Cannabis Usage in 19th Century India: The 108 Names of Cannabis

Questions on the subject by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1895

2. In the most recent work on ganja (Dr. Prain's report of 21st June 1893) it is stated that "in India three narcotic articles are obtained naturally from hemp. These are, siddhi or bhang, charas, and ganja." They are thus defined by Dr. Prain: "Siddhi, bhang, subji or patti are different names applied to the dry leaves of the hemp plant, whether male or female and whether cultivated or uncultivated. "Charas is the name applied to the resinous matter which forms the active principle of the plant when collected separately. "Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely. The formation of seeds is prevented by the destruction of all the male plants. "Three varieties of ganja are sold. Ganja is usually manufactured by being trodden under foot, so that the agglutinated flower-tops assume a flattened shape. This is 'Flat ganja.' The other sort of ganja is not trodden, but rolled under foot, so that the agglutinated flower-tops are less closely adherent, and assume a rounded shape. This is 'Round ganja.' The flower-tops of ganja detached from the twigs, whether of flat or of round ganja, and whether the detachment has been accidental or deliberate, form 'chur' or 'Broken ganja.'" May these definitions be accepted for your province? By what name is each of these products locally known?

4. By what different names is it known? Do these refer to exactly the same plant?

My thoughts on the subject

How pervasive something is within, and how significant it is to, a culture and the human psyche can be measured by the number of names it is known by. The more names a thing is known by, the more it is an indication of that thing's multiple facets, its versatility, its dynamic nature and its pervasiveness. To take an example, every culture has a name for god, and the greatest gods in a culture are often known by many names. Rarely, however, is it the case that even the different parts of a thing become synonymous with the thing itself, each part spawning its own cultures, followers, policies and boundaries, so much so that persons affiliated with one part cease to recognize that affiliations to other parts are, in truth, still affiliations to the same thing. Yes, it is true that human thinking, which makes the differentiation of a thing into various parts, and affiliation to a particular part, and the belief that the part, not the whole, is the only thing worthwhile, is common in areas like religion, nationalism and tribal affiliation, but when it comes to a physical entity that exists in the natural world, it is rare that such delusions occur.

The pervasiveness of the cannabis plant in the human psyche and its significance to the different cultures of the world can be gauged by the number of names it is known by. Its different names are as numerous as that of the greatest of human gods. Not only is the plant known by different names in different cultures, it is known by many names within a given culture, names that reflect the awesome properties of the plant. Even stronger evidence of the greatness of the plant is the fact that many people know it only by its leaves, many know it only by its flowers, and still others know it only by its resin. Through the fundamental failure to recognize that all these parts are, in fact, one plant, the division of cannabis into bhang (leaves), ganja (flowers) and charas/hashish (resin), has spawned the creation of affiliations, cultures and policies which favor one part of the cannabis plant, and condemn the others. The above definition, by Dr. Prain, in question 2 of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission's report of 1895, where the cannabis plant was divided into three parts, formed the basis of all future definitions of the plant when it came to policy making. To take this absurd discrimination even further, the minds that made this differentiation went as far as to condemn the flowers and the resin, while accepting the leaves. This differentiation, of one cannabis plant into three, remains the basis of all discriminatory global and national drug laws, including India's, regarding cannabis, where the leaves are considered legal, and the flowers and resin are considered illegal.

Many of us know the plant (or its parts), as bhang, ganja or charas/hashish. Some know it as hemp, marijuana/marihuana, cannabis. Others know it as pot, weed, grass, dope, tea, reefer, kaya, herb, devil's weed, kief, mary jane, mary warner, indica, sativa, toke, joint, maal, gaddi...

In response to the above two questions posed by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, we get an insight into the many names by which this awesome plant was known in the different parts of India, and some parts of the world. Many names refer to the variety of cannabis, mostly named after the place of origin. I have not elaborated on these here, as I plan to address that subject elsewhere. Many names refer to the products of cannabis processing, i.e. flat, rolled or dust, in various languages and dialects. In terms of current usage, many of these names have probably ceased to exist, through the modern human amnesia of what the plant is. Here are some of the names:

siddhi/siddhisa/siddhi mulika/jungli siddhi/seedhapatrika - accomplishment of purpose, giver of success; boratamak/baratamaku/kara tamock/bara tamak - strong tobacco; bijaya/bijoya/wijia/vijia/traylakya bijaya/troylakya bijoya/ajaya/jaya - the conqueror, the all-conquering, conqueror of the three worlds; waraqul khyal/varakul khyal/varakulkyal/warqul khayal - leaf of thought; samvida/sambida/Sambidasar/sambidamanjari/samitdevi - giver of knowledge; gyana sambit/gnanapatrika/gnana-patri - wisdom leaf; brahma sambhuta - born of the almighty father; brahmananda prodayini - giver of celestial pleasure; bagdevata - goddess of learning;  basakari - subduer of evil propensities; bijayaprada - goddess of victory; samadhibarada - goddess of holy abstraction; agyananasini - destroyer of ignorance; jogamarga prakashini - guide to holy communion; sheuji/shivji ka buti/mahadeo-ki buti/siva pathri/shankar priya/siva jata bhang - siva's herb; harya tamacu/harri tamacco/hasara lambak - green tobacco; dyanvali/dyanvalli - creeper of concentration; sudhapatri - pure leaf; juzu azam - the greatest necessary; hashish - dried grass; hashishtul fukra - grass of the mendicants; nishat-afza - enhancer of pleasure;  falaktaz - refresher of the sky; arshi-numa - indicator of the heavens; habatul masakin - grain of the poor; shahwat angez - exciter of lust; munisul humum - soother of griefs; chatri akhzar - the green crown; zamurud rang - having the colour of emerald; the humble plant; bhang/bang(Persian for bhang)/bhangi/bhanga/beng/phanki; subzi/subji/sabji; ganjika/ganja/ginza/gánja/ganjaipatri; turitananda/tvaritananda/turatanand - that which gladdens immediately; falaksair - sky walker; patti; thandai; sul fa/sulpha; suka-tamak; sukha/sukho; majum/yakuti(sweetmeat); sham chini; jata bhang/jaday bhangi; buti; matangi; chapala; ananda; harshini/harsini; matulani (maternal aunt); madini(intoxicant); tarita; syama; rasayana; jogada; joginisebya; brahmani; ugra; mohini; mongola bich; sakrasan; kushambha; ghota; shankar bodh; shighra bodh; sadi; dudhia; bhrangakha; momia; basava-patri; ganja pal; kalpam/kalpram/karpam; zanapa; sunni; trisuli; tam; isjeeroo; alwariah pathri; fareedbuti; ashakanibuti/aushakani buti; haributi; ganja-rasham; korkar-muli; serlavathi; madhurakavi; kusuma; pania; vanai karpam; karakarmuly; ramarasam; kolaker-meilikai; gogu; kaunra; janmu; tsoni; tag; sanabu; ambadi; pundi; maya; myapani; lilagar/lillaghur/lila; shambhari; mala; sai/saee; ghundiun; abaq; sawai; bubkain; nangin; bharaga; akoi; pani; gadada; phoo bhangi; kali-hpu; the dispenser of happiness; the quick pleasure-giver; love-dagger; rosepillow; wife of the dhatura or thorn apple; cementer of friendship; delighter; ambrosia of the gods...

Names in other countries include - kanab/qanab/kinnab(Persian/Arabic-from which the Latin canna bis is derived); Ceyeeah/sè chauk/segyauk(Burma); consjaina(Malay); Bin(Burma); mafuen(Chinese); Wadifurunas(Yunani or Greek); Qab Nira(Surayani or Hebrew); Kataney (Roman); hennep(Dutch-from which hemp is derived).

Summary findings regarding the definition and names of cannabis

Following are the summary findings by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 regarding the definition and names of cannabis

Definition
151. Before describing the cultivation of the hemp plant, it will be proper to mention the products which are got from it. It has been shown that the plant which yields the true hemp fibre is the same as that which produces the narcotics. The seed is the familiar hemp seed which is given to cage birds. It is also occasionally eaten by the natives of India, especially in the Himalayas, and an useful oil is expressed from it. The fibre and seeds only come incidentally within the scope of the present inquiry. The narcotic products of the plant are ganja, charas, and bhang. Dr. Prain has described very fully the physiological processes by which the narcotic principle is secreted in the various parts of the plant. For the purposes of the Commission it is sufficient to state plainly and briefly what the three articles are in the simple forms in which they first enter the market. The definitions with which the Commission's list of questions is introduced are as follows. They are borrowed from Dr. Prain:— "Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely." "Charas is the name applied to the resinous matter which forms the active principle when collected separately." "Siddhi, bhang, subzi, or patti are different names applied to the dry leaves of the hemp plant, whether male or female, and whether cultivated or uncultivated." These definitions have been generally accepted by the witnesses, but the result of the inquiries is to show that they require some explanation. 

Ganja may be got from the wild as well as the cultivated plant.
152. First, with regard to ganja. Over nearly the whole of India distinction is recognised between the ganja and the bhang plant. Though the natives may mistake the sexes, it is clear that the female plant is the one which is called ganja and the male plant bhang. The plants are distinguishable even in the wild state, the loose flowering panicle of the male from the comparatively stiff and apparently blossomless spike of the female. The hill ganja of Assam, and the wild ganja that seems to be occasionally found and used throughout Eastern Bengal and the Sub-Himalayan region, and even in Kashmir, must be the female flower spike which has often been quite innocent of any tending. In examining the evidence, therefore, the definition of ganja given above must often be read as with the word cultivated omitted.

The drug bhang often consists of ganja.
153. Then as regards bhang, the witnesses often use the word to include the female flower head as well as the leaves of the plant, and the green leaves as well as the dry. The male flower head must also enter into it in consequence of the rude method of preparing the drug, viz., by drying the plants and beating out the leaves. But the male flowers are not more narcotic than the leaves; the point to be noted is the inclusion of the female flower head in bhang. The confusion arises from the name of the product bhang being used also for the liquid form in which the hemp drugs are consumed. Ganja pounded up and made into drink becomes bhang. This is the way in which Garhjat ganja is used at Puri. In the west and south of India the distinction between the products bhang and ganja is frequently lost. Bhang is cultivated in Sind with similar precautions to prevent the fertilization of the female plant as in Bengal, and the product is called nothing but bhang, and is rarely used for anything but concocting drink and sweetmeats, the smoking ganja being imported. Bhang is the ancient name of the plant. It is also the name of the form of narcotic product which was earliest discovered, for it must have taken time to learn the art of isolating the female plant and so producing ganja. Bhang is also the name of the most simple style of consumption, viz., by pounding and drinking, which must have preceded smoking. Naturally, therefore, bhang is a more comprehensive term than ganja, and often includes it, especially where the production of ganja has not become a recognised industry. In the Madras Presidency ganja is the more general term, so much so that in some places the word bhang is hardly understood. This is probably due to the hemp plant being only known to the people as cultivated for the production of ganja.

Charas is not always the simple resin.
154. Charas may not always be the pure resinous matter. It generally contains leaf dust and other impurities picked up in the process of manufacture. But it is hardly ever confounded with ganja or bhang. Its appearance, that of dark green or brown paste, is distinct from that of both the other drugs. In Kashmir and the Punjab only is the name ganja sometimes applied to charas, probably because charas is prepared from the female or ganja plant (Governor of Kashmir). There is reason to think that in some parts of Rajputana the distinction between charas and ganja is not very strictly observed, and that the former name is occasionally given to the latter drug.

NOTE BY MR. G. A. GRIERSON, C.I.E., MAGISTRATE AND COLLECTOR,. HOWRAH, ON REFERENCES TO THE HEMP PLANT OCCURRING IN SANSKRIT AND HINDI LITERATURE.
I have the honour to state that I have searched through all the Sanskrit and Hindi books accessible to me, and to forward the accompanying note on the references to the hemp plant occurring in the literatures of those languages. I have met the hemp plant in Sanskrit and Hindi literature under various names. The principal are— (1) Bhanga. (2) Indraçana. (3)Vijaya or Jaya. The earliest mention of the word ganja which I have noted is dated about the year 1300 A.D. Whenever the word vijaya is used, it is doubtful whether the hemp plant is meant, or the yellow myrobolan, as the word means both. The name bhanga occurs in the Atharvaveda (say, B.C. 1400). The hemp plant is there mentioned simply as a sacred grass. Panini (say, B.C. 300) mentions the pollen of the hemp flower( bhanga). In the commencement of the sixth century we find the first mention of vijaya which I have noted. It is a sacred grass, and probably means here the hemp plant. The first mention of bhanga as a medicine which I have noted is in the work of Suçruta (before the eighth century A.D.), where it is called an antiphlegmatic. During the next four centuries bhanga (feminine) frequently occurs in native Sanskrit dictionaries in the sense of hemp-plant. In the tenth century the intoxicating nature of bhang seems to have been known: and the name Indraçana, Indra's food, first appears, so far as I know, in literature. Its intoxicating power was certainly known in the beginning of the fourteenth century. In a play written in the beginning of the sixteenth century, it is mentioned as being consumed by jogis (Çaiva mendicants). It is there named "Indra's food." In later medical works it is frequently mentioned under various names. I append a more detailed account of the passages in which I have noted the uses of the Indian hemp. I may add that I have not traced in literature any difference between the uses of the word ganja and of the word bhanga, though modern kavirajas tell me that they are distinct plants. Cir. B.C. 1400. In the Atharraveda (cir. 1400 B. C.) the bhang plant is mentioned (11, 6, 15) once:— "We tell of the five kingdoms of herbs headed by Soma; may it and kuça grass, and bhanga and barley, and the herb saha release us from anxiety." Here reference is evidently made to the offering of these herbs in oblations. Cir. B. C. 300. The grammarian Panini (5,2 ,2 9) mentions bhangakata, the pollen of the hemp flower, as one of his examples. The fact that the pollen of this special flower was quoted is worth noting. A. D. 504. Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XLVIII, 39) mentions vijaya as used with other grasses in the rites of the Pusya, bathing festival. Vijaya in this passage certainly means some plant or other. The word may mean either the Indian hemp-plant or be a synonym of haritaki (the yellow myrobolan). Dr. Hœrnle informs me that in the oldest medical works the word is explained by commentators in the latter sense. It is doubtful what meaning we are to adopt here. The word may mean the hemp-plant bhanga. In the passage from the Atharvaveda, already quoted, amongst the five plants special honoured as oblations, bhanga is closely connected with the herb saha. So also in the Brihatsamhita, vijaya is mentioned as one of a long list of plants to be used in the offering, and the very next plant mentioned is saha, which is apparently the same as saha. This would encourage the theory that the vijaya of the Brihatsamhita was more probably the same as the bhanga of the Atharvaveda. Before the eighth century. In Suçruta (Ut. XI, 3) Bhanga is recommended together with a number of other drugs as an antiphlegmatic. Vijaya is mentioned in the same work as a remedy for catarrh accompanied by diarrhœa (Ut. XXIV, 20, and Ut. 39, page 415, 20), as an ingredient in a prescription for fever arising from an excess of bile and phlegm. In these two passages, however, vijaya is probably an equivalent of haritaki, the yellow myrobolan, and does not mean hemp. Cir. A. D. 500. Tenth or eleventh century. Twelfth century. In the various kosas, or dictionaries, bhanga is frequently mentioned as meaning the hemp plant. Thus,— (1) Amarakosa, 2, 9, 20. (2) Trikandaçesa, 3, 364. (3) Hemacandra's Anekarthakosa, 2, 37. (4) Hemakandra's Abhidhanacintamani, 1179. Twelfth century. The Sarasundari (date not known to me), a commentary on the Amarakosa mentioned above, by Mathureça, and quoted in the Çabdakalpadruma, mentions that the seed of the bhanga plant is the size of that of millet (kalaya). Cir. 1050 A.D. Cakrapanidatta is said to have flourished under Nayapala, a prince who reigned in the eleventh century A.D. In his Çabdacandrika, a medical vocabulary, he gives the following Sanskrit names for bhang:— (1) Vijaya (victorious), (2) Trailokyavijaya (victorious in the three worlds), (3) bhanga, (4) Indraçana (Indra's food), (5) Jaya (victorious). These names seem to show that its use as an intoxicant was then known.
A.D. 1300. The Rajanighantu of Narahari Pandita adds the following names to those given by Cakrapanidatta in the Çabdacandrika, above mentioned:— (6) Virapattra (hero-leaved or the leaf of heroes), (7) Ganja, (8) Capala (the light-hearted), (9) Ajaya (the unconquered), (10) Ánanda, (the joyful), (11) Harsini (the rejoicer), and adds that the plant possesses the following qualities:— (1) Katutva (acridity); (2) kasayatra (astringency); (3) Usnatva (heat); (4) tiktatva (pungency); (5) vatakaphapahatva (removing wind and phlegm); (6) samgrahitva (astringency); (7) vakpradatva (speech-giving); (8) balyatva (strengthgiving); (9) medhakaritva (inspiring of mental power); (10) çresthadipanatva (the property of a most excellent excitant). Say A.D. 1500. The Çarngadhrasamhita, a medical work by Çarngadhara, the date of which is unknown, but which must have been compiled during the Muhammadan period of Indian History, specially mentions (1,4,19)1 bhanga as an excitant (vyavayin). In the same passage it mentions opium. A. D. 1500. The Dhurtasamagama, or "Rogues' Congress," is the name of an amusing if coarsely written farce of about the year 1500 A.D., the author of which was one Jyotiriça. In the second act two Çaiva mendicants came before an unjust judge, and demand a decision on a quarrel which they have about a nymph of the bazar. The judge demands payment of a deposit before he will give any opinion. One of the litigants says— "Here is my ganja bag; let it be accepted as a deposit." THE JUDGE (taking it pompously, and then smelling it greedily):—"Let me try what it is like (takes a pinch). Ah! I have just now got by the merest chance some ganja which is soporific and corrects derangements of the humours, which produces a healthy appetite, sharpens the wits, and acts as an aphrodisiac." The word used for ganja in the above is Indraçana (Indra's food). Cir. A.D. 1600. The Bhavaprakaça, another medical work written by Bhavadevamiçra (cir. A.D. 1600) has as follows:— Bhanga gañja matulani madini vijaya jaya | Bhanga kaphahari tikta grahini pacani laghuh | Tiksosna pittala moka- -mada-vag-vahni-vardhini || "Bhanga is also called gañja, matulani, madini (the intoxicating), vjjaya (the victorious) and jaya( the victorious). It is antiphlegmatic, pungent, astringent, digestive, easy of digestion, acid, bile-affecting; and increases infatuation, intoxication, the power of the voice, and the digestive faculty." 17th century. "The Rajavallabha, a materia medica, by Narayanadasa kaviraja, the date of which I do not know, but which is quoted in the Çabdakalpadruma, and is believed to be ancient, has the following:— Çakra-'çanam tu tiksno-'snam moha-krit kustha-naçanam | Bala-medha-'gni-krit-çlesma- -dosa-hari rasayanam || Jata mandara-manthanaj jala-nidhaup iyusa-rupap ura|  Trailokye vijaya-prade 'ti vijaya çri-devaraja-priya || Lokanam hita-kamyayak siti-tale-praptan araihk amada|  Sarva-"t anka-vinaça-harsa-jananiy aihs evitas arvada. || "Indra's food (i.e., ganja) is acid, produces infatuation, and destroys leprosy. It creates vital energy, the mental powers, and internal heat, corrects irregularities of the phlegmatic humour, and is an elixir vitæ. It was originally produced, like nectar, from the ocean by the churning with Mount Mandara, and inasmuch as it gives victory in the three worlds, it, the delight of the king of the gods, is called vijaya, the victorious. This desire-fulfilling drug was obtained by men on the earth, through desire for the welfare of all people. To those who regularly use it it begets joy and destroys every anxiety." ?Date. The Rasapradhipa, a work, the date of which is unknown to me, and which is quoted in the Çabdakalpadruma mentions jaya, as a remedy for indigestion:— Ksaratrayam sutagandhou pancakolam idam çubham|  Sarvais tulya jaya bhrista tad-ardha çigruja jata || Natron, saltpetre and borax, mercury and sulphur, and the prosperous five spices (long pepper, its root, piper chaba, another pepper, and dry ginger). To these add an equal amount of parched jaya and half of that amount of horse-radish (moringa) and jata.3 It is not certain whether jaya here means bhang or Haritaki (yellow myrobolan). The word has both significations. The latter, perhaps, suits the formula best.
?Date. In the Rasaratna-samuccaya, a work written in the south of India, jaya is classified as a semi-poison,— Langoli visamustiç ca karaviro jaya tatha | Tilakahk anako' rkaçc a vargo hy upavisatmakah.|| Langali4 (Vanguiera spinosa), the root of the Nerium odorum, jaya (Symplocos racemosa) kanaka 5 and ak( a kind of Euphorbia), are semi-poisonous. 1400 A.D. Bhang is frequently mentioned by vernacular poets. The oldest instance with which I am acquainted is the well-known hymn by Vidyapati Thakur (1400 A.D.), in which he calls Çiva "Digambara bhanga," in reference to his habit of consuming that drug. According to an old Hindu poem, on which I cannot now lay my hands, Çiva himself brought down the bhang plant from the Himalayas and gave it to mankind. Jogis are well-known consumers of bhang and ganja, and they are worshippers of Çiva. In folk-songs, ganja or bhang (with or without opium) is the invariable drink of heroes before performing any great feat. At the village of Bauri in Gaya there is a huge hollow stone, which is said to be the bowl in which the famous hero Lorik mixed his ganja. Lorik was a very valiant general, and is the hero of numerous folk-songs. The epic poem of Alha and Rudal, of uncertain date, but undoubtedly based on very old materials (the heroes lived in the twelfth century A.D.), contains numerous references to ganja as a drink of warriors. For instance, the commencement of the canto dealing with Alha's marriage, describes the pestle and mortar with which the ganja was prepared, the amount of the intoxicating drink prepared from it (it is called sabzi) and the amount of opium (an absurdly exaggerated quantity) given to each warrior in his court. That the consumption of bhang is not considered disreputable among Rajputs may be gathered from the fact that Ajabes, who was court poet to the well-known Maharaja Bishwanath Singh of Riwa, wrote a poem praising bhang and comparing siddhi to the "success" which attends the worshipper of "Hari." Here there is an elaborate series of puns. The word siddhi means literally 'success,' and hari means not only the god Hari, but also bhang.

Individual responses by witnesses to the two questions.

Following are the individual responses of witnesses to the two questions regarding cannabis definition and names as posed by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895.


2. The definitions are those current in Bengal. - Evidence of the HON'BLE MR. D. R. LYALL, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta


2. Not all the male plants are destroyed, but as many as possible. There are seeded plants in every sample. The definitions are correct. Bhang is known as siddhi or bhang. I do not remember meeting with the names of subji or patti, but they are applicable. 4. Generally ganja or bhang. So far as I know there is only one plant. - Evidence of MR. E. V. WESTMACOTT, Commissioner, Presidency Division; late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


Ganja, bhang or siddhi, and charas are narcotic products of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Ganja consists of the resin-coated flowering tops of the cultivated unfertilized female plant; bhang or siddhi is the name applied to the dried or mature leaves, and is usually gathered from the plant in a wild state; charas is the resin which is collected from the unseeded plant while it is growing. The use of ganja, while permitted by the Hindu religion to some, is denied to others, and amongst its votaries the narcotic is known by as many seductive terms as are wont to be applied to beverages of American origin, such, for example, as "the conqueror," "the all-conquering," "the dispenser of happiness," "the quick pleasure-giver," "love-dagger," "rosepillow," "wife of the dhatura or thorn apple," "cementer of friendship," "delighter," and "ambrosia of the gods,"—epithets expressive of the qualities peculiar to ganja according to popular belief. For revenue purposes there are three recognized varieties of ganja, namely, chapta or chipta (pressed or flat), gol (round), and chur (broken), which are liable to a duty of R6, R7-4, and R8 per seer, respectively. Flat ganja is trampled down by the feet in the process of preparation, while round ganja is carefully rolled and has a less quantity of the twig than flat; chur consists of the broken particles of resinous matter that fall off in the manipulation.   - Evidence* of MR. W. H. GRIMLEY, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur


4. My impression is that it is invariably called ganja in Bengal. Bhang may occur in Behar; but even there, so far as I can recollect, the word ganja is preferred - Evidence of MR. H. G. COOKE, Officiating Commissioner, Orissa DiviSion


2. The definitions in Dr. Prain's report may be accepted. The local names are (1) bhang or siddhi, (2) charas, and (3) ganja. Rolling by the hand is also applied in the manufacture of round ganja, besides rolling under foot. 4. Bhang and ganja are the only names I know to be used in reference to the plant. - Evidence of MR. J. C. PRICE, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi


2. The definitions of ganja, siddhi or bhang and charas given in the question apply to this district. In this district only two kinds of ganja, viz., round and chur, are consumed. 4. The wild plant which grows here is called siddhi. Only one kind of wild plant grows.  - Evidence of MR. F. H. BARROW, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura.


2. Yes. They are known as bhang, charas and ganja, but charas is not smoked in this district. Ganja is again classified as flat, round, and chur. - Evidence of MR. F. H. B. SKRINE, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur.


2. Yes; these can be accepted. Bhang is only known here in the name of siddhi. Ganja has no peculiar other name.4. It is not known under any different names. (b) The plants belong to the same species, but are somewhat different. - Evidence of MR. A. C. TUTE, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur.


2. Yes. The drugs are known as siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja in this district.  4. Bhang or siddhi. These refer to exactly the same plant. - Evidence of the HON'BLE F. R. S. COLLIER, Magistrate and Collector, 24-Parganas.


2. Yes. The hemp is the name of a genus of plant in the Linnæan system; class Diœcia; order Pentandria, male and female; Pharmacopœal name, Cannabis. (1) Bhang, bang, subzi, and sidhi. Classical names.—Arabic Kanab, from which the Latin Canna bis is derived. Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. The hemp is the hashish of the Arabs. Persian names known among the Musalmans: falaksair and waraqul khyal - Evidence of MR, C. R. MARINDIN, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad.


2. The definitions may be accepted. The three varieties of ganja defined here have reference to the Rajshahi drug, which is almost exclusively used in these provinces. The flat ganja retains the larger twigs and the round ganja the smaller ones, while chur has only the detached flower tops. There is thus more woody matter in round than in chur, and most in flat. Gurjat, which is treated as a separate ganja, is used to a small extent in Orissa. In shape it is like flat ganja. 4. General name bhang. Siddhi (specially in Lower Bengal). Patti or subji (in Orissa). Thandai (cooler) (specially in Behar). - Evidence of MR. K. G. GUPTA, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


2. Yes, the definitions seem to be correct. These articles are locally known by the names of bhang, charas, and ganja. 4. It is known by the following names: ganja, siddhi, bhang, and charas. Charas and ganja refer to the same plant. The bhang plant is different. - Evidence of MR. L. HARE, Magistrate and Collector of Muzaffarpur.


2. These definitions can be accepted for this district. Each of these drugs is locally known by the name given in this question. 4. It is known by the different names of siddhi, sabuzi, and bhang. All these three names refer to the same plant - Evidence of MR. G. E. MANISTY, Magistrate and Collector of Saran


2. The definitions given may be accepted for this district with this modification, that the "round ganja" also includes ganja with small twigs which have no rounded shape. These pass as "round ganja" in this and several other districts. 4. By bhang and siddhi as distinguished from ganja. The bhang or siddhi plant and the ganja plant are easily distinguishable by their appearance. The leaves of the former are dark green and thick, while those of the latter are light green and thinner. - 21. Evidence of MR. T. L. JENKINS, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca.


2. Dr. Prain's statements may generally be accepted except that I think that siddhi and bhang are always applied to the leaves of the male hemp plant, and that bhang also means a decoction made somewhat like tea, but with cold water, from the leaves of this plant. This last is an Uriya expression; otherwise the same names are generally used over the province. It is, however, necessary to explain that generally siddhi means the dried leaves of the male hemp plant, ganja the dried leaves of the female hemp plant, and bhang the hemp tea described above. 4. It is called siddhi in Bhagalpur. In the other districts I was not stationed at the time of year when the plant flourishes.- Evidence of MR. H. F. T. MAGUIRE, Magistrate and Collector of Khulna.


2. They are known as chipta (flat), gol (round), and chur (broken). The last is also locally known as "jatt. 4. It is there called bhang. -  Evidence of MR. W. R. BRIGHT, Deputy Commissioner of Palámau.


4. Ganja, siddhi, or bhang. - Evidence of MR. N. K. BOSE, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali.


2. Yes; ganja, ganjika, turitananda, boratamak, sul fa, and suka-tamak - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur.


2. The above definitions may be accepted. Gurjat ganja is only dried, and not flattened or rolled like the Bajshahi drug. There is no sale of charas in this district. 4. Siddhi, bhang, subji, and patti; and the differences between them are such as are given in the definitions; charas is a name not in use, and that form of the drug is not consumed -  Evidence of MR. E. H. C. WALSH,* Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack.


2. These definitions are correct. The names in common use here are bhang, siddhi, and charas. Flat ganja=chipta ganja. Round ganja= gol ganja. Broken ganja=chur ganja. 4. There are two varieties— (1) The ordinary hemp plant as it is found wild, known as the bhang plant. (2) The cultivated variety, from which ganja is obtained, known as the "ganja" plant. Whether the two plants are specifically different, or whether the differences between them are the result of the careful cultivation of the ganja plant, is a question on which I am not competent to give an opinion - Evidence of MR. A. E. HARWARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Bogra.


4. Ganja—gol and chipta (round andf lat)a nd chur. Siddhi, bhang, and charas.- Evidence of MR. J. H. BERNARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia.  

2. Yes. Siddhi is known here as "siddhi" or "sabji." "Charas" as charas. Flat ganja is called "chipta," round ganja "gol," and broken ganja "chur. - Evidence of COLONEL C. H. GARBETT, Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh.


2. Charas is the name applied to the resinous matter which forms the active principle of the plant when collected separately. Ganja consists of the driedf loweringt ops of the cultivated female hemp plants, which have become coated with resin. Siddhi and Bhang.—These are not ordinarily obtained from the ganja plants, but they consist of the dry leaves of a different variety of the hemp plant, which does not produce the resinous matter called "Charas," and the flowering tops of which are not used as ganja. Ganja leaves may be and are often mixed with the siddhi and bhang to make them stronger in action, but ordinarily they are comparatively mild in their effects. This is my information. There are three different kinds of ganja: the "flat," which is not commonly used, "round ganja" and the "chur," or broken ganja. The two latter are commonly used in this district - Evidence of Mr. C. A. S. BEDFORD,* Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum.


2. Yes, but the method of manufacturing ganja here given applies to Rajshahi ganja, and not Gurjat ganja. In the Tributary Mahals of Orissa (Gurjats) the plants are not trodden under foot, but young plants and their branches are several times twisted at the interval of every two or three days, until the plants are mature and have grown to the height of four or five feet 4. It is known as the ganja plant and by no other name.  - Evidence of RAI NANDAKISORE DAS, BAHADUR,* District Officer of Angul, Cuttack.


4. Siddhi, bhang, charas, and ganja - Evidence of MR. W. MAXWELL, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore.


2. Dr. Prain's names and definitions are correct and are used in Orissa. Charas is not much used in Orissa. The formation of seed does not appear to be prevented entirely in the preparation or rather growth of the plant, as most ganja contains fertile seeds which germinate freely. The names flat or chipta ganja, round or gol ganja, and broken or bhanga ganja are all used in Orissa. There are no other names. 4. Ganja or ganjai. The Uriya ganja and Telegu ganjai; both names refer to the same plant. There is, I believe, doubt as to the two species, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis Indica, being really distinct.  - Evidence of MR. W.C .TAYLOR, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and Pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Khurda, Orissa.


2. I think these definitions are fairly accurate, and may be accepted. I do not, however, speak from actual experience of the process of preparation, having never served or been in a producing district. My knowledge is derived from books, as well as from constant experience of the imported ganja when in charge of the Excise Department. - Evidence of CHUNDER NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Deputy Collector, at present employed as Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Bhagalpur Division.


2. The definitions are accepted so far as my answers have reference to. Of ganja the three sorts are flat, round, and chur. Charas is the resinous matter. Siddhi or bhang or bijaya or sabji, the dried leaves of hemp plant. 4. Yes, the plant is the same. In Mansha several plants sprang up spontaneously from seeds which were thrown off by up-country darwans who served in the zamindari cutchery, and were addicted to bhang or siddhi drinking. - Evidence of BABU RAM CHARAN BOSE, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas.


2. The definitions given may be accepted, except that, as far as known here, siddhi, bhang or sabji are the dry leaves of the small uncultivated species of the hemp plant, which is also called siddhi to distinguish it from the cultivated variety. 4. By no other name is the plant known, but smokers from a sense of shame speak of it as baratamaku - Evidence of MR. E. MCL. SMITH, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


2. Yes, the definitions may be accepted. The names used are bhang or siddhi, charas, ganja.  4. Bhang and ganja. They refer to the same plant, male and female. - Evidence of BABU PRAN KUMAR DAS, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan.


4. Siddhi, bhang, patti, ganja. They refer to the same plant as far as I know - Evidence of BABU GOPAL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour.


2. The three products are known by the name given by Dr. Prain, the only difference being that bhang or siddhi is also called sabji at different places - Evidence of BABU NAVIN KRISHNA BANERJI, Brahman, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, District Manbhum.


2. The definitions given seem appropriate. They are locally known as charas, chipta ganja, and gol ganja.4. They are known as bhang or siddhi plants and ganja plants. They are separate plants. - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA BASAK, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District.


4. Ganja, siddhi, subji, and bhang. - Evidence of BABU DINA NATH DÉ, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain may be accepted for the Bengal Province. The dried leaves of hemp plant, wild or cultivated, are locally called bhang. Charas is unknown to this subdivision. The resinous matter which sticks to the feet when ganja is trodden by the cultivator is neither col¬ lected nor used as narcotic in this subdivision. The local names of the ganja produced in Nao¬ gaon are—(1) chipti or flat ganja; (2) mehidal or flat ganja shorn of all its big branches; also locally called flat small twig; (3) gol or rora or round ganja; (4) chur or broken ganja, whether obtained from flat or round ganja. 4. It is known as siddhi or bhang, and refers exactly to the same plant. - Evidence of BABU GANENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions of ganja and bhang may be accepted as correct. Charas is a product of the North-Western Provinces and Nepal, and it is not used in this district. I have no personal knowledge of it; but, from what I have heard and read, I believe the definition thereof to be also correct. In this, as in the other districts of Bengal, the dry leaves of the hemp plant are known indifferently as siddhi or bhang. In the province of Behar they are known as bhang or sabji. Some Beharis call them patti, which signifies leaves. Charas is not used in this district, but in other districts of Bengal and in Behar. Where it is consumed it is known by that name. The local names of flat, round, and chur ganja which are evidently mere translations, are respectively chipta, gol and chur ganja. 4. In the districts named above it is known as bhang. Wild hemp in the hill tracts of Chittagong is known as jumya or kaua ganja. They refer to the same plant belonging to the natural order Cannabinace - Evidence of BABU GANGANATH ROY, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong.


2. The different sorts of the drugs are known here by their names as explained in their respective definitions, viz., the dry leaves of the hemp plant are called siddhi or bhang; the resinous matter obtained from the hemp plant is charas, and the dried flowering tops of the same are known as ganja, transported from its producing districts, in three different forms, as flat, round and chur by which they are named here. - Evidence of BABU BHAIRAB NATH PALIT, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum.


2. These definitions can be accepted for this division— Flat ganja is locally known as chipta ganja. Round ganja is locally known as gol ganja. Broken ganja is locally known as chur. 4. Bhang and ganja, and in some districts banganja or wild ganja, which is not cultivated, but has an indigenous growth. - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRO NATH BANDYOPADHYA, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jalpaiguri.


2. Patti (from Uriya pattar)—correctly defined. Charas—Not used in Orissa. Ganja is of two kinds—(1) Rajshahi, (2) Gurjat. (1) Generally round, occasionally flat, Rajshahi ganja is imported. All the bundles contain seeds showing that the male plants have not been completely extirpated. (2) Gurjat ganja consists of the dried flowerheads, male and female, mixed with leaves at the base of those heads. Cannabis sativa of the tribe III Cannabineœ Natural order Urticaceœ (Hooker's Flora Indica, Vol. V, page 487). -  Evidence of BABU MANMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa.


2. The definitions are correct, save that the class of ganja called "round" consists of two subclasses:— (a) when branches smaller than those in "flat" kind are cut off and the flower tops are flattened; (b) when the mere flower-tops without any portion of branch are rolled as described by Dr. Prain. In sub-class (a) the branches are from eight to twelve inches long, and this class of " round " is in use in Bhagalpur. Sub-class (b) is not liked at all by the smokers there, as they say that it turns their head and makes them feel giddy. - Evidence of BABU NAVAKUMAR CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, Deputy Magis¬ trate and Deputy Collector, Jangipur, Murshidabad.


2. Charas.—The resin which exudes from the flower and leaves of the hemp plant is charas. Ganja consists of the dried flowers of the female hemp plant. There are three recognised sorts of ganja—flat, round and chur. Flat and round ganja are each manufactured by distinct and special process, in order to get rid of the leaves and as much of the stick or twig on which the flower grows as it may be practicable to dispense with. The chief difference between flat and round ganja is that the former contains much more useless wood and twig than the latter. In flat ganja, the twigs are almost as large as branches, while in round they are cut as short as possible. In the preparation of the round ganja greater mani¬ pulation is used to get rid of the leaf. Round ganja also has entirely different appearance from that of flat ganja, owing to the rolling of each branch in the drying process, giving the flowers a rounded form. Chur ganja consists of the broken bits of the flowers which drop off in making flat and round ganja. In the Lower Provinces these definitions apply. No special names for any locality. 4. Generally called siddhi plant.  - Evidence of MAULAVI ABDUS SAMAD, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, Manbhum.


2. Yes. The drugs are known as siddhi or bhang, charas, and ganja in this district. 4. Bhang or siddhi, which refer to exactly the same planT - Evidence of BABU GUNGADHAR GHOSE, Excise Deputy Collector, 24-Parganas.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain may be accepted for this province (Bengal). The local names of the different kinds of hemp are as follows:— (a) Bhang, (b) Charas, (c) Chipta (flat) ganja, (d) Gol or pamri (round) ganja, (e) Chur or rorha (broken) ganja, (f) Majum. 4. Hemp has two names, (a) ganja, and (b) bhang. The former (ganja) at a certain age throws up jatá or flowering tops in compact forms, while the latter has no jatás, being composed of separate leaves. The smell of the two plants differs. - Evidence of BABU PROKASH CHUNDER ROY, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna


2. Dr. Prain's definition may be accepted for bhang. I have no personal experience of the manufacture of charas and ganja, but, as far as I know, the definitions are correct, Bhang grows wild in the district of Monghyr, and both male and female plants are collected under that name. Bhang is locally termed here for siddhi, subji, patti, etc. 4. Bhang. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRANATH MOZOOMDAR, Brahmin, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


2. Yes; charas is called charas; ganja, ganja; and siddhi is called siddhi locally. The word "bhang" is occasionally used for "siddhi." A few men also call siddhi "katcha pati. 4. "Siddhir gach" and "ganjar gach." The wild siddhi plant belongs to a different variety of the same species to which ganja belongs. - Evidence of BABU A. K. RAY, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bangaon, Jessore District.


2. The definition of siddhi, bhang, subji or patti, as given by Dr. Prain, is correct. The term commonly used in the Cuttack district for it is patti. There is no charas shop in the district, and charas is not known to be used here. I have no special knowledge about it. The definitions of the different varieties of ganja as given by Dr. Prain, apply to the ganja produced in Rajshahi. The Rajshahi ganja is used here, and the varieties are known here under the same names. It has been stated by Dr. Prain that " the formation of seeds is prevented by the destruction of all male plants." A very large quantity of seeds is found in the bales of ganja, imported from Rajshahi, so the formation of seeds does not appear to be successfully prevented. A very curious fact has been noticed peculiar to these seeds found in the Rajshahi ganja. I have been assured by those who raised plants from these seeds in the Cuttack district that they uniformly found them to produce male plants, and if they at all produced female plants they were abortive in their flowers, so that only patti and no ganja could be obtained from them. 4. In Bengal they are known by the name of siddhi or bhang plants, and in Orissa as ganja (female) and patti (male) plants. The siddhi plant of Bengal and the patti plant of Orissa appear to be identical.  - Evidence of BABU KANTI BHUSHAN SEN, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack.


2. Bhang; charas; ganja, flat, round, chur may be accepted. There is another variety of ganja called mihidal (small twigs); it is manufactured just in the same way as flat ganja, and the agglutinated flower tops assume a flattened shape. They are the dried flowering tops of the smaller twigs of the female hemp plant; they contain less wood and more ganja. The duty on this ganja is the same as that levied on round ganja. Round ganja is used in Calcutta and the neighbouring districts, but small twigs or mihidal ganja is largely used in the other districts. Most of the so-called round ganja consumed in different districts is no other than mihidal. Round ganja is prepared by trained men sent to Naogaon by the goladars of Calcutta, and they live in the ganja tract during the manufacturing season. 160 tolas of large twig, flat, make 100 tolas of chur. 132 " " small twig, flat, make 100 " " 128 " " round ganja make 100 " "
They are locally known by the following names:— General name for ganja Siddhi, tamak (called tamak or tobacco by the smokers in the presence of unknown persons), ganja, and sham chini. Siddhi is the polite term for ganja in East Bengal. Charas Charas. Bhang Bhang, siddhi, patti, and bhanger pata. Bhang, siddhi, patti, and bhanger pata. Flat - Chepti. Dali. Gol.
Round - Gol. Jasuria ganja. Small twigs - Mihidal. Gol. Chhoto dala. Chur - Rora. 4. The wild plant is known by the name of— Siddhi. Bhang Bhang. Ganja Ganja. Bhang Bhanger pata. Ganja Siddhi. Patti. Siddhi and ganja are synonymous terms for ganja in Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunge, Khulna, etc. Jata bhang, siva jata bhang:—the flower of this kind of bhang is whitish; it grows luxuriantly, and the plants are of a larger size than the ordinary wild hemp plant. The flowers resemble ganja flowers. The flowers and leaves agglutinate naturally and look like siva jata (cluster of hair of the god Siva, from which it derives its name). Its intoxicating properties are less than those of the Rajshahi ganja. The flowers are collected and smoked just like ganja. It grows along with other hemp plants rather scantily. It grows near Toke and in some parts of the Manikgunge Sub-division of the Dacca District. In Mymensingh there are two varieties of bhang plants,—one with whitish stem, and the other with reddish stem. The leaves are green. The different terms used for bhang plants refer to exactly the same plant. - Evidence of BABU ABHILAS CHANDRA MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal.


2. I have not had the advantage of seeing Dr. Prain's report, but the definitions seem to be fairly accurate. Round ganja is prepared also by being rolled with the hands, and is locally known as gol ganja. Round ganja prepared by being rolled under foot is locally known as pakhri ganja. Flat ganja is locally known as dali ganja, from the fact of its containing a considerable quantity of useless wood or twig. Both flat and round varieties come under the common appellation of chipti ganja. Chur is the local name applied to the third variety of ganja. 4. Bhang is known by two other names, siddhi and sabji. I am unable to state if any botanical distinctions exist between them. But the names are indifferently applied. - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA DAS, Baidya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Malda.


2. Yes. They are known as bhang, charas, and ganja; but charas is not smoked in this district. Ganja is again known as flat, round, and chur. 4. Siddhi and bhang. Yes, they refer to the same plant. - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CHANDRA KAR, Excise Deputy Collector, Bhagalpur.


2. The definitions may be accepted. I have no experience about charas. The definition may be accepted, but I may here note that seeds are found in all the varieties of ganja sold in this district. Flat ganja of small twigs is known as round ganja in this district. Charas is not used in this district. Bhang is also known by the name siddhi. Ganja is not generally known by any other name. - Evidence of BABU RAJANI PRASAD NEOGY, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh


2. These definitions may be accepted. The dry leaves of the hemp plant are known by the name of bhang in this district. Charas is not consumed here. The names of ganja are the same in this district as are given in the definitions, viz., chipta (flat), gol (round), and chur. - Evidence of GHULAM LILLAHI, Excise Deputy Collector, Ranchi, District Lohardaga.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions of siddhi, charas and ganja may be accepted as correct. Flat ganja, seldom in use here, is called chipta ganja; round, as gol, and chur as chur or bhanga ganja. Siddhi is known as siddhi or bhang. Charas has no other local name. 4. It is known generally by the name of bhang plant. It is also called siddhi plaint and some times ganja plant. The popular belief is that ganja and siddhi plants are different, but botanically they are the same plants.  - Evidence of BABU SURESH CHUNDRA BAL, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.


2. The three narcotic articles are locally known by their district names of ganja, charas, and bhang respectively; the last being recognized also by the names subji, patti, buti and thandai. The definitions of the first two of these three articles, as given by Dr. Prain, may be accepted for this province; but that given for the third does not wholly apply to it, because by bhang the people here understand leaves of bhang plant only and not those of ganja plant also. 4. Bhang and phul bhang are the names of the plant which grows spontaneously in those districts. Yes, they refer exactly to the same planT -  Evidence of BABU ROY BRAHMA DUTT, * Kayasth, Excise Deputy Collector, Darbhanga.


4. As far as I am aware, the hemp plant goes by the name of "ganja gach." - Evidence of BABU GOUR DAS BYSACK, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta.


2. The definitions of siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja, as given by Dr. Prain, may be accepted. Siddhi or bhang is also locally known by the name of sabji or patti. Charas has got no other name. Ganja is the general name. It is also called Buti by fakirs and ascetics. - Evidence of BABU WOOMA CHARAN BOSE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector; Manager, Raj Banaili, District Bhagalpur.


2. The definitions are generally correct. These are the names by which these products are ordinarily known in Bengal (vide my report, paragraphs 26, 27 and 28). Flat ganja, which is called in vernacular chapta ganja, is of two varieties, mota (large twigs) and mihi (small twigs). Round ganja is known as gol ganja, but in some parts of Bengal it is called the mihi ganja. Chur or broken ganja is also called rora. 4. For a list of the different names by which hemp is known I may refer to paragraph 10 of my report. The names do not, I think, in every case refer exactly to the same plant.  - Evidence of BABU HEM CHUNDER KERR, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions of ganja, siddhi and charas are substantially the same as given in the Bengal Excise Manual of 1891, and also corroborate the statements of my informant, who works some months every year in the ganja field of Naogaon at Rajshahi. Ganja, siddhi, and charas are known as such in Bengal proper. Siddhi is sometimes known as bhang, but I have never heard of its being called sabji or pati in any Bengal district. 4. The wild hemp plant known as siddhi or bhang and referred to in paragraph 3 is exactly the same plant and does not refer to any other plant. - Evidence of BABU KALI DAS MUKERJI, Sub-Deputy Collector and Superintendent of Distillery, Serampore, Hughli.


2. Yes, they are correct to my knowledge. Ganja, bhang, and charas are the names in use in Bengal. Charas is unknown in Darjeeling. 4. In this district the term bhang is generally used to denote this plant. The world ganja is also frequently used - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA NATH MOZUMDAR, Brahmin, Deputy Inspector of Excise, Darjeeling.


2. Yes. Siddhi or bhang, ganja or tamak and charas in the districts I have worked. - Evidence of BABU DIGENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Inspector of Excise, 24-Parganas.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain may be accepted for Bengal. Bhang is locally called bhang, siddhi or patti. Charas is called charas. But it is not prepared in the ganja mahal. The resinous matter that sticks to the hands and feet of the persons at the time of reaping the plants and manufacturing them into ganja is not collected but washed away, the quantity being so small that it seems hardly worth collecting. Dr. Prain, whom I attended at his experiments, made an attempt towards this direction, but in vain. Ganja.—There are four varieties of ganja, and they are known at Naogaon by the following different names:— (1) Mota-dal, or flat large twig ganja. (2) Mehi-dal, or flat small twig ganja. (3) Jessori, noray, gol, or round ganja. (4) Chur, phatak, or broken bits of ganja, whether obtained from the flat or the round sort. (4a) Rora, or broken bits of round ganja only. 4. It is known by the names of bhang, siddhi or patti. These refer exactly to the same plant. - Evidence of BABU SIR CHUNDER SOOR, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi.


2. Flat ganja is called "chepti"; round ganja is called "gol". The formation of seeds is not entirely prevented. Seeds may be seen in the manufactured article, and cultivators say they get a sufficient quantity each year for the next year's sowings. Round ganja, after being rolled under foot, is squeezed by hand; and it is not dried so long as flat ganja. Yes, the definitions may be accepted, but charas does not appear to be produced, or rather preserved, separately; and chur, locally, is only accidentally produced by breakage. 4. Bhang, sidhi and patti appears to be the names used. I gather that the wild plant so called is the same as that which is cultivated, but is different in appearance, because, probably, of the extirpation of male plants among the latter. - Evidence of MR. W. C. FASSON, District Superintendent of Police, Bogra.


2. Yes, but siddhi, bhang, subji or patti are different names applied to the dry leaves of the male hemp plant. Each of these products are locally known by the name of bhang, charas and ganja. There are three varieties of ganja, flat, round and chur. - Evidence of MR. F. H. TUCKER, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur.


2. The definitions may be accepted. Ganja locally known as bhang or siddhi. Charas is not made sold, or used in this district. It is true that ganja, bhang and charas are prepared
from hemp, but ganja I have always understood cannot be made from hemp growing spontaneously. From that bhang only is obtained. Round ganja is known and made here. Patti or subji is not known here. 4.. The general name is bhang. I believe it to be exactly the same plant everywhere. - Evidence of MR. R. L. WARD, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi.


2. Besides the three narcotic articles named here, there is another kind of ganja preparation used among the Khottas, up-country men, living in Bengal, called majum, prepared with sugar. I know of no other kind of ganja sold in market. 4. Wild siddhi, called buna bhang, is common in almost every place where the soil is moist. - Evidence of BABU MATHURA MOHAN SIRKAR, Inspector of Police, Jhenida, District Jessore.


4. The plant is locally named according to size of the leaf buds, i.e., the tree yielding the big bud is called the Bhaluki; that yielding small bud is known as Cheli-neuda. - Evidence of MR. H. P. WYLLY,* Government Agent at Keonjhar, Orissa


2 The definitions are correct as regards siddhi or bhang or ganja (round, flat and broken). Bhang is commonly known in this province by the name of "patti." Charas is not used in Orissa, except by visitors from the north of India and Behar. 4. It is only known as ganja here. I don't know of any other name being applied to the plant - Evidence of Mr. W. R. RICKETTS,* Manager, Nilgiri State, Tributary Mahals, Orissa.


2. These definitions may be accepted. The local names are siddhi or bhang, ganja and charas. Other names are samvida and bijaya. The Sanskrit lexicons give other names also, e.g., matangi, chapala, ajaya, ananda, harshini, jaya, etc. 4. I have heard of the plant being called the ganja plant or the siddhi plant, but never as the charas plant. - Evidence of MAHAMAHOPADHYA MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.


2 These definitions may be accepted for the Kuch Behar State. Siddhi is locally known by the name of siddhi or bhang. Charas is known by its own name. Flat ganja is locally called chipti, and broken ganja chur. Round ganja is not sold here. 4. The hemp plants are known here by the different names, ganjari, ganja, bhang and siddhi. - Evidence of BABU JADUBCHANDRA CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Civil and Sessions Judge, Kuch Behar.


2. Ganja and, bhang are not produced from the same plant. Seeds are seen in all the varieties of ganja sold in this district. With the exceptions noted above, the definitions may be accepted. - Evidence of BABU HARA GOPAL DUTTA, Kayasth, Retired Excise Daroga, Mymensingh.


2. These definitions may be accepted for Bengal. As to the names of bhang, I may add the following:— (a) Thandai.—This term is used in Mirzapur and Benares districts, as the beverage is believed to have a cooling effect in hot days of summer. (b) Sukha.—This name is in vogue in the Punjab, and much used by the Sikhs. Adigrantha, the sacred book of the Sikhs, tolerates the use of bhang in moderate doses. (Rati aphim masa sukha, i.e., of opium one rati in weight, or of bhang one masa in weight.) The term sukha literally means dry or desiccated, tobacco being a forbidden article with the Sikhs. In the Gangetic India, however, the term sukha means tobacco leaf, or rather that form of it which is chewed with a little quick-lime; the alkali by developing the nascent ammonia in the leaf increases its pungency, which not unoften is mistaken for the strength of the leaf. Ganja— (a) Tamaku.—The name of the drug by which those who are initiated in its smoking call it. Has it anything to do with the small quantity of tobacco which is not unoften added to it? (b) Tvaritananda.—A compond name, meaning, that which gladdens immediately (it is smoked). 4. Ganja gach and siddhi gach. They refer to the different sexes of the same plant, or rather to the so-called different sexes. - Evidence of BABU PRATAPCHANDRA GHOSHA, Registrar of Calcutta.


4. Known by the names of siddhir gachh and ganjar gachh. There is some difference between the two plants and the one can easily be distinguished from the other. - Evidence of RAI KAMALAPATI GHOSAL BAHADUR, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas


4. Ganja and bhang. Ganja and bhang are of different species -  Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON NORENDRA NATH GUPTA, Baidya, in Civil Medical charge, Rangpur.


2. Locally known by the name of ganja and charas as well as bhang and siddhi. 4. Ganja and bhang. Bhang and ganja are of different speciesEvidence of BABU DURGA DASS LAHIRI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rangpur.


2. These varieties, as defined here, are accepted in this province also. (1) Bhang, (2) charas and (3) ganja are generally the names of the respective articles in this province. 4. Bhang, siddhi, bijaya, are the names applied to the same plant - Evidence of PYARI SANKAR DASS GUPTA, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society, Bogra.


4. Siddhi, bhang, patti or subji; charas; majun or majum; ganja -  Evidence of PRASAD DAS MALLIK, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli.


4. It is also known by the different names as follows:— Bhang, ganja, matulani, traylakya bijaya, madini, jaya, tarita, sambida, etc. These different names are generally applicable to bhang. As, however, there is no separate mention of ganja, some persons believe that ganja is another name of bhang. - Evidence of BIJOYA RATNA SEN*, Kaviranjan, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


4. The following are the different terms by which bhang is used in Sastra:— Bhanga, ganja, matulani (maternal aunt), madini (intoxicant), bijoya, jaya (conqueror). (From Bhab Prokash.) Troylakya bijoya, (conqueror of the three worlds), siddhisa, siddhi mulika, gyana sambit (knowledge), sambida, syama, bhanga, rasayana, jogada, joginisebya, jogamarga prakashini (guide to holy communion), brahmani, brahma sambhuta (born of the Almighty Father), brahmananda prodayini (giver of celestial pleasure), bagdevata (goddess of learning), basakari (subduer of evil propensities), bijoya, bijayaprada (goddess of victory), samadhibarada (goddess of holy abstraction), agyananasini (destroyer of ignorance). (These 21 names from Acharasara.) Bhang, ganja, and sabuja are corruptions of the words bhanga, ganja, and shyama. - Evidence* of RAM CHANDER GOOPTA, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District


4. In and about Calcutta the plant is known as siddhi, and the leaves as sabji or bhang. - Evidence of RAJA PEARY MOHUN MUKERJI, C.S.I., Zamindar, Uttarpara, Hughli


4. It is known by the names of ganja and bhang - Evidence of RAJA MAHIMA RANJAN ROY CHOWDHRY, Zamindar, Kakina, Rangpur.


4. The different names are bhang tree, from which siddhi is prepared, and ganja tree from which ganja is prepared. The plants belong to the same species, but are somewhat different. - Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


4. Ganja and bhang. These are different species of hemp plants. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RADHA BALLAV CHOWDHURI, BAIDYA, Honorary Magistrate and Zamindar, Sherpur Town, Mymensingh District.


4. The male hemp plant is called bhang plant and the female hemp plant from which ganja is prepared is called ganja plant. They do not refer to exactly the same plant. - Evidence of BABU RAGHUNANDAN PRASAD SINHA, Brahman, Zamindar, District Muzaffarpur.


4. It is known as bunna or jungli siddhi (wild hemp). This, I cannot say, refers exactly to the same plant cultivated in Naogaon and Patna. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRA NATH PAL CHOWDHURY, Zamindar, Ranaghat, District Nadia.


4. The hemp plant is known by the names of ganja and bhang. The plants which do not flower are known as bhang - Evidence of GOSSAIN MOHENDRA GIR, Sanyasi, Zamindar, English Bazar, Malda.


4. It is known only as wild bhang. - Evidence of BABU KALIKISTO SARKAR, Kayasth, Talukdar, Kasundi, Jessore


4. I do not know of any other name by which ganja is called by the district people, though it has so many names in Sanskrit Lexicon. - Evidence of BABU JAGAT KISHOR ACHARJEA CHAUDHURI, Brahmin, Zamindar, Muktagacha, District Mymensingh


4. It is called bhang or siddhi and it refers exactly to the same plant- Evidence of BABU KRISHNA CHANDRA RAI, Baidya, Government Pensioner and Zamindar, District Dacca.
 


4. Bhang and ganja. They are different plants. - Evidence of BABU BEPIN BEHARI BOSE, Kayasth, Zamindar, Sridhanpur in Jessore


4. They are known as bhang or siddhi plants and ganja plants. They are separate plants. - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


4. Bhang is produced here and is known as bhang only. The names ganja, siddhi, and charas are also known to the public.
- Evidence of BABU KALI PRASAD SINGH, Rajput, Zamindar, District Bhagalpur.


4. Bhang known here as bhang or sabzi, and ganja is known as ganja - Evidence of BABU GOPAL SINGH, Zamindar, Kumarsar, Bhagalpur.


4. Siddhi, bhang, charas, ganja - Evidence of MR. F. G. GIBSON, Indigo Planter, Jessore.


4. It is known by the names of wild chang. It is believed that this name refers to the same plant, possessing, as it does, more or less all the properties of the bhang of Bengal. - Evidence of MR. JOHN D. GWILT, Tea Planter, Longview Company, Limited, Darjeeling.


4. As far as I am aware, it is only known as bhang - Evidence, of MR. JNO. RUDD RAINEY, Proprietor of "Khulna Estate," Khulna.


4. Bhang, not ganja - Evidence of Mr. A. G. M. WODSCHOW, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea.


4. They are generally known by the name of bhang, siddhi or patti. They all refer exactly to the same plant. - Evidence of BABU SASI BHUSAN ROY, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District.


4. The dry leaves are known as siddhi, bhang, subjee, pathi, ganja and chur. Ganja is the dried flowering tops; they all refer to the same plant. - Evidence of Mr. H. M. WEATHERALL, Manager, Nawab's Estate, Tippera.


4. Bhang, bhung, thundhai, sabzi, patti, siddhi, etc. The term "gorak ganja" is made use of by the sadhus for the wild hemp. They all refer to the same plant—Cannabis indica. - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya


4. The plant is known as siddhi and the leaves as bhang or siddhi. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA CHANDRA MITRA, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas.


4. As far as my knowledge extends, it is known by only one name, at least in the two districts I have mentioned above. This name is bhang, though I must own that educated people sometimes call it bijaya and sometimes siddhi.-Evidence of BABU MADHAVA CHANDRA CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Dinajpur.


4. It is known by the name of siddhi or bhang. No; the siddhi or bhang is of different species, though it belongs to the same genus as the ganja -  Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra.


4. The ordinary hemp plants are known by the name of "Bhanger gachh," while the plants from which ganja is produced are called "Ganjar gachh." These plants are not the same, although they belong to the same species. - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur.


4. It is known by the names of ganja, bhang or siddhi, and charas. Ganja is of three different kinds, round, chur and flat - . Evidence of PUNDIT RAKHAL CHUNDER TEWARY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Diamond Harbour, 24-Parganas.


4. I know of five names usually applied to hemp plants, namely:—(1) ganja, (2) siddhi, (3) bhang, (4) patti, (5) subji. I cannot say whether they refer to the same plant. - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.


4. Ganja is the generic name throughout India. Charas ditto. Siddhi called subji, patti, pata or bhang. - Evidence of BABU BEPRODAS BANERJEE,* Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality.


2. In this part of the country the flat ganja of Dr. Prain is called jatta, the round is called kulli, and the broken, chur. The processes for making ganja described by Dr. Prain are more or less followed in this part of the country - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. FLOOD MURRAY, Civil Surgeon, Shahabad.


2. Siddhi.—I have always understood this term to indicate an intoxicating beverage prepared from the leaves of the hemp plant. Charas.—Yes. Ganja.—Yes. I know nothing about these varieties of ganja (flat, round, chur). - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. P. MCCONNELL, Professor of Materia Medica, etc., Medical College, Calcutta.


2. These are the definitions used in this district. The plant is not known to the Kols (aborigines) and they have no name for it. - Evidence of DR. S. J MANOOK, Civil Medical Officer, Singhbhum.


2. The definitions given of siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja by Dr. Prain appear to be correct, and may be accepted for this province. Baluchar ganja is sold here generally. Bhang is known here by the name of bhang or sabzi, charas by charas, and ganja by ganja. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON AKBAR KHAN, Teacher, Temple Medical School, Patna.


2. Yes, the definitions correspond with the local acceptance of the terms. In Behar the terms siddhi, subji or patti are not popularly used; bhang is the popular term. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SOORJEE NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Bankipur.


2. The plant known to us in Rajshahi is the dried flowering tops, flattened, of the Cannabis sativa, and I am informed that no other kind of ganja is sold in the shops, nor are the people in the habit of using any other form of the drug, except in exceptional and extreme cases, when the leaves and stems of the wild plant are used as a substitute for the cultivated plant. The cultivated plant is so cheap, so conveniently obtained, and so much superior in its intoxicating qualities, that the wild plant, with risk of detection and heavy fine and its disagreeable after-effects, is almost never resorted to, except in desperate cases, when it is impossible to get the other and more agreeable plant. The definitions of flat and round ganja are not known here; only the flat ganja is used. I am not quite certain as to broken ganja or chur - Evidence of REV. D. MORISON, M.B., C.M., M.D., Medical Missionary, Rampur Boalia.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions may be accepted for our province. Siddhi, bhang, subji, pati, buty, thandi, bijaya. Ganja is sometimes called kara tamock (strong tobacco) by the lower-class people of Bengal - Evidence of KAILAS CHUNDRA BOSE, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


2. I think these definitions may be accepted. There is a popular belief that bhang is derived from a different species of plant from hemp (Cannabis sativa). The fact that in this part of the country bhang grows wild while ganja is a cultivated plant, lends colour to this belief. It is, however, erroneous. Locally the articles are known as ganja, charas and bhang. - Evidence of KEDARESWAR ACHARJYA, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia.


2. For my province, I mean Bengal, and particularly for this district, I hesitate to accept these definitions to be strictly correct. Here bhang or siddhi is known to be leaves of a different plant which grows wild in many parts of the district; somewhere it grows in abundance. - Evidence of TARA NATH BAL, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Mymensingh.


2. Yes. These definitions are accepted in this province. These products are known as bhang, subji, patti, charas and ganja, of which last the three varieties are—(1) chipta or flat ganja, (2) gol or round ganja, (3) chur or baluchur or broken ganja. It is to be noted, however, that the wild bhang which grows in the district does not produce ganja or charas - Evidence of NOCOOR CHANDER BANERJI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur.


2. Bhang plant is indigenous here. Ganja plant is a different species of the same plant, of which one or two I have seen here. The distinction I could make is only in the vigorous growth of ganja plant and its containing more resinous matter. In all other points I accept the definition laid out here - Evidence of DURGA NATH CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, in charge of Tangail Dispensary, Mymensingh.


2. Besides the names applied to the hemp plant, viz., siddhi or bhang, subji or patti, there are several Sanskrit names for the same, viz., bhanga, patra, matulani, jaya, bijaya, and morasan. Sambidasar.—It is the juice or decoction of siddhi and ganja, and is prepared from them in the mode in which watery extracts are obtained. When the sambidasar is not obtained for medicinal purposes, charas is substituted. The Sanskrit names for ganja are sambidamanjari, madini, harsini, and ugra. - Evidence of BINOD LAL SEN,† Baidya, Kaviraj, Calcutta.


2. The observation of Dr. Prain that from the hemp plant three narcotic articles are obtained, viz., ganja, charas and bhang, is quite correct. But I differ from him, inasmuch as he observes that ganja (smoking ganja) consists of the dried flowering tops of the cultivated female hemp plants. In Bengal there is no ganja (smoking) which grows without seed, rather we see that a great deal of seed is found in all ganjas and bhangs. The ganja which is manufactured here, by being trodden under foot, the agglutinated flower tops of which assume a flattened shape, called by Dr. Prain "flat ganja," is known here as "jatta." The round ganja of Dr. Prain is called here callee, but it is not manufactured by rolling under foot, as he says; rather a bundle of the flowering tops is tied lightly and is thrown at random, and when dried it assumes a round or blossom-like shape. The broken ganja of Dr. Prain is called chur in this part of the province. -  Evidence of BRAHAM DEO NARAIN MISRA, Vaid, Arrah.


2. The definitions of the three varieties of ganja, viz., ganja, charas, and bhang, as given in question 2, are universally accepted, though some are alternatively known by different names in different localities. Thus flat ganja is known in Calcutta and in its vicinity by the name of baluchar ganja, and round ganja by the name of Jessore ganja. As to quality, habitual smokers say that round ganja is more closely adherent than the flat one. Chur or broken ganja is locally known by the name of rora ganja or mohini buti. - Evidence of MADHAB K. DAS, Kayasth, Private Practitioner, Calcutta.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions are on the whole acceptable. But I doubt that the extirpation of the male plants in the laud (and not any other natural causes) is the sole cause of formation of a resinous coating which prevents seeds setting forth freely. I have seen flowers of wild hemp plant, the males and females of which, unlike the cultivated ones, grew together, full of resin. Siddhi, bhang, and subji are the local names of dried leaves of both the male and female plants. The three different preparations of the drug are known as (a) siddhi, subji, or bhang, (b) charas, and (c) ganja, respectively. Of the three varieties of ganja, the round ones are not used in this district. - Evidence of MAHARAJA GIRIJANATH ROY BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


2. The three definitions given of the ganja may be accepted for this province. But the flat and the charas are generally grown in Bogra and Rajshahi and not the round ganja. The flat is locally known as kali and the chur has no other name. The definitions of siddhi and charas, as quoted from Dr. Prain's report, are also accepted here. - Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


2. The definitions as given by Dr. Prain may be accepted for the province of Behar as correct. Besides those mentioned, another name for bhang, not mentioned by Dr. Prain is "boonti," and is current in this Province. Ganja and charas are known only as ganja and charas. The varieties of ganja are three, as mentioned by Dr. Prain: flat ganja is known in this Province as "pamure," round ganja as "gol" or "chur," and broken ganja as "rorha" or "chur. - Evidence of BABU RUGHU NANDAN PRASADHA, Zamindar, Patna.


2. These definitions may be accepted for this district, except that round ganja is not prepared by rolling under foot, but it is rolled by hand, and that the dry leaves of the hemp plant is also called "bijoya." These products are locally known by the names given in paragraph 2. - Evidence of GOSSAIN MOHENDRA GIR, Sanyasi, Zamindar, English Bazar, Malda.


2. These definitions may be accepted for the district. Except flat ganja no other sort is known here. By the term bhang it is understood by this district people to be the dried leaves of a different kind of plant called bhang that grows up spontaneously all over the district, specially in hill quarters. It is not clear, as defined, whether these bhang plants are same as male ganja plants. Charas is only known here by name, but seldom used. - Evidence of BABU JAGAT KISHOR ACHARJEA CHAUDHURI, Brahmin, Zamindar, Muktagacha, District Mymensingh.


2. I can't say whether the definitions are appropriate, as I have no idea. They are locally known as charas, chepta ganja, and gol ganja. - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


2. Bhang is applied to the dry leaves of the male hemp plant whether cultivated or not. Charas is applied to the resinous essence of ganja tips mixed with jaggery and other ingredients. Ganja is the dried flowering tips and adjacent leaves of cultivated female hemp plants. Flat ganja is prepared by stacking these tips or tops in a stack 10 or 12 feet high. As each layer is laid it is pressed under foot. Chur or broken ganja is made from flowers, leaves, etc., which have become detached in the process of stacking and unstacking. Round ganja is rolled by hand, not trodden under foot. Yes; flat ganja is known as "chapta ganja" and round as "gol ganja;" the third as "chur. - Evidence of MR. L. H. MYLNE, Zamindar and Indigo-planter, Justice of the Peace, President of Independent Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Chairman of Jugdispur Municipality, District Shahabad.


2. May be accepted. Ganja is locally known by the name of Bara Tamak and Ceyeeah. Charas is locally known as charas. Bhang is locally known as siddhi or bhang. - Evidence of BABU AGHORE NATH BANERJI,* Vice-Chairman, Serampore Municipality, District Hughli.


2. I think these definitions will do for this province. Bhang, charas, and ganja are terms commonly known in these parts. I should, however, suggest that majun, vulgarly called majum, should be added to this list. It is made of bhang or charas, with sugar, flour and milk in small cakes of a light yellow colour and largely sold. - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya.


2. Yes; they are locally known as pamri, dali, and chur respectively - Evidence of BABU PURNENDU NARAYAN SINHA, Kayasth, Pleader and Zamindar, Bankipur, District Patna.


2. Yes; the definitions seem to me to be correct The first variety obtainable from the hemp plant is locally known by the name of siddhi and occasionally called also bhang. The second variety is called charas. The first variety of ganja is called chebti or chepti (flat). The second variety is, I think, called Jassura, but I am not sure of this (round). The third variety is called chur or bhangri (broken). - Evidence of BABU MADHAVA CHANDRA CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Dinajpur.


2. The flat ganja is locally known by the name of "chipti;" the round ganja by the name of "jessori koli," and the broken ganja by the name of "chur." - Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra.


2. These definitions may be accepted for the province, but round ganja, otherwise called gol ganja, is not produced in the Rajshahi Division. It was previously imported from Jessore, but it is not now in use in Dinajpur. The other two classes known as flat or chipti ganja and chur ganja are in use in this district, and they are imported principally from Baubhora, a place in Naogaon sub-division of Boalia. - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur.


2. Properly speaking, only three narcotic articles are obtained from hemp, to wit, siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja. But they are not the only articles used. Oil is extracted from hemp seeds, and is used as other oil. Boiled hemp seeds are also eaten by the poor. Siddhi or bhang is also used in the shape of majun. In this case the resinous matter is extracted from siddhi and is used with sugar and milk. I would therefore classify the use of hemp in this way: (1) ganja, (2) charas, (3) siddhi or bhang, (4) majum, (5) hemp seed, (6) hemp seed oil. The first four have intoxicating effect. It is doubtful whether the last two have any such effect. - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.


2. Yes, these definitions may be accepted in our province with some additions. According to Sanskritists, the following names are known:— (1) Bhanga, (2) Ganja, (3) Matulani, (4) Mohini, (5) Bijaya, (6) Jaya, (7) Mongola Bich, (8) Gánja, (9) Sakrasan. Some people call ganja "turitananda." Some say that ganja is the king of all intoxicating drugs. - Evidence of BABU NOBO GOPAL BOSE RAI CHOWDHOORY, Kayasth, Talukdar and Judge's Court Pleader (late Munsiff of Nator), Memari, Burdwan District.


2. The hemp plant is not cultivated in our district; neither are ganja, siddhi and charas manufactured here. Dr. Prain's definitions may be accepted for our province, though there is a popular belief in our district that siddhi is not manufactured from the leaves of the hemp plant, i.e., the plant from the flowers of which ganja is prepared. Siddhi, they say, is manufactured from the leaves of a distinct species of plant. The three narcotic articles are known in our district by the names of siddhi, ganja and charas. Ganja has three names according to its variety, viz., gol (round ganja), chipta (flat ganja), and chur (or broken ganja). Siddhi is also known by the name of bhang. 4. The wild hemp of the district of Singhbhum is said to be a distinct plant. The ganja, that is manufactured from it, is stronger and more narcotic in its effect. - Evidence ofB ABUA BINASC HANDRAD ASS, M. A., B. L., Pleader, Judge's Court, Bankura.


4. It is known by name bhang plant; it is the male hemp plant. - Evidence of BABU TARA NATH CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Faridpur.


2. These definitions may be generally accepted as correct. Siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja are the three narcotic articles obtained from the hemp plant. Siddhi consists of the dry leaves of the male hemp plant. The resin which exudes from the flower and leaves of the female hemp plant is charas. Ganja consists of the dried flowers or flowering tops of the female hemp plant. In this district charas is almost unknown. The flat, the round and the chur ganjas are respectively called chapti, gol and chur ganja. The dry leaves of the wild hemp plant are generally known as bhang. 4. Of the hemp plants those that are male, are here called bhang or siddhi, and those that are female are called ganja plants. The two plants are generally distinguished by the following characteristics:—The leaves of the male plants are comparatively broader. Then as flowers appear in the female plants, its leaves begin to fall off by themselves. There is also a kind of siddhi plant which is certainly female, for flowers are seen in them; but no ganja is produced out of these plants - Evidence of BABU AMVIKA CHARAN MAZUMDAR,* Vaidya, Pleader and Zamindar, Faridpur.


2. I think the definitions quoted may be accepted for Bengal. Dry leaves of hemp plant is ordinarily known in this district as bhang. The word siddhi is applied to the plant only by the Bengalis, who form a very small portion of the people of the district. It is not generally known by the names of subji or patti here. The name charas is applied to the preparation described here as such. Flat ganja and broken ganja are generally used by the people of the district. Flat ganja is ordinarily called here thal ganja; it is also known by its vernacular equivalent chipta ganja; when the twigs of the same are small, it is called pungri; round or chur ganja is locally known as such. 4. The plant that grows spontaneously in this district is generally known as bhang plant and sometimes as siddhi plant. Both the names refer to the same plant. But in some districts of Lower Bengal I have heard people making a distinction between the two: they would apply the word siddhi to a plant the leaves of which are milder in effect than those of the plant known there as bhang. - Evidence of BABU BHUVAN MOHUN SANYAL, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Purnea.


4. Bhang and siddhi are known to be the same thing. They refer exactly to the same thing, the difference being that bhang, when dried up, is generally called sidhhi, but bhang in its undried state is never called sidhhi in this part of the province. - Evidence of BABU AMRITALAL RAHA, Kayasth, Pleader, Judge's Court and Talukdar, Khulna.


2. The definitions, as given by Dr. Prain, may be accepted for Behar. The following are the Hindi names popularly used in the province by commoners:—(a) bhang, (b) sabzi, (c) patti, (d) siddhi, (e) buti, also known as "Sheuji ka but i", i.e., a drug by which the god Siva is propitiated, and which is the favourite drink of the god Siva. The other names applied to this drug by the more refined and literate classes are:—(a) bang (Persian for bhang), (b) falak sair, (c) varakul khyal, (d) varakul kunb. (b) and (c) are poetic designations of bhang, which connote the effects produced by the drug. (c) is composed of varak (leaf) and khiyal (imagination), i.e., a leaf which assists the imagination. It is a well-known fact that during the influence, one's ideas are fixed on a particular object, and for the time being the mind is totally absent from other objects, hence the drug is used by jogis to assist them in their contemplation. (d) is composed of falak (sky) and sair (walking). This designation indicates the effect of the drug in fixing the imagination upon sublime things and literally means a thing that causes the mind to travel in the sky. There are no other names for ganja and charas. The varieties of ganja are known by the following names:—(a) chur (broken), (b) chipta (flat), (c) gol or pamri (round).4. Hemp has two names—(a) ganja, (b) bhang - Evidence of BABU JADUBANS SSHAI, Pleader and Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.


4. In and about Calcutta the plant is known as siddhi and the leaves as shabji or bhang. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RAJ KUMAR SARVADHIKARI, Secretary, British Indian Association, Calcutta.


4. The hemp plant is known as bhang or siddhi and ganja. They do not refer to the same plant - Evidence of UMAGATI RAT, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association.


2. From personal observations and enquiries made by me from time to time, I find that the definitions given in this question may safely be accepted for the province of Bengal. I have found no scientific difference between a bhang and a ganja plant. The only difference consists in the fact that while bhang is produced from male and female wild plants growing spontaneously in almost all parts of Bengal, ganja is produced only from the cultivated female plants, the males having been carefully destroyed at an early stage of their growth. In the ganja sold all over Bengal, I have always noticed the presence of ripe fruits or seeds, which show that however carefully the males may be destroyed by the cultivators, they cannot entirely put a stop to fertilisation. This may be due to several causes. It may give rise to the natural and à priori assumption that all males are not successfully destroyed, or admitting that they are so destroyed, that the abnormal male flowers on female plants cause this fertilisation. Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops of carefully cultivated female hemp plants (Cannabis indica), which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely. This object is secured by retarding the course of free fertilisation by weeding out the males. Ganja may be classified thus:— Ganja as well as its cultivation and manufacture does not appear to have been much known to the people of Rajshahi more than three generations ago. I have heard from the present generation of cultivators that its cultivation in Rajshahi dated with their grandfathers. It is said that ganja cultivation was introduced into Rajshahi by some of the ganja vendors of Kushtea. I am a native of the Kushtea sub-division; but I have never heard of any ganja cultivation existing there at any time of its history. During the last century Jessore, or, more properly speaking, parts of parganas Ram Chandrapur and Taragoonia, in the celebrated Chakleh Bhusna, produced nearly all the ganja then in use in Bengal. Experts from Jessore do still come to Rajshahi to assist the cultivators in growing and manufacturing ganja. Ganja is locally known by its well-known name. The broken variety is called chur, the round variety is called gol or Jessoria kolee, and the flat variety is called chepti (motadal or mihidal, according as the twigs are thick or thin). Charas is locally called by that name, and bhang is called bhang as well as siddhi. It is also called bijaya by some higher class sanyasis and physicians. 4. This hemp plant is called bhang or siddhi, and, as I have already observed, there is found no scientific basis to distinguish it from a plant which produces ganja under careful cultivation and destruction of the male plants. The leaves in the wild plant are, however, slightly longer and broader than in the cultivated ganja: this is about the only noticeable difference. - Evidence of BABU AKSHAY KUMAR MAITRA, Secretary, Rajshahi Association, Pleader, Judge's Court, Member, Rajshahi District Board, Commissioner, Rampur Boalia Municipality.


4. Hemp plants include ganja and bhang. They are different plants. - Evidence of BABU KAMALA KANTA SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar and Pleader, President of the Chittagong Association


Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely. Siddhi or bhang, subji or patti are different names applied to the dry leaves of the hemp plant, whether male or female and whether cultivated or uncultivated. Charas is the name of the resin which naturally exudes from the flowers and leaves of the hemp plant. Majum or majun is a preparation of ganja or siddhi.  - Evidence of the INDIAN RELIEF SOCIETY, Calcutta.


2. The definitions given here are equally accepted in this district also. These products are called in the same name, excepting bhang which is obtained in this place from a plant, namely, bhang grows spontaneously in Satkaniah and Fallickcherry, It. is indigenous growth of the district, has narcotic virtue. 4. It is known in Chittagong generally by name of ganja, sometimes called in by terms, amongst hemp-smokers by name of "siddi" and "bara tamook." I do not know different names it bears in different countries. But the above refers to the same plant - Evidence of BABU NITYA NANDA ROY, Teli, Merchant and Zamindar, Chittagong.


2. Yes; flat ganja is called "chapti". Round is called "gol". Broken is called "chur". Bhang and siddhi are equivalent terms. Charas is not consumed in this district. 4. Ganja is known as ganja, and bhang or siddhi as such. - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CAHNDRA SARKAR, Kayasth, Wholesale and retail vendor of ganja and bhang, Barisal.


4. It is known by the names bhang and siddhi - Evidence of BABU RAM NIDHI SHAHA,E xciseV endor,M ymensing


2. The definitions of the drugs as given by Dr. Prain may, on the whole, be accepted as correct. Bhang, siddhi, subji, or patti consists of the leaves and seeded flowers of varieties of Cannabis sativa supposed to be indigenous. Flat ganja is locally known as chapta, Round " " " " gol, Broken " " " " rora or chur, i.e., by chapta, gol, rora or chur, respectively. 4. Shan, pat, naltapata, kashmiri, subji and patti. They do not exactly refer to the same plant but to varieties of it. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, 24-Parganas (Sub-Committee).


4. As far as we are aware, this plant is known as Cannabis indica - Evidence of theD ISTRICTB OARD, Mymensingh (Sub-Committee)


2. These definitions may generally be accepted for this province. Ganja is not cultivated in this district. Bhang grows wild here, and both male and female plants are collected for the preparation of bhang. Siddhi is locally known as bhang. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Monghyr (Sub-Committee).


2. Yes. Bhang, bang, subji and siddhi- Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Arrah.


4. The Assamese call it "bhang;" it is the wild ganja plant, I believe - Evidence of MR. G. GODFREY, Commissioner, Assam Valley District


2. Yes. The definitions given apply. But siddhi or subji or patti is scarcely known here, and bhang and ganja are usually applied to the same article, and in many parts, ganja is known as the excise article, and bhang as the wild or hill plant. I have never seen siddhi or subji. 4. Bhang and ganja. Yes, I think it is the same plant - Evidence of MR. J. J. S. DRIBERG, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails.


2. Bhang in Assam has acquired an ambiguous meaning. Officially it bears the meaning given to it in the question, but in popular parlance bhang is wild ganja, whether dried or undried. Of the three varieties of ganja, flat ganja is sometimes called mota dál, and round ganja is called mihi dál. Question 2.—I do not know of any importation of bhang specially so-called, nor do I know of its existence apart from ganja. The wild bhang always has the flowering head. 4. It is known indifferently as ganja and bhang, but when a native of the province contrasts ganja with bhang, by the former he means the excise drug, by the latter the wild variety. In Sibsagar the plant when brought from the Naga Hills is called "Naga mohoni." - Evidence of MR. J. D. ANDERSON, Deputy Commissioner; Officiating Commissioner of Excise.


2. Yes; (1) bhang; (2) charas, and (3) chipta, gol, and chur. - Evidence of MR. J. L. HERALD, Deputy Commissioner, Silchar, Cachar.


2. Bhang in Assam is generally understood to refer to the leaves of the uncultivated plant. The terms siddhi and subji are not used locally. I thought that flat ganja contained more leaves than round ganja, but cannot speak definitely. 4. Ganja is the only name I know for the cultivated variety, and bhang for the wild or uncultivated. The leaves of the latter are larger than those of the former. - Evidence of MR. E. A. GAIT, Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Assam.


2. Hemp plants are not cultivated in this district. In some places, however, a species of plant grows spontaneously, which is called bhang and which never produces ganja of any description. Ganja is imported from Rajshahi in Bengal, and the description given in the question of the three several kinds is the description of the kinds of ganja brought here for consumption, and they are known and sold by these very same names - Evidence of ISHAN CHANDRA PATRANAVISH, Bengali, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Sylhet.


2. Whether dry or fresh, the name bhang is applied to the leaves as well as to the growing plant. Yes. (1) Bhang. (2) Charas. (3) Ganja (or mohini bhang among the Assamese). Question 2.—I think the word "mohini" means pleasant, seductive, or agreeable. It is a name given by the Assamese to the growing hemp plant. 4. The names generally understood in Assam are—bhang, charas, ganja or mohini bhang. Siddhi would only be understood by the educated Assamese, while subji and patti are general terms not used specially in connection with hemp  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR J. W. U. MACNAMARA, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Tezpur.


4. It is known by the name of bhang, and is of the same species - Evidence of MR. F. C. MORAN, Tea Planter, Khoniker, Lakhimpur.


Cannabis indica, Indian hemp, bhang, siddhi. Products called ganja, charas, majum.  - Evidence of MR. JOHN PHILLIPS, Tea-planter, Suffry, District Darrang


2. The name bhang is applied in this province as well as in Bengal to the leaves, both fresh and dry, of the hemp plant, whether male or female, and ganja is known here as mohini bhang. I have seen both ganja and bhang plants in wild state. They look as different plants; the leaves of the former are broader and larger than those of the latter, and I have never heard of ganja plants growing from bhang seeds; charas is unknown in this province - Evidence of ATUL CHANDRA ROY,* Bengali Vaidya, Assistant Surgeon, Emigration Department, Tezpur.


2. Yes; the definitions may be accepted for Sylhet. They are called charas, ganja, bhang or siddhi by the Sylhet people. Ganja and bhang are consumed in this district. Charas is not used in Sylhet as far as I know. - Evidence of BAIKUNTHA KUMAR NANDI, Hindu Kayasth, Assistant Surgeon, Nayasarak, Sylhet.


2. Ganja and siddhi are not produced in this province. The general name of ganja and siddhi is locally known as bhang. Charas and subji are scarcely used by the people here; hence they have no particular name. - Evidence of AZHER HOSSEIN, Hospital Assistant, Gauhati.


2. Dr. Prain's definition can be accepted for the province of Assam. The dry leaf of the male plant whether cultivated or uncultivated is locally known by the name of bhang or patti. The word siddhi is not in use in the district of Cachar. Charas is not in use generally and there is no license for its sale here. A few up-country people who use the drug import it from elsewhere. The three varieties mentioned by Dr. Prain are used here, although flat ganja has the largest consumption. The round ganja is used by a few Hindustani or up-country coolies and the chur ganja only by poor people who buy it in very small quantities. Distinction in the name is made much more by the licensee than by the consumers. All the three varieties are designated by the latter under the general term ganja. - Evidence of PROSUNNO KOOMAR DAS, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Silchar, Cachar.


2. People here smoke only ganja which is imported. Yes. Flat ganja is known as chipti. Round ganja is known as gol. Broken ganja is known as chur. - Evidence of MASDAR ALI, Pleader, Sylhet.  


2. My knowledge is limited to the use of ganja only. I have never seen people using bhang and charas, and therefore have not had opportunities of forming any opinion in regard to the use and consumption of these drugs. The definitions of the three varieties of ganja as given here may be accepted for the districts of Sylhet and Cachar. Flat ganja is called chipti, and round ganja is known under the name of gol ganja. Chur ganja has no other name in these districts. - Evidence of BABU ABANTINATH DATTA, Kayastha, Pleader, Judge's Court, Cachar.


2. The flat, round, and broken are  locally known by mota, mihi, and chur respectively. 4. Siddhi and bhang. They refer exactly to the same plant. - Evidence of BISHUN CHANDRA CHATTOPADHAY, Pleader, Dhubri.


4. The hemp is called mohini bhang and the wild hemp is called jungly bhang. They are quite different from each other. - Evidence of GANGADHAR SORMAH, Brahmin, Pleader, Jorhat.


2. Yes. (1) Siddhi and bhang. (2) Charas but it is not used in this part of the country). (3) Ganja: (a) chipti ganja (flat); (b) gol ganja (round); (c) chur (broken). - Evidence of KAMINI KUMAR CHANDRA, Kayastha, Bengali, Pleader, Silchar.


2. Yes, these definitions may be accepted. In our part of the country we have two species of hemps, viz., jungli bhang (wild bhang) and mohini (charming) bhang. The former grows wild, and the latter used to be cultivated, though rarely. The cultivation of the latter has been prohibited by the Government, and the Bengal ganja imported to the country. - Evidence of HARIBILASH AGARWALA, Merchant, Tezpur.


2. Definition of bhang.—Hemp in wild state is called bhang. Charas not in use here. Ganja not prepared here. Ganja is sold herein three different forms—flat, round and chur; but I cannot say how they are prepared; they are always imported from Bengal, the cultivation and preparation being prohibited by law. Wild hemp known by the name of bhang. Imported hemp, whether in detached leaves or whether in round, flat or chur forms, are known by the name of mohini-bhang or ganja in this district. Question 2 [oral evidence].—The wild hemp springs up in gardens and good lands about the village, which have been accidentally enriched by manure. It does not grow in the jungles, but it springs up of itself as a weed. People do not sow it. Some of it dies, some is used as cattle medicine. If it is gathered and stored, or if it is cultivated in any way, the man becomes subject to punishment, but not otherwise. 4. Known by two names, called jungly and mohini bhang. The former is called that which grows spontaneously. 4. Any hemp plant growing spontaneously is called bhang - Evidence of LAKSMIKANTA BARKAGATI, Brahma, Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats' Association, Tezpur, Darrang.


4. Known by two names, called jungly and mohini bhang. The former is called that which grows spontaneous - Evidence of RADHAN ATHC HANGKAKOTI,B rahmin, Proprietor, "Radha Nath" Printing Press; Municipal Commissioner; Member of Local Board; Secretary to the Upper Assam Association; and Secretary to the Government Girls'  School, Dibrugarh.


2. The definition may be accepted for this province. Hemp drugs are known here as follows:— The imported hemp drugs are known as ganja, whether flat or round, and chur as broken ganja. The uncultivated hemp plants are named here as jungli bhang, which is generally used for siddhi and bhang sweetmeat. 4. The male plant with thick and flowery tops and made flat by pressure, keeping generally under hard bed, were classed and named as mohini bhang; and the female plant with seeds and flowery tops grown without care were known as jungli bhang. - Evidence of JADU RAM BOROOAH, Assamese Kayasth, Local Board Member; Pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department, Dibrugarh.


2. I have never heard of charas being used by the people of this province, nor have I seen it. I believe that both the bhang and ganja here used are obtained from the cultivated plant, and I am not aware that the different kinds of ganja noted in the question are generally known in this province. - Evidence of COLONEL M. M. BOWIE, Commissioner, Nerbudda Division.


2. Charas is hardly known in the Central Provinces. What is generally sold are (1) ganja as defined in margin (question 2) (2) foreign bhang imported (3) local bhang, the leaves, etc., which separate in handling from the local ganja (kali) sold by retail vendors. I have never seen round ganja. What is called " refuse ganja " in the Central Provinces are the pieces of twigs, etc., which are separated out in the process of cleaning before the ganja is issued for sale. Refuse ganja is destroyed. I have never heard the term " chur " applied to ganja sold in the Central Provinces. It seems hardly correct to call it a separate variety of ganja; at all events it is not known as such in the Central Provinces. - Evidence of MR. F. C. ANDERSON, Officiating Commissioner, Nagpur.


2. Yes. But the 'flat' variety is whatis known as "ganja" in these provinces: and our "bhang" is the leaves of the cultivated plant - Evidence of MR. L. K. LAURIE, Officiating Secretary to the Chief Commissioner, General Department.


2. I think not. As far as I know, ganja is only prepared in one way in these provinces. I know no special name for it. But I should judge it to be what is termed here flat ganja. I have never seen the drug being manufactured. - Evidence of MR. A. C. DUFF, Deputy Commissioner, Jubbulpore.


2. Charas is practically unknown in the Central Provinces. Bhang is not. prepared locally, but is imported from Northern India. A little used to be formerly imported from Central India, but the import is now said to have ceased, the quality being in-ferior. Ganja. Only flat ganja is produced in Nimar. It has no separate name. - Evidence of MR. B. ROBERTSON, Deputy Commissioner, Nimar.


2. The only narcotic obtained from hemp in the Central Provinces is ganja as defined by Dr. Prain. At harvest time resinous matter, which is probably identical with "charas," exudes, and sticks to the hands of the reapers who cut down the plants; but this is not separately collected. The narcotic "bhang" is imported from Gwalior and the North-Western Provinces, and is locally known as "pardesi bhang." What is locally termed "desi bhang" is the refuse rejected when the ganja manufactured by cultivators and stored in the Government godown is cleaned for issue to wholesale vendors. The word "bhang" applied to this refuse seems to be derived from the Sanskrit root meaning broken," and so to be almost identical with the ordinary signification of the word "chur," But chur as a kind of ganja is not produced in the Central Provinces: I notice in this connection that according to Dr. Prain the quantity of chur obtained from flatganja in Bengal is infinitesi -mally small, and as only flat ganja is manufactured here, this probably accounts for chur being locally unknown. The ganja raised in the Central Provinces, as well as that from Indore, is known in Upper India as "pattar," a word the etymology and primary signification of which I have not been able to discover. 4. "Ganja" appears to be the only name by which the plant is known, and it is applied indifferently to the plant and to the narcotic produced from it - Evidence of MR. H. V. DRAKE-BROCKMAN, Officiating  Commissioner of Excise, Central Provinces.


2. There is only one kind of ganja (flat) known in this province. Charas is not collected. Bhang is not grown for use in this province, but it is imported from North-Western Provinces. Definitions of these drugs as given in Dr. Prain's report on ganja may be accepted for this province. The dry leaves and refuse of the ganja is also called bhang. - Evidence of BHARGOW LAXMON GADGIT, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Nagpur.


2. The descriptions given in this question of round and flat ganja, as well as "chur," may be accepted for this State; people don't understand the term 'bhang,' nor do they observe distinction between patti or ganja. They manufacture liquid drink called "kúsúmba" used like "bhang" in other parts of the country, either from "patti" or "ganja." Charas is not used here, nor is it known what it is. Round ganja is manufactured by the flower tops being tied with string in either plantain leaves or rengál leaves - Evidence of TRIMBAK RAO SATHE, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and Diwan of the Sonepur State.


2. The definition of Dr. Prain can be adopted in these provinces. Bhang has got the different names of booti, bhajia, and thandai (cool drink). Flat ganja is called " baluchur." A large collection of round ganja, is called a " joori," while smaller ones "charpa. - Evidence of SYED MOHAMED HUSAIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner ; Diwan, Khairagarh State.


2. The definitions may be accepted as correct. Ganja imported from Khandwa is called "deshi" or country ganja, and that imported from elsewhere is called " pardeshi. - Evidence of RAM KRISHNA RAO, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara.


2. Yes ; these definitions can be accepted. But bhang is locally called here kushambha, ghota, phanki, and buti - Evidence of BATUK BHARTHY, Superintendent of Kalahandi State.


2. No charas or bhang is prepared from hemp here or used. I simply confine myself to ganja. Formerly hemp used to be cultivated for production of ganja. The definitions given by Dr. Prain can hold good in respect of ganja. Cultivation of hemp and production and preparation of ganja have been stopped by the Government, but the process which the people had resort to when they bad cultivation to a little extent in the compounds of their houses is as follows: It was not being trodden under foot in order to give a flat shape, but the people used to stack it, putting the flowering tops one above the other, grass or straw intervening to save it from damp, and then pressing it with some heavy timber or other heavy thing. This process used to give it a flattened shape. No steps had hither. to been taken here to procure "round" or "chur" ganja. 4. It is generally known by the name of "ganja" only. - Evidence of ALAM CHAND, Superintendent, Bastar State.


2. Yes. In Chhattisgarh division these products are known by the names of (1) ganja (ganjai in Uria country) ; (2) bhang ; (3) charas.Evidence of T. GOONDIAH, Tahsildar, Janjgir, Bilaspur District.


2. Bhang is imported in small quantities from Upper India (known as duba bhang); charas is unknown. Ganja (the flat kind) is obtained from Nimar. Broken ganja is not sold separately. - Evidence* of MUNSHI THAKHT SINGH, pensioned Tahsildar, Bata, District Damoh.


2. There is only one kind of ganja manufactured in these provinces, and that is "flat ganja." This article is locally called "pathar ganja." The process of manufacture defined in Dr. Prain's pamphlet for "fiat ganja," is exactly the one adopted in these provinces. Bhang is not grown here, but is imported either from Malwa or NorthWestern Provinces. Charas accumulates on the palms of hand (being resinous substance) when harvesting ganja. It is collected, but is at once destroyed, as its sale is not permitted in the Central Provinces. - Evidence of VINAYAK BALKRISHNA. KHARE, Brahmin, Excise Daroga, Nagpur.


2. Charas is not produced in these provinces, therefore its information in detail will be known from Punjab people. Flat ganja is produced in these provinces, which is defined in the question. Round ganja is not made in these provinces. The flower-tops of flat ganja when detached from the twigs form the broken ganja, and it is correctly defined. In these provinces these products are known as " flat ganja" and " broken ganja." 4. The ganja, that is made from the hemp plant is, in these provinces, known as " flat ganja " and " broken ganja " which are defined in question 2. -  Evidence of ANANDI PERSHAD, Excise Daroga, Hoshangabad.


2. Siddhi or bhang and ganja are used here. Charas is not used here. I don't know about the use of charas. Yes. - Evidence of BRIJMOHUN PATNAIK, Mahanti, Treasurer, Sambalpur.


4. By the names of ganja, bhang, and charas. Yes, these refer to the same plant -  Evidence of MR. A. E. LOWRIE, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda. districts of the Central Provinces.


2. This is commonly known in these provinces as bhang only. There is no other name for this but charas. Ganja is a common name for flowering top of the plant, but to make it more distinct it is also called ganje-ki-kali.The flowering top, either flat or round, is called ganja or ganje-kikali, while the leaves and twigs detached from the kali are known as chur or bhurka. The names by which each of these products are locally known are given above. - Evidence of MUNSHI MAHOMED GHOUSE, Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Raipur.


2. The terms siddhi, sabji and putti are but little known to the people of this district. Settlers from Northern India are, however, acquainted with them. The definitions bhang, charas and ganja are those chiefly used. The ganja manufactured here is the flat variety, prepared by being trodden under foot for four days in the sun. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. QUAYLE, Civil Surgeon, Nimar.


2. Charas is not used or obtained in these parts. The ganja sold here by contractors under excise rules consists of the loose leaves and tops of the plant obtained from Government Stores, Raipur, and known locally only by its name "ganja." - Evidence of HONY. SURGEON-MAJOR J. E. HARRISON, Retired List, and Civil Surgeon, Kalahundi.


2. The definitions are correct except that of late " chur ganja " has come to be spoken of and used as " bhang" in these provinces, owing to some departmental rule by which bhang is destroyed. -  Evidence of APOTHECARY J. PRENTIE, Civil Surgeon, Bhandara.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions obtain throughout the district. Charas is known as the resinons extract. Its use is confined to a very few individuals in the town, and it is not retailed by vendors. Bhang is the dried leaves and a few capsules without stalks. Ganja is dried flowering tops together with the smaller leaves of the hemp, generally flatly compressed, but also met with in bundles. Chur is the semi-powdered, crushed waste which accumulates in retailing both bhang and ganja. - Evidence of APOTHECARY GEORGE MURPHY , Civil Surgeon, Mandla.


 2. Yes ; I accept unreservedly these definitions by which the various narcotic articles are known and recognised in these provinces. 4. The plant is known as the ganja plant, also wijia, also phul ganja, ganja flower. These three names refer to exactly the same plant. -  Evidence of MUHAMMAD HABIBULLA, 1st grade Hospital Assistant, Seoni.  


 2. The hemp plant which is grown in this province is called 'pathari' or 'pahari,' and the ganja prepared from its flower-top is of flattened shape, and bigger than the round ganja (baloo chur) which is produced in the Himalaya Terai, viz., in the districts of Gonda, Bahraich, etc. The flattened ganja of this province is less strong than the round (baloo chur). The baloo chur is brought for sale to this province also. 4. That jungly ganja is not publicly used in this city, and therefore its name is not known. - Evidence of MIR ZAMIN ALI, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Jabalpur.


2.These definitions may be accepted for our province. It is the flat ganja which is generally used here. 4. It is known by the names of ganja, bhang, and a preparation of it by the name of majum. Charas is seldom used in these provinces. The flowers of the hemp plant are made into ganja. The green colouring matter repeatedly washed from the dried leaves of the plant is named bhang; the extraction of its resin by its being boiled with ghee, and the jelly so obtained, when cooked with dried milk and sugar, is made into majum. - Evidence of GANGADHARRAO MADHO CHITNAVIS , Honorary Magistrate, Nagpur.


2. Bhang is very little used and can only be obtained with difficulty : ganja leaves are used in its place. Charas is unknown. Flat ganja only used : round and chur are unknown. - Evidence* of MIR IMDAD ALI, Honorary Magistrate, Damoh


2. Ganja is obtained from ganja trees and probably charas too, but as it is not obtainable in these districts, it is heard that charas is obtained from ganja trees. The dry leaves of ganja are not called bhang. If bhang is not obtainable, ganja leaves are used instead, but they create much heat, and therefore they are burnt or thrown away. The consumers of ganja pick out the flowers only and throw away the leaves and seeds. Bhang is of two kinds : (1) Bahraich, (2) Duba. The former is of yellow colour and produces moderate intoxication, and the latter is of green colour and produces much intoxication. Ganja has three names, namely, round, flat and chur. They are thus defined : round is called kali ; flat, baluchar ; and chur, pitar. Ganja is manufactured as above stated. Some persons in some places take out the flowery tops of the green trees and dry them on fire and use them. 4. There is only one tree that produces ganja, but it bears different names, viz., ganja shankar bodh, turatanand, and shighra bodh, etc. - Evidence of MODAN MOHAN SET H, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


2. I do not know the name " siddhi "; bhang is also known as sabji and patti. I know nothing about charas. I remember that when ganja was cultivated here many years ago, there were some plants which only flowered and did not set seeds. These were used for bhang only. Yes ; I know these three kinds : they are known as " chapta ganja," " gol ganja," and " chura ganja." The Government ganja now sold is mostly "chapta ganja," Ganja is also known among educated people as "bijia." 4. The three names I have given above are the only ones I know. They refer to exactly the same plant. - Evidence of RAGHOBA MAHADIK, Malguzar and Honorary Magistrate, Rajim.


4.It is known by three names, viz., ganja, charas, and pati. - Evidence of HARI HAR SINGH, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate, Sambalpur District.


2. I know all the terms described in this ques -tion, except siddhi. They are all well known in these provinces. 4. I know no other terms except bhang, charas, and ganja. A kind of flat ganja is known as "traloncha." These are all products of one and the same plant. - Evidence of DIWAN PREM SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


1. Ganja and bhang are the produce of one and the same plant. Ganja is prepared from the leaves, bhang from the buds. Local bhang, that is bhang prepared in Khandwa, is considered inferior to bhang imported from the North-Western Provin -ces, especially from the Mattra district. Such bhang is called "dudhia bhang." This is only obtainable in these provinces through friends living in other parts of India. 2. I know the term chur as applied to ganja. It means broken ganja. I know flat ganja, but never heard of round ganja. Charas is the juice which exudes from the buds of the living plant. What remains of the buds is ganja. 4. I know two kinds of ganja, one puriya another baloucha. Special care is taken in the preparation of these forms of ganja, which are stronger than the ordinary. Slits are made in the living plant, and preparations, such as dhatura, put into it. The plant is the same. - Evidence of LALL UMED SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


2. I do not know of siddhi and charas: your definition of ganja applies in my State. 4. I do not know any other names than pati ganja and kali ganja. They are, respectively, the leaves and flower tops of one and the same plant. - Evidence of LALL NROOPRAJ SINGH, Chatriya, Zamindar of Barpali, District Sambalpur.


2. The ganja sold in the market by the contractor is of three varieties. The flat ganja is called kali, the round one is termed only ganja, and the chur is named bhang, but this is not the real bhang, which is of two kinds, sadi and dudhia. Bhang is also called buti, bhrangakha and bijya respectively. - Evidence of PANDIT NARAYAN RAO GOBIND, Brahmin, Zamindar, Hurda.


2. I accept these definitions save with regard to bhang. The term 'bhang' is, I believe, used in a different sense in the North-Western Provinces, but in these parts it is applied to the refuse of ganja. 4. It is known as 'jungli ganja.' -  Evidence of CHANDI PERSHAD, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda.


2. Yes; names under which the products are known: Dhuba bhang, Bahraich Ganja ki-patti. - Evidence of THAKUR MAHARAJ SINGH, RAI BAHADUR,* Malguzar, Saugor.


The definitions mentioned may be accepted for this province; but in this province bhang is divided into two classes, according to quality, viz., duba or dudhia and ganjeri. The former is of superior quality. - Evidence of RAO VENKAT RAO, Brahmin, Malguzar, and Political Pensioner, Saugor.  


2. Bhang is obtained from the dry leaves of a species of hemp plant, different from that from which ganja, is obtained. The definition of charas, as given by Dr. Prain, may be accepted, so also the definition of ganja. There are two varieties of ganja known in these parts, viz., flat ganja and chur. It is manufactured in the manner indicated in Dr. Prain's report. Round ganja is unknown in these parts. The products are known here by names (1) bhang, (2) charas, and (3) ganja. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB BALWANTRAO GOVINDRAO BHUSKUTE, Brahmin, Jagirdar of Timborni, Barhanpar, Nimar District.


2. I have met with only two kinds of ganja—(1) called siddhi, which is drunk mixed with spices, and (2) kalli ganja, which is smoked. I do not know of charas being used at all. I have simply heard that such a thing is used in Cuttack. I don't know about these different kinds of ganja. - Evidence  of DAMODHAR DASS, Brahmin, Mafidar, Bargarh, Sambalpur District.


2. i.—Bhang as technically defined by Dr. Prain is imported from other provinces of India and is utilised only in a few districts of the Cen -tral Provinces. Locally, the accidentally broken parts of ganja which should properly be called the " dust of ganja" goes by the name of bhang, and is so sold by retail vendors only at a cheaper rate. The wholesale vendor of course is required to burn all the refuse of ganja and to sell only the " kalli." ii.—Charas is not imported into any of the districts of the Central Provinces. The generality of the people know what it is and how it is prepared. The rarity of its procurance accounts for the vulgar belief that it is only used by the wealthier classes, at any rate this is the belief prevalent amongst the " hoi polloi" of Chanda. iii.—Ganja—Only one kind of its variety is imported into all the districts of the Central Provinces and that is flat ganja. Viewed with the above qualifications, the scien-tific definitions of Dr. Prain may be accepted for our province. 4. The hemp plant is known by different names , such as— Cannabis sativa or ganja plant. Crotalaria juncea or " san." Hibiscus cannabinus or " ambadi." The fibres of the latter two are used for cordage. These three are distinct plants. - Evidence of the REV. I. JACOB, Church of England Missionary, Chairman, District Council, etc., Chanda.


2. As far as my experience goes, the only form of this narcotic used is ganja in these parts. Bhang is occasionally used as an exception by foreigners from the North-West Provinces. I have never come across any person using charas. I shall speak only of my acquaintance with this narcotic in Chattisgarh, as my knowledge of the use of it in Chota Nagpur is too remote to be of any certainty. 4. The plant is only known under the name of ganja. - Evidence of the REV. O. LOHR,* Medical Missionary, Bisrampur, Raipur District.


2. Yes. The older leaves and fruit-vessels. It is also called Verbesina prostrata. In some parts the very tender parts of the plant without the stems make bhang. The female flowers are unfertilised. Their agglutinated tops and the resinous exudation on the same forms ganja. Flat ganja is used in these Provinces. Round ganja is hardly known. Yes. Ganja is also called sulpha. Bhang —Buti or Mahadeo-ki buti, also bijia, sabzi or sabje. Charas is neither used nor produced. It is known by the name of momia, which is, however, a different article. 4. Has no other name. The Arabic name for this drug as well as the plant is kinnab, which is probably a corruption of hennep (Dutch), which seems to be the origin of the English word hemp. - Evidence of ADHAR SINGH GOUR, Kshattri, Barrister-at-law, Hoshangabad.


4. It used to be locally called " siddhi." In the up-countries it is called bhang and patti. I never saw it flower. People boiled and dried some of the leaves for use as bhang, but the greater part went to waste or were destroyed by cattle. - Evidence of MR. TARA DASS BANERJI, President, District Council, Raipur.


2. The definitions of Dr. Prain, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are correct. Ganja, bhang, and charas are the common names of these drugs. Ganja is also called sulpa, shankar-ki-buti. - Evidence of BABU KALIDAS CHOWDHRY, Brahmin, Pleader, Hoshangabad.


2. The definitions may be accepted for Central Provinces. Charas is never imported in this district. Flat ganja and char or broken ganja is imported for sale. Ganja imported from Khandwa is called "deshi ganja," and ganja imported from lndore, Marwar or Hardwar is called "perdaishi ganja." - Evidence of RAO SAHIB RANGRAO HARRY KHISTY, Pleader, Bhandara.


2. Definitions herein given may be accepted. Gana is locall known here as baluchur  (round), harial (flat), and chur (broken ganja). Bhang is also locally known as buti; sometimes bhang is sub-divided into minor groups according to quality, such as duba or dudia, ganjery and Behraich. 4. All these are the products of the same plant, differing only in effect on account of different kinds of soil and climate - Evidence of LALA NIINDKESFIORE, * Agartcal, Merchant, Banker, Contractor, Malgoozar, Honorary Magistrate, Secretary, Municipal Committee, and .Me.mber, District Council, Saugor.


2. Definition of ganja is correct. But the bhang, of which people drink a decoction, is not the dried leaves of the ordinary hemp (ganja) plant, but of a fine quality of the plant grown in Malwa and Marwar. I have to get my bhang from Nagpur. It is not sold in the Seoni district. - Evidence of GIRDHARI LAL, Oswal Bania, Merchant and Banker, Seoni-Chapara.


2. The definition of ganja is correct. The dry leaves of all hemp are called bhang, but the leaves of the Nimar plant do not make good bhang. When I was wholesale vendor, before Government took to burning the bhang of the Nimar plant as refuse, 1 used to sell it cheap, at the rate of two or three seers per rupee, in contrast with picked ganja at about half the quantity per rupee. This was twelve or fourteen years ago, before the present system, and I got my stock then from Katol (Nagpur district), not from Nimar. - Evidence of HUSEN KHAN,† Pathan, Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


2. It is a fact that the three narcotic articles obtained from hemp plant, but the bhang and ganja plants are different from each other, and are grown from different seeds. The ganja seeds are much larger than the bhang seeds. Bhang seeds are very valuable as food for singing birds, as canaries, etc., whereas ganja seeds are never used for the purpose. The liquid preparation of dry bhang leaves is called subji as well as bhang ; also from the bhang leaves majum is prepared. Flat ganja is generally called. " kali," round "bhutai," and the fallen off leaves, chur. 4. The plants are respectively known as bhang and ganja plants. - Evidence of COWASJEE MEHERWANJEE HATTY-DAROO, Parsi, Merchant and Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


2. These definitions may be accepted for the Central Provinces. The names given are locally applicable. Bhang is also known as "thandai." - Evidence of BIJRAJ, Marwari, Wholesale ganja vendor, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


2. The definitions of the flat and round ganja alone may be accepted for this district. Flat ganja is locally known as Dharmapuri ganja or Javatmada ganja and round ganja is known as Jada ganja. Broken ganja is not used here. 4. It is known as ganja here. - Evidence of MR. E. TURNER, Collector of Madura.


2. On actual inspection of the shops, I find that " flat ganja" is the only form of hemp used as raw material. It is simply called ganja.  4. It is only known as ganja shedi, 'the hemp plant.' - Eviclence of MR. H. M. WINTERBOTHAM, Collector of Tanjore.


2. The definitions of ganja and bhang are correct, but the words are very loosely used in this district. Ganja seems sometimes used for any preparation which can be smoked, and bhang for any which can be drunk. Charas is not separately known, but a process of cultivation seems sometimes to be adopted to encourage the production of the resinous matter, which appears to be mixed with the ganja produced at the same time. These are not known here. 4. Ganja-i-patri and basava-patri. They refer to the same plant. - Evidence of MR. W. A. WILLOCK, Collector, Vizagapatam.


2. May be accepted. Charas is not used in the district generally. The three varieties of ganja are locally known as padai ganja (flat ganja), vurulai ganja (round ganja), and avilu ganja (broken ganja or chur). Bhang or siddhi is known as bhangi leaf. Charas is known as ganja pal (ganja milk or juice). Ganja is known as kalpam - Evidence of MR. J. THOMSON, Collector of Chingleput.


2. Of the three narcotics prepared from hemp, namely, ganja, charas and bhang, bhang is the artificial preparation of ganja, and the remaining two are the natural products of hemp. Of these two, charas is not known in these parts. But ganja of the " flat variety " alone is known here. The definition of these terms may be accepted. 4. It is known as ganja plant or bhangi plant, and these terms refer to the same plant. - Evidence of MR. G. STOKES, Collector of Salem,


2. In some parts of this district what is really the male flower is called the female and vice versd. Imported and locally made ganja are known as follows in this district :— (1) Mulki, local. (2) Almoori, from Bezwada and surrounding places. (3) Shamshabudi, from Hyderabad, etc. (this is round shaped). (4) Javvaji, from Madras. The name of siddhi is not known. Charas is not made. In the sub-division, flowering tops of female hemp plants are pressed under heavy weights, exposed every day in the morning to the sun, and then made into small packets. Ganja and bhang in Pullampet taluk is colloquially known as gnanapatrika and seedhapatrika, Flat ganja is known as almarpatri, and round or broken ganja as gnanapatri. 4. Zanapa in Telegu, sunni in Hindustani. - Evidence of MR. C. H. MOUNSEY, Acting Collector of Cuddapah.


2. Charas is scarcely known. Flat ganja is the only commonly known form. It is said to be made by cutting off the flowers of the cultivated hemp plant and allowing them to dry in the shade ; they are then pressed. This is flat ganja, known locally as sadai ganja. Ganja is also known locally as koraikarrumoligai. Subji and bhang as known here are preparations made to drink from ganja. The dried leaves of the hemp plant are said to be used by native doctors for medicinal purposes. Flat ganja alone is to be found in the drug shops in this district, with preparations made from it. 4. It has only one name in this district, viz., ganja. - Evidence of MR. L. C. MILLER, Acting Collector of Trichinopoly.


2. I think this definition may, on the whole, be accepted. Charas.—This is not known here by this distinctive name. Ganja is the prepar-ation from the flower and leaves of the hemp plant, male and female. Varieties of ganja.— Though they are to be found here and there, they are hardly recognized as such distinctively in connection with use as a narcotic. 4. In this district the plant is known by the general name of ganja. - Evidence of MR. K. C. MANAVEDAN RAJA, Collector, Anantapur.


2. Bhang is known locally as patti and ganja as kalli. The liquid decoction from patti is known as bhang. - Evidence of MR. C. J. WEIR,* Acting Collector, District Magistrate, and Agent to Govr., Ganjam.


2. Yes. Bhang, as defined above, is locally called patri. What is locally known as bhang is a liquid mixture consisting of milk, hemp leaves or ganja, and some spices. 4. Trisuli, basavapatri, etc.  Yes. - Evidence  of  MR. J. G. D. PARTRIDGE,  Assistant collector, Ganjam.


2. The hemp products are known under different names—ganja, bhang, majum, madad, halwa, sakkarao, etc. These names are probably local synonyms for one or other of the three main preparations under which the hemp drugs are classified in the second question, viz., ganja, bhang, and majum. Ganja is generally prepared from the dried leaves of hemp plant, which are reduced to powder by being rubbed on the palm of one hand with the thumb of the other hand. It is then mixed with small proportion of cut tobacco, and the mixture is put in a chillum or pipe and smoked. Bhang is prepared by grinding the dried leaves of the male plant and mixing the powder with water and sugar, a little milk being some times added to increase the flavour. It is then used as a stimulating drink. To make it more intoxicating the seeds of the dhatura (stramonium seed) are sometimes mixed with it. Majum is prepared by soaking the hemp flower in water or cocoanut milk and boiling it in milk. The mixture is boiled down till it gets sufficiently dry to make a sweetmeat cut of it by adding sugar and spices. Charas is not generally known in this part of the country. It is said that it is prepared by mixing the resinous exudation from the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant with tobacco. 4. The hemp plant is known in this part of the country by the name of ganja tree. The other appellations for Indian hemp, or Cannabis indica, are bhanga, ganjika, bijiya (seeds), bhang (Hindu) ; ganjar; beng, ganja, tam, Mala Peninsula ; isjeeroo, consjaina (Mal) kinnab (Arab), and Bin (Burma) - Evidence of MR. H. CAMPBELL, Acting Sub-Collector, Guntoor.


2. The only variety in use is the flat ganja, and the shopkeepers of Dindigul and Palni get their supplies from Trichy, and the shopkeepers of Periyakolam from Madura. - Evidence of MR. E. L. VAUGHAN, Acting Sub-Collector, Dindigul.


2. My information is that ganja and charas are manufactured simultaneously from the hemp plant. The leaves and buds are pressed with stones. The expressed juice is charas and the residue is ganja. Bhang is merely powdered ganja. Ganja and bhang are known to all sorts of people. Bhang is also known to consumers as subji. Charas is known to very few people. - Evidence of MR. R. E. GRIMLEY, Acting Head Assistant Collector, North Arcot.


2. The dried leaves of the plant are not used for any purpose; but the green leaves, which are known by the name of bangi soppu (ganja leaves) are used in the preparation of a liquor to be hereafter described. Charas and ganja are known in the division by the same names and have the same meaning as is here given. 4. As ganja seddi (shrub) and (bangi). Yes. - Evidence of Mr. H. F. W. GILLMAN, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Nilgiris.


2. The term ganja, in this division (centre of the Madras presidency) appears to be applied in-discriminately to the hemp plant, its leaves, and flowering tops, and to the preparations therefrom used for smoking. The term bhang here is applied to the drink prepared from ganja. The term charas is practically unknown. Flat ganja is locally known as kalli ganja, round ganja as karuthanu ganja, and broken ganja as aval ganja. Flat ganja is that best known and used. 4. The different names given to the cultivated plant are :— By the poorer classes. Bangaku chettu, Ganja chettu. By the better classes. Alwariah pathri, Ganja pathri, Basuva pathri, Siva pathri. These refer to the same plant, - Evidence of MR. J. H. MERRIMAN, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari, Central Division.


2. Ganja appears to be the only kind that is common in the south of this presidency. The products referred to appear to be named ganja, bhang and majum. 4. Ganja seems to be the only name. - Evidence of MR. F. LEVY, Acting Deputy Commissioner, Salt and Abkari, Southern Division.


2. Charas is not known here. The definition of ganja is correct.. Flat and round ganja have no local name. The broken ganja is called kali. 4. It is known only by the name of ganja. - Evidence of P. PUNDARIKAKSHUDU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Venukunda, Kistna District.


2. Bhang, as herein defined, is not used in this part of the country by human beings, but administered to cattle if they become troublesome at the time of milking. Charas is not prepared here separately, but allowed to remain as part of ganja. Rightly described here. In this district this drug is called ganja by Muhammadans and bhang by Hindus. But from my knowledge and that of the medical officer, bhang is a preparation of the dried flower tops of the plant grounded after the seeds, leaves and stalks are removed, and then mixed with condiments, sugar, and milk or water and drunk by the people. This flower top is also called by natives kali. Of the other products, bhang is called bhangi, and charas is not known here. 4. It is called ganja or bhang tree; but by some religious fanatics who use or consume the plant it is called sudhapatri (pure leaf), gnana-patri (wisdom leaf), or alwar, sivapatri. -  Evidence of  D. JAGANNADHARAO PANTALU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Anantapur.


2. The definitions may be accepted with the following modifications, viz.:— Charas and round ganja are unknown here. Flat ganja and bhang are locally known to be kali and siddhi or patti respectively. Chur is also known to consist of the fallen pieces of kali and leaves in the course of the preparation of ganja which is not made by treading under foot, but by pressing under the weight of a heavy flat stone. - Evidence of W . VENKATAPPIAH PAN TULU GARU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Chatrapur, Ganjam.


2. Of the several drugs referred to in this, charas is unknown here except in name; it is understood to mean the resinous exudation of the hemp plant (Cannabis saliva). Here the leaves of the plant are not called bhang. It is, in this country, the name given to a beverage prepared with those leaves. The definition of ganja holds good here. The three varieties of ganja referred to in this are known here, their local names are noted below :— Local name. Flat ganja - Madras ganja. Round - Daggupadu ganja. Chur - Silavati. 4. It is known only by one name, viz., Ganjayi chettu (tree). - Evidence of M. R. R. DEWAN BAHADUR S. VENKATA RAMADAS NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Godavari.


2. As in Northern India, in this province also three narcotic articles are obtained from hemp, viz. :—(1) bhang ; (2) chains ; (3) ganja. (1) Bhang is known in these parts by the name of subzi also. Fakirs style it sometimes as fareed —buti and also ashakanibuti, which means the love —plant. Out of bhang several preparations are made. These are— ( i ) Pannia.—This is a mixture of bhang, pepper, and ginger. (ii ) Majun .—This is a mixture of ganja leaves, jaggery, and poppy. (iii) Phakki.—This is a mixture of chick pea, parched rice, sugar, and ganja leaves. (iv)) Poornadi .—This is also a preparation like majun. (2) Charas is the exudation of the flowers of hemp collected with the dew, and prepared for use as an intoxicating drug. (3) Ganja consists of the dry flowering tops of hemp. In these parts flat ganja or ganja compressed into flat sheets is alone exposed to sale. Broken ganja, which in Northern India is called chur, is in these places known as gurtha. A mixture of toddy and ganja powder is also used in some places of the presidency and is called Lurki - Evidence of M. AZIZUDDEEN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Deputy Collector, North Arcot.


2. The names siddhi and subji are not in use here, the terms applied to the dry leaves of the female hemp plant being bhang or Patti. A liquid preparation of these leaves is also termed bhang. The word charas is unknown here. The dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plant are commonly called kalis. The three varieties of ganja are (1) flat kali, (2) round kali, and (3) gunda kali, equivalent to chur ; but the second of these is rather scarce in these parts - Evidence of B. NARAYANAMURTY, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Ganjam.


2. I cannot say with certainty whether the definitions may be accepted or not. The people who use the plant in these parts can hardly distinguish the male from the female plants. The leaf of the hemp plant is generally known as ganja, and the powder of the leaf bhang. Charas does not seem to be made in these parts. 4. The plant is known by the name of ganja - Evidence of K. NARAYANA IYER, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Gooty.


2. The dry leaves, when prepared for smoking purposes, are called bhang. The definition for ganja may be accepted for this taluk. 4. It is everywhere known as the ganja plant - Evidence of MR. J. H. GWYNNE , Deputy Collector, Wynaad, Malabar District.


 4. Ganja is also known as guanapatrika, varakulkyal and bhangy aku. Yes. - Evidence of M. R. RY. P. VEERASWAMI NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Masulipatam.


2. Terms bhang and subji are used in this taluk and denote the dried leaves of the male plants, cultivated in this part. Female plants are destroyed and not at all used. Chains or the resinous juice is not separately collected and is not used here. The term ganja is applied to the dried flowering tops of the male plants. These are called generally (kalle). They are coated with resinous matter. Seed is formed inside this kalle. The formation of the seed is not prevented. Only one variety, i.e., flat ganja is prepared here. And it is known by the simple name of ganja. - Evidence of A. KRISHNAMACHARULU, Tahsildar, Bapatla, Kistna District.


2. Charas not known in the southern (Tamil) districts. This (ganja) is known as sadai ganja locally. The distinction of round and flat ganja is not known. The manner of manufacturing is to break off the branches or twigs of the ganja plant, spread them on the ground layer after layer, until it reaches a height of about a foot, then place a plank over it and weight it down with stones, etc, Ganja is also known as kalpram. - Evidence of P. S. SINGARAVELU PILLAI, Tahsildar of Erode.


2. The definitions of bhang and charas are accepted. As regards ganja it is said that the dried flowering tops of female plants are not used, as they are said to affect injuriously the sight. I am not sure that the people understand clearly the distinction between male and female plants. Bhang, charas and ganja are the names used in this taluk for the three products referred to. - Evidence of S. VASUDEVA. RAO, Tahsildar, Tadpatri.


2. The terms siddha-patri, ganja and bhang are used for denoting dried ganja leaves. 4. Ganja or bhang or siddha-patri. - Evidence of ADAKI JAGANNADHA RAO, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


2. These definitions are quite acceptable. Persons who use ganja are not able to distinguish between male and female plants. Bhang, charas, and ganja are known here by the same names. 4. It is known as ganja and bhang. These refer to the same plant. - Evidence of G. JAGANNAYAKULU, Acting Tahsildar, Gooty.


2. The description given by Dr. Praia of the three narcotic articles obtained from hemp may be generally accepted, except for bhang which in this part of the country is not known as siddhi, subji or patti. It is also not the name given to the dry leaves of the hemp plant, male or female. It is a name given to the dry leaves found in and around the flower tops of the female plants only. Subji is known to be the name of a preparation from ganja described later on. The practice of manufacturing ganja by being trodden under foot does not obtain, both as regards flat and round ganja. Round ganja is imported. The ganja manufactured here is flat, and the process of its preparation is as follows :— In the month of January the branches containing the flower tops are cut, collected and exposed on a hard surface and, after being dried to a moderate extent, compressed into bales of two maunds each. No machinery is used for the compression. The pressure caused by the ropes passing round the bale reduces the flower tops to a flat shape. The exposure above referred to takes place only during the day. At nights they are heaped up and covered with straw to keep off the dew, which is said to discolour the drug and thereby reduce its market value. Bhang is not separately prepared. The cultivating raiyat does not trouble himself with the separation of bhang leaves from the flower tops. The whole is compressed into bales and sold. These leaves mostly fall off of their own accord when the flat shaped ganja is handled. They are, however, collected by the sellers and sold as bhang leaves. The consumers also separate such leaves when they are found in the ganja they buy and make use of it as bhang. The imported and the locally made ganja are known by the following names : — (1) Mulki - Local. (2) Almoori - from Bezwada and its surroundings. (3) Shamshabadi - From Hyderabad, etc., (this is round shaped). (4) Javvaji - From Madras. The Mulki ganja above referred to is also known as Alwarpatrica, Gyanapatrica. - Evidence of A. KATCHAPESWARA. IYER, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Cuddapah Taluk.


2. There are two kinds of this plant, i.e., male and female. Female plant simply bears flowers, and is therefore rejected as useless in these parts. Male plant produces what is called kali, that is, gummy bunches of seeds and very small leaves. This kali is considered essential as containing narcotic substance. The name by which the useful and essential part of the plant is known is kali, which is prepared from male plant. This informa-tion I obtained from persons who raise the plant for preparing the said kali. 4. The plant is known by the name of bhangi chettoo in Tellegu - Evidence of R. C. RAMA IYENGOR, Brahmin, Village Magistrate, Berangy, Mudanapulee Taluk, Cuddapah District.


2. The three names, siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja, are probably prevalent in the other presidencies, where the use of ganja is more common. Charas is not used here at all. A mixed article containing leaves and flowers goes by the name of bhang or ganja and is used by the people. So it is known here by that name, bhang or ganja meaning the same article. 4. It is also known by the names of haributi and gnanapatri, and they refer exactly to one and the same plant. - Evidence of K. NARAINASWAMY NAIDU, Velama, Huzoor Sheristadar, Masulipatam.


2. The definitions can be accepted in so far as this district is concerned. These are known by the names Javathu (flat ganja), subja (round), and mulki (chur). - Evidence of MR. E. H. GADSDEN, Superintendent, Central Jail, Coimbatore.


2. Charas is not generally known or used by the people locally (Tanjore). Flat and round ganja are well known, and the definitions may be accepted. "Chur" or broken ganja is known, locally, as natu ganja, that is, country ganja. - Evidence of MR. G. CLONEY, Superintendent of Jail, Tanjore.


 2. I only know of two products of the hemp plant that are used in Southern India, ganja and bhang. Charas is used by Muhammadans; but 1 know nothing further about it. - Evidence of MR. R. W. MORGAN, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ootacamund, Nilgiris.


2. No. I know of only two sorts here, ganja, and chadaganja. both the round ganja and broken ganja are known here by the simple name of ganja, and flat ganja by the name of chadaganja. 4. By the simple name of ganja. - Evidence of Mr. G. HADFIELD, Deputy Conservator of Forests, South Malabar.


2. "Bhang" and "ganja" are  synonymous terms in the Wyeaad for the unfertilized flowering tops of the female hemp plant, dried and pressed. The other names are not known in the Wynaad. 4. I know of only one plant called bhang and ganja. Hindustani-talking people call it bhang. Malayans and Tamils call it ganja. The prepared product is known as bhang, and ganja. Bhangi is used by the Canarese-talking people of the Wynaad - Evidence of MR. C. E. HARDIE, District Forest Officer, Manantoddy, North Malabar.


2. 1 believe the term "charas" would not be generally recognized in this presidency. The flower tops alone seem to be employed, and decoctions made from them are mixed with other substances; where flower tops would be inconvenient, ganja and bhang alone seem applied. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. G. KING, Acting Sanitary Commissioner, Nadias.


2. Charas not known here. Flat ganja and broken ganja are met with here. The broken ganja is here known as bhang. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A.H. LEAPING-WELL, District Surgeon, Vizagapatam.


2. As far as I know, all these three varieties are called by the name of "green" or leaf ganja. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. A. F. NAILER, Acting District Surgeon, Tanjore.


2. Products of Indian hemp as commonly recognised in these parts : (a) Bhang, broken and partially pulverised dry leaves, and the dust from ganja. (b) Ganja, the agglutinated flowering tops usually rolled. (c) Charas; not generally known. " Cowri ha nisha, "—name applied to the products of Indian hemp with reference to the intoxicating effects obtainable at small cost—fraction of one pie. Charas will not be considered for reasons stated above in these answers. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. O ' HARA, District Medical and Sanitary Officer and Superintendent of Jail, Bellary.


2. There is only one small ganja shop in Ootacamund which was opened this year (1st April 1893). The consumers are chiefly bairagis (travelling mendicants) from Northern India, and the poorer class of local Muhammadans, who form a very small proportion of the population, such as are met with, also amongst peons and police constables. The hill tribes of the Nilgiris do not use ganja, or to a very limited extent; they use opium freely, however, especially the women. The cultivation of the hemp plant is extremely limited in the district with which I am acquainted; indeed, it cannot properly be said to be cultivated in the true sense, as but a few plants are grown near the houses of those who wish to indulge in its use themselves. The various narcotic products of Indian hemp are all locally known by the general name of ganja. 4. The "Cannabis sativa" is known in this district, and I believe throughout this presidency, as ganja. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. L. WALKER, Civil Surgeon, Ootacamund.


2. Siddhi, the larger leaves and capsules with -out the stalks. In all other respects the definition may be accepted. Siddhi— Ganja-ilai (Tamil) or bangi-ilai (Tamil). Charas—Ganja-pal or ganja-rasham (Tamil). Ganja—Korkar-muli or kalpam or ganja (Tamil). - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. F THOMAS, Acting District Medical and Sanitary Officer, Chingleput.


4. Gnanapatri, Bhasavapatri, Serlavathi, etc. - Evidence of Apothecary N. H. DANIEL, In charge Police Hospital, Koraput, Vizagapatam District.


2. Yes. Everything applies to this province with the exception of the word siddhi, which is unknown in this province. Charas is seldom or never procurable in these parts. 4. In addition to the names mentioned by Dr. Prain, it is called 'harya tamacu' or green  tobacco and also 'aushakani buti' or the drug of the theosophist or psychologist. - Evidence of Apothecary MUHAMMAD ASADULLA, Ellore, Godavary District.


2. Yes. Bhang is locally known as patti, and ganja as kalli. It is the hemp-water (the liquid preparation from ganja referred to elsewhere) that is locally called bhang. 4. Trisuli, bijaya, basava-patri, etc - Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU, Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


2. The uncultivated plant is not known in this district, and it is only by special cultivation that the plant is raised, which is of two varieties, male and female. The male plant is said to be useless, and is rooted out and thrown away as soon as the sex is discovered, so as not to hamper the growth of the female. A small minority of my informers told me that the plant in quest is the male and not the female, but this is probably a mistake, although a couple of these informers have had some experience in the cultivation of the plant on a small scale. Although three narcotic articles, namely, ganja, bhang and charas, are generally supposed to be obtained naturally from hemp, yet in reality it is only the first  and the last, inasmuch as the bhang is purely an artificial preparation from ganja, into which several other ingredients enter besides, namely, pepper, garlic, milk, poppy seeds, cocoanut water, sugar or sugarcandy, and plantain. Of course it is not necessary that all these ingredients must be present, but as a matter of fact most of these are. Of the two natural products, only the ganja is obtainable in the local bazars, and that of the flat variety; charas, the resinous matter, is said to be the costliest and is wholly exported. The definition of ganja holds good for this district. 4. Only known as ganja plant - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SALDANHA, Salem.


4. Cheelavathy, Balucharan, hill ganja, and Thaggupadu ganja are the different names used here for the Indian hemp plant according to its quality and the place in which it is cultivated. All these names refer to the female plant—one with less seeds, another has more seeds. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant T. RANGANAYA KULU NAID00, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


2. The various definitions used to the several kinds of the hemp plant are applicable to one and all the districts I had visited, and they are known as bhang, charas, ganja, respectively ; but in this district ganja is the only hemp plant that is being used by the people. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M. IYASWAMY PILLAY, Saint Thomas' Mount, Madras.


2. The ganja is prepared here as follows :– The flowering tops, when matured with some black furrowed seeds, are cut from the tree, exposed to night dew, and pressed between wooden planks lined with a gunny piece, with a weight over them. This process is repeated for six or seven days. It is known by the names of ganja, ganja-kali, gyn-napatri, basavapatri, and madhurakavi. The latter names are applied by the religious men. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant CHINNY SREENIVASA RAU, Prapanna Komity, L. F. Hospital, Bobbili Vizagapatam District.


2. The products of the hemp plant are known in this province as (1) ganja, (2) bhangu or bhang. The former is smoked with tobacco, while the latter is a preparation of hemp leaves with spices, sugar, etc., and is either eaten or mixed with water and drunk. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant P. NARRAINSWAMY TELEGA, Parvatipur Vizagapatam District.


2. Accepted. As charas is not used in this part of the district, I cannot give other informations regarding this, except that it is in use in Khond Mahals and in Orissa. Accepted. Round ganja and chur are not used in this part of the district. Flat ganja only is in use. Ganja is also called by the names of basava patri (among Telegus) and sukha bhang among Uriyas and Muhammadans. Siddhi, bhang, subjee, or patti is also called by the names of kusuma and pania. 1 do not know the different names of charas. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant JAGANNATII PANDIT, Uriya, Russellkonda, Ganjam District.


2. As popularly understood by people in these parts of the country, there are two sexes in this plant as in all other plants—male and female plant. Male plant has smaller leaves (called flowering tops when ripe), knottily and thickly shrouded together with twigs at regular intervals. These tops are gummy and yield resin, has also seeds contained in these tops. These gummy leaves or tops form the officinal part for narcotic properties. Plants of branchlets of slightly red colour are said to be the best, while those of white colour are com -paratively of less value; apparently no flowers. Female plant has not these tops as distinguished from the leaves it is with; has well marked flowers and also seeds of less size, appearing sparingly unlike in male plant; does not yield resin. There is another kind of this plant, jogi bhangi tree; the twigs and branchlets are blue black in colour while green. In this kind flower and flower -ing tops sparingly appear. Yields resin. This is considered most intoxicating in its effects. Ganja as understood here is the flower tops (the grouped small leaves) of the plant male, used along with tobacco for smoking purposes. Charas.—I do not know anything of this. I read in books it is applied to the resin. Bhang is prepared from mixing in certain proportion the paste of the tops in sweetened sugar along with spices. 4. It is known by the name of sidda pathri both in Telugu and Tamil. It is also named vanai karpam, karpam and karakarmuly in Tamil. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant I. PARTHASARATHY CHETTY, P enukonda, Anantapur District.


2. Charas is not known here. Ganja is here applied to the whole hemp plant. People here speak of ganja plant, ganja leaves and ganja flowers. Bhang is here applied not to the leaves, but to an electuary where the leaf forms an important ingredient. 4. It is known as ganja only and refers to exactly same plant, Cannabis sativa. - Evidence of P. S. MOOTOOSAMY MODELLIAR, Retired Native Surgeon, Tanjore.


2. I accept Dr. Prain's definitions of ganja, etc., for my district. In answering the several questions I have especially dealt with ganja, which is consumed to a great extent in this district. I think charas is not at all used here ; but bhang is sometimes consumed by the people. All the points connected with ganja have thus been more thoroughly dealt with than any other substance. Ganja is locally known by the following names : (a) ganjyaku, (b) bhangyaku, (c) alwarpatrica, (d) ganaipatrica, etc. - Evidence of H. S. A. M. MUNJUMIAH, Native Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


2. The answer to the question as to whether ganja, bhang and charas are cultivated or do they
grow spontaneously and are they produced from the female plant is, that the male plant of ganja is not used at all. All the male trees are uprooted and thrown away in the fourth month after seeds have been. sown. If seeds are sown in a field measuring one acre, then it is usually the case that only half an acre of the field produces the male plants, and half an acre the female plants. The distinction between a male and female plant is this, i.e., the male plants bear no buds and a peculiar kind of flowers blossom in the fourth month after the plantation, and that a white substance resembling flour comes out of a male plant if shaken. I have witnessed this myself by shaking it. But before the period of four months no distinction could be made. If the male tree is not rooted out, the female plant owing to its proximity with the male assumes a similar condition and consequently it is also uprooted. The bud of the plant is called ganja. The capsules and leaves which fall down from the plant are called bhang. The resinous exudation of the hemp plant collected during the dew season is called charas. The buds of the hemp plant are of three shapes, viz., (1) circular, (2) twisted, and (3) flat. Ganja is known by different names, such as (1)dagoparr, (2) bhusamparr, (3) shamsabadi, (4) mulki, (5) javaji and (6) almori. The hemp plant cultivated in the Cuddapah taluka is called mulki or country ganja, and it is circular in shape, and the other above-named ganjas were imported into Cuddapah from the neighbouring districts, but now according to the present ruling none can import it except the contractor. - Evidence* of SAIYID MAHMUD alias HAKEEM NHANNAY MIAN, Medical Prac titioner, Cuddapah.


2. I propose to take these four questions together for two reasons—firstly, because the people who use these drugs observe no particular difference between ganja (or the flowering tops) and bhang (or the leaves with the small stalks) ; in fact the article sold in the licensed shops contains both the leaves with the small stalks and the flowering tops powdered together ; secondly, the large number of preparations of the plant are made from ganja, a few liquid preparations only being made from the leaves alone. Moreover, it is the mixture of ganja and bhang that is used for smoking. I am not a aware of charas being much used in this presidency. The solid preparations of ganja are the following :—The well-known majum, a confection made of ganja boiled in milk and mixed with spices, ghee, and sugar. Purnath is a similar preparation, but alleged to be less strong. Madath also is a confection, but contains opium in addition. Lehyam meaning confection, sakkarai meaning sugared preparation and halwa meaning sweatment, are all synonyms for majum. Billai denotes the same, having special reference to the form in which the confection is sold. Sabji and bhoja are the Hindustani synonyms. The liquid preparation of bhang, or the leaves with the small stalks, goes by the name of dudia, because dud, meaning milk in Hindustani, is its constant ingredient, although the beverage is prepared in more ways than one. Ramarasam is the Dravidian synonym for the same - Evidence of H. RUNGAPPA, Medical Practitioner, Vishvam Baugh, Madras.


2. To the best of my information, no narcotic drugs are obtained from hemp plant in this district. Dr. Prain's report, I presume, applies to Northern India very probably. The stem of the hemp plant here is converted into fibre, and the leaves are use as cattle fodder. 4. Janapanaroo and Gogunaroo. They are two kinds, as shown above. - Evidence of M. ETHERAGULU PILLAY, Land-owner, Bezwada, Kistna District.


2. The term ganja is used to denote the dry leaves. Sadai ganja is the name given to flowering tops with resin. Charas is not known here. 4. The plant is also known by the name of " Kolaker-meilikai." - Evidence of M.R. RY. V. VENKATARO YER, Brahman, Managar, Ettayapuram Estate, Tinnevelly District.


2. The only kinds in use here are ganja for smoking and bhang for drinking, Ganja goes here also by the names of siddi pattri and gnana pattri. The definition of ganja may be accepted for this provinee. Charas is known here, but is nut in use. 4. It is called the ganja and bhang plant, and both names refer to one and the same plant. - Evidence of K. SUBBARAYADU PUNTALU, Brahmin, Chairman of the Adoni Municipal Council, Bellary District.


2. The only two names by which the article is known here (Kadiri) are bangi-aku or bangi-leaf and ganja. The small twigs with leaves and flowers are sold in small bundles by the growers to the shopkeeper, who strips off the flowers and suitable leaves for sale as ganja. The terms flat, round, and broken are not in use. - Evidence of the REV. H. J. GOFFIN, Missionary, Kadiri, Cuddapah District.


2. Female hemp plant is only known in this province as ganja or bhang plant. 4. It is known here only as ganja or bhang leaves. - Evidence of the REV. J, DESIGACHART, Missionary , Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Badvel, Cuddapah District.


2. Yes. The name bhang is commonly applied to all the various productions of the hemp plant by the Telugu people. Muhammadans distinguish between ganja and bhang, but only a few of them know the word charas, as the drug is not commonly used here. The ganja produced and used in this district is broken ganja, and it is spoken of simply as ganja or bhang. Flat ganja is sometimes imported, but it is not, so far as I have been able to ascertain, distinguished by any special name. - Evidence of the REV. W. H. CAMPBELL, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Cuddapah.


2. The parts and productions of the hemp plant sold in this district are, as far as I could tell, the flowering heads of the female plant either separate (a), and unbroken (b), broken (c), or as dust, or else pressed together in cakes about one-third inch thick. These cakes are called javathu. There are also three or four electuaries made from similar flowering heads. Although I cannot speak certainly, I think the sale of the leaves of the male plant is not usual here. It may be the leaves are mixed up with the flowering heads, but the several specimens I brought all seemed to me to be ' heads ' in one or other of the conditions which I have mentioned. There is no charas for sale in any shop I visited. The name was unknown ; also the names siddhi, subji, patti and chug were practically unknown, The following names are in use in this district :— Ganja thul = ganja dust. } The same. Ganja podi = ganja powder. Kali ganja = separate sprouts of ganja, not broken —probably from verb kali "to sprout " and to distinguish whole ganja from powder or dust. Nattu ganja=country ganja, local growth. Koth-thumali ganja=a variety of ganja with special smell. Not grown locally (?) Sadai ganja = ordinary female ganja that has come or is coming to state suitable for use in smoking, etc. SaLi=entangled or matted locks— a ganja head looks like matted hair. Karun ganja=black ganja, said to be stronger, perhaps the variety of the ganja plant having black stems ; grown here as well as the white stemmed ganja. Ilai ganja= leaf ganja, male plant (?) Pukkanga= flower ganja, plants gone to flower, useless, but, if used, injurious ; very bad for eyes if this be smoked. Javathu = ganja heads compressed into a thick cake; generally said to be from Vellore, and stronger than country ganja. The ganja as sold is commonly called ganja or bangi. The latter term is not perhaps quite so common as the former, but is frequently used and well understood. I wish to lay emphasis on this, because it is often stated that bhang is only a liquid preparation. Thus the Commission seems to regard it ; while in Government returns for this district it includes all drugs made from the hemp plant. The sellers have to give returns under two heads, " ganja" and " bhang. " Under the former, they give the sales of the ganja plant for smoking purposes; under the latter (and quite incorrectly), they give the sales of various electuaries made from the ganja plant. Bhang in Government local returns does not specially signify a liquid, nor does it mean ganja as sold for smoking, as etymologically it might properly do ; but it is used for these electuaries alone. The sellers are hopelessly confused in dividing their sales into sales of ganja and bhang as Government requires. Some assert that bhang is a name applied to the leaves of the male plant. That is not my experience of this district at all. Bangi is occasionally used for the plant and all its products interchangeably with the term ganja. Winslow's Tamil Dictionary gives " Bangi (foreign) =Tile ganja plant—Eng. bhang." One man only told me bhang was a liquid; two others, on being asked, admitted that there is a liquid called bhang made with milk, also a preparation of ganja with eggs for eating; but from all I learned there is no doubt in my mind that the usual custom in this district is to use the flower heads of ganja for smoking, and the same heads are used in making various electuaries, and unless in my remarks throughout my answer I say something distinctly to the contrary, it should be borne in mind that I allude to this common custom. The following are the electuaries prepared from the ganja plant and probably sold nearly as much as the ganja which is sold for smoking :(1) Ganja majium or masium or masanum. This is the common form of the drug. (2) White majium, a preparation as a medicine for children. (3) Puranathi or puranathi legiam. (4) Mathana Kamesuram (5)Tathupushti (6) Kulk-kanthupathami (7) Bilvathi. Nos. 1 and 3 were said to be the same by one seller, and No. 7 to be much the same. Nos. 3 and 7 were said to be the same by another seller. Nos. 4 and 5 said to be the same and not very intoxicating and with some 160 ingredients. No. 6 not very intoxicating and is used by respectable men. Nos. 4 and 5 as their names imply are to increase or strengthen seminal secretions. Legiam seems to be a common name for all these electuaries— (Sanskrit) licking " a lambative ; " some however assert that legrani is itself a different preparation. Probably the name of the whole class gets applied to one or other of the preparations where only one or two preparations are sold. There is also a preparation called ganja roti which I have not seen. It is made in their houses by the consumers.  - Evidence of the REV. S. J. LONG, Missionary, Coimbatore.


2. The distinctions between bhang, charas, and ganja are not common here. Not known, so far as I have inquired. Bhang and ganja are used interchangeably. Four kinds of ganja are mentioned —odoriferous ganja, resinous ganja, cultivated ganja, and wild ganja. The odoriferous ganja is said to be a large shrub ; but as both this and the resinous ganja do not grow here, the distinction may not be accurate. Two preparations are made, either from the leaves, or from leaves, flowers, and stem all together, and the form is the flat ganja. 4. Ganja and bhang. - Evidence of the REV. JOHN S. CHANDLER, Missionay Madura.


2. Charas is used in North India, but is not known extensively so far south as this. Bhang and ganja are both known here ; the former as bangi or bangu and the latter as ganjai. As the cultivation is illicit, information under this head is difficult to secure, and such fine distinctions do not seem to hold as broken, flat, and round ganja. From samples seen, the round seems to be the only kind used. - Evidence of the REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, Canadian Baptist Mission, Yellamanchili, Vizagapatam.


2. Ganja as known in the Kistna district consists of dried flowering tops of hemp plants which have become coated with a muddy looking matter in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely. This is the only article generally used in this part of the country. Subji or patti is applied to the dried leaves of the hemp plant. Their use is not known here. Charas means the muddish matter which is removed from the trees. When the hemp trees are full grown and ripe, they naturally become coated with resinous matter. Men dressed with garments made of skin will walk about closely in the midst of the trees, so that the resinous matter may thereby touch the garments. This gum is then scratched from the garments and will be sold for consumption. This is called charas. It is smoked and is said to have contained more intoxication than any of the articles naturally obtained from the hemp plant. The practice of either manufacturing charas or smoking the same is not at all known here. This kind of consumption is said to be applicable to Bombay Presidency and other northern countries higher up. Bhang is not an article which can be naturally obtained from the hemp plant ; but it is an admixture of dried flowering tops of the plant and some other products independent of the hemp plant. It is a liquid. It is not known that this preparation is also made of dried leaves of the plant ; but it is presumed that as these leaves have less intoxicating power than the tops, this mode of preparing bhang is as well practised by occasional consumers. Round and flat ganja are not known here. The only kind of ganja ever known in these parts is the flowering tops of the plant separated from the twigs and leaves. This is otherwise called " broken ganja" (gunja in Hindustani or ganjai in Telugu). - Evidence of the REV. J. HEINRICHS, Missionary, Vinukunda, Kistna District.


2. Bhang is the vernacular name known to and used by all people here for Cannabis sativa ; and it is the only narcotic plant of the kind grown here. The name is applied even to the gluten got by washing and squeezing the anthers of it. Ganja is the name used for the same plant, chiefly by Hindustani-speaking people. Siddia pattre is the third name applied to the same plant, but known only to the educated classes and bhangi users. 'Bhangi unde' is the name given to small round cakes prepared from a mixture of gluten of bhangi and other condiments. Majun is the name given to small flat cakes prepared from a mixture of bhangi and some other things. Subji is a kind of drink made from bhangi and other accompaniments. Charas is, as a few say, used to denote small pills of yellowish gluten got from the plant while growing. It is, however, not prepared in this part of the district, nor is it used by many. The Natives enumerate three sorts of bhang grown here. The first has a reddish stern, large and plenty of seeds, but has only a little of anthers and filaments. The second has a blackish stem, small, but only a few seeds and anthers and filament more than the first. By this they mean, it appears, the female plant. The third is the male plant differing from the first and the second only in having flowers and is consequently destroyed. There is also foreign bhangi used, of which they name three different sorts as : (a) having a very small anther, (b) having big round anthers, and is said to be worse and more dangerous than the first; (c) Churki (machine) of bhangi or Wynaad bhangi. - Evidence of the REV. S. C. SCHAIBLE, Missionary, Moolky, South Canara.


2. Charas is here known to be kalli. Ganja means ganja leaves, dried ones. Flat ganja or ada is sold here. Ganja is known by the names ganjayi or patri, or basavapatri, or gnanapat (wisdom leaf), that is, ganjayi is generally known to be ganja leaves (dried), charas by the name of kallis. People who generally buy ganja want kallis, but not leaves. - Evidence of N. KOTHUNDARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Editor of "Suneeti" Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


2. These definitions cannot be accepted for this district. Two varieties are sold in this district, called nur ganja and mathy ganja, the former being male and the latter female. Female ganja is not however grown, so far as my knowledge goes, in this district, but is imported from Bezwada, Kurnool, and other districts. This is also known by the name kasy (graft) ganja. - Evidence of K. VEMATASOOBIAH, Veishya, Trader and Pleader, District Munsiff's Court, Cuddapah.


2. The definition "ganja" herein given may be accepted as applicable to the drug, locally known as " ganjai plant," raised in or imported into this district. The term " charas " is unknown here. 4. The only name by which it is known in these parts is " ganjai drug." What is produced in the hill tracts goes by the name of " manyapu ganjai," and what is raised in the plains is called " dhesavali ganjai. - Evidence of GANJAM VENCATARATNAM, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader, Coconada, Godavery District.


2. The word charas is not known in this part of the country. Sidhi, bhang, and sabji are used to denote the dry leaves of the hemp plant. This definition of ganja may be accepted for this part of the country. Sabji is also known by the name of Ram Ras. Flat ganja is manufactured in Madras and the southern districts, and not in the ceded districts to any very great extent. Round ganja is manufactured in the Bellary district. The definition is wide enough for this district. 4. It is known by the names of ganja plant and bhang plant. - Evidence of P. C. ANUNTHACHARLU, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, and Government Pleader, Bellary.


2. Yes ; the names as defined here. 4. The plant itself is known by a single name, ganja tree ; but the Arabic name is aseesh, and preparations from it are known by several names - Evidence of V. SIVA YOGI, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader and Municipal Chairman, Vellore.


2. The definitions accepted. Both charas and bhang are not used here. They call plants with seeds male, and with only flowers female. They do not use female plants; and they remove them as soon as they can distinguish male from female. Flat ganja is known here as mandham, and the round gaja as mulki. - Evidence of P. KESAVA PILLAI, Karnam, Pleater, and Honorary Secretary of the Gooty People's Association.


2. Bhang and charas are not known in the Madras Presidency. They are not even imported. Yes, there are three varieties of ganja in this Presidency. The flat ganja is called javaji ganja; the round ganja is called mandam ganja and broken ganja is called mulki ganja. The definition of ganja given in this section may be accepted for this province. 4. The plant that grows spontaneously in in Punjab is called the bhang plant. It is full of leaves and destitute of flowers. What is called ganja plant is purposely grown in the Nizam's Dominions, Bombay Presidency, Indore, etc. The mandam ganja (vide 2 supra) is manufactured from this. This plant bears a little long flower. The plant that grows in the Madras Presidency produces the mulki ganja (vide 2 supra) and bears small flowers. - Evidence of the HON'BLE A. SABAPATHY MOODELLIAR, RAI BAHADUR,* Merchant, Bellary.


2. Out of these three narcotic articles which are obtained from hemp, only two are in use in these parts of the country, viz., ganja and bhang. The female hemp plant is far superior to the male one. This plant is generally cultivated in the plains. Charas is not generally known to the people of Southern India, and it is in common use in Northern India. Ganja, consisting of the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin is generally known by the name of kally. Flat ganja is in common use in these parts of the country. Round ganja and broken ganja are not known to this part. Only two varieties of the hemp drugs, viz., ganja and bhang, may be accepted to our province. 4. It is generally known by the name of ganja. It exactly refers to the same plant - Evidence of CHODISETTY VENKATARATNUM, Merchant, Coconada, Godavari District.    


4. Tel. Gogu, Uriya "Kaunra." Tel. Janmu, Uriya Tsoni. - Evidence of APPALA NARASSIAH CHETTY, Vaisya, Merchant, Berhampore.


2. Charas is a sort of gum taken from ganja which is used for smoking ; it is not manufactured in this country. It is manufactured in Central India. After the ganja is cut it is packed in gunny bags, when it is trodden slightly to make the bag contain more. The ganja grown in Vizagapatam district is in the form of a tuft. 4. Chilavati (stuff in the form of tufts), is so manufactured, being pressed into a cake. Manu-factured in the Vizagapatam district. Country grown ganja. Powder taken from this is said to be bhang, and it is used for making ganja or bhang. They are all from the same species of plant - Evidence of ABDUL KHADER, Agent of the Ganja Shopkeeper,— Rajahmundry.


2. Not known in these parts. This definition accurately applies to the ganja known to me and in use generally here. There is only one kind of ganja known in these parts, and that is flat ganja. It is made flat by being subjected to heavy weights and not by being trodden under foot. I have not heard of any but ganja. I know ganja only. The plant from which this is bad is called ganja plant. It is known here by no other name. - Evidence of ANGAPPA GONUDEN, Blacksmith, Salem.


 4. Charas is a sort of juice taken out from ganja trees by covering a cloth on it and taking out the resin. Ganja is the head containing some unopened flower and small leaves. Bhang is another sort yielding flowers. These two are of the same species, but they are said to be male and female trees, the latter yielding the stuff called ganja - Evidence of SAMDASU BAVAJI, Brahmin, Priest in the Matt of Sri Jagannadha Swamy, Rajahmundry.


4. All the varieties of ganja are one and the same and belong to but one kind of plant. It (the hemp plant) contains certain resinous matter. That from which bhang is got simply flowers and dies away, but does not form a resinous coating. This is what is called the male hemp. Charas is not to be found in these parts. It can be got in Northern Hindustan. It (charas) is the name given to the resinous coating of the hemp plant. - Evidence of BALDEVDAS, Brahmin, Priest of Hanuman Math, Rajahmundry.


2. The definitions may be accepted subject to the following observations. The terms siddhi, subzi, pati are not known locally. Bhang fulfils Dr. Prain’s definition, and also includes the broken refuse left on the treading floor during the manufacture of ganja. Only flat ganja is known locally. The word chur or churi is known, and is understood by some to mean the fragments above referred to as bhang ; and by others to mean the small side tops of the plants as compared with the larger terminal tops. - Evidence of MR. E. J. EBDEN, Collector, Ahmednagar.


2. In this district bhang means powdered ganja. It is not known as subzi, etc. Charas is not used in Belgaum at all. The definition of ganja ap plies. Only flat ganja is sold in Belgaum. It is simply known as ganja. 4.Bombay hemp is called tagin Marathi, sanabu in Kanarese. Ordinary hemp— ambadi in Marathi, pundi in Kanarese. Both grown for fibres in this district. Only used for fibres. Ganja hemp is the name applied solely to the variety of which the drug is formed. - Evidence of MR. F. L. CHARLES, Collector, Belgaum.


2. The definitions given for ganja and bhang, which names are used, may be accepted for this district; but the term bhang is in some places applied to the powder left in the bag after ganja is handled and taken out. Charas is not known, and bhang is said to be used only for the prepara -tion of the drink called " ghota." The sort of ganja sold here is flat ganja. - Evidence of MR. J. MONTEATH, Collector and District Magistrate, _Bijapur.


 2. Yes; though the general notion is that bhang is produced from the female and ganja from the male plant only. I cannot discover that these products are known locally by any peculiar names. - Evidence of MR. H. WOODWARD, Collector, Kaira, Gujarat.


2. Not known in this district. The definition of ganja is correct. Only one variety is sold here with no distinctive name ; just ganja. It looks like what Dr. Prain describes as round ganja. Broken fragments are sold with the rest ; only minute fragments or dust (chur) are either destroyed or else sold at a very reduced price (10 or 12 tolas per anna instead of 2 tolas per anna) to persons, especially Marwadis, for drinking purposes. - Evidence of MR. R. A. LAMB, Acting Collector, Kolaba.


2. There is no charas in Khandesh. Flat ganja and bhang are used here. These definitions may be accepted for flat ganja and bhang. Ganja and bhang are the names given to these products in Khandesh. - Evidence of MR. C. G. DODGSON, Assistant Magistrate and Collector, Khandesh.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain in his report of the two narcotic drugs (charas and ganja) may be accepted. Bhang as defined by him is not available in the district, and what is described as "chur" is called bhang. The different names of bhang mentioned by him are well understood in this part of the Deccan, but those that are commonly used are bhang and patti. The names subji and siddhi are rarely used. Of the three varieties of ganja only two are known—the "flat ganja" and the "chur" of flat ganja. Round ganja is not known in this district. I have not found what round ganja is like, or how it is pre -pared. Ganja is thus known as flat ganja and "chur" or broken ganja also called bhang. Bhang retains its name, and is also known by the name patti." Charas retains its name and has no other name. - Evidence  of  MR. A. H. PLUNKETT, City Magistrate, Poona.


2. I may observe, at the outset, that the hemp drugs have not claimed much attention from the Government of Bombay, or from the people in the Bombay presidency, for the simple reason that their use is neither extensive, nor spreading, and that, such as it is, it has not been regarded as detrimental to health or morality. That these poor drugs should come to engage the serious and solemn consideration of a high Commission was not thought of by the staunchest advocates of temperance in this presidency. One kind of ganja is used in this district, viz., flat ganja. The flower tops are used for smoking and are called ganja. The dry twigs and seeds which become detached and form a broken mass are sold as bhang. Charas is not known in these parts. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LALLUBHAI GORDHANDAS, Vania, Huzur Deputy Collector, Nasik.


2. Three preparations from hemp, Cannabis indica, viz., (1) bhang, sabji or mayapani; (2) yakuti, and (3) ganja are used in Gujarat. Charas is neither manufactured nor used. (1) Bhang, sabji or mayapani is made from the flower leaves and the seed of the plant. These are first baked over a fire, then well washed in cold water, and ground very fine, the intoxicating power depending to a considerable extent on the fineness of the powder. According to the taste and means of the consumer, dry rose leaves, almonds, cardamoms, pepper and other spices are pounded and mixed with the powder. The whole is then again ground, mixed with water, or sometimes with milk sweetened with sugar, and strained through a cloth. The preparation is now ready to be drunk. Bhang is a very-cheap luxury, one-sixteenth of a pound is enough to last an ordinary man for three days, costing only half penny or four pies. A poor man, as a rule, drinks his bhang mixed only with black pepper; on festivals and holidays many kinds of spices are added, and in this way the mixture becomes costly. A few Parsis and Musalmans drink bhang, but it is chiefly consumed by the higher classes of Hindus, viz., Brahmins, Banias, Kayasths, Sonis, and others who drink no other intoxicating liquor and do not eat opium. None of the preparations of hemp are taken by women except low-caste prostitutes. In the hot season and throughout the year on holidays and festivals bhang is very generally drunk, but only a few people take it regularly. As a rule it is drunk in the afternoon before sunset. In small quantities it is cooling and slightly intoxicating, causing at the same time a keen feeling of hunger. Under its influence goldsmiths and jewellers are proverbially clever; it soothes rather than stimulates the brain; its appetising powers are of great value to begging Brahmins, who under its influence can, at a caste feast, eat enough to last them for 24 hours. (2) Yakuti or majum is bhang boiled in clarified butter. The clarified butter is flavoured with sugar and spices and is often coloured with vermillion and saffron. As a conserve, yakuti is generally eaten before sunset, chiefly by well-to-do Hindus and Musalmans. A man who drinks bhang may also take yakuti and smoke ganja. Yakuti is an expensive article, and when regularly taken costs from Rs. 2 to Rs. 3 a month. This drug is prepared by professional dealers called majum-walas, chiefly Banias by caste. It is also made by Hindu physicians. (3) Ganja is the dried hemp plant which has flowered and from which the resin has not been removed. This is generally brought in its rough state and made ready by the consumer. To prepare the ganja for smoking, a small quantity is taken on the palm of the hand, and the seed, if the flower contains any, is removed. The ganja is then washed four or five times, dried, and mixed with tobacco. The classes chiefly addicted to smoking ganja are religious mendicants, the lower order of Brahmins, and a few artizans. As a rule ganja smokers are found at shrines or temples and mosques. But some of them resort to special houses called Akhada, where bhang and ganja are prepared. Men addicted to the practice keep taking whiffs of ganja about every half hour. Its effects are sudden and strong. Three or four pulls at a ganja pipe will prostrate a man not accustomed to smoke it. Especially among the weakly and ill-fed the use of ganja is said to harm the mind and nerves and even in some cases to cause death. Ganja trodden under foot is generally used. Question 2. — (3) An Akhada is a kind of private. club in the house of a private smoker of ganja where the people go to smoke ganja. A man going there must ordinarily be known to the owner of the house. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHIMBHAI KIRPA RAM, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector of Surat.


2. Charas and chur are not imported into and sold in this district. Flat ganja only is imported and sold in this district, and it is known as ganja. Bhang goes under that name only almost as a rule. Sometimes it is called subji. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DADABHAI DEENSHAH, Parsi, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate,1st Class, Kaira.


2. They may be accepted. They are locally known as (1) ganja, (2) bhang, and (3) charas. 4. I know of one name (ganja) by which the plant is called. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHASKAR RAO RAMCHANDRA HEBLIKAR, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Sholapur.


2. These definitions might be accepted for this district. It would, however, be well to note that in Sanskrit the plant is known as "vijaya" (promoter of success), and the Hindu mythology gives the history of it, that the plant was produced when the gods were churning the ocean with Mount Mandara. The preparation from it is held as a favourite drink of Indra, the Hindu deity. In this district the distinctions of ganja, such as flat, round or chur, are not taken into consideration. Ganja of all the three descriptions is taken under one general head "Ganja," and no preference is given to one over the other. Bhang likewise is known under one general head, "Bhang," and the three names given are not used to draw any distinction in its kind. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR SITARAM DAMODAR, H uzur Deputy Collector, Khandesh.


2. Ganja is not grown in the Dharwar district; but the definitions given here may be accepted for my district. Each of these products is locally known by the names of ganji, charas, and bhangi.
Charas and bhangi or bhang are not made or sold in the district of Dharwar. - Evidence of KHAN BHADUR RATANJI ERDALJI KANGA, Parsi, Deputy Collector and Magistrate, Dharwar.


2. The definitions of charas and ganja as given here are applicable to this district. The term bhang is restricted to what falls off in handling ganja. Only the flat variety of ganja is prepared and sold in this district. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BAPUJI MAHIPAT KHARKAR, Kayasth, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Satara.


2. Dr. Prain's definition of ganja and charas may be accepted for the Southern Mahratta country. Ganja which is sold in that province is flat ganja. Round ganja and chur or broken ganja are unknown in that province. The defi nition of bhang as given by Dr. Prain does not hold good in that province, as ganja which is reduced to powder either at the time when flat ganja is prepared or subsequently when it is deposited in bags or packages is sold as bhang there. Bhang is locally known among the Canarese-speaking people by the name of bhangi. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RANGO RAMCHANDRA BHARDI, Deputy Collector and Native Assistant to the Commissioner, Poona, Central Division.


2. The definitions of ganja and charas herein given may be accepted as correct for this district. The ganja manufactured and sold here is    flat ganja. Question 2.— Bhang is merely powdered ganja in this part of the country. I have not seen bhang properly so called. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RUDRAGOWDA CHANVIRGOWDA ARTAL, Lengayet, Deputy Collector, Bijapur.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain might be accepted for this State and Southern Mahratta country generally. The words subji, siddhi and patti are not in use here. The word bhang is in use here, but it is synonymous with ganja. There is no bhang here as is found in Northern India. Round ganja is not made in this part of the country. Chur is called here gadada. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RAMCHANDRA RAJARAM MULÉ, Deshastha Brahmin, Administrator of Jath, in Southern Mahratta Country.


2. Charas is not smoked in this district, and consequently nothing is known about it by the people here. Nothing is known of the definitions given here, as the hemp plant is not cultivated and manufactured in this district; what is i mported for sale and smoked is called ganja, which appears to be of a mixed variety, viz., flat and round ganja ; what is used for drinking is called bhang, consisting of smaller leaves or "patti" selected or remaining from the longer leaves of ganja. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR V. H. SHIKHRE, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector, Alibagh, Kolaba District.


2. I accept the definitions given here. The names the three products are known by in the Ahmedabad district are bhang or subji, ganja and charas. But I may add that charas is not used or consumed there. I hear of round ganja now for the first time. I have never seen it. - Evidence of MR. J. F. FERNANDEZ, R etired Deputy Collector and City Magistrate, Ahmedabad.


 2. The definition of the narcotic articles obtainable from the hemp plant as given by Dr. Prain and noted down here is not fully applicable to the hemp plant in the Deccan, but, I am informed, to that growing in the North-Western Provinces. He states that the dry leaves of the hemp plant produce bhang, but they are thrown away here as having no narcotic matter in them. His definition of charas is correct. Charas is the resinous gummy matter which sticks to the scythe or hand or foot, by which the top flowering and knot shoot branches of the hemp plant are cut or pulled out or trodden. This gummy substance, which is collected together and converted into small pills, is called charas. It is more intoxicating than ganja. The definition of the word ganja is correct, with this addition, that not only the dried flowering tops, but the flower bunches that shoot out at each knot also constitute ganja when trodden. The crumbles that are collected at the time of treading down the flowering tops and knot shoots together with their tiny leaves to make flat ganja are called bhang, i.e., fragments of the ganja. In short, bhang and ganja are almost one and the same in the Deccan. Round ganja is not produced here, but flat ganja only. - Evidence of NARAYAN RAO BHIKHAJ1 JOGALEKAR, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector ; now Karbhari of the Aundh Stale.


2. The definitions given may be accepted. Round ganja is unknown here; only flat ganja is seen and sold. (1) Bhang, subji, and maya ;    (2) charas ; (3) ganja; (4) garda or broken ganja. - Evidence of MR. W. ALMON, Assistant Collector, Abkari Department, Bombay.


 2. In all the four districts above mentioned, charas is neither separately collected nor sold as narcotic. The resinous substance which sticks to the hands of the persons employed in collecting the flowering tops is sometimes scraped off and made into small pills which are used for smoking; but such pills are few and their use very rare. Ganja and bhang are locally known by the same names. The round variety of ganja is not manufactured at all. The chur or broken ganja is not sold as a separate variety, but is mixed with the dry leaves of the female hemp plant, and the whole is sold as bhang. The leaves of the male plant are not used as bhang. Uncultivated plant is not found in this part. The definition of bhang will therefore have to be modified as below, so as to suit the drug sold as bhang in these districts :— Bhang consists of small detached pieces of ganja, which remain as residue after ganja proper is taken off, mixed with a certain proportion of dry leaves of the cultivated female hemp plant. The definition of flat ganja may be accepted as it is. - Evidence of R AO SAHEB GANESH PANDURANG THAKAR, Deshastha Brahmin, Mamlatdar, Pandharpur, Sholapur District, at present auditing the jamabandi accounts of the Poona  District, Poona.


2. In this part of the country charas is not manufactured at all. The definition given of ganja is correct. The kind of ganja manufactured here is flat ganja, known by its generic term ganja, instead of champta ganja. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB SHESHO KRISNA MUDKAVI, Mamlatdar of Taluka Bijapur, Bijapur.


2. Yes. Round and flat ganja is locally known as ganja che boot, i.e., ganja buds. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB KRISHNAJI BALLAL DEVAL, Chitpavan, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Chiplon.


2. The definitions of bhang, charas, and ganja are correct, so far as the Sangli State is con cerned, and the drugs prepared out of hemp go by the above names. - Evidence of BALKRISHNA NARAYAN VAIDYA, Parbhu, State Karbhari of Sangli.


2. In this district "siddhi," "subji," or " patti," are not known. The product known is that of hemp plant, otherwise called ganja, bhang, and charas. Flat ganja is simply known in this district. It is obtained from the dried heads or tops of the hemp plant trodden. Charas is a sticky or gummy substance which sticks to the hands of the persons while plucking the heads of the hemp plant. This substance is taken off by rubbing the palms, which is called "charas." Bhang is the powder-like substance that remains at the bottom of the ganja collected. This is called bhang. But in fact this is not a genuine one. The genuine one is cultivated in two talukas of this district for the requirement of the seeds, and the remaining leaves after being separated and dashed against forms the genuine bhang. The definitions of "charas" and "ganja" given in this query may safely be accepted for this province, except that round ganja is unknown to this province. Each of these products is locally known by the respective name given to each of them as above in the query. 4. It is simply known by one name only, namely, ganja. - Evidence of DADABHAI BURJORJEE GUZDER, Parsi, District Abkari In spector, Ahmednagar.


2.The definition of the word ganja, as given in the question, is accepted for this district (Satara). But charas and bhang being not exactly what they are meant in the definitions, I define them sepa rately as they are known here. Charas is the name applied to the resinous exudation which, emanating from the ganja tops and the leaves and small buds at the time of harvesting, sticks to the palm and fingers of the hands. This exudation is then scraped off the hands and turned into pills. Bhang, otherwise called garda, is the powdered dust and leaves which are separated from the ganja, when it undergoes the process of winnowing, and also the powder produced by the handling of ganja subsequently. Only one kind of ganja is sold here, and that is flat ganja. It is manufactured by being trodden under foot, so that the flower tops assume a flattened shape. Neither the round ganja nor the broken ganja is known in this district. 4. The wild plant is not known here. - Evidence of KHAN SAHIB NASARVANJI EDALJI SETHNA, Parsi, Abkari Inspector, Satara.


2. So far as ganja and charas are concerned, Dr. Prain's definition is thoroughly applicable to the drugs used in the Deccan under these names. Bhang, as is generally used here, differs slightly from what is stated in the definition in being a mass of broken leaves of the hemp plant mixed with crushed pieces of the dried flower head in its immature state. This flowering top of the cultivated female hemp plant is called ganja. The three described varieties of ganja—flat, round, and broken—are not recognized in the Deccan. The ganja in general use here is apparently what is described by Dr. Prain as flat ganja; but it is considered somewhat milder than the Upper India drug by those who have smoked ganja in Upper India as well as in the Deccan, the mildness being attributed to the practice in the Deccan of cutting the plant in a more immature stage than is customary in Upper India. The inferior variety of ganja known as bhang approaches the description of Dr. Prain's chur in being a coarse powder, but can in no way be compared with the Bengal chur. Bhang is really the refuse accumulating in ganja stores and shops, and contains broken leaves, seeds, etc., and is sold at a much cheaper rate than ganja. The different hemp drugs are called ganja, bhang, and charas. - Evidence of YASHVANT NILKANTH, Patana P rabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay.


2. Yes; charas is not available, though the name is known. Chur is also called bhuka (Deccan). - Evidence of MR. G. P. MILLET, Divisional Forest Officer, West Thana, Thana.


2. Yes, the definitions are correct, but round ganja is not known in this district, nor is chur, but bhusa or ganja dust is known and is somewhat equivalent to chur. It is exported to Europe, and is also used occasionally in place of bhang, having a milder effect. Ganja bhusa or ganja dust, charas, and bhang are all known, the latter when taken in the form of a beverage being also known as ghota ( the common term here) and thandai. 4. Male plant is generally called bhangera; female plant ganja. The latter is also known as green tobacco. All refer to the same plant. - Evidence of MR. H. KENNEDY, District Superintendent of Police, Ahmednagar.


2. The definitions given by Dr. Prain may be generally accepted as correct. Bhang and its pre parations are known in Gujarat as bhang or subji, maya, vijia, and Shiva's butti. Charas is known by that name, but is not sold or used in this district. Ganja is the name given to the dry flowering tops of the female plants. Flat or chepta ganja is also sold, but round ganja is not specially prepared, - Evidence of MR. F. T. V. AUSTIN, District Superintendent of Police, Surat.


4. It is known by the name of ganja plant, and refers to exactly the same plant. It grows generally in the Satara and Ahmed nagar districts and  soon after the rainy season - Evidence of Mr. DHANJISHA DADABHOY, Parsi, District Superintendent of Police, Thana.


2. Charas is not used in any form in this State, nor is it imported by the vendors of the drug. Occasionally visitors bring small quantities of it for their own use. Habitual ganja smokers prefer it to ganja when procurable. I have seen charas, and it is generally smoked in Bombay by con -sumers of the drug, who usually prefer it to ganja, as its narcotic properties are said to be stronger than ganja. There is only one kind of ganja used in this State, viz., flat ganja. No such name as " chur " is known in this State. The only names by which the narcotic articles obtained from the plant are known in this State are subji, bhang, ganja and charas. The flower tops detached from the twigs, whether by accident or deliberately, are called ganja. 4. The wild plant is not found in this State, and the only information I have been able to obtain on this point is from gosains, sadhus and fakirs, who know it by the name of "jungli ganja." - Evidence of MR. T. G. FOARD, Superintendent of Police, Cambay.


2. Charas and chur are not prepared and sold in this district, Flat ganja only is produced and sold in this district, and it is known by the name of ganja. "Bhang" goes under that name chiefly. Sometimes it is called subji or maya. - Evidence of KHAN BAH ADUR NANABHOY COWASJI, P arsi, City Police Inspector, Surat.


 2. Yes ; flat ganja, is usually procurable here. They are locally known as bhang, charas (not generally used here) and ganja. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. MCCONAGHY, Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Poona.


2. The only two varieties that I have been able to obtain in this district are ganja and bhang. Charas is practically unknown. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. C. DAVIDSON, Acting Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent of the Jail and Lunatic Asylum, Dharwar.


2. Dr. Prain's definitions are correct, and may be accepted for this district. Bhang is also known as ghota in this district. I may observe that Dr. Prain's remarks require some modification, where he says that " ganja consists of dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely." The result of my observations on cultivated plants in two localities in Thana is that the resin is not the result of the seeds not setting freely, but that it is the essential condition of the whole plant. The plant is sticky to the touch, and has the strong odour of sabja (Ocymum basilicum). Hence the name sabji given to bhang. The stickiness is due to the resinous matter, which when collected in masses forms charas. This resinous exudation is seen in hemp seedlings even when they are too young to flower. Dr. Prain further says that "the formation of seeds is prevented by the destruction of all the male plants." This is no doubt the usual practice for securing good compact leafy heads of flowering tops and for preventing the formation of seeds. It must not, however, be forgotten that although male and female plants exist separately, as a general rule there are some plants on which the male and female flowers co-exist. I mention this point particularly, because I do not wish it to be supposed that the mere destruction of male plants is sufficient to stop all seed formation. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. R. KIRTIKAR, Civil Surgeon, Thana, and Medical Officer, Thana Depot and District Jail.


2. In India, so in the district of Surat, there are three narcotic articles that are naturally obtained from hemp. The three articles are ( i) siddhi bhang,' (ii) ganja, and (iii) charas. There are three different names for siddhi, viz., bhang, sabzi or myapani, the word patti being quite unknown in Guzerat. Charas is a greenish-brown, moist, resinous mass and consists of resin mixed sometimes with fragments of the leaves. Bhang consists of dried leaves in the form of coarse powder with peculiar odour characteristic of its narcotic principles. Ganja is the name given to the flowering tops of the female plant. There are three varieties, but only two are known in Guzerat (i) the flat ganja, and (ii) the broken ganja. Yes, these definitions may be accepted for the province of Guzerat. Each of these products is locally known as (i) bhang, charas, and (iii) ganja. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DOSSABROY PESTONJEE, Parsi, Assistant Surgeon, Parakh Dispensary, Surat, and Honorary Assistant Surgeon to His Excellency the Viceroy.


2. Yes. The dried leaves of the hemp plant are sold in the market under the following names :—bhang, sabji, ghota, and siddhi. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ANNA MORESHWAR KUNTE, J. J. Hospital, Bombay.


2. Dr. Prain's definition can be accepted for this province except that the bhang sold in these parts is not the leaves only of the hemp plant as stated by him. It is always more or less mixed with seeds. There are various names by which bhang is known in this part of the country, and these names with their meanings are explained below. Ganja and charas go by the same name here as in Bengal. The following are the various names by which bhang is known :(1) Vijia. This means giver of success. (2) Dnyanvali, meaning creeper of knowledge. (3) Samitdevi, meaning giver of knowledge. (4) Sabji. (5) Bhang, is also commonly called " Lilagar." (6) Siddhi. Literally means accomplishments of purpose. Bhang is so called because it is used by jogis and ascetics to concentrate their mind when practising jog with the object of attaining one or more of the eight principal siddhis known to the Hindu mythology. The names of these eight principal siddhis are— (1) Anima; (2) laghima ; (3) garima ; (4) pathima ; (5) parkaya pravesh ; (6) durgaman ; (7) durviukshan ; (8) adrashya. The " chur " variety of ganja of Dr. Prain is generally known in this part of the country as ganja-no-girdo. Ganja is also called " sulpha " or " lila.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR THAKORDAS KIKABHAI, Bania, Assistant Surgeon, Wadhwan Civil Station, Kathiawar.


2. Yes, all these names are accepted in this province. The plant of ganja does not grow here, nor is it cultivated. The drug is imported in this place. Flat ganja is generally used here. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ABDUL GHANI, Hakim, in charge of Gadag Dispensary, Gadag, Dharwar District.


2. The definitions herein mentioned may be safely accepted for this district also. Bhang is usually known as bhang and is sometimes called sabji by the people, Charas appears to be hardly at all used in these parts, but the people know it by the same name. Ganja is the name given to the flowering tops of the female plant, these being usually compressed flat, and of a brownish-green colour. It is recognised by the same name in this district. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON B. H. NANAVATTY, Parsi, and Teacher of Surgery and Midwifery, Medical School, Ahmedabad.


2. The first is known here by the name of bhang or sabji. The second is named charas, and the third goes under the general name of ganja, without any special names for its different varieties. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT BHAU SACCARAM, Brahmin, Raipur Dispensary, Ahmedabad.


2. The first is known here by the name of bhang or sabji. The second is named charas, and the third goes under the general name of ganja, without any special names for its different varieties. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT RAJANA LOKAJEE, Máli Telgu, Thana.


2. I concur with Dr. Prain's opinion on production of the hemp drug, except " trodden under foot," but green bud leaves are pressed and dried in sheds which forms into flat ganja in Deccan Province. Charas is the resinous matter, but never prepared and used in this province. Yes. They have the same names as bhang, ganja and charas. There is no hemp plant cultivation in Mahikantha. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SUDASHIO WAMON, Brahmin, Mansa, Mahikantha.


2. Bhang is known in my district under three different names, namely, bhang, sabzi, and maya, the names Patti and siddhi being quite unknown. Bhang is the name applied to leaves and seed capsules of female cultivated hemp plant. The definitions of charas and ganja can be accepted for my district, and the same designations are current in my district. Ganja is also known here as "mal". Charas is not generally used here. Flat ganja is the most common variety known ; round ganja is quite unknown, while broken ganja is occasionally used, and is known as chur. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PHIROZSILAW D. COOPER, Parsi, in charge Dispensary, Ilao.


2. The same names are given here, and two kinds, namely, bhang and ganja, are sold here. One more form of bhang is sold and consumed in the form of sweetmeat (confection) called majum or yakuti. The bhang is mixed with several of the medicated confections called pak. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PURSON SINGH CHATTRY, Sholapur.


2. Yes, the same names are applied to these products in this province. 4. The female plant (called erroneously nar or male by people) is known as ganja, and the male plant (very rarely found wild and never cultivated in this province, and erroneously termed madi or female) is called bhange-che-jhad. These names always refer to the same plant. - Evidence of GANESH KRISHNA GARDE, * Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City.


2. I believe these definitions may be accepted for this province. They are locally known thus :—(1) Bhang, sabji, siddhi, shambhari and patti; (2) charas ; (3) ganja - Evidence of BHALCHANDRA KRISHNA BHATAVADEKAR, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


2. Charas is also known as bhongus ras (Guzrati), and bhang itself is called thandai in Urdu. 4. Arabic—Nabtula—kinnoba and hashaisha is the substance prepared from it. It is called mafuen by Chinese. - Evidence of ISMAIL JAN MOHOMED, Khoja, Physician, Bombay.


2. The definitions of Dr. Prain may be accepted. Round ganja I have never seen. I know broken ganja as " garda," and broken bhang as " bhuki." Ganja is known to me by the names of ganja and mala. Charas is known as charas. Bhang is known as vijaya, subji, maya, lillaghur, dyanvalli, and patti. - Evidence of UTTAMRAM JEEWANRAM, ITCHAPOORIA, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat.


2. The definitions of Dr. Prain are correct, and may be accepted. I know bhang by the names of bhangro, vijaya, dyanvali, shankar priya, thandai, and patti. I know ganja by the name of shigra bodha. Charas is pronounced here as chadas. - Evidence of KESHOWRAM HARIDAT, Chcepooria, Audesh Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya) , Render, Surat and Bombay.


2. The definitions may be accepted. Hemp drugs are known here by the same names. We do not particularly distinguish between the different kinds of ganja. - Evidence of MR. PURBHURAM JEEWANRAM, Nagar Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay.


2. Bhang is known as bhang, subji and maya. Charas is known as charas. Ganja is known as ganja. The ganja consumed here is flat ganja ; round ganja is unknown. Chur or broken ganja is known here as garda. - Evidence Of VITHALDAS PRANJIWANDASS, Bhunksali Landlord and Trader, late Intoxicating Drugs Farmer, Bombay.


2. The only products known in this district of the hemp plant are bhang (leaves of the plant) and ganja (the flowering top). The definitions given in question may be accepted for this district. 4. It is known by two names, i.e., bhang and ganja as mentioned in answer No. 2. Yes ; they refer to the same plant. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR GOVINDRAO RAMCHANDRA GARUD, Pleader Dhulia, Khandesh.


2. The narcotic articles referred to in the questions are locally known by the following names:
Ganja, bhang or subji, and charas. The plant which produces these above things is locally known as the "ganja plant." Ganja plant does not grow in this district, but it is said that it grows in the Satara, Ahmednagar and some other districts. Ganja is not manufactured here. Only the flat ganja is imported here from some other districts, where it is grown and manufactured. Bhang is seldom used, Round ganja and charas are not at all used, nor are they sold here. But a very few people possess a very small quantity of charas obtained directly from the place where it is manufactured. Ganja plant produces three things, viz., ganja, charas and bhang. Ganja consists of dried flowering tops of female ganja plant. It is made flat by being trodden under foot and also pressing it under a heavy weight. Bhang consists of dried and broken leaves of the ganja plant. Charas consists of the sticky substance or resinous matter which sticks to the palm of the hand while removing the leaves of the ganja plant, and which substance is shaped into small pills. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR HUCHRAO ACHUT HARIHAR, Deshast Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Belgaum.


2. As far as my knowledge goes about these things, I can safely answer that Dr. Prain’s definitions can be accepted for this district, and they are not known by any other local names than those given by Dr. Prain. 4. It is not known by any other name to the people of this district. - Evidence of NARO DHAKADEO, Brahmin, Pleader, Jalgaon, District Khandesh.


2. Though I have once toured through parts of Northern India, I have confined my answers to the six districts of the Southern Division of the Bombay presidency, namely, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Kanara, Bijapur, Belgaum and Dharwar, for the main reason that I can speak for them with greater confidence as to the accuracy of my statements than for any other portion of India. All the varieties of ganja are more or less known in this part of India, but only two of them are sold, or in other words commonly used, i.e., flat ganja and broken ganja; the latter is also called bhang. The definitions given by Dr. Prain accord with the description given by persons who during their long residence in Northern India were personally acquainted with the cultivation of hemp and the preparation of its numerous varieties for eating or drinking ; but in these parts '' chur," powdered gauja, is called bhang. it is used in the preparation of drinks and sweetmeats and not for smoking - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHWANATH KESHAWA JOGLEKAR, Brahmin, Sowkar, Karajgi in Dharwar District.


2. The province of Gujarat to which my investigations are restricted does not grow any ganja or charas. Flat ganja is the only drug imported for retail sale, chiefly from the Ahmednagar district. Charas is neither imported nor consumed in Gujarat. Even the farmers are not permitted to import and sell charas in Gujarat under the present license. Only bhang is grown in the Surat, Broach, Kaira, and Ahmedabad districts in small quantities, sufficient for local consumption, which is rarely exported, except from one district to another in Gujarat. Under the circumstances the definitions for bhang, ganja and charas may be accepted for my province of Gujarat, wherein these intoxicating drugs are known by the name of bhang, ganja and charas. There is a fourth intoxicant, name pak, manufactured from bhang, ghi or clarified butter, and sugar in the shape of sweetmeats by the farmer of intoxicating drugs, who is licensed to sell bhang, ganja and pak. Pak is prepared by boiling 4lb of bhang, 10lb, of water, 2lb of ghi or clarified butter, till the whole mass is reduced to about one-half, when the decoction is rubbed and strained through a cloth into a large plate or pot and allowed to be cooled down and freeze. The ghi so saturated with the intoxicating property of bhang and frozen on the top of the decoction is removed. Fifteen pounds of sugar mixed with water is boiled down to the consistency of thick syrup, mixed with the above ghi, and the whole mass is again boiled to a thicker consistency, put and spread into a large plate or pot, allowed to settle, cut in square pieces, and removed in the shape of sweetmeat called pak, which intoxicant is apparently left out of this inquiry by the Commission - Evidence of JAMSEDJEE NASSERWANJEE GINWALLA, Shenshai Parsi, Abkari and Opium Farmer, and proprietor of cotton-ginning factories, Ankleswar.


2. The definitions given may be accepted so far as bhang and ganja are concerned. As regards charas my own idea and definitions are somewhat different. Charas is the name applied to the dew-drops, dirt and resinous matter sticking to the plant and collected by a curious process which I will explain in my oral examination. It is of course resinous matter, but not entirely so. 4. In the Surat district there is a kind of wild hemp growing in the hemp fields. It is known by the name of bhangra. - Evidence of NANNU MIAN B.SHAIKH, Municipal Secretary, Surat.


2. Nothing but seed is produced from the male. Ganja, bhang and all varieties come from the female. Round ganja is not sold in this district. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VENKAT RANGO KATTI, Pensioner, Dharwar.


2. The definitions, as given in No. 2 of the questions, being equivocal, may be accepted for our province. 4. Ganja is also known by the following names : (1) Green tobacco, which is called in Kanarese " hasara lambak ;" (2) Ascetic leaf, which is called in Kanarese " shiddha patri "; and these terms refer exactly to ganja. The consumers of ganja are looked down by the public in general, as they are generally called in Kanarese "bhangi mukka, ganji mukka." They cannot claim respect in society. They have preferred calling it by different names from that of ganja, which is odious and detestable. - Evidence of GURAPPA RACHAPPA, Lengayet, Office of Shetti (Revenue and Police), Dharwar.


2. I know bhang by the names of bhang, subji, maya and dnyanavalli, and ganja as ganja. Flat ganja is used in Bombay. - Evidence of LALDAS LAXMONJI, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay.


2. Charas and ganja are not manufactured in Sind. I cannot, therefore, speak for the accuracy of the definition. They are, however, imported in small quantities, and known by those names. Bhang includes the seed and also the small stalks when broken up and dried of the hemp plant. 4. It is spoken of as kohi bhang, i.e., hemp from the hills. - Evidence of MR. R. GILES, Collector, Shikarpur.


2. Yes. Bhang, ganja, and charas. 4. The ordinary hemp plant does not grow spontaneously. - Evidence of Mr. C. E. S. STAFFORD STEELE, Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Thar and Parkar District.


2. The drugs which are consumed and sold in Sind are the three, viz., bhang (hemp), charas and ganja. Hemp is locally produced, but charas and ganja are imported from Yarkand and Panveli of Thana district, respectively. They are not manufactured from hemp plant in this province. Ganja imported into this country is of the flattened shape, i.e., the flat ganja. So the definitions given by Dr. Praia may be accepted. In this province hemp is known by the name of bhang, and charas and ganja by their original names. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR KADIRDAD KHAN GUL KHAN, C.I.E., Deputy Collector, Naushahro Sub-division.


2. In Sind bhang is not known by the name of siddhi, but is called by the following names:—(1) bhang, (2) sabzi, (3) sai, (4) ghundiun, (5) bhang kuto or chur. Its other names are given in Appendix A. Charas is not only the resinous matter, but consists of resinous matter, deposit of dust upon the leaves, and leaves all crushed and compounded in balls or lumps or cakes. For detailed process of manufacturing charas please see Appendix B. Ganja is rarely smoked in this country ; but the definition of it given by Dr. Prain may be accepted. Its process of manufacture, as known in this country, is given in Appendix B. 4. It is known only by the name of bhang. I have not heard it called by any other names. Appendix A. Description of the bhang or hemp plant as given in the Makhzan-Adviyah (meaning Treasury of Medicine or Materia Medica,. in Persian). Qanab.—Is an Arabic term, and is said to have been derived from the Persian word "Kanab." It is also called Abaq. In Yunani or Greek it is called Wadifurunas; in Surayani or Hebrew, Qab Nira; in Roman, Kataney; in Persian, Kanab and Bang; in Hindustani, bhang, According to technical phraseology it is called, Warqul Khayal (Leaf of thought). Juzu Azam—The greatest necessary. Hashish—Dried grass. Hashishtul Fukra—Grass of the mendicants. Nishat-Afza—Enhancer of pleasure. Falaktaz—Refresher of the sky. Arshi-Numa—Indicator of the Heavens. Habatul Masakin—Grain of the poor. Shahwat Angez—Exciter of lust. Munisul Humum—Soother of griefs. Chatri Akhzar—The green crown. Zamurud Rang—Having the colour of emerald. - Evidence of S. SADIK ALI SHERALI, Deputy Collector and First Class Magistrate, Frontier District of Upper Sind.


2. According to my knowledge, bhang and ganja are obtained in India, and charas is obtained in Kelat and Khorassan, but pot in India. Ganja is not prepared in Sind, but is imported from Marwar and Central India. Formerly charas of two kinds was imported in Sind : one was a little yellow, which was known as imported from Yarkand, and the other black, imported from Bokhara, but since the past ten years the latter kind is not obtainable in Sind. These definitions may be accepted for Sind except as shown above, and these drugs are known here— bhang, ganja and charas. Bhang is also called subji — means green.  4. Bhang is known by two names, bhang and subji, and they refer to the same plant. - Evidence of WADHUMAL CHANDIRAM, Pensioner, late Huzur Deputy Collector. Karachi.


 4, It has no different name, but the hill plant is called akoi and grows spontaneously. - Evidence of RAHMATALA KHAN, Police Inspector, Shikarpur.


2. These definitions are correct. Bhang is also called the humble plant in Sind other names are same. 4. (1) bhang, (2) sawai, (3) saee, (4) the humble plant, (5) bubkain , (6) sabzi, (7) nangin, (8) sukho. All these names refer to the same plant. There is another kind which is called akoi which is more intoxicating than others and it grows in hills on rainfall. It is never used as bhang, for it is very intoxicating and brings on unconsciousness. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LAKSHMANSING MATTHRAJI , Police Inspector


4 (1) The ordinary Sindhi bhang. (2) Akoi, which grows in the hills. (3) The two-leafed or khasi bhang, which is produced in the Punjab, and from which ganja is made - Evidence of MUHAMMAD MURID, Police Inspector, Naushahro.


2. Yes. Bhang, sahi or subji, ganja, and charas. 4. Known as kohi bhang. - Evidence of MR. GEO. J. BARKER, Abkari Inspector, Karachi.


2. The leaves of the hemp plant are locally known by the name of bhang or subji, and the definition of Dr. Prain may be accepted. Neither (1) charas nor (2) ganja are manufactured or grown in the Karachi district, to which my experience and knowledge are confined. Charas is imported by the Karachi Government farmers from Amritsar, which is said to obtain it from a place called Ladak and from Yarkand. The vulgar notion will not endorse the definition of charas as given herein. Ganja is obtained vid Bombay from Panwel and Barsi and other places; and Dr. Prain's definition of the drug would appear to correspond with the popular notion, and to be supported by the general appearance of the article. 4. The hemp plant cultivated for bhang is locally known as bhang, subji, Sivaji buti (Shiva's plant). According to colour, bhang is divided into kaki ( brown) and saye (green). - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR ALUMAL TRIKAMDAS BHOJWANI, Deputy Educational Inspector, Karachi.


2. Yes. Bhang as bhang, less commonly as sabzi and sahi. Charas as charas. Ganja as ganja. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, EDWARD MACKENZIE, Manora, Karachi, Sind.


2. Subzi is the term used by a majority of people for the first product. The lower orders call it bhang. The high class detest to call it bhang, because bhang consumers are called bhangis, and a bhangi also means a sweeper. Ganja.— All the varieties appear to be sold under one name, ganja. Charas is the resin which forms the active principle of the plant. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, G. M. DIXON, Medical Officer and Superintendent, Nara Jail.


2.Yes. The products are locally known as bhang, charas and ganja respectively. Bhang = dried leaves+capsules. Ganja = flat ganja. Charas=resin (generally adulterated). - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon,J. E.BOCARRO,Lecturer, Medical School, Hyderabad (Sind).


2. These definitions may mainly be accepted as correct : flat variety of ganja is the most common, bhang is known as subzi, chilti, thandai or thadul (cooling drink), sai, abo, booti, punga (weak bhang) . Charas is spoken of as bharaga. Ganja is, so far as I am aware, known as ganja.- Evidence of DR. S. M. KAKA, Medical Officer of Health, Karachi.


2. Dr. Prain's report that in India three narcotic articles are obtained from hemp is correct, and the modes of preparing them as detailed by him are also generally true. But in addition to the names of bhang given by him, it is known by other names also, as the plant of Shiva, sai, akoi. But these names are not given to the dry leaves of the plant, as mentioned by Dr. Prain. The names sai and sabzi are given to the pounded and wet leaves of bhang. But the names akoi, pali, and Shiva plant are given to the dry leaves of the plant; Shiva plant and siddhi have the same signification; bhangro is produced from the hemp plant. Dr. Prain's words "whether cultivated or not cultivated" are not applicable. The words "standing or fallen" should be substituted. The mode of preparing charas, as described by Dr. Prain, is correct. The active principle of the hemp plant, when distilled, forms charas. The manufacturers of charas distil bhang, ganja and flowers very dexterously, and prepare charas out of it. Charas is formed in balls, but it is not prepared in Sind; but prepared charas is imported into Sind for use here from the Punjab and Kandahar. Merchants send for it for trade purposes. It is correct. Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants. The female hemp plant does not produce seeds. Dr. Prain is wrong in saying that the formation of seeds is prevented by the destruction of all the male plants, that is to say, the cultivated male plant does not produce seeds. The varieties of ganja as manufactured from the hemp plant, and the modes of their preparation and their varieties as given by Dr. Prain, are correct. These varieties are made in the manner described. But all these varieties are not prepared in Sind, but are imported into Sind for consumption here from Cutch and Sholapur, Barsee, and other places. Merchants send for them for trade purposes. In addition to the above, another variety of ganja is prepared from the hemp plant in Sind. The tops are called ghundis. These ghundis in size are equal to small ears of corn. These ghundis are smoked as ganja by many people. Their intoxicating effects are the same as that of ganja, but a little less, and they are called ghundi ganja. The different names by which these products are known in Sind are given above. 4. (1) Bhang, (2) patti, (3) sabzi, (4) sai, (5) siddhi, (6) Shiva plant, (7) akoi—all these names apply to the same plant. But the hill plant which grows spontaneously is called akoi. - Evidence of SETH VISHINDAS NIHALCHAND, Zamindar, Merchant, and Contractor, Manjoo, Karachi.


2. These definitions will do for my province. Each of these products is known here by the names given in the question. 4. It is known by five names:— (1) Akoe . — It grows in hills and has brown leaves, and not green leaves like Sind bhang, and is more intoxicating than the Sind plant, i.e., five times as strong. (2) Sabzi, which is the ordinary bhang. (3) Pani, which is without seeds. It is seed -less (or khasi), and is very intoxicating. Ganja is made from it. (4) Nangin.—It is so called because the cultivators kill serpents and bury them in the ground, and then cultivate the plant on the ground with the object that it may become more intoxicating. (5) Bubakain i.e., produced in Bubak, taluka Sehwan, zilla Karachi. It is the best bhang in Karachi. It is the best bhang in Sind. (6) It is also called the plant of Shiva god. This is not a different kind of bhang but the same, because some Hindus call it Shiva's plant. (7) Bijia.—Sanyasis and other Hindu fakirs call it bijia  - 28. Evidence of MAHOMED LAIK, Mukhtarkar of Hyderabad.


2. The definitions appear to me to be correct. Charas and ganja are not manufactured in Sind. They are imported. The former from Yarkand viâ Amritsar, and the latter from Cutch and other places. Bhang, charas, and ganja. Bhang is also locally called sai, sabzi, Shiva-ji-buti (root), pani, bijaya, nanigan, and bahakain -  Evidence of PRIBHDAS SHEWAKRAM ADVANI Secretary, Band of Hope, Hyderabad, Sind.


2. The above definitions will do for bhang, but after the bhang is pounded, mixed with water, and sifted through cloth, it is called sukho, pango, abo,    sai and sabzee. The dry leaves are called booti (plant) and ghundhi. Ganja and charas are known by the same names here. 4. The wild plant of the hills is called akoi. - Evidence of PESUMAL NARUMAL, Farmer and Merchant, Hyderabad.


2. Ganja and charas are not produced in Sind, but bhang is. It is called bhang. There is one sort called pani and another called ghundi. 4. There are two kinds of bhang; one is called. kaki, the other is called sale. - Evidence of AHRUMOL PRITAMDAS, Farmer of Bhang, Charas, Ganja and Opium, Karachi.


2. Ganja and charas are not produced in  Sind, but bhang is. One kind is called pani and another ghundi. 4. Bhang, is called bhang or the plant of Shiva. There are three kinds of bhang, kaki, sall and ghundi. - Evidence of MANGHANMAL ALUMAL, Bhang, Ganja and Charas, and Opium farmer, Karachi.


2. All the drugs are known in my province by the same names which are given in the book. 4. It is known by the names of sai, subzi, Shiva's plant, nangin and bubakain. These names refer to the same plant. - Evidence of DAYARAM KISHUNCHAND, Bhang, Charas and Ganja, and Opium Farmer, Hyderabad.


2. Yes. Siddhi, bhang, subji or patti, charas; only flat ganja is known in this part of the pro -vince. 4. It is known as the ganja plant. - Evidence of C. SHAM RAO, Attachè to the Resident at Hyderabad, now at Pusad, Basim District.


2. In the Buldana district as well as in the Amraoti and Akola taluks, where I had served as tahsildar, only two narcotic articles are obtained naturally from hemp plant, viz., ganja and bhang. Charas, which is the resinous exudation from the hemp plant, is not collected nor is it imported into and sold within the above district or taluks. The definitions given in question 2 as to ganja and bhang may be accepted. for the Buldana district. These products are locally known as ganja and bhang. - Evidence of KRISHNARA0 HARI, Officiatiny Extra Assistant Commissioner, Buldana.


2.There is only one kind of ganja made in the Berars (flat). Bhang is not specially prepared, but the chur or chura (broken ganja dust) which accumulates in the course of trade is called bhang. No charas is collected in the province - Evidence of MR. A. ARDAGH, Deputy Superintendent of Excise, Ellichpur.


2. Yes. Only one sort of ganja is used in this province of Berar, i.e., flat. Ganja and chur are locally known in this province, while chur is known by the name of bhang - Evidence of MR. J. C. WATCHA, Excise Inspector, Ellichpur.


2. The definition of ganja given by Dr. Prain in his report of 21st June 1893 is correct. In this taluk ganja is known by three different names —ganja, bhang and charas. But it seems that charas is not received in this taluk, nor seen by any one. Only it is heard by name. The definition of ganja and bhang given by Dr. Prain is accepted by all; but, in fact, as there is no cultivation of ganja in this taluk, nothing can be said positively. 4. Ganja is known in this taluk by two different names-ganja and bhang. Ganja is prepared from the buds of the trees, and bhang from their dried leaves. These two are obtained from one tree - Evidence of WAMAN GANESH, Tahsildar, Wun.


2.There is no cultivation of ganja in this taluk. Charas is not known to the people of this taluk. The dried flowering tops with tender branches of the hemp plants are called ganja. The plants being trodden under foot, the substance remaining therefrom is called bhang. Ganja is imported in this taluk from Central Provinces and Khandwa. As there is no cultivation of ganja in this taluk, the names given by Dr. Prain are not known to the people - Evidence of VICKOOJI NARAIN, Tahsildar, Kathapur.


2. The definitions given in this question of the several forms of hemp drugs are very minute, but as there is no ganja cultivation in this taluk, the people have no knowledge of these definitions. This product is locally known by the following names :—(1) Ganja, (2) bhang, (3) charas. (1) Ganja consists of the dried flowering tops and tender branches of the hemp plants.
(2) Bhang consists of the smallest parts which remain after the hemp plant being trodden under foot.(3) Charas is not imported in this taluk.4. This plant is known by the name of ran ganja, and it has been already mentioned that this plant is different from the one under discussion - Evidence of VINAYAK APPAJI KAUR, Brahmin, Officiating Tahsildar, Darwa, Wnn District.


2. The said definitions can be accepted, except the definition of ganja. The name of bhang is applied to the dry leaves of cultivated female hemp plants. There are only two varieties known of ganja—flat ganja and chur ganja. Ganja is locally known by ganja. Charas is locally known by charas. Bhang is locally known by bhang, siddhi, and gadada - Evidence of LAXMAN GOPAL DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Naib Tahsildar, Mangrul Taluk, District Basim.


2. I am told that hemp is not cultivated in this district, and even when allowed the cultivation was very limited. Bhang and ganja were the only products used. Charas was never used, because it was never taken from the plant. These definitions may be accepted as regards this province. Bhang and ganja are commonly known - Evidence of DR. W. J.. MONTGOMERY, Civil Surgeon, Buldana.


Everywhere the following products of hemp drug are used :— (1) Bhang, also called, vijaya — (a) Bhuti, sabji, majum, a kind of sweetmeat prepared by adding juice of bhang. (2) Ganja, ganjo, harri tamacco. (3) Charas. - Evidence of S. BAIJNATH, Medical Officer, Mady Hospital, Badnera.


2. Bhang here is the leaves of only the female plant, the male plant is plucked out when young and thrown away. Charas here is not collected, nor imported, nor sold in the bazar. The flowering tops when separated from the rest of the plant is the ganja. The flower tops and leaves are cut off in one common stock and are arranged in flat sheaves about a foot-and-a-half in length and nine inches in breadth ; and in this form reach the contractor's shop where the flower tops are separated from the leaves, and each sold separately. The stocks are used in the ganja shop for lighting. fires. These definitions may be accepted. Charas, ganja, bhang. - Evidence of DR. S. G. STEINHOFF, Medical Officer in charge, Charitable Dispensary, Khamgaon.


2. There is only one variety of ganja, namely flat, which is used in the province. Flat ganja is prepared by being trodden under foot when it is fresh. Round ganja is not prepared in the province, nor is charas known to the people, who therefore do not import them. Hence no information regarding the round ganja and charas is given in any of the answers below. The definition ' fiat ganja' is accepted in the province, and the term is locally known - Evidence of MR. DINNER NARAYEN, District Superintendent of Vaccination, Buldana.


2.These definitions may be accepted with this limitation that in this province ganja is usually manufactured not by treading, but by piling the twigs one on the other and then pressing them with a heavy stone or other substance. Round ganja is not much known, and charas is very seldom or never sold, The Patti or leaves are known as bhang, and the prepared flower-tops as ganja. 4.There are no different names. It is known as bhang plant - Evidence of G. S. KHAPERDE, Brahmin, Pleader, Amraoli.


2. Yes. With the exception of charas and round ganja, which are not known locally ; the others are. The following are the additional names by which the products of the hemp plant are known, viz., bhangra or bhagar (male plant), buti or kalhi (female plant). 4. The wild plant differs in appearance and quality from the cultivated. It is not used as a narcotic. - Evidence of YESHWANT VAMAN DIGHE, Pleader, Basim.


2. I know only that the dry leaves of the plant are called bhang. I have not heard the other names. The definitions are appropriate so far as I know. Round ganja is not prepared in the Berars, but it is imported from Khandesh, and is called kalidarganja . Broken ganja is called bhangira. 4. I don't know. It would be called jungli (wild). - Evidence of NIAMAT KHAN BILAN KHAN, Merchant, Balapur, Akola District.


2. I know only that the dry leaves of the plant are called bhang. I have not heard the other names. The definitions are appropriate so far as I know. Round ganja is not prepared in the Berars, but it is imported from Khandesh, and is called kalidarganja . Broken ganja is called bhangira. 4. I don't know. It would be called jungli (wild). -  Evidence of LAKSHMAN ATMARAM MAHAJAN, Merchant, Manjrul Pir


2. Yes; except that only the flat ganja is imported for sale in the Ajmere-Merwara districts. The drugs are named charas, ganja, bhang and majum. Majum is a sweetmeat composed of sugar and bhang. 4. Yes ; bhang ganja tree. - Evidence of MR. G. BENNETT, Abkari Inspector, Ajmere.


2. The definitions may be accepted for Ajmere. Flat ganja is called pathar, round ganja is called baluchar, broken ganja is called makoria. The other products go by the names mentioned in the introductory. 4. Bhang, subji, and buti. Yes - 2. Evidence of MR. G. W. GAYER, District Superintendent of Police, Ajmere.


2. Yes. The different names of bhang are siddhi, bhang, subji, patti, buti, thandai, and bijaya. There are no other names of charas, but ganja is termed sulpha as well.- Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DR SHEIKH ELAHI BUX, Government Pensioner and Honorary Mgistrate, Ajmere.


2.Subji is also called here by the name of " ramrasa." 4.Jaday bhangi and phoo bhangi. - Evidence of MR. A. BOPPANNA, Planter, Bepunaad, Green Hills, Coorg.


2. Here people prepare only ganja or bhang, both of which are known by me. Preparation of charas is unknown here. So I had no opportunities of knowing it. Here ganja is more extensively used than bhang. Ganja is known as Jadebhangi, and bhang is known as Hoovo-bhangi. 4. Here it is known only by one name, viz., Bhangi-gida - Evidence of MUKKATI IYAPPA, Cultivator, Davanagiri, Coorg.


2. None of the drugs are grown in the district, except a very small quantity of bhang. Charas and ganja are not prepared here. The definitions of charas and ganja may be accepted. No distinction is made in the district in the different varieties of ganja. The drug used in this district is called " pathar." 4. The plant is called bhang. - Evidence of MAJOR G. GAISFORD, Deputy Commissioner, Quetta, Baluchistan.


2. These narcotics are not natural products in this ilaka. These are imported here from other provinces, and called as bhang,  charas and ganja. But these are called in the Punjab by the following names:—bhang,—sukha, subji, buti; charas—sulfa ; ganja—ganja. - Evidence of WARYAM SINGH, Hospital Assistant, Pishin.


2. "Sè chauk " or " dried medicine" is the ordinary name applied to ganja (flat or round) by the Burmese. It is also known as "bhin."  - Evidence of LIEUTENANT-COLONEL C. B. COOKE, Commissioner of Pegu.


2. I only know ganja in the forms of sticks and leaves. It is called in Burmese " sè chauk." 4. I only know it by the name " sè chauk - Evidence of MAJOR B.A. N. PARROTT, Officiating Commissioner, Southern Division.


2. The Burmese name for ganja is "sè chauk." 4. It is called " boil ally " by the Chittagonians. - Evidence of MR. A. R. BIRKS, Officiating Commissioner, Arakan Division.


4. The Burmese name is bing. - Evidence of MAJOR W. F. H. GREY, Deputy Commissioner, Toungoo.


2. I have never come across charas. Ganja is called by Burmans " sè chauk," which means " dry drug" or " dry tobacco." In Akyab it is called ginza. The specimens I have seen may have been ganja or may have been bhang, I do not know. The Burmans make no distinction. - Evidence of MR. A. M. B. IRWIN, Deputy Commissioner, Tharrawaddy.


4. The bin-pin or segyaukpin. I believe they are the same plant. The bin-pin is not to be confounded with the bein-pin, which is the poppy.- Evidence of MR. H. ADAMSON, Deputy Commissioner, Meiktila.


2. In Mergui the hemp plant is known as the pi-san-bin, the plant from which nets and ropes are made. The drug is generally known as segyauk, or the medicine which induces nervousness or fright—a narcotic in fact. 4. Pi-san-bin is the only name given for the hemp generally. - Evidence of MR. H. G. BATTEN, Deputy Commissioner, Mergui.


2. The definitions given may be accepted for this province. I have personally only come across bhang and ganja. Both are locally known as sè chauk ; sometimes bhang is distinguished as bin, a corruption of the Indian name.- Evidence of MAJOR G. S. EYRE, Deputy Commissioner, Sagaing.


2.In this district and elsewhere, so far as my experience extends, hemp of all kinds is known as sè chauk. There are no separate names for separate forms of it. 4.Only sé chauk. Yes. - Evidence of MR. W. N. PORTER, Deputy Commissioner, Upper Chindwin.


2.Ganja is known in this province under one name only, viz., sè gyauk. This is the flowers and leaves of the plant. 4.Sè gyauk is the generic term for ganja. - Evidence of MR. S. H. T. DE LA COURNEUVE, Deputy Commissioner, Pakokku, Upper Burma.


2. Two definitions of ganja are only known— (a) Sè gyauk or bin, which is equivalent to the Indian name of bhang, applied to the dry leaves of the hemp plant, whether male or female. (b) Kali-hpu, which is equivalent to the Indian name of ganja or dried. flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants. Charas is not known amongst the Burmese in this district. 4. Sè gyauk or bin. - Evidence of MR. J. S. D. FRASER, Deputy Commissioner, Pegu.


Charas in Burmese Sejao ase. Ganja=Sejao. Bhang = Bhén These two latter names seem to be used for ganja or bhang. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. T. TH OMAS, Civil Surgeon, Moulmein.


2. The definititions given by Dr. Prain of the three narcotic articles obtained from hemp plant in India cannot be accepted for this province, inasmuch as, except the ganja, charas and siddhi are seldom used by Burmese. Ganja is locally known as " saykyouk " or dry tobacco - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON O. L. MOONSHI, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of Jail, Maubin, Thongwa District.


2. Dr. Prain's information is, I believe, correct as far as I have heard. I have seen only one variety of ganja which, although I did not see enquiringly, I believe, is round. Chur ganja I have not seen. Male or female classification I have not heard of. The different products are known as siddhi or bhang, charas and ganja - Evidence of MAHENDRA NATH ROY, Resident Medical Officer, General Hospital, Rangoon.


4. Trisuli, bijaya, basava-patri, etc.- Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU,* Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.

Related articles

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Medical uses for humans and other animals
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/07/cannabis-usage-in-19th-century-india.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Police play doctor as ruling classes lay foundation for global reefer madness
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/05/cannabis-usage-in-19th-century-india.html
 
Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Methods of cultivation
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/09/cannabis-usage-in-19th-century-india.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Areas of cannabis cultivation and wild growth
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/01/areas-of-cannabis-cultivation-and-wild.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: The manner and forms in which cannabis was consumed
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/08/cannabis-usage-in-19th-century-india.html
 
Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Conditions suitable for cannabis cultivation
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/02/conditions-suitable-for-cannabis.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Post harvest processing, packaging and storage
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/09/cannabis-usage-in-19th-century-india_28.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: The classes of people who consumed and cultivated ganja
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/02/19th-century-indian-cannabis-user.html

Cannabis usage in 19th Century India: Findings on the immediate effects of cannabis consumption
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/03/the-immediate-effects-of-cannabis.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Myths of harmful physical and moral effects
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/04/creating-myths-of-harmful-physical-and.html

The 108 names of cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/03/the-108-names-of-cannabis.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Trade and movement
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/03/trade-and-movement-of-cannabis-in-19th.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Notes on chemical, physiological and biological analyses of Indian cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/02/notes-on-chemical-physiological-and.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Exploring the myth that cannabis causes crime
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/03/exploring-myth-that-cannabis-causes.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Consumption rates and associated costs
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/02/26.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: The public opinion farce amid near total opposition to ganja prohibition
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/02/near-total-opposition-to-cannabis.html

Cannabis usage in 19th century India: Unheeded warnings regarding the harms of alcohol
http://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/01/alcohol-and-cannabis-comparison-in.html

 

Cannabis and India  

https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/cannabis-and-india.html

 

Cannabis Biology

https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-biology.html 

 

Draft Cannabis Policy for India 2022
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2022/01/draft-cannabis-policy-for-india-2022.html

 

Cannabis and the Media
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-media.html

Cannabis and Equity
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-equity.html

With no scientific basis global drug laws are invalid
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2020/06/with-no-scientific-basis-global-drug.html

Cannabis Laws
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-laws.html

Cannabis convictions and imprisonment
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-convictions-and-imprisonment.html

Cannabis and the UN
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/cannabis-and-un.html

Cannabis and the Black Market
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-black-market.html

Cannabis and Law Enforcement
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/04/cannabis-and-law-enforcement.html

Cannabis Opposition
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/05/cannabis-opposition.html

Some reasons to legalize cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/07/some-reasons-to-legalize-ganja.html

Cannabis and the Environment
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/cannabis-and-environment.html

Cannabis as an Agricultural Crop
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/cannabis-as-agricultural-crop.html

Cannabis as Medicine
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/cannabis-as-medicine.html

Cannabis for Recreational Purposes
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/cannabis-for-recreational-purposes.html

Cannabis and Research
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/cannabis-and-research.html

The Business of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-business-of-cannabis.html

The Economics of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-economics-of-cannabis.html

The Legality of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-legality-of-cannabis.html

The Politics of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-politics-of-cannabis.html

The Social Usage of Cannabis
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-social-usage-of-cannabis.html

No medicinal value?
https://ravingkoshy.blogspot.com/2019/02/no-medicinal-value.html