as no case of habitual excessive use has come under my observation. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 128, Native Army


39. Smoking charas is considered the most injurious preparation of the hemp plant. The chief reason being that it affects the brain to a greater extent than any other preparation. 45. No effect. No. Charas produces loss of appetite; ganja and bhang do not do so. Ganja and charas do not cause asthma, and dysentery; it produces coughing. The use of all may tend to make a man lazy. No. No. It is believed so, but not from moderate use. Not known from experience. Not known from experience. 46. I have never seen a case of excessive use since I have been in the service - Answer No 129, Native Army


39. I believe that smoking is the least injurious form in which it is taken, but I am unable to give any reason for saying so. 45. The habitual use of ganja, even in moderate quantities, produces noxious effects—physical, mental and moral. It causes excitement followed by depression, and induces loss of appetite and emaciation. Its deprivation causes diarrhœa and dysentery. It acts as an aphrodisiac and causes excitement, thus inducing habits of immorality. X at 28 began smoking ganja for first time in 1891. Since then smokes morning and evening. He was an exceptionally robust man, and is now emaciated and weak. He has tremors, sense of depression and timidity, aversion from being observed; his utterances are jerky and short. His intellect is so enfeebled and dull, the simplest conversation is trying. He is restless, hides his face when observed, has lost all self-respect, and is cruel to his family. His moral character is impaired. He suffers from insomnia and is unable to fix his attention. In many respects the case resembles that of an ordinary inebriate. He is abject and miserable as a case of alcoholism after a bout, but the pulse is stronger, and there does not appear to be the same tendency to fatty degeneration. 46. An excessive dose of ganja causes great excitement and intoxication. The individual speaks and shouts at random, runs about, tosses and contorts his body, and probably eventually sleeps heavily. - Answer No 130, Native Army


39. The drinking is certainly considered more injurious. The percentage of those who become intoxicated from habitual use is said to be less as regards smokers. 45. I have had no experience in this matter as regards this regiment, but my opinion is that even the moderate use of these drugs is injurious, physically, mentally and morally. The smoking of ganja, if it does not predispose to lung complaints, certainly aggravates them. The popular idea undoubtedly is that the use of these drugs in any shape impairs the moral sense and stimulates to debauchery; but, on the other hand, it may be argued that people with these proclivities resort to drugs. I think that some people suffering from mental and bodily worries resort to opium for relief, and that the criminal and debauchee take other drugs, principally on account of their stimulant and aphrodisiac properties. 46. The excessive use is most injurious, - Answer No 131, Native Army


39. Smoking less injurious than eating or drinking, as smoking does not produce any ill effects afterwards, as it does when it is drunk or eaten. 45. Habitual moderate use makes a man physically, mentally and morally weak. It does impair constitution, as it weakens it from a state of chronic dyspepsia and loss of appetite being brought on by it. This dyspeptic state brings on an attack of dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. It does impair moral sense. Induces laziness and leads to habits of debauchery. 46. Habitual excessive use of any of these drugs will produce states abovementioned in worse form. - Answer No 132, Native Army


39. Smoking is said to be more injurious than drinking or eating any preparation of the hemp plant. 45. Causes mental weakness and nervous debility. Causes confusion of ideas, nervous debility and muscular weakness. Impairs digestion and causes morbid appetite. Tends to induce asthma. Impairs moral sense and induces laziness. 46. No records of such cases kept. - Answer No 133, Native Army


39. The smoking of any other preparation of the hemp plant is somewhat more injurious than eating and drinking, as smoking promotes phthisis and asthma and other lung diseases.
45. I have never had any opportunity of watching the effects of these drugs, and whether they really cause any of the diseases, or impairment of any of the functions mentioned, I am unable to state. I have no evidence to furnish on these points. 46. I have not knowingly met any person in the habit of taking these drugs to excess. - Answer No 134, Native Army


39. Smoking is the better way of using the hemp drug: the effect is quicker, therefore less is used. 45. I have not had sufficient experience of persons who I know to use these drugs habitually to give evidence of any value with respect to the point. I cannot say. Probably when in moderate increased doses. Bhang is supposed to increase the appetite in small doses. I cannot say. I do not know. I have seen so very little of the effects of any of these drugs that I can give no opinion. The same. No entries in the Medical History sheets. 46. I have not seen a case in which the excessive use of ganja or bhang has been proved. Many people appear to use the drug to excess occasionally, but not often habitually. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 135, Native Army


39. Not so far as I know. On the contrary, I believe that the smoking of charas (ganja is also occasionally used in this manner) is the worst form of this indulgence. My reasons are that the intoxicating effect produced is more sudden, quicker, and more certain. I believe brain mischief invariably results in a lesser agreeable degree from habitual smoking of charas. 45. I regret that during my short sojourn in India and Burma, I have not seen sufficient cases of the effects of these drugs, nor been able to follow them long enough to be able to give an opinion that would be of any value. There are no records on the subject in this hospital. 46. Vide reply to question 45. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 137, Native Army


39. The men in this regiment cannot smoke, and no opinion can be offered. 41. Yes, in small doses. 45. Yes, physically, mentally, and therefore morally. It depends on the constitution of the consumer. Yes, it injures the digestion. Not within my experience. Yes, it does. I consider it deadens the intellect. No man has suffered in this regiment since 1873. 46. Its habitual excessive use is decidedly harmful. - Answer No 138, Native Army


39. (a) Smoking is more harmful than eating or drinking any preparation. (b) Because by smoking the senses are much more quickly overpowered. 45. It induces mental and moral deterioration, and weakens the power of self-control. Eventually impairs the constitution by inducing chronic diseases. It induces indigestion: at first stimulates then impairs the appetite. Causes dysentery when regularly drunk as bhang, and asthma and bronchitis when smoked as charas or ganja; impairs the moral sense, and generally leaves the habitual indulger in a condition of lassitude and irritability. When used, its first action is to cause pleasurable excitement. Sometimes very violent, at times with uncontrollable fits of laughter and accompanied by grandiose ideas; later it induces deep sleep, from which the person can scarcely be roused. 46. The habitual excessive use of bhang, charas, or ganja produces all the symptoms previously noted, and leads to more rapid deterioration, mental, moral and physical - Answer No 139, Native Army


39. The smoking of the narcotic in the form of charas or ganja is more injurious than the eating or drinking of the narcotic in the form of bhang, because with the two former the fumes of the burning drug act directly on the brain, whereas with bhang the drug is largely diluted with water, and has to be absorbed into the blood through the stomach before it can act on the brain. 45. The moderate habitual use of these drugs does not produce any noxious effects—physical, mental or moral. No, it does not. No, it causes increase of appetite. No, it does not. It induces some laziness of habits. 46. The habitual excessive use of the drug produces physical, mental and moral deterioration, impairs the constitution, injures the digestion and  causes loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery; but perhaps predisposes to bronchitis when smoked. It impairs the moral sense, and induces laziness. - Answer No 140, Native Army


39. So far as I know, charas and ganja are smoked; bhang eaten or drunk. The smoking of charas and ganja is considered more injurious than the use of bhang, as a small quantity intoxicates, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to use it in moderation. 45. Not that I know of any, as I believe there is no man or follower in the regiment who uses these drugs habitually. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. I never noticed in any case in the regiment since July 1886 to this date. 46. No instances have ever come to my notice. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 141, Native Army


39. Smoking any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking or eating it, as it enters into the system more quickly. 45. (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) 46. (a) The habitual excessive smoking of ganja produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. (b) It impairs the constitution by making the sepoy prematurely old and producing loss of flesh. (c) It causes loss of appetite and in course of time injures the digestion; they believe it creates a keen appetite for food, and probably when they find the usual quantity does not have this effect, they increase the dose and thereby injure the digestion. (d) It does not cause dysentery or bronchitis, but is a common cause of asthma. (e) It induces laziness and habits of immorality: excessive indulgence increases the sexual appetite. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 142, Native Army


39. They say that smoking is the least injurious form of taking the ganja plant. I cannot give any reasons for this. 45. Produces noxious effects on the body, mind and morals. Yes, indirectly by inducing lazy habits. No; on the contrary, increases appetite. Yes, bronchial affections. Yes, induces laziness and is an aphrodisiac on first using drug. No account can be given, as hemp-users are not allowed in this regiment—vide Contingent Orders. 46. Both the mind and body are practically ruined, and no dependence can be placed in such a user of these drugs. There is loss of appetite, and of sexual desire, and asthma is often present. The user of the drug to an excessive extent sits alone, does no work, sings or mutters to himself, and as the habit is at this stage rarely given up, he so goes on to the end, a burden to his relatives and a nuisance to society. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 143, Native Army


39. Smoking is the most injurious form of con¬ sumption, as it gets sooner into the system. 45. (1) I cannot call to my mind any cases where the habitual moderate use proved injurious. (2) It deadens the sensations of hunger. (3) Natives say it causes asthma. I do not know of its bringing on dysentery or bronchitis. (4) No. Fakirs and devotees usually acknowledge the use of the drug; sepoys rarely, unless they desire discharge. 46. The habitual use of these drugs in excess is bad for body and mind: [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 144, Native Army


39. Smoking the hemp plant is more injurious than eating or drinking preparations of the hemp plant, as the former acts on the nerves very quickly. 45. I have never known any noxious effects produced by the habitual moderate use of these drugs, and have never known any man in this or other regiments affected by the habitual moderate use. I have not seen a case. I have never known such results. I have never known these diseases produced. I have never known such results produced. 46. I have had no experience of the habitual excessive use of the drugs. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 145, Native Army


39. No experience or knowledge on this point. 45. No. No. No; moderate doses increase the appetite. No. No. 46. Excessive use of these drugs produces noxious effects and impairs the constitution, induces bronchitis, dysentery and asthma and leads to lazy and immoral habits, No cases of the latter have come under my immediate observation, nor are any recorded in the Medical History Sheets of the regiment. - Answer No 146, Native Army


45. (a) I have not observed any noxious effects from the moderate use of these drugs. (b) Taken in moderation, I believe no appreciable effect on the constitution is noted. (c) I have not noticed any injury to the digestion or loss of appetite from a moderate use of these drugs. (d) I have not known these drugs to cause dysentery, but I am inclined to think that even a moderate use in some cases causes asthma. (e) I do not think that a moderate indulgence in these drugs impairs the moral sense or induces laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. None of the medical history sheets of this regiment have any record of admissions on account of an indulgence in these drugs., I am therefore unable to supply information on this point. 46. I have observed that an excessive dose of these drugs induces mental excitement and narcotism: this being so, a habitual excessive use must, in my opinion, impair the constitution, injure the digestion, cause loss of appetite, and predispose to asthma. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 147, Native Army


45. Have not had sufficient experience of the effect of moderate use of the drug to give an opinion. I certainly think there is evidence to indicate that insanity may often tend to indulgence in the use of these drugs. 46. (a) The habitual excessive use of these drugs produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. (b) Yes. (c) and (d) Not known. (e) Yes. No experience as to remainder of questions. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 150, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of hemp plant is the more injurious form of consumption than drinking or eating the same, because the former affects the brain and the nervous system directly, while the latter only indirectly. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja and charas produces noxious effects. It does impair the constitution. It injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite. It causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. As ganja and charas are not used by men in the regiment, and no record of bhang-drinking persons is maintained in the hospital, I am unable to trace the information required. I have made the above statement from my personal experience as an Hospital Assistant in charge of the Civil and Military Hospitals. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs would produce the same effects as explained in cases of persons making habitual moderate uses, but with greater force. - Answer No 152, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant in any way is a more injurious form of consumption than drinking, because the former affects the lungs and causes bronchitis and asthma. - Answer No 153, Native Army


39. Not known, but am told that drinking it is more intoxicating, and perhaps less injurious. 45. No experience of the habitual moderate use of these drugs. 46. Produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. Constitution impaired; digestion inter fered with injuriously; does not necessarily cause dysentery or asthma. Bronchitis produced in some cases. Does impair the moral sense - Answer No 156, Native Army


39. The general opinion of the men in the regiment is that drinking bhang in moderation is not injurious, but that smoking ganja is injurious; affects nerves, lungs, liver and heart. 45. I cannot speak from practical knowledge of the effects of these drugs, as only once in the past five years has a man been brought to hospital suffering from them. Natives seem to consider that bhang taken in moderation increases the appetite and improves nutrition. Ganja and charas, particularly when smoked, are said to impair digestion and cause wasting; chronic bronchitis is said to be caused by smoking these drugs. (2) and (3) I have had no experience. (4) No cases have occurred. 46. I have no experience of the habitual excessive use of the drug. The one case of excessive indulgence which came under my notice has not suffered since from any particular form of disease, his only admissions having been for injuries and temporary ailments. - Answer No 157, Native Army


39. The general opinion seems to be that the least injurious way of consuming these drugs is smoking. I am unable to give reasons. 45. I have not much personal knowledge of the use of these drugs, but I am informed that in moderation there is no noxious effect. Yes, in excess. I believe so. I am informed that it causes bronchitis and asthma, also laryngitis. Yes, in excess. 46. I have no experience of these drugs in excess except as named in paragraph 45. Cases have been brought to me who suffered from bronchitis, asthma and laryngitis and which diseases were attributable to the use of these drugs, but it is difficult to know whether they were excessive smokers or drinkers of these drugs. - Answer No 158, Native Army


39. I do not know, nor has the Medical Officer any experience on this point. But consumers apparently only smoke. 45. Yes. Gradually moral and physical degeneration. (a) Yes. But not markedly. (b) and (c) No. (d) Yes, so the Medical Officer says; but personally I think ganja consumption is possibly only a particular vice favoured by a man of naturally lax habit. If he did not consume ganja, he would probably drink bazar spirits. (e) No experience. 46. No experience of excessive use. The Medical Officer says the abovementioned cases appeared to be only moderate consumers. - Answer No 159, Native Army


39. Smoking is absolutely prohibited among Sikhs in any form. Smoking any preparation of the hemp plant is said to be more injurious, as it causes diseases of the chest by acting as an irritant to the air tubes. 45. Smoking charas and ganja produces bronchitis and asthma. Not to my knowledge. Supposed to increase the appetite when taken as bhang. Not dysentery, but does bronchitis and asthma. It does. 46. No experience. - Answer No 160, Native Army


39. I am told smoking is the more injurious form, but I do not know, nor have any opportu¬ nity of judging. 45. The men of this regiment do not indulge in this drug, and I have had no opportunity of observing the effects of the drug in its different forms as used by the natives of India. If it were indulged in for any length of time I should expect it to produce loss of appetite and strength, both physical and mental. An occasional dose does not, however, derange digestion in the way that opium does, and it may give rise to a ravenous sensation that food will not appease. I know of no facts pointing to the use of these drugs as a cause of dysentery or bronchitis. Therapeutically it used to arrest spasmodic asthma in the form of cigarettes. It is said to increase sensual desire, but of this and its effect on the moral sense I have no opportunity of forming an opinion. The habitual use of them would probably induce laziness. In the only experience of the drug I have had, viz., in medicine, I have found its action very uncertain and varying in different individuals, and occasionally even in the same individual at different times. 46. Vide answer to question 45. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 161, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas are generally smoked in the cold weather, while bhang is eaten or drunk in the hot weather. Ganja and charas being considered too heating for the hot weather, while bhang is considered cooling. 45. I have no personal experience of cases in which these drugs have been habitually taken in moderation. I am therefore unable to furnish original information. I have not met with any cases. The medical history sheets do not record any. 46. From observation of the few cases in which these drugs have been so used that have come under my notice, I am of opinion that the constitution becomes impaired, but I am not prepared to state that any specific disease is the result of such practices. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 162, Native Army


39. Ganja and charas is only smoked; there is no other method of consuming it. 45. None of the lascars of this regiment use this drug in any form. I have not prescribed this drug and have not had under treatment any one who was in the habit of taking it. I presume hearsay information is not asked for in questions numbers 45 and 46. 46. None of the lasears in this regiment consume this drug in any form.  Answer No 163, Native Army


39. Smoking is less injurious because the drug is much stronger when eaten or drunk. 45. From the evidence of these men, it does not appear to produce physical, mental or moral noxious effects. They consider it tends to improve the constitution; increases the appetite. They state that ganja and charas-smoking has a tendency to produce these diseases, but bhang does not do so. Its moderate use does not. 46. These men state that all these drugs, when taken in excess, produce bad effects, causing atrophy and lowering of the whole moral senses.  - Answer No 164, Native Army


39. Smoking is more injurious than drinking or eating of hemp plant, as the effect is more instantaneous. When assimilated with other food the bad effects are neutralised. 45. I have had no personal experience of the effects of these drugs, and give my opinion based only on hearsay evidence. (a) Does not produce noxious effect, except perhaps ganja and charas-smoking to lungs. (b) Does not impair constitution. (c) Does not injure digestion or cause loss of appetite. (d) Does not cause dysentery. Smoking ganja and charas may produce asthma and bronchitis. (e) Does not impair moral sense or induce laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. (a) Ganja and charas-smoking does produce noxious effects. Bhang-eating or drinking appears not to. (b) Ganja and charas weaken the constitution and cause loss of flesh. Bhang tends to increase flesh and appears not to impair constitution. (Wrestlers use this drug freely.) (c) Apparently does not injure digestion. (d) Ganja and charas, but not bhang, will cause asthma and bronchitis. (e) Ganja and charas impair the moral sense, induce laziness, but I believe do not induce habits of immorality or debauchery. Bhang to a less extent. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 165, Native Army


45. No. No. No. No. No. 46. Habitual excessive use may produce noxious effects, both physical and mental, causing general debility, impaired appetite, laziness, more or less emaciation. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 166, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is considered a more injurious form than drinking or eating the same or any other preparation. A smoker of the hemp plant is more a slave to the practice than one who drinks or eats a preparation of it The effects are insidious, notwithstanding that the smoker is sure to suffer complications of the bronchial tubes and the lungs. 45. Yes. Countenance becomes changed, the mind dreamy and forgetful; morals become lax. The constitution is impaired. The digestion is injured and appetite diminished. Dysentery, bronchitis and asthma arise. Impairs the moral sense; induces laziness; habits of immorality and debauchery are engendered. 46. To produce all the ill-effects that the habitual moderate use of the drug occasions, only in a more virulent form. - Answer No 167, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than drinking, or eating it. 45. The habitual moderate use of any of these drugs generally leads to physical decay. Small amounts at first stimulate the mental qualities, but later depress them and almost invariably lead to moral laxity. The nervous system is impaired by these drugs. They frequently lead to bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. 46. As regards the habitual excessive use of the drugs, the chief symptoms are physically permanent thirst and sometimes hunger.  - Answer No 169, Native Army


39. Smoking is less injurious than drinking, as a good deal of the strength of the drug is modified by being drawn through the water in the hukka. 45. As the men of the regiment do not use these drugs, I cannot say whether the habitual moderate use of these drugs would or would not produce the effects in question. 46. My limited personal experience does not enable me to discuss the point in question. - Answer No 170, Native Army


39. In the hot weather preparations of the hemp plant are drunk in water, milk, etc., and is considered beneficial. In the cold weather it is smoked and considered in the same light as smoking tobacco amongst Europeans. Smoking charas is considered rather injurious. 45. (a), (b) and (c) No. (d) Moderate use does not. (e) No. 46 I have no experience. - Answer No 171, Native Army


39. My regiment being a Brahmin corps, only take bhang. I am unable to answer this question. 45. There is no doubt that the habitual use of these drugs, particularly ganja and charas, will produce noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. Some of the men I examined to ascertain the effects of the drugs are living examples of the injurious effects resulting from the habitual moderate use of these drugs. Bhang seems to be less injurious than the other two. The constitution is decidedly impaired; the consumer becomes spiritless, emaciated and decrepit. Although its temporary effect is to produce appetite, yet it ultimately impairs digestion. Continual use of bhang is very likely to cause dysentery, and continued smoking of charas and ganja to cause bronchitis and asthma. The moral sense is dulled, and from its powerful aphrodisiac effect it is likely to lead to immorality and debauchery, but its ultimate effect is to produce impotence. 46. In the case of habitual excessive use the symptoms as described in No. 45 are more pronounced and much more rapid in onset. - Answer No 172, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than eating or drink¬ ing it, as it causes the body to become emaciated. 45. The moderate use of these drugs is pernicious, in that it leads to excessive use as the dose is increased. At first no evil effects may be present, but even after continuous moderate use physical, mental and moral deterioration takes place. The constitution becomes impaired, the body loses flesh, and the muscles become wasted; the mind takes part in this degenerate change. After continuous use the digestion becomes impaired. Have had no cases of dysentery, etc., traceable to the use of these preparations. After a time the moral sense becomes perverted and there is a disinclination for work. Am not aware that immorality or debauchery is produced by it. 46. Habitual excessive use produces deterioration, physical, mental and moral. The body wastes, the person becomes absent-minded, incapable of concentration, vacillating.  The moral sense is perverted. It causes atonic dyspepsia and loss of appetite. Have had no cases of dysentery, etc., traceable to this. - Answer No 173, Native Army


39. No. It appears that smoking is more injurious than other forms of consumption. This reply is based on information derived from the native officers. 45. I have served with Pathans, Sikhs, Dogras, Gurkhas, Panjabi Mussalmans and Madras soldiers, and as I have come across but one case of a man suffering from the effects of ganja, I do not consider myself entitled to answer the several questions noted in the margin. 46. In the course of twenty-one years I have seen but one native soldier suffering from the excessive use of these drugs. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 177, Native Army


39. I do not know. 45. The habitual moderate use of these drugs is harmful to the mental faculties. I cannot say. Yes. The old men who generally use these drugs are asthmatic, but I am not in a position to definitely state whether their asthma is traceable to the use of these drugs. Yes. 46. There can be no doubt that the excessive use of these drugs is injurious to physical, mental and moral facilities. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 180, Native Army


39. The smoking of charas and ganja is consi¬ dered more injurious than drinking; the reason being that it rises quicker to the brain and affects the head. 45. This depends a good deal on what is implied by the term "moderate use," but I consider that in the great majority of cases in which hemp drugs are taken, no noxious effects result. In such cases it does not impair the constitution. It is a well-known fact that it improves the appetite. It is said by those who use it, to relieve chronic bronchitis. I do not think it impairs the moral sense. Kahars who smoke it regularly seem to me to work better than the others, and it renders them less susceptible to cold, hence they smoke it more in cold weather. The Sikhs take it very moderately on their festivals and in the hot weather, when they say it acts as a refrigerant. 46. I consider that all manner of noxious effects might arise from the excessive use of these drugs. - Answer No 181, Native Army


39. Smoking is thought to be less injurious than eating or drinking. 45. Yes, the continued use produces noxious effects, both physically, mentally and morally. Yes. Yes. Causes bronchitis and asthma. Yes. Induces habits of immorality. 46. The excessive use of the drug is noxious; causes immorality and debauchery. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 182, Native Army


39. In moderation, neither the smoking, drinking, eating nor drinking hemp preparations are injurious. In excess the one is as bad as the other. 45. Certainly not. No. No, on the contrary. No; frequently relieves both asthma and bronchitis. Speaking generally in the absence of special knowledge, I am of opinion that these drugs are of as great value in moderation in cases of mental anxiety and worry as are alcohol and tobacco, and possibly as harmful as alcohol and tobacco if used to excess. 46. There can be no question that the excessive use of these drugs is as injurious as the excessive use of alcohol or tobacco. - Answer No 185, Native Army


39. I believe smoking to be less prejudicial than eating or drinking the drug. This opinion is founded on general testimony to that effect. 45. Yes. Yes. Yes. It tends to produce or aggravate these affections. It impairs self-control, and so tends to induce bad habits, generally. It tends to loss of self-control and weakens reasoning power. 46. It produces general emaciation, impairment of mental power and self-control. A tendency to certain disorders already mentioned. - Answer No 189, Native Army


39. I have no personal knowledge. 45. No. No. No. No. No. General languor. Cannot say. Yes. Yes. None. [Question 45 answered by Medical Officer.] 46. Habitual excessive use may produce noxious effects, both physical and mental, causing general debility, impaired appetite, laziness, more or less emaciation. - Answer No 190, Native Army


39. To smoke charas and ganja is considered harmful and leads to intoxication. The decoction is never drunk except as bhang. 45. The habitual moderate use of bhang, so far as I can judge from the few cases I have seen, does not produce any noxious effects. The digestive power and appetite are increased. No disease appears to be induced by it, nor is laziness. The moral sense is not impaired, so far as I am aware. Of the 2 men who use bhang in this regiment, one is a man of 23 years' service. He appears to be in every way fit for further service. Of his admissions to hospital, one has been for catarrhal bronchitis, the remainder being for surgical diseases or for ague. The other man has done 3 1/2 years' service, and has not yet been admitted for any of the diseases mentioned in the question. I do not know of any case of habitual use of charas, nor of habitual use of ganja. 46. I do not know of any case of excessive use of these drugs. - Answer No 191, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered to be more injurious than eating or drinking. The smoking affects the heart's action. The blood gradually becomes poor, and the strength decreases. The lungs are injured and digestion impaired. 45. It is very difficult to say, as sepoys when asked if they take the drug in any form, strenuously deny its use, nor can others be got to say if a particular sepoy is in the habit of using it or not; but there is little doubt that some are addicted to its use. Used in moderation it apparently does not impair the constitution, nor injure the digestion, nor produce any decided evil effects, physical or mental, as cases have not come directly under my observation. It does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma. 46. Makes them quarrelsome, troublesome and a nuisance to their neighbours. Often become bad characters. Breaks down the constitution, become weak, thin and prematurely old. Destroys the appetite. Often taken on purpose when they want to commit crimes and will commit murder under the influence of the drug. - Answer No 192, Native Army


39. Neither drinking nor eating being practised in the corps, the comparison cannot be made. 45. There is no habitual use in the corps. The use is occasional and confined to the smoking of ganja, and the Medical Officer says that he has observed no noxious effects, physical, mental or moral, from it. He has seen no case in which it has impaired the constitution, injured the digestion or caused loss of appetite. He is not aware of any case of dysentery, bronchitis or asthma in the corps which could be attributed to this cause. It has not been observed to impair the moral sense or to induce habits of laziness, immorality or debauchery.  46. There is no habitual excessive use in the corps.  - Answer No 193, Native Army


39. The smoking of ganja or bhang is as injurious as drinking them. 45. In sixteen years Indian experience, both in military and civil practice, I have occasionally suspected the Indian hemp habit; but could never obtain conclusive evidence. Any evidence of mine, therefore would be only second-hand or hearsay. Have not suspected any one in this regiment for years. 46. No first-hand evidence to produce - Answer No 194, Native Army


39. No; ganja-smoking rapidly promotes the absorption of the volatile principle of cannabis into the circulation through the respiratory organs, while the bhang acts more slowly through the process of digestion, and is less rich in the narcotic poison. 45. No. No. No. No; on the contrary, it alleviates these affections. No. 46. The habitual excessive use of the drug is undoubtedly injurious, physically, mentally and morally;  - Answer No 195, Native Army


39. No, it is more injurious, because when it is eaten or drunk it is at first carefully cleansed, and then water and some sweet is generally mixed with it, which makes the stuff a little cooler. 45. Yes, all three. Yes, induces debility. At first increases appetite, afterwards impairs. Causes bronchitis and asthma. Yes. 46. Excessive use of these drugs produces similar noxious effects. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 196, Native Army


39. Drinking bhang is considered as less injurious, and it is stated that it does not take away the appetite, while the taking of ganja and charas does. 45. I have seen no effect from the use of bhang, and my only experience of charas-smoking is from doolie-bearers: such men are generally thin, debilitated and nervous, liable to break down if called upon for extra hard duty. It causes, I believe, loss of appetite. It does not cause dysentery as far as I know, but I believe bronchitis and emphysema are common. These doolie-bearers inhale the charas smoke freely, and then strain themselves coughing. No experience about moral sense or debauchery; they are lazy, but not more than an ordinary native. 46. No experience further than that recorded opposite question 45. - Answer No 197, Native Army


45. I have not noticed any bad effects in this regiment from the moderate use. Not the moderate use. Not in my experience. Not in my experience. I think that it probably impairs the moral senses if used for a long time, particularly charas. 46. Impairs the mental condition. Impairs the physique. Charas particularly. I have never known it produce insanity - Answer No 198, Native Army.


39. All methods are considered equally bad. 45. In my opinion habitual moderate use would produce noxious effects physically, mentally and morally. Weakens physical and brain power. Causes loss of appetite. No. To some extent, even in habitual moderate use. 46. Excessive use of the drugs is detrimental to the physical, mental and moral conditions of these persons. - Answer No 199, Native Army


39. Bhang is said to be the only preparation used as a drink, the other preparations are smoked in an earthenware or pipe and are said to be (I am told) not less injurious. 45. Less deleterious in its effects than the habitual moderate use of alcohol. No. No. Useful in asthma and bowel ailments; does not produce these affections, and is of no avail in bronchitis. Apparently not. No. Ganja is the powdered leaf made into flat cakes with water, not used internally, but smoked in a pipe. Bhang, used as a drink, is a mixture of ganja, cocoanut-water, kuskus (poppyseeds), sugar, milk and spice. Charas is a mixture of ganja with tobacco. 46. The habitual excessive use would impair health, retard digestion, lessen the mental faculties, produce laziness, immorality and debauchery, and develop latent diseases, just as the excessive use of spirit-drinking would. - Answer No 200, Native Army


45. It produces all three. Not markedly. No. It increases appetite. I have not observed it causes dysentery, but it does cause bronchitis and asthma. Yes. - Answer No 201, Native Army


45. Invariably both physical, mental and moral. Yes. All functions are grdually impaired. Yes, digestion is so much injured that pain always occurs after taking food. Appetite much impaired. Dysentery slightly, bronchitis and asthma very frequently. Yes, hemp-consumers lose their moral sense, become lazy, immoral and debauched. This applies especially to ganja and charas, less so to bhang. 46. All these results occur much quicker from the habitual excessive than from the habitual moderate use of the drugs. Otherwise answer 45 is applicable to this question. - Answer No 202, Native Army


45. I am not aware of it. The men I have seen are of sound constitution, physically, mentally and morally; the latter of course according to the status of the consumers. No. No. No. It induces laziness, but not habits of immorality, unless the consumption is excessive or the consumer unused to the drug. 46. I have noticed that men who use these drugs to excess are often thin and wasted, with a drowsy, stupid look. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 203, Native Army


45. No evil effect. No. No. No. No. (a) No. 46. The excessive use of these drugs undoubtedly causes mania of a temporary kind. As regards the other effects on the digestion, etc., I cannot speak. - Answer No 204, Native Army


45. From enquiries from 5 men who were brought up, 2 denied using either bhang, ganja or charas; the other 3—one is a moderate consumer of bhang in syrup; uses it once in three or four days; another uses ganja in curd once a week; the third uses bhang in syrup four times daily. They are all well-nourished men, and do not, as a rule, report sick. Does not impair constitution in any way. It allays hunger and promotes appetite in an hour or so; apparently does not injure digestion. No; it does not appear to cause dysentery, asthma or bronchitis. Does not appear to have impaired the moral sense or induced laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. Have not had any cases under my observation of the habitual, excessive use of these drags, except the ones recorded in answer to No. 45. - Answer No 207, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered more injurious, because, the natives say, it has more effect on the liver and internal organs. 45. Its moderate use for a period of years decidedly impairs mental, moral and physical strength, and in the order named. The digestion does not appear to be much affected. It does not cause dysentery, but seems to cause chest affections. Asthma can, however, frequently be relieved by smoking ganja. It is used as an aphrodisiac;  - Answer No 208, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered the more injurious form of consumption; and smoking charas the worst of all. It produces in old habitués chronic bronchitis, emphysema, dyspnœa and much wasting. During the sleep which follows the eyes are deeply congested. A person under its influence, though apparently perfectly rational, will probably subsequently forget all orders given him when in that state. My reasons are derived from personal observations, and from the experiences of a confirmed ganja-smoker. 45. In my opinion it occasionally produces physical, mental and moral deterioration in all forms. It deteriorates the constitution in some cases. It causes loss of appetite if the usual stimulant is not taken. It frequently causes bronchitis, and specially when inhaled. It is used to encourage habits of immorality. A case of majum-poisoning came under my care in April 1893. Deterioration of health will induce laziness. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs undoubtedly produces all the symptoms as shown in answers to paragraph 45 in a marked degree, where otherwise they may only be occasionally found - Answer No 209, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered the most injurious, as it has a greater effect on the brain. 45. Apparently not. Not when taken in moderation, or when nutritious food is also taken. It is said by consumers that it increases the appetite. It does not appear to cause indigestion, bronchitis, etc., when taken in moderation. It probably does ultimately, as it is more or less a dissipated habit. 46. Excessive use causes intoxication, frequently with marked stupidity. It induces a bronchitic or asthmatic condition, with cough. If good food is not taken, the constitution becomes distinctly impaired. The health of excessive consumers does ultimately suffer in any case. More or less moral deterioration results from excessive use. (Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.)  - Answer No 210, Native Army


39. It is impossible to give reasons in replying to these questions, as the numbers of users of hemp drugs in this regiment are too few to make their habits very noticeable. I am dependent, therefore, in replying to these questions for the information afforded me by the Gurkha officers of the regiment, the regimental chowdhry and the baniyas of the establishment. Smoking these preparations is said to be less injurious than drinking them or eating them. 45. As I have not come into contact with persons addicted to excessive indulgence in hemp drugs, and have therefore had no personal experience of such cases, I am unable to record an opinion on the subject. I may state that in this regiment there are only 5 men who are ganja-smokers, and they only indulge in a moderate degree, and there is nothing in the physical appearance of any of them to indicate that they indulge in this habit, and their medical history sheets show that they have suffered from no unusual amount of sickness. 46. See paragraph 45. - Answer No 211, Native Army


39. Charas is considered to be worse than ganja, in any shape, but smoking ganja is worse than eating ganja, as the effects of the drug are more strongly brought out. 45. No. Except it excites sexual organs. No. No. No. No; but in small quantities it increases the appetite and therefore is largely used by the natives as an aphrodisiac. It produces laziness. Amongst the women it is only taken by prostitutes, and that in moderation. 46. It causes dysentery and diarrhœa and in old people more liable to cause chest complications; dyspepsia is caused by it, and after a time impotency makes its appearance; but if appetite continues good it may be taken for years as an aphrodisiac. - Answer No 212, Native Army


39. The smoking charas appears to be more injurious than eating or drinking, but no cases can be quoted. 45. The habitual moderate use of bhang does not appear to produce any noxious effects, but no cases have come under my observation. The fact that some of the Sikhs take it habitually, and that no case has been discovered in which ill-effects could be traced to its use seems to point to the above conclusion. Of charas I have no experience. There is an impression among the men of the regiment that it is injurious, and there are very few users of it. I have been unable to discover any case in which injurious effects could be traced to its use. It is considerered a disgrace to smoke charas, and men will not admit that they do so. I have no evidence that these drugs impair the constitution, injure digestion or cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma or cause laziness or immorality. 46. I have no experience of any cases who used these drugs excessively - Answer No 213, Native Army


39. See above. Smoking decidedly is more injurious than eating or drinking in the same proportion. The inhalation alone would seem the reason. 45. The habitual moderate use of ganja for a time does not seem to me to impair the physical condition or appetite to any appreciable extent, though its prolonged use, at least in many cases, does cause loss of strength and mental inactivity. This may be partly due to the fact that ganja once indulged in, the tendency is to increase the dose. In any case a good deal seems to depend upon individual circumstances and to some extent upon idiosyncrasy. It does not cause dysentery, but does induce laziness of habits, and when first taken often has aphrodisiac properties, but I doubt if it leads to debauchery generally. In the few cases I have met with where, I believe, Indian hemp has been taken to excess, there was great excitement. The tendency, I have noticed, is to deny the use of Indian hemp in any form when making inquiry as to its indulgence in suspected cases. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja causes loss of strength, appetite, trembling nervousness and mental weakness. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 214, Native Army


39. Eating or smoking bhang is considered more injurious than drinking it. Charas and ganja are not eaten or drunk, but smoked. 45. None under my observation. Not that I am aware of. No. No. Certainly not; quite the reverse. Not that I am aware of. No. [Answered by Medical Officer.] 46. I have not met with habitual excessive users in the regiment. - Answer No 215, Native Army


45. Apparently not. Cannot discover that they do when used in moderation. 46. Persons taking these drugs to excess are said to become quite unfit for work of any sort. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 216, Native Army


45. I believe it does not. I believe not. I believe not. I believe not. Not in moderate doses, but there is a tendency to indulge to excess. 46. I have no experience of this. - Answer No 217, Native Army


39. Smoking is apparently a more injurious mode of indulgence, owing to the effects being felt suddenly (in some cases even death having been produced), whilst in the other modes the effect is gradual. 45. Not having seen a case, I am not in a position to express an opinion. I cannot say. I am only aware that medicinally the drug is  used for anæmia, or want of appetite. I do not know how far the prolonged use would affect the digestive powers. It is a useful remedy for diarrhœa and asthma in medicinal doses. 46. Speaking medically, and not from knowledge of any case, I am inclined to believe that the excessive use of these drugs would tend to break down the constitution and weaken the mental faculties of any individual addicted to them. - Answer No 218, Native Army


39. The smoking appears to be less injurious than drinking. The effect of eating majum or yakoti is very bad, also of smoking charas or chandu, as the latter are prepared over a fire, but preparations which are smoked are soaked in water first. 45. I have not seen any noxious effects from the use of the drug, as no cases have come under my personal observation. Have not been able to trace any information on the subject from an examination of the medical history sheets. 46. I have used Indian hemp medicinally in the treatment of chronic dysentery, and have found it beneficial. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 219, Native Army


39. Smoking is considered more injurious. 45. I have carried out no experiments with Indian hemp, and have no knowledge or experience of what I suppose is meant here by the moderate use of it. Any use of it which would bring the individual under the observation of the Medical Officer must, I take it, be regarded as excessive. The latter does impair the constitution, injures the digestion, causes dysentery and asthma, directly or indirectly. I should also say that it impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. 46...the drug has been in its various forms the cause of considerable inefficiency, sickness and, indirectly, one death at least. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 220, Native Army


39. Bhang is not smoked at all. Ganja and charas only are smoked, either with or without tobacco, and there is no preparation by which the smoking of either charas or ganja can be less injurious. 45. The number of habitual consumers of these drugs is so small in the regiments here that the required information cannot be supplied from personal observation of cases suffering from the bad effects of these drugs. It may, however, from a medical point of view, be stated that the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces noxious effects. It impairs the constitution; injures the digestion and causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma; but it does not necessarily induce habits of immorality or debauchery. 46. The habitual excessive use of any of these drugs is still more injurious both to the mind and the body; but as cases suffering from an excessive use of any of these drugs have not been seen in the regiments here, the required information cannot be supplied. - Answer No 221, Native Army


39. The smoking of the preparation of the hemp plant is more injurious than either eating or drinking it. 45. (1) Yes, mental and moral. (2) I have not noticed that these drugs cause physical impairment. (3) and (4) I have not so observed. (5) Yes, I think they do impair the moral sense. 46. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 222, Native Army


39. These habits are so little known to the men, that they cannot inform me at all in what form the drug is most injurious. 45. Yes. There is physical, mental and moral degeneration. Yes. It renders the person more liable to disease; he has less recuperative power. Causes loss of appetite. Predisposes to diseases of the respiratory organs. It impairs the moral sense and induces laziness. 46. The excessive use of these drugs produces the same consequences as related on answer to question 45, only in a more marked degree. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 223, Native Army


45. My experience of the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs is too limited to justify an opinion. 46. The habitual excessive use of these drugs produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 224, Native Army


39. Yes, as those who eat or drink it generally mix it with milk, sugar or other food, and its effect is, according to the native, less injurious thus. 45. No. Not when used in very moderate quantities. It improves the appetite. On commencing the use of the drug bronchial irritation is caused. Not when used in moderation. Not when used in moderation. 46. Intellect and moral sense is impaired, and eventually the individual is scarcely able to distinguish between right and wrong - Answer No 225, Native Army


39. Smoking is less injurious than eating or drinking for quantities being equal: in smoking, a man does not absorb the whole as he does in eating or drinking it. 45. Yes. Physically it impairs their constitution; morally it induces laziness and habits of immorality and debauchery. It does not seem to affect their digestion. They suffer from bronchitis or asthma. I have not seen cases of dysentery. 46. The habitual excessive use of the drug intensifies the symptoms noted in paragraph 45, and produces a gradual loss of memory, nervous debility, impotence, cerebral softening - Answer No 226, Native Army


45. In habitual consumers it causes dyspepsia, also bronchitis and asthma. 46. In habitual consumers the dose has to be gradually increased to produce the gratifying effects. - Answer No 229, Native Army


39. The use of bhang and charas is injurious in every form. The smoking of charas causes injury. 45. Yes, it produces physical weakness. Excessive consumption of the drug injures the digestion. Though the drinking of bhang does assist the digestion to some extent during the early stages, yet loss of appetite and indigestion result in the later stages. The habitual consumer loses his appetite. Dysentery, bronchitis or asthma is not caused by the use of the drugs, but indolence increases by and by. The consumer becomes timid. Sexual appetite gradually disappears altogether. People confess the drinking of bhang. In regiments, Pathans of Yusafzai tribe and Rajputs are generally habitual consumers of charas and ganja, and smoke them openly. They do not regard it a vice. Some people think that the thought present (before the mind) at the time of drinking bhang remains there so long as the intoxication lasts. It is under this pretence that some fakirs and sadhus drink it, alleging that their thoughts would be concentrated upon God. But such is not the effect of bhang. The moderate use of bhang, however, is not so injurious.  - Answer No 232, Native Army


39. Smoking, I am informed, is more injurious than eating or drinking the drug. That the bad effects, causing in the end death, are more rapid in the case of a smoker than in the case of an eater or drinker. That the habitual smoker after a time suffers from a species of wasting, is continually coughing and spitting up phlegm mixed with blood. That, on the other hand, with the habitual eater or drinker the final stage, which in this case is imbecility, is not reached so rapidly, though the difference in time is not very great. That taking two equally healthy subjects who consume equal amounts, the bad effects will be apparent on the smoker before the one who only eats or drinks the drug. 45. During the two and half years of my Indian service I have never had an authentic case of disease in any form, mental or otherwise, due to the consumption of ganja, bhang and charas. The percentage of sepoys in Madras regiments who take it is said to be small. It grows in the Chin Hills in many localities, and is said to be consumed to a certain extent by the Panjabi muleteers, who are a hardy set of men and work very well. The want of it to a habitual consumer is said to cause dysentery after a few days.  46. See question 45 for answer. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 233, Native Army


39. It is very injurious to smoke preparations of these drugs, but it is not so to eat sweetmeats mixed with bhang - Answer No 234, Native Army


39. Bhang cooked with meat is less injurious than if used otherwise. It is more injurious to smoke any preparation of bhang than drinking it, because the former, owing to its connection with fire, injures the heart, while the latter has an ad¬ mixture of many ingredients, such as sugar, water milk and pepper. - Answer No 235
, Native Army


39. The smoking of this drug is more injurious than its eating or drinking. 45. The habitual moderate use certainly produces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It impairs the constitution and digestion, causes loss of appetite and asthma. Induces habits of indolence, and impairs the senses as well as intellect. Induces habits of immorality and debauchery. Ignorant people while weak use it for obtaining vigour, and thus they become addicted to it. As long as the effect lasts they are active, but they become quite weak and languid afterwards. 46. Excessive habitual use of all narcotics is injurious. - Answer No 245 (a), Native Army


45. The habitual moderate use of the drug pro¬ duces noxious effects, physical, mental and moral. It injures digestion and causes loss of appetite. People become phlegmatic. Ganja produces inflammation of liver and asthma. It impairs the intellect, induces laziness, and lessens the manly vigour. 46. An excessive consumer feels loss of appetite, and his brain becomes dry and weak Body also suffers along with the brain.  - Answer No 245 (b), Native Army


39. Ganja with any mixture is always injurious. The mixture will be less or more harmful when there is less or more quantity of the same in it. 45. By the use of bhang the physical powers are not lost. But ganja and charas make a man thinner and lean if taken continually for a long time. - Answer No 246, Native Army


39 Ganja and charas are used as smoking only. Bhang is used both in eating and drinking; but the drinking of bhang is better than its eating; by eating the consumer suffers from choler. 45. The habitual moderate use produces no apparent noxious effect, physical, mental or moral. The use of bhang does good to the constitution, but that of ganja occasionally impairs it. It increases the digestion and appetite. The use of bhang does not cause dysentery, bronchitis or asthma; but that of ganja causes bronchitis and asthma when the consumer cannot get the nourishing substances as ghee, etc., to eat. The moderate use of bhang does not impair the moral sense nor render the consumer lazy; As for immorality and debauchery, in both the cases it depends upon the nature and company of the consumer. 46. The habitual excessive use of ganja makes great damage to the physical strength. The use of bhang does not make any harm to the physical constitution of the consumer; he loses his power over his senses and so is unable, to perform any work well. - Answer No 248, Native Army


39. The smoking of these drugs is not less injurious than drinking and eating. 45. The moderate use of bhang and ganja is useful, and it is by no means injurious. It is not seen even that it has produced any disease. It produces good appetite, and is very useful for digestion. 46. These drugs when used excessively are injurious by all means.  - Answer No 249, Native Army


39. The smoking of any preparation of the hemp plant is considered more injurious than eating or drinking the same or any other preparation. The witnesses say that smoking affects a man's breathing as he increases in years. The eating or drink¬ ing is much slower in causing any bad effects on a man's constitution. Smoking is, however, the only form in which the witnesses use it. They are moderate consumers, and I do not notice that they are less efficient than other sepoys. 45. My local enquiries show that moderate use is not considered to produce physical, mental or moral defects. Digestion is considered to be improved by moderate use. The staying power for exercise and physical exertion is said to be increased. Excessive use is said to produce bronchitis. Its use is not considered to lower the moral standard. 46. Excessive use is considered to induce bronchitis, general debility, and to take away all sexual desire; but then chiefly when other poisons are mixed with it. Habitual excessives become very thin. [Questions 45 and 46 answered by Medical Officer.] - Answer No 250, Native Army


45. Causes the lungs to become subject to bronchitis, asthma and similar complaints. Injures digestion. Does not cause dysentery. Moderate use does not tend to cause immorality or laziness. 46. Habitual excessive use causes laziness, immorality, liable to lung affections, loss of flesh from loss of appetite, impotence - Answer No 251, Native Army

39. The use of bhang is considered the least harm¬ ful. It acts about half hour after being drunk, and the intoxication lasts a couple of hours. The smoking of ganja and charas is considered more injurious, the latter particularly so, as it is weakening, emaciates the body, and destroys sexual desire; for this reason many of the mendicants take it. 45. I have never known of any such case. I have no reason to think so. It has never come under my notice. It is commonly supposed to predispose to asthma after long continuance; but I have not seen it myself. I do not think so. 46. I have no knowledge of any such case. [Questions 45 and 40 answered by Medical Officer.]  - Answer No 252, Native Army


39. Smoking is more injurious, as it is said to injure the liver. 45. None that I know of, except physically. Yes, in time. No. No. Induces laziness. Not that I am aware of. 46. None ever in regiment. - Answer No 253, Native Army


39. The smoking of every preparation of hemp plant is more injurious than the drinking of bhang, which contains water, sugar and other cool ingredients, while in smoking it contains nothing but fire, which is injurious to the liver.  - Answer No 254, Native Army


39. Charas prepared from the hemp plant is imported to Panjab from foreign countries, such as Ladakh, etc., and its use is more injurious than that of bhang. The reasons for this answer can be given by the hakims and doctors. I have only stated what I have seen. 45. The moderate use of bhang or charas does not appear to produce any noxious effect. Indeed, the excessive use of the drugs, and especially of charas, deadens the intellect of the consumers and makes them unfit for work. They [charas users] also suffer from bronchitis and asthma. The strong smoke sometimes endangers the life of the smoker. Other effects can be stated by doctors only. The last of this question can be answered by the military surgeons. 46. See preceding answer.  - Answer No 260, Native Army


45. According to the science of medicine, the use of charas or ganja impairs the constitution, injures the organs, slackens the speed of circulation of blood, affects the senses and mind, and causes bronchitis, asthma, indigestion and loss of appetite. The consumers of these drugs generally remain dejected and dull. They suffer from general debility; their moral sense, constitution, and eye-sight are impaired. Owing to the aridity caused by the use of these drugs, the consumer's body becomes pale; most of the consumers turn vagrants. Giving up of the habit produces brain and heart-diseases; It has often been seen that on occasions of using charas, its smoke got into the brain of the consumer and he could not be restored to his senses without performing an operation on the brain. The excessive use of bhang also creates aridity and weakens the nerves and constitution. 46. The observations in answer to question 45. also apply to this question. The excessive consumers generally suffer from various diseases.- Answer No 261, Native Army

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