'The problem of antibiotic resistance is described by the World Health
Organisation as “one of the biggest threats to global health, food
security, and development today”.
Such infections already claim
more than 35,000 lives each year in the US alone, and the UN warns this
annual death toll could rise to 10 million globally if no solution is
found.
But in January, research at the University of Queensland,
published in the Communications Biology journal, found that CBD – the
main non-psychoactive component in cannabis – was not only able to kill
the bacteria responsible for “super gonorrhoea”, meningitis and
legionnaires disease, but also showed “a low tendency to cause
resistance in bacteria”.'
- MSN
'Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine,
which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of
bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in
the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now
present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of
cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm
previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of
pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results
demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms,
little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy.
Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as
cannabidiol’s primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the
first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of
Gram-negative bacteria that includes the ‘urgent threat’ pathogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies
demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a
much-needed new class of antibiotics.'
- Nature
Bacteria have existed from the beginning of organic life on earth. There are many types of bacteria present in all places on earth. Within the human body there are potentially trillions of types of bacteria that exist, mostly found in the human gut. This is the case for every animal, though the types of bacteria found vary from animal species to species, and even from individual human to human. Some types of bacteria are harmful causing bacterial diseases, while many others are beneficial helping in digestion, immunity, enzyme and hormone balance. Until the recent past, humans dealt with their bacterial issues by being exposed to as many types of bacteria as possible, and building their immune systems through interactions with the diversity of bacteria. Somewhere along the way, in the not so distant past, pharmaceutical companies discovered a class of drugs called antibiotics, the iconic penicillin being one of them. This helped combat some deadly diseases that had wrecked havoc with human life. Antibiotics were soon found to be very effective in combating bacteria. They seemed to be able to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases. Their action was to more or less wipe out huge numbers of bacteria in the human body. Pills, injections, skin cleansing lotions, and the like, became increasingly popular. Things reached such a stage that if you walked into most clinics with a common illness - like a cold, flu or fever - you were immediately prescribed a dose of antibiotics that you took over a period of a few days. This left you reeling, but after that you were back in good health. This worked so well that even animals that humans consumed - such as cows, pigs and chicken - were fed these antibiotics to keep them bacteria free. It was found that these animals tended to fall ill less frequently, and actually gained weight sooner, on antibiotics coupled with hormone and steroid injections.
Pharma companies posted huge profits and growth based on their antibiotic drug sales, and they milked the antibiotic cow extensively over a few decades. Then suddenly humans and animals stopped responding to antibiotics. Even when pharma companies brought out new variations of these drugs by basically tweaking their compositions, they worked for a while but eventually became ineffective. What was happening was that the antibiotic was killing all bacteria, both good and bad, leaving the body with a depleted microbiome or bacterial ecosystem. People were losing their body's innate ability through their immune systems to fight bacterial infections. A vastly depleted microbiome, subjected to repeated wipe outs from frequent doses of antibiotics, was unable to restore itself to its original diversity, resulting in the human falling ill more frequently. To make things worse, bacteria mutated repeatedly to get around a particular type of antibiotic. What has happened now is that manufacture of antibiotics has hit a blank wall, in terms of how to introduce new variations to keep up with bacterial mutations. Even worse, combinations of various antibiotics now fail to work. Recently, new antibiotic-resistant bacterial varieties, called 'super bugs', have emerged which do not respond to conventional antibiotics. Many of these are being discovered in hospitals from where they spread rapidly causing complications and death. MRSA and XDR-TB are two such examples. Pharma companies, physicians and hospitals keep these outbreaks out of the public eye, as they face loss of credibility and business due to this. The problem of antibiotic resistance has reached such levels today that MSN reports - 'The problem of antibiotic resistance is described by the World Health Organisation as “one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today”. Such infections already claim more than 35,000 lives each year in the US alone, and the UN warns this annual death toll could rise to 10 million globally if no solution is found.'
Cannabis has been found to have beneficial anti-microbial properties, and has been found to be possibly effective even against MRSA, XDR-TB and 'super-gonorrhea'. Recent studies show that cannabis is effective against a number of harmful bacteria, including L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B, S. aureus, ATCC and methicillin-resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, the fungus Aspergillus versicolor (generally found on food products producing sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin). The science journal Nature reports that - 'Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol’s primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the ‘urgent threat’ pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.'
Pharma companies posted huge profits and growth based on their antibiotic drug sales, and they milked the antibiotic cow extensively over a few decades. Then suddenly humans and animals stopped responding to antibiotics. Even when pharma companies brought out new variations of these drugs by basically tweaking their compositions, they worked for a while but eventually became ineffective. What was happening was that the antibiotic was killing all bacteria, both good and bad, leaving the body with a depleted microbiome or bacterial ecosystem. People were losing their body's innate ability through their immune systems to fight bacterial infections. A vastly depleted microbiome, subjected to repeated wipe outs from frequent doses of antibiotics, was unable to restore itself to its original diversity, resulting in the human falling ill more frequently. To make things worse, bacteria mutated repeatedly to get around a particular type of antibiotic. What has happened now is that manufacture of antibiotics has hit a blank wall, in terms of how to introduce new variations to keep up with bacterial mutations. Even worse, combinations of various antibiotics now fail to work. Recently, new antibiotic-resistant bacterial varieties, called 'super bugs', have emerged which do not respond to conventional antibiotics. Many of these are being discovered in hospitals from where they spread rapidly causing complications and death. MRSA and XDR-TB are two such examples. Pharma companies, physicians and hospitals keep these outbreaks out of the public eye, as they face loss of credibility and business due to this. The problem of antibiotic resistance has reached such levels today that MSN reports - 'The problem of antibiotic resistance is described by the World Health Organisation as “one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today”. Such infections already claim more than 35,000 lives each year in the US alone, and the UN warns this annual death toll could rise to 10 million globally if no solution is found.'
Cannabis has been found to have beneficial anti-microbial properties, and has been found to be possibly effective even against MRSA, XDR-TB and 'super-gonorrhea'. Recent studies show that cannabis is effective against a number of harmful bacteria, including L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B, S. aureus, ATCC and methicillin-resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, the fungus Aspergillus versicolor (generally found on food products producing sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin). The science journal Nature reports that - 'Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol’s primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the ‘urgent threat’ pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.'
Besides showing strong anti-bacterial activity against harmful bacteria, cannabis was found to significantly increase the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, besides showing significant antioxidant capacity.
Ancient medical texts, such as the Makhzan-el-Adwiya and the Herbarium Amboinens by Rumphius, talk about the use of cannabis to treat gonorrhea. One of the main reasons why sex workers in India used cannabis, until the 19th century when it was prohibited, was not because they belonged to the lower classes and castes, as portrayed by cannabis prohibitionists, but it was to ward off sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea. Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions. The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 reports that 'The late Sir W. B. O'Shaughnessy, of Calcutta, appears to have been the first to use hemp resin in tetanus. He found that in many cases it effectually arrested the progress of the disease, but in the hands of others equally good results were not always obtained. O 'Shaughnessy explains this by the fact that the use of hemp is so universal among the lower classes, that it is only in those patients who are not habituated to it that beneficial effects are likely to ensue when the drug is administered medicinally. The treatment of tetanus by the inhalation of ganja smoke has also been recommended.' Cannabis was extensively used as medicine in India till the 19th century to ward of infectious diseases, both in humans and animals. Many of these infectious diseases had bacterial sources.
The modes through which cannabis can be administered make it a truly versatile antibiotic. It can be applied externally or ingested internally, reaching all possible places where harmful bacteria can thrive. Its safe usage profile means that it can be administered to all ages, including infants and the elderly. The risk of overdosing on cannabis, and subsequent fatality, is unheard of.
The modes through which cannabis can be administered make it a truly versatile antibiotic. It can be applied externally or ingested internally, reaching all possible places where harmful bacteria can thrive. Its safe usage profile means that it can be administered to all ages, including infants and the elderly. The risk of overdosing on cannabis, and subsequent fatality, is unheard of.
The antibiotic properties of cannabis have wide ranging applications, including in the food processing field for preserving food and beverages, and even in the construction field, where hempcrete, as a sustainable building material, shows strong anti-bacterial capabilities. Cannabis based clothing has strong anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, making it ideal for the human skin.Cannabis based cosmetics and wellness products are highly sustainable, besides being greatly beneficial for human health.
Yet the exploration of cannabis for its antibiotic properties and its commercial promotion has been minimal. Pharma companies, for one, stand to lose greatly, if it is found that cannabis can work as well as, or even better than, conventional antibiotics on humans and animals minus all the unpleasant side effects. If a person can grow a plant at home that not only takes care of protecting one's health from harmful bacteria, but also ensures that one's microbiome stays richly diverse and healthy, then the need for pharmaceutical antibiotics could drop to a very small percentage of what it is today. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the world's most environmentally damaging industries with its effluents greatly polluting water and soil. Antibiotics have been found to exist at many times higher than recommended safe levels in many of our water bodies and sewage systems, and are said to be long lasting. The reduced production, use and disposal of these synthetic antibiotics will have a direct impact in terms of reducing the amount of environmental damage that this industry is causing.
As of now the situation worldwide is that pharmaceutical antibiotic usage continues to be rampant, despite repeated warnings and recommendations from top physicians, medical associations and health organizations against its over prescription. Pharma companies ensure that pharmaceutical antibiotics are available in huge quantities even in the remotest places where humans survive. The same pharmaceutical companies possibly continue to try and ensure that cannabis does not reach even a small fraction of the persons who may benefit from it, through their vast financial, medical and political clout. Physicians continue to prescribe antibiotics for all kinds of unrelated illnesses, including viral and fungal infections. The food industry continues its widespread use of antibiotics, introducing it at various levels in the food chain.
The prohibition of cannabis needs to be lifted, so that humans and other animals can go back to the time tested method of letting their immune systems and microbiomes ward off bacterial infections through a rich and diverse bacterial community. Prohibition needs to be lifted so that humans everywhere, especially the poor and weak, can access this natural and medicinal antibiotic. If we continue down the path of pharmaceutical antibiotic dependency, we may see the day when the human population is razed by a super bug, whose actions on the human species resemble the action of a pharmaceutical antibiotic on one's microbiome. To come back from that kind of a situation will not be easy.
As of now the situation worldwide is that pharmaceutical antibiotic usage continues to be rampant, despite repeated warnings and recommendations from top physicians, medical associations and health organizations against its over prescription. Pharma companies ensure that pharmaceutical antibiotics are available in huge quantities even in the remotest places where humans survive. The same pharmaceutical companies possibly continue to try and ensure that cannabis does not reach even a small fraction of the persons who may benefit from it, through their vast financial, medical and political clout. Physicians continue to prescribe antibiotics for all kinds of unrelated illnesses, including viral and fungal infections. The food industry continues its widespread use of antibiotics, introducing it at various levels in the food chain.
The prohibition of cannabis needs to be lifted, so that humans and other animals can go back to the time tested method of letting their immune systems and microbiomes ward off bacterial infections through a rich and diverse bacterial community. Prohibition needs to be lifted so that humans everywhere, especially the poor and weak, can access this natural and medicinal antibiotic. If we continue down the path of pharmaceutical antibiotic dependency, we may see the day when the human population is razed by a super bug, whose actions on the human species resemble the action of a pharmaceutical antibiotic on one's microbiome. To come back from that kind of a situation will not be easy.
Related articles
The following list of articles taken from various media speak about the above subject. Words in italics are the thoughts of yours truly at the time of reading the article.'Guschanski says the bears serve as a sort of measuring stick for a larger problem: antibiotic resistance, which the World Health Organization calls “one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development.” The pervasive spread of antibiotic-resistant genes comes back to affect human health, creating reservoirs of bacteria able to survive even the strongest drugs.
To the scientists’ surprise, even bears living hundreds of kilometers from human settlements had nearly as many antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their dental calculus as bears living closer to humans. The research doesn’t show how this happened, but Guschanski and Brealey speculate that farm runoff may have contaminated water supplies—or hungry bears could have been feeding on antibiotic-laced prey. “Whatever happened,” Guschanski says, “it was spread all over the region.”'
https://www.science.org/news/2021/08/antibiotic-resistance-has-spread-deep-dark-forest-bear-teeth-reveal
To the scientists’ surprise, even bears living hundreds of kilometers from human settlements had nearly as many antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their dental calculus as bears living closer to humans. The research doesn’t show how this happened, but Guschanski and Brealey speculate that farm runoff may have contaminated water supplies—or hungry bears could have been feeding on antibiotic-laced prey. “Whatever happened,” Guschanski says, “it was spread all over the region.”'
https://www.science.org/news/2021/08/antibiotic-resistance-has-spread-deep-dark-forest-bear-teeth-reveal
'"One of the properties of hemp is, it's inherently anti-microbial, antibacterial, so it will absorb smells," she said, adding it prevents mold.
Goodvin is hosting a workshop on Saturday and Sunday about the basics of using hempcrete as an infill, from framing to finish for code-approved builds.
A tiny home will be framed and ready for the workshop. Participants will learn how to form, mix, and fill walls with hempcrete.
"You can actually do this yourself if that's something you want to do, or you can get a crowd of friends together and do that, too," she said. '
https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/hempcrete-alberta-company-uses-hemp-to-build-tiny-homes/ar-AAKLgmX
Goodvin is hosting a workshop on Saturday and Sunday about the basics of using hempcrete as an infill, from framing to finish for code-approved builds.
A tiny home will be framed and ready for the workshop. Participants will learn how to form, mix, and fill walls with hempcrete.
"You can actually do this yourself if that's something you want to do, or you can get a crowd of friends together and do that, too," she said. '
https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/hempcrete-alberta-company-uses-hemp-to-build-tiny-homes/ar-AAKLgmX
'Personal care giant Colgate-Palmolive has developed three active oral care formulas that integrate a cannabinoid, namely cannabidiol (CBD), for antibacterial efficacy and anti-inflammatory action. '
https://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Article/2021/04/15/Colgate-patents-cannabinoid-CBD-oral-care-toothpaste-and-mouthwash-for-antibacterial-anti-inflammatory-properties
https://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Article/2021/04/15/Colgate-patents-cannabinoid-CBD-oral-care-toothpaste-and-mouthwash-for-antibacterial-anti-inflammatory-properties
'The fungus Aspergillus versicolor is generally found on food products and produces sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin. This study reports the usefulness of polar and non-polar fractions of methanolic extract of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves against this fungus. Dried leaves of hemp were soaked in methanol for two weeks. After filtration and evaporation, water was added to the residual and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Different concentrations of each fraction were prepared which ranged from 1.562 to 200 mg mL-1. Antifungal activity was carried out in malt extract broth medium. In general, all the concentrations of the four organic solvent fractions significantly controlled the growth of A. versicolor. There was 71–82%, 59–82%, 65–80% and 69–82% decline in biomass of A. versicolor due to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, respectively. It is concluded that different fractions of leaf extract of C. sativa has remarkable potential in controlling growth of A. versicolor.'
https://wssp.org.pk/weed/ojs/index.php/pjwsr/article/view/927
https://wssp.org.pk/weed/ojs/index.php/pjwsr/article/view/927
'The problem of antibiotic resistance is described by the World Health Organisation as “one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today”.
Such infections already claim more than 35,000 lives each year in the US alone, and the UN warns this annual death toll could rise to 10 million globally if no solution is found.
But in January, research at the University of Queensland, published in the Communications Biology journal, found that CBD – the main non-psychoactive component in cannabis – was not only able to kill the bacteria responsible for “super gonorrhoea”, meningitis and legionnaires disease, but also showed “a low tendency to cause resistance in bacteria”.'
https://www.msn.com/en-gb/health/medical/cannabis-based-antibiotics-could-be-offered-on-the-nhs-in-five-years-says-expert/ar-BB1e2MEV
Such infections already claim more than 35,000 lives each year in the US alone, and the UN warns this annual death toll could rise to 10 million globally if no solution is found.
But in January, research at the University of Queensland, published in the Communications Biology journal, found that CBD – the main non-psychoactive component in cannabis – was not only able to kill the bacteria responsible for “super gonorrhoea”, meningitis and legionnaires disease, but also showed “a low tendency to cause resistance in bacteria”.'
https://www.msn.com/en-gb/health/medical/cannabis-based-antibiotics-could-be-offered-on-the-nhs-in-five-years-says-expert/ar-BB1e2MEV
'Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol’s primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the ‘urgent threat’ pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.'
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01530-y
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01530-y
'Both extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial properties (MIC 39.06 and MBC 39.06–78.13µg/ml) against both ATCC and methicillin-resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, standardized extracts of C. sativa Chinese accession could be promising for their possible use as novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of widespread S. aureus infections.'
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6891
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6891
'In the present work, Cannabis sativa L. cv Futura 75 inflorescences, cultivated in the Abruzzo territory, were characterized for their volatile fraction through SPME-GC-MS. In addition, the essential oil extracted from these inflorescences was investigated for the antioxidant potentialities and for the terpenic profile. The antibacterial activity of hemp essential oil (HEO) against some pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms isolated from food was also evaluated by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed significant antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 63.38±0.08mg TE/g HEO; FRAP: 438.52±6.92mg TE/g HEO) alongside good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and L. monocytogenes (MIC 1.25-5µL/mL). The results obtained suggest that hemp essential oil can inhibit or reduce bacterial growth, also exerting antioxidant activity, and therefore it can find an advantageous application in the food processing field.'
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786419.2020.1813139?journalCode=gnpl20
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786419.2020.1813139?journalCode=gnpl20
'Key results
While SEB [Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B] triggered ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome] and 100% mortality in mice, THC protected the mice from fatality effects. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB. THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, but decreased pathogenic microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila. FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial dysbiosis played crucial role in attenuation of SEB-mediated ARDS. THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA, of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response. Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1&2, ß-defensin-2, claudin, zonula-1, occludin-1, Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating ß-defensin-1.
Conclusions
Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways.'
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15226
While SEB [Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B] triggered ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome] and 100% mortality in mice, THC protected the mice from fatality effects. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB. THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, but decreased pathogenic microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila. FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial dysbiosis played crucial role in attenuation of SEB-mediated ARDS. THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA, of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response. Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1&2, ß-defensin-2, claudin, zonula-1, occludin-1, Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating ß-defensin-1.
Conclusions
Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways.'
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15226
'In particular, extract corresponding to CBD concentration of 0.017 and 0.3 mg/mL were effective against L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus spp. respectively. After 8 days of storage at 4°C, treated minced meat showed a bright red colour in comparison to a brownish control meat. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were significantly reduced of 2.3 log CFU/g and 1.6 log CFU/g respectively in treated meat in comparison to the control. Although preliminary, the present study suggests the antimicrobial properties of the extract of Cannabis sativa both in vitro and in minced meat.'
https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/ijfs/article/view/8581
https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/ijfs/article/view/8581
'Agencies concerned with vector-borne disease are at present coping with their problems by switching from one insecticide to another as resistance develops. But this cannot go on indefinitely, despite the ingenuity of the chemists in supplying new materials. Dr. Brown has pointed out that we are traveling 'a one-way street. No one knows how long the street is. If the dead end is reached before control of disease-carrying insects is achieved, our situation will indeed be critical.
With insects that infest crops the story is the same.' - Silent Spring, Rachel Carson, 1962
'Pure ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO were successfully synthesized by an eco-friendly method using Cannabis sativa leaves. Cannabis sativa used as a reducing and capping agent. The XRD results confirm that silver doping has not altered the structural properties of pure ZnO as have pure hexagonal wurtize structure. The Presence of AgO on the surface of Ag doped ZnO has been confirmed by TEM and XPS. The synthesized Ag-ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and different fungal strains. Silver doped ZnO nanoparticles showed the maximum inhibition zone against all bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus) whereas ZnO nanoparticles showed minimum inhibition zone. The ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles were also found effective against two different plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp. and Rosellinia necatrix) and was able to inhibit the growth of fungi. Ag-ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles removed 96% and 38% of Congo red and94% and 35% of methyl orange under solar light in 80 min. Comparatively, green synthesized Ag-ZnO nanoparticles has shown better results for antimicrobial activity and dye degradation than pure ZnO. Hence green synthesized nanoparticles could have important applications environmental science and biological fields.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217889/
'In this study, we investigated the potential role of CBG [cannabigerol] as an anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing agent against Vibrio harveyi. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system among bacteria that involves small signaling molecules called autoinducers, enabling bacteria to sense the surrounding environment. The autoinducers cause alterations in gene expression and induce bioluminescence, pigment production, motility and biofilm formation. The effect of CBG was tested on V. harveyi grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions. CBG reduced the QS-regulated bioluminescence and biofilm formation of V. harveyi at concentrations not affecting the planktonic bacterial growth. CBG also reduced the motility of V. harveyi in a dose-dependent manner. We further observed that CBG increased LuxO expression and activity, with a concomitant 80% downregulation of the LuxR gene. Exogenous addition of autoinducers could not overcome the QS-inhibitory effect of CBG, suggesting that CBG interferes with the transmission of the autoinducer signals. In conclusion, our study shows that CBG is a potential anti-biofilm agent via inhibition of the QS cascade.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7221000/
'Results of the experiment indicated that the two cannabinoid-infused mouthwashes significantly inhibited the growth of bacteria—on par with the chlorhexidine. The two over-the-counter mouthwashes, meanwhile, had little to no detectable effect.
“Cannabinoids (CBD / CBG) infused mouthwashes together with other natural key ingredients shows promising bactericidal activity in vitro against total-culturable aerobic bacterial content in dental plaque,” the study says, “with efficiency equivalent to or better than that of the gold standard (0.2% chlorhexidine).”'
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/cbd-infused-mouthwash-works-better-than-regular-products-industry-study-shows/
With insects that infest crops the story is the same.' - Silent Spring, Rachel Carson, 1962
'Pure ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO were successfully synthesized by an eco-friendly method using Cannabis sativa leaves. Cannabis sativa used as a reducing and capping agent. The XRD results confirm that silver doping has not altered the structural properties of pure ZnO as have pure hexagonal wurtize structure. The Presence of AgO on the surface of Ag doped ZnO has been confirmed by TEM and XPS. The synthesized Ag-ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and different fungal strains. Silver doped ZnO nanoparticles showed the maximum inhibition zone against all bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus) whereas ZnO nanoparticles showed minimum inhibition zone. The ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles were also found effective against two different plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp. and Rosellinia necatrix) and was able to inhibit the growth of fungi. Ag-ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles removed 96% and 38% of Congo red and94% and 35% of methyl orange under solar light in 80 min. Comparatively, green synthesized Ag-ZnO nanoparticles has shown better results for antimicrobial activity and dye degradation than pure ZnO. Hence green synthesized nanoparticles could have important applications environmental science and biological fields.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217889/
'In this study, we investigated the potential role of CBG [cannabigerol] as an anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing agent against Vibrio harveyi. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system among bacteria that involves small signaling molecules called autoinducers, enabling bacteria to sense the surrounding environment. The autoinducers cause alterations in gene expression and induce bioluminescence, pigment production, motility and biofilm formation. The effect of CBG was tested on V. harveyi grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions. CBG reduced the QS-regulated bioluminescence and biofilm formation of V. harveyi at concentrations not affecting the planktonic bacterial growth. CBG also reduced the motility of V. harveyi in a dose-dependent manner. We further observed that CBG increased LuxO expression and activity, with a concomitant 80% downregulation of the LuxR gene. Exogenous addition of autoinducers could not overcome the QS-inhibitory effect of CBG, suggesting that CBG interferes with the transmission of the autoinducer signals. In conclusion, our study shows that CBG is a potential anti-biofilm agent via inhibition of the QS cascade.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7221000/
'Results of the experiment indicated that the two cannabinoid-infused mouthwashes significantly inhibited the growth of bacteria—on par with the chlorhexidine. The two over-the-counter mouthwashes, meanwhile, had little to no detectable effect.
“Cannabinoids (CBD / CBG) infused mouthwashes together with other natural key ingredients shows promising bactericidal activity in vitro against total-culturable aerobic bacterial content in dental plaque,” the study says, “with efficiency equivalent to or better than that of the gold standard (0.2% chlorhexidine).”'
https://www.marijuanamoment.net/cbd-infused-mouthwash-works-better-than-regular-products-industry-study-shows/
'According to research published in the Journal of Natural Products, the five most common cannabinoid compounds in weed—tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabinol and cannabichromene—can kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Think MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), which claimed more lives than AIDS in 2007 or, more recently, extensively drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB.)'
'Young un-budded hemp plants provide extractions of CBDs (cannabidiolic acids). There are many antibiotic uses of the cannabidiols, including treatment for gonorrhea. A 1990 Florida study indicated its use in treating herpes. The acid side of tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiols occur inversely to the amount of the plant’s THC and is therefore more acceptable to prohibitionists because “it won’t get you high.” For virtually any disease or infection that can be treated with terramycin, cannabis derivatives did better in Czechoslovakian studies, 1952-1955. The Czechs in 1997 still published farm crop reports on strategies to grow cannabidiol rich hemp. (Also see Cohen & Stillman, Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana; Mikuriya, Tod H., M.D., Marijuana Medical Papers; Roffman, Marijuana as Medicine, 1982; International Farm Crop abstracts.) Direct contact with THC killed herpes virus in University of South Florida (Tampa) research studies by Dr. Gerald Lancz 1990, and Dr. Peter Medveczky 2004, who warn that “smoking marijuana will not cure herpes.” However, anecdotal reports indicate a faster drying and healing of the outbreak after topical application of “strong bud,” soaked in rubbing alcohol and crushed into a paste' - The Emperor wears no clothes by Jack Herer
'The leaf extracts of C. sativa, T. orientalis and P. guajava had potential for the control of both hospital- and community-acquired MRSA. Moreover, the inhibitory effect was enhanced when extracts were used in combination.'
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496418300815?via%3Dihub
'Targeting microbial virulence rather than survival is an exciting novel strategy with the potential to reduce the evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Food contamination by L. monocytogenes remains a major concern for the food processing industry, particularly the plants making ready-to-eat and processed food. The present work provides a baseline in the study of the anti-virulence properties of the EO [essential oils] of C. sativa against L. monocytogenes.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6113369/
'Young un-budded hemp plants provide extractions of CBDs (cannabidiolic acids). There are many antibiotic uses of the cannabidiols, including treatment for gonorrhea. A 1990 Florida study indicated its use in treating herpes. The acid side of tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiols occur inversely to the amount of the plant’s THC and is therefore more acceptable to prohibitionists because “it won’t get you high.” For virtually any disease or infection that can be treated with terramycin, cannabis derivatives did better in Czechoslovakian studies, 1952-1955. The Czechs in 1997 still published farm crop reports on strategies to grow cannabidiol rich hemp. (Also see Cohen & Stillman, Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana; Mikuriya, Tod H., M.D., Marijuana Medical Papers; Roffman, Marijuana as Medicine, 1982; International Farm Crop abstracts.) Direct contact with THC killed herpes virus in University of South Florida (Tampa) research studies by Dr. Gerald Lancz 1990, and Dr. Peter Medveczky 2004, who warn that “smoking marijuana will not cure herpes.” However, anecdotal reports indicate a faster drying and healing of the outbreak after topical application of “strong bud,” soaked in rubbing alcohol and crushed into a paste' - The Emperor wears no clothes by Jack Herer
'The leaf extracts of C. sativa, T. orientalis and P. guajava had potential for the control of both hospital- and community-acquired MRSA. Moreover, the inhibitory effect was enhanced when extracts were used in combination.'
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496418300815?via%3Dihub
'Targeting microbial virulence rather than survival is an exciting novel strategy with the potential to reduce the evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Food contamination by L. monocytogenes remains a major concern for the food processing industry, particularly the plants making ready-to-eat and processed food. The present work provides a baseline in the study of the anti-virulence properties of the EO [essential oils] of C. sativa against L. monocytogenes.'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6113369/
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