461. In several diseases of the organs of digestion hemp drugs are prescribed, flatulence, diarrhœa, dyspepsia, piles, and prolapsus ani being the chief. Bhang has also been prescribed to check salivation
- Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1894-95
469. Among the beneficial effects attributed to the drugs is their effect as a food accessory or digestive. This effect is more generally attributed to bhang than to the other two forms. But there are a large number of witnesses who attribute it also to the smoking of ganja. The "cooling and refreshing" cup of bhang taken by the well-to-do, especially in the hot weather, to stimulate their energies and to create an appetite for food is frequently in evidence. There would seem to be a very general use of bhang in moderation as a stimulant and digestive by the middle classes, especially in advancing years. Some of the most intelligent and enterprising classes of the community are among those who thus use bhang. This use is generally spoken of without any marked condemnation, and often even with approval; for it is the practice of the respectable classes. But after all there seems quite equally good ground for believing that the chillum of ganja taken by the labouring man after his food with the object of allaying weariness and assisting digestion is no more harmful; and there are many witnesses whose evidence is in this sense. The use of bhang in the one case is sometimes compared to the glass of wine taken at meals by a moderate consumer of alcohol, and the use of ganja in the other case to the labouring man's glass of beer or even to his pipe of tobacco. It is possible also that the effects of hemp drugs in this respect may be to a certain extent comparable with those of tea. In connection with the most recent experiments on the subject, the action of tea is thus described by Dr. Edward Smith: "It increases the assimilation of food both of the flesh and heat forming kind, and with abundance of food must promote nutrition, whilst in the absence of sufficient food it increases the waste of the body." If there is anything in this comparison, Dr. Smith's remarks regarding tea may throw some light on the statements frequently found in the evidence regarding the necessity for sufficient or nourishing food to prevent injury to the constitution from the prolonged use of hemp drugs.
- Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1894-95
The human digestive system is a complex mechanism that works on food from the moment it enters the mouth till the moment it leaves the body as feces, urine and sweat. The food absorbed is converted to energy to build, and maintain the body and brain, as well as perform all its functions. Keeping this digestive system in top condition is one of the key aspects of health. Having an optimum amount of nutrition, ensuring its proper digestion and absorption, and finally eliminating the toxic waste products, on a continuous basis are some of the keys to good health.
In our times of inadequate, excessive or imbalanced nutrition, irregular consumption and elimination, it is no surprise that the diseases of the digestive system are numerous and wide spread. The interdependence of the rest of the body systems with the digestive system result in widespread diseases across the body due to a poorly functioning digestive system. We are what we eat is a scientific reality, extending to the way feel, think and behave.
In the above context, it is worth looking at the role that cannabis plays in the proper functioning of the digestive system. Human digestive systems are some of the key locations of endo-cannabinoid receptors, indicating the evolution of man's food habits and their relation to cannabis.
One of the most significant actions of cannabis in benefiting health is the positive benefits on the digestive system. Cannabis benefits the digestive system across the entire spectrum of its functions, right from creating appetite, helping to control the amount of food intake, enabling digestion, reducing flatulence, preventing diseases of the stomach, and finally aiding in the evacuation of waste products.
In our times of inadequate, excessive or imbalanced nutrition, irregular consumption and elimination, it is no surprise that the diseases of the digestive system are numerous and wide spread. The interdependence of the rest of the body systems with the digestive system result in widespread diseases across the body due to a poorly functioning digestive system. We are what we eat is a scientific reality, extending to the way feel, think and behave.
In the above context, it is worth looking at the role that cannabis plays in the proper functioning of the digestive system. Human digestive systems are some of the key locations of endo-cannabinoid receptors, indicating the evolution of man's food habits and their relation to cannabis.
One of the most significant actions of cannabis in benefiting health is the positive benefits on the digestive system. Cannabis benefits the digestive system across the entire spectrum of its functions, right from creating appetite, helping to control the amount of food intake, enabling digestion, reducing flatulence, preventing diseases of the stomach, and finally aiding in the evacuation of waste products.
For a long time now, cannabis has been known to induce appetite, improve digestion and help in the process of waste elimination through its purgative action. The Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893-94, provides a lot of evidence of the use of cannabis in India for these purposes, until the end of the 19th century when its prohibition became widespread. Traditionally a glass of bhang as an appetizer before a meal, a chillum of ganja as a digestive after a meal, and a chillum of ganja in the morning as a purgative, was a part of the routine of many people in India. In its summary of the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1894-95, the Commission says, 'Food accessory or digestive: 469. Among the beneficial effects attributed to the drugs is their effect as a food accessory or digestive. This effect is more generally attributed to bhang than to the other two forms. But there are a large number of witnesses who attribute it also to the smoking of ganja. The "cooling and refreshing" cup of bhang taken by the well-to-do, especially in the hot weather, to stimulate their energies and to create an appetite for food is frequently in evidence. There would seem to be a very general use of bhang in moderation as a stimulant and digestive by the middle classes, especially in advancing years. Some of the most intelligent and enterprising classes of the community are among those who thus use bhang. This use is generally spoken of without any marked condemnation, and often even with approval; for it is the practice of the respectable classes. But after all there seems quite equally good ground for believing that the chillum of ganja taken by the labouring man after his food with the object of allaying weariness and assisting digestion is no more harmful; and there are many witnesses whose evidence is in this sense. The use of bhang in the one case is sometimes compared to the glass of wine taken at meals by a moderate consumer of alcohol, and the use of ganja in the other case to the labouring man's glass of beer or even to his pipe of tobacco. It is possible also that the effects of hemp drugs in this respect may be to a certain extent comparable with those of tea. In connection with the most recent experiments on the subject, the action of tea is thus described by Dr. Edward Smith: "It increases the assimilation of food both of the flesh and heat forming kind, and with abundance of food must promote nutrition, whilst in the absence of sufficient food it increases the waste of the body." If there is anything in this comparison, Dr. Smith's remarks regarding tea may throw some light on the statements frequently found in the evidence regarding the necessity for sufficient or nourishing food to prevent injury to the constitution from the prolonged use of hemp drugs.'
Regarding its purgative properties the Commission reports that - '465. Some witnesses refer to the purgative action; it is quite possible that a chillum of ganja may act in the same way as the morning pipe does with many Europeans.' Cannabis was in inherent part of cooking, with many sweets and dishes such as majum and yakuti using it as a key ingredient.
Cannabis was used for treating dysentry and diarrhoea by native physicians in many cases. In its summary on the medical uses of cannabis, the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission writes that - '461. In several diseases of the organs of digestion hemp drugs are prescribed, flatulence, diarrhœa, dyspepsia, piles, and prolapsus ani being the chief. Bhang has also been prescribed to check salivation.' There is evidence of the diuretic action of cannabis in past and recent studies.
One must remember that the majority of the users of ganja and charas were the poorest sections of society who worked hard and often went without adequate nutrition. Cannabis enabled these large numbers of persons to keep their digestive systems healthy and disease free despite the uncertainties involved with the quality and quantity of food that they consumed. For the poor, the typical diseases of the digestive system that cannabis helped to treat were inadequate food, dysentery and diarrhea from infected food and water. For the rich upper classes and castes, the problems they faced were generally the opposite of the poorer classes. For the upper classes, it was a problem of plenty where the tendency was to overeat and to eat rich food that tampered with the digestive processes. The diseases of the digestive system that the upper classes and castes faced were typically dyspepsia, flatulence and obesity. In all these cases, cannabis aided the digestive systems to remain healthy, whether it was consumed as ganja by the poorer classes or as charas and bhang by the upper classes.
As with the seemingly paradoxical aphrodisiacal qualities of cannabis, where small doses increased aphrodisia while large doses quelled it, it appears that used in small doses cannabis increased appetite while used in large doses it allayed hunger. This was primarily the reason why the majority of society were habitual moderate users of cannabis who used it for digestion and aphrodisia whereas the spiritual mendicants were habitual excessive users using it to suppress aphrodisia and quell hunger. Regarding the usage of cannabis to ward of hunger, the Commission writes that - '472. They are said to be used by the poor and on occasion by others to alleviate hunger when sufficient food is not obtainable. The alleged occasional use in this way by sepoys, who for any reason cannot devote a sufficient amount of their pay to procuring food, is interesting. One witness (Mr. E. J. Ebden, Collector of Ahmednagar) thus refers to this: "I am told on good authority that native soldiers who have gambled away their pay employ the ganja pipe as a cheap substitute for food until in funds again." Want of money from other causes might lead to the same practice; and the evidence shows that the practice is not confined to sepoys. It is especially found among wandering mendicants, and no doubt exists among other classes. The practice cannot result in permanent advantage, but the temporary relief is not to be overlooked.'
The overall medical benefits of cannabis on the digestive system are restated as follows - ' 465. The tonic, digestive, stimulant, antispasmodic, astringent, and alterative effects of the drugs are mentioned by some witnesses.'
From the vast evidence provided by individual witnesses in 19th century India to the Hemp Commission, we see the importance of cannabis for the digestive system to work properly and keep the body and mind healthy. Mr. W. H. Grimley, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur, says, 'When eaten or chewed, it is used as a medicine for colic or indigestion...It is also taken as a medicine for the cure of diarrhœa, dysentery, ...in the form of a pill, the leaves being finely ground and mixed with a little water and black-pepper....Native physicians use bhang as medicine for diarrhœa, dysentery, asthma, and dyspepsia...As a food accessory or digestive, bhang is used by people suffering from bowel-complaints or dyspepsia...It is said to allay hunger, while bhang is said to increase the appetite.' Mr. J. C. Price, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi, says, 'it promotes digestion and acts like a tonic; ...it prevents and cures dysentery and bowel complaints.' Mr. F. H. Barrow, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura, says, 'It gives ravenous appetite and enables consumer to digest what he eats.' Mr. F. H. B. Skrine, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur, says, 'Ganja and bhang in small doses may aid digestion.' Mr. A. C. Tute, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur, says, 'Bhang is a very digestive article of food.' Mr. C. R. Marindin, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad, says, 'as a food accessory or digestive.' Mr. K. G. Gupta, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal, says, 'Bhang is good as a food accessory and also as helping digestion. It is generally taken before food...bhang it is occasionally taken to relieve bowel complaints.' Mr. G. E. Manisty, Magistrate and Collector of Saran, says, 'Moderate use of bhang (a) is beneficial as a digestive;' Mr. T. L. Jenkins, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca, says, 'Bhang is used as a food accessory or digestive by the bhadra lokes and up-country men.' Mr. N. K. Bose, Officiating Magistrate and Colle ctor of Noakhali, says, 'Yes; bhang is an invaluable medicine for all kinds of bowel complaints, specially dysentery;...Moderate use of bhang is said to be beneficial as a digestive.' Mr. E. H. C. Walsh, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack, says, ' Siddhi is used as a drug in the case of bowel-complaints by native doctors...Siddhi is considered to be— (a) a digestive;...is believed to be good for old people on account of its being digestive.' Mr. J. H. Bernard, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia, says, 'Moderate use promotes appetite.' Mr. C. A. S. Bedford, Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum, says, 'Kabirajes use the drug (Bejaya bhang) for sleeplessness, loss of appetite, indigestion, chronic diarrhœa, dyspepsia...Not as food accessory, but as a digestive.' Rai Nandakisore Das, Bahadur, District Officer of Angul, Cuttack, says, 'Both ganja and bhang are digestive.' Mr. W. Maxwell, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore, says, 'Bhang and ganja are prescribed for chronic dysentery. ..Native practitioners told me that— they cause an appetite;' Chunder Narain Singh, Kayasth, Deputy Collector, at present employed as Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Bhagalpur Division, says, 'Bhang is sometimes used, either alone or mixed with other articles, as an aid to appetite and digestion.' Babu Ram Charan Bose, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas, says, 'The drug is used for healing complaints of the stomach...Bhang is used as a drink to sharpen appetite or as an accessory to digestion. Moderate use of bhang removes complaints of the stomach.' Babu Gopal Chunder Mookerjee, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour, says, 'Bhang is prescribed by native kavirajes in cases of diarrhœa and indigestion.' Babu Pran Kumar Das, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan, says, 'Siddhi is used as a medicine for bowel complaints and to improve digestion. I have seen kabirajes using it.' Babu Gobind Chandra Basak, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District, says, 'Bhang is used as a digestive.' Babu Dina Nath De, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia, says, 'It makes a man digest his food.' Babu Ganendra Nath Pal, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon, says, 'The moderate use of ganja and bhang may, in my opinion, be beneficial in its effects as a food digestive...The few of the upper class who use ganja smoke it as digestive.' Babu Ganganath Roy, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong, says, 'Kabirajes (native physicians) use ganja and bhang in the preparation of medicines for loose-bowels, dyspepsia, diarrhœa, skin diseases, dysentery, pain and impotency. They are also used in tonic medicines. I am told that a medicinal preparation made up of ganja, bhang, and several other ingredients are administered to cattle when suffering from loose-bowels...Ganja and bhang are beneficial in their effects as digestives.' Babu Bhairan Nath Palit, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum, says, 'The moderate use of ganja or bhang gives much benefit to the digestive function of their respective consumers.' Babu Jaga Mohan Bhattacharjya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to Commissioner, Chittagong, says, 'Bhang is used as a digestive, or at least an appetiser.' Babu Manmohan Chakravarti, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa, says, 'Bhang in moderate quantities is digestive, acting as a cooling beverage in summer ...moderate habitual use is believed to act as preventive of dysentery and diarrhœa.' Babu Prokash Chunder Roy, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna, says, 'Old bhang is often used by hakims and baids for diseases of the stomach ...Moderate use of ganja and bhang after meals is said to be beneficial as a digestive to those who have made it a habit...Bhang is often used as a preventive of diarrhœa. Bhang is used as a digestive by all classes who use it either habitually or occasionally after a meal.' Babu Kanti Bhushan Sen, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack, says, 'As regards siddhi, it is generally used among the people in various bowel complaints. Bhâba Prakâs, a Hindu medical treatise, adopted by eminent native doctors, embodies the results of the Tantras (scientific treatises) and of the Charaka, Sustruta, and Bhagbata. It describes the effects of siddhi in following terms:— (Sanskrit sloka, romanized):— "Bhangá kafaharí tiktá gráhiní páchaní laghuh. "Tikshnoshná pittalá mohamada-bágbanhi bardhiní." The sloka may be thus rendered:— Bhanga or siddhi is expectorant, bitter astringent, digestive, refreshing, stimulant, bile-forming, intoxicant, produces loquaciousness of inebriates, and appetizing. I do not know whether any of the preparations is used in the treatment of cattle disease...Ganja and bhang are beneficial— (a) As digestive.' Babu Abhilas Chandra Mukerjee Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal, says, 'Yes. Increases appetite, and improves the health and the digestive power....I have seen boatmen and others who smoke ganja and bhadralok who drink bhang habitually can endure any amount of fatigue and exposure, can eat food with good appetite, can sleep soundly, and work hard and cheerfully. They also keep good health. Many people who had suffered from dyspepsia have been cured of the disease by the moderate and habitual use of bhang.' Babu Rajani Prasad Neogy, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh, says, 'Bhang is prescribed for all sorts of bowel complaints and for debility...Moderate habitual use of bhang is beneficial in its effects— (a) As a digestive. (b) Nil. (c) As a preventive of bowel complaints. (d) Nil. Bhang is used as a digestive (a) by about 2 per cent. of the Bhadralok classes, and as a preventive of bowel complaints by men of all classes who happen to be subject to the malady.' Babu Banku Behari Dutt, Excise Deputy Collector, Backergunge, says, 'The moderate uses of bhang and ganja are food accessory and digestive.' Babu Gour Das BysackA, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta, says, 'Bhang is administered medicinally in cases of bowel complaints:..Bhang is specially beneficial in chronic diarrhœa;' Babu Hem Chunder Kerr, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah, says, 'Bhang is recommended by native physicians to persons suffering from long protracted chronic diarrhœa, who find it very efficacious in checking their complaints. ...Yes; moderate habitual use may be so to the classes who cannot afford for alcoholic drinks, but yet require some such substance to aid their functions of the stomach.' Babu Sir Chunder Soor, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi, says, 'The few of upper and middle men who use ganja, use it as a food accessory or digestive.' Mr. F. H. Tucker, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur, says, 'Bhang is prescribed to arrest the progress of diarrhœa.' Mr. R. L. Ward, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi, says, 'The moderate occasional use of ganja or bhang is beneficial as a digestive.' Mahamahopadhya Mahesha Chandra Nyayaratna, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta, says, 'One of its effects is that it stimulates appetite.' Babu Pratapchandra Ghosha, Registrar of Calcutta, says, 'Bhang is frequently used in small doses as a food accessory and digestive, and it has been seen to cure certain dyspeptic and diarrhœtic complaints.' Rai Kamalapati Ghosal Bahadur, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas, says, 'Siddhi or bhang is prescribed on account of its medicinal qualities by native physicians or kabirajes, and it is mixed with some of the important medicines in cases of diarrhœa, etc...As far as I know siddhi or bhang has some digestive quality, and a moderate occasional use of it does good to those who suffer from bowel complaints and some moderate consumers take it on occasion of festivals, &c., for the sake of pleasure and for taking more quantity of food than usual. This practice is followed more by some of the young men of the upper class chiefly, and not by men of advanced ages unless they be habitual moderate consumers of the siddhi drug or suffering from some bowel complaints.' Surgeon-Major R. Cobb, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Dacca, says, 'Kabirajes use bhang in bowel complaints especially. The preparations of Cannabis indica are largely used by native doctors, generally in the treatment of dysentery, chronic diarrhœa, etc. ..I have found the moderate use of Cannabis indica very useful in the prevention and treatment of attacks of chronic dysentery.' Surgeon-Captain D. Prain, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, says, 'Not directly, but indirectly by acting so as to allay fatigue and enable the natural digestive powers to act.' Assistant Surgeon Rai Taraprosanna Rai Bahadur, Baidya, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta, says, 'Siddhi is used medicinally for digestive disorders. It notably increases the appetite. Ganja also does the same.' Rai Bahadur Kanny Loll Dey, C.I.E., late Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta, says, 'Bhang and ganja are prescribed by native doctors in bowel complaints and are recommended as appetisers. ..They are great appetisers.' Assistant Surgeon Upendra Nath Sen, Officiating Civil Medical Officer, Malda, says, 'Siddhi or bhang is prescribed by native physicians in atonic dyspepsia, diarrhœa'. Assistant Surgeon Bosonto Kumar Sen, in Civil Medical Charge, Bogra, says, 'Both ganja and bhang are used by kabirajes for medicinal purpose in bowel complaints...Ganja and bhang are not parts of food, but undoubtedly they increase the appetite.' Assistant Surgeon Soorjee Narain Singh, Kayasth, Bankipur, says, 'Siddhi is used in the treatment of diarrhœa, dyspepsia, gonorrhœa and seminal debility, also as a diuretic. ..The moderate habitual use of bhang does increase the appetite, and the consumers seem to thrive well, for instance, the Brajobasis of Mathura and many of the up-country Hindus. Such use of ganja or charas also increases the desire for food in many, although the consumers can seldom take much food. In fact ganja or charas ultimately extinguishes appetite. The appetising effect of bhang also is an abnormal one.' Kailas Chundra Bose, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta, says, 'Bhang is often used by the kabirajes and hakims in the treatment of chronic diarrhœa and dysentery; it is also used in dyspepsia. Kamashwar modak, Gangadhar churna, are made from the dried leaves of fresh siddhi. Bhang is considered as a powerful stomachic tonic and astringent. ..Bhang in small doses acts as digestive.' Mohim Chunder Roy, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Nator, Rajshahi, says, 'The moderate use of one or other of these drugs may excite cravings for food, especially sweets, which, if satisfied unchecked, often bring on indigestion.' Kedareswar Acharjya, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia, says, 'Kavirajes prescribe old bhang fried in ghee and mixed generally with carminatives, in cases of chronic diarrhœa and dysentery.' Mohes Chunder Ghose, G.M.C.B., Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Ramnagar, 24-Parganas, says, 'Bhang is much used among native doctors, especially housewives, as a corrective of dyspepsia and as a remedy to remove tendency to looseness of the bowels, and doctors of the western system of medicine do not discountenance its use on account of their observation of its good effects in some cases. ..Bhang may be used safely as a help for weak digestion, and the natives of the up-country provinces are generally in the habit of so using it daily.' Prasad Das Mallik, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli, says, 'The consumption of bhang sharpens the appetite and helps the process of digestion; hence is often prescribed in the form of tincture in dyspepsia. Ganja acts as a food accessory in religious mendicants and beggars who have their meals at irregular hours, and who, during their period of starvation, resort to ganja-smoking, which has the effect of preventing hunger.' Nocoor Chander Banerji, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur, says, 'Yes; native doctors or kabirajes use ganja or bhang in the several diseases of human beings, and also in several diseases of the cattle, such as loss of appetite and diarrhœa...Yes; the moderate consumption of ganja or bhang primarily gives more appetite and proves digestive.' Rakhal Das Ghosh, Private Medical Practitioner, Calcutta, says, 'Bhang or siddhi is a household remedy of the natives of Bengal for various complaints, especially indigestion. I have seen persons suffering very badly from dyspepsia materially benefited by the moderate use of bhang, combined with aromatics, before food. For its benefit in indigestion, stomach-ache, loss of appetite, and other complaints, it enjoys a good repute amongst the orthodox Hindus, who never forget to put the name of siddhi (signifying success) at the head of the list of articles intended to be bought for any social or religious ceremonies.' Ram Chander Goopta, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District, says, 'The qualities of bhang as prescribed in the Ayurveda-Sastra are given below:—Curer of phlegm, it tastes bitter and is retentive, increases appetite, pungent, light, i.e., easily digested, and intoxicating. (From Bhab Prokash) Bhang is pungent and increases appetite, ...Consequently I think that bhang has digestive power as it increases appetite, and it relieves fatigue as it gives pleasure when taken.' Maharaja Girijanath Roy Bahadur, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur, says, 'Ganja and bhang are digestive, and alleviate acidity, etc.' Maharaja Bahadoor Sir Joteendra Mohun Tagore, K.C.S.I., Calcutta, says, 'It is generally drunk and is medicinal to some extent in helping digestion. It is largely used in the preparations of the medicines administered by the Kabirajes (native physicians) and is considered both as an appetiser and aphrodisiac.' Babu Rughu Nandan Prasadha, Zamindar, Patna, says, 'The moderate use of bhang may be beneficial in its effects— (a) As a food accessory or digestive. Under the influence of bhang a larger quantity of food, especially of a saccharine and starchy kind, can be consumed and digested, and this effect is popularly well-known.' Mr. A. G. M. Wodschow, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea, says, 'Ganja.—In cases of pain in the stomach.' Babu Gauri Shankar, Manager, Bachour, Darbhanga, says, 'Medicinally, bhang is reported to be eradicative or at least palliative of constipation, and to alleviate the pains of piles.' Babu Sasi Bhusan Roy, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District, says, 'The native school of medicine makes very extensive use of bhang or siddhi for internal use in such diseases as indigestion, diarrhœa, dysentery, etc.' Babu Mahendra Chandra Mitra, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas, says, 'Dyspeptic persons have their appetites stimulated.' Babu Sasadhar Roy, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Rajshahi, says, 'Yes, bhang is given by the kabiraj in diarrhœa, dysentery and other bowel complaints;' Babu Beprodas Banerjee, Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality, says, 'Before a feast, you will see all ganja smokers having a pull. It gives appetite and is digestive too. Bhang is well-known for this effect. Many hawkers sell hajmi guli (digestive pills). It contains a little bhang, and is most extensively used.' Babu Anango Mohan Naha, Kayasth, Judge's Court Pleader, Comilla, Tippera District, says, 'Native physicians prescribe bhang or some preparation of it in acute disorders of the stomach of men. I have known of cases of this nature where bhang did excellent work in curing looseness of stomach.' Babu Gurudayal Sinha, Kayasth, Honorary Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner and Secretary, Total Abstinence Society, Comilla, Tippera, says, 'Bhang is prescribed by native physicians as medicine in cases of dyspepsia, dysentery and diarrhœa, but the lower classes of people only use it.' Umagati Rat, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association, 'I have seen many persons suffering from dysentery and bowel complaints using bhang under the directions of the kavirajes. Bhang is also used by the kavirajes in the preparation of medicines for dysentery, grihini (chronic dysentery) and diarrhoea. I had to use such medicines myself for some time for similar affections.' District Board, Monghyr (Sub-Committee), says, 'Bhang used in ...intestinal disorders by native physicians; also very useful in dysentery. ..Bhang in moderation promotes appetite, much as moderate use of alcohol; not so with charas. Ganja-smokers are unanimous in saying that it increases appetite, gives staying-power under exertion, and allays fatigue.' Surgeon-Major J. W. U. Macnamara, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Tezpur, says, 'Bhang is used in stomach and bowel complaints. It is said to assist digestion and act as an antispasmodic and narcotic....I think the moderate use of bhang beneficial (a) as a digestive'. Mr. A. E. Lowrie, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda, says, 'In this district native doctors prescribe it largely for diarrhœa, pain in the stomach, piles, and impotency...Yes, the occasional moderate use of ganja is beneficial as a digestive.' Apothecary Goerge Murphy, Civil Surgeon, Mandla, says, 'Ganja and bhang are both used as digestives. Ganja is ofen smoked to allay hunger during long journeys.' Mr. Tara Dass Banerji, President, District Council, Raipur, says, 'Native physicians use bhang largely in the preparation of "módaks"—emulsions for the cure of indigestion and of debility.' Mr. E. Turner, Collector of Madura, says, 'Prescribed to promote digestion, to revive appetite and to check diarrhœa.' Mr. E. L. Vaughan, Acting Sub-Collector, Dindigul, says, 'Ganja is prescribed by native doctors to promote digestion, to check diarrhœa, and to revive appetite...Native doctors weaken its power and use it in preparations to accelerate digestion, to prevent indigestion, and to invigorate the nerves.' Mr. W. Francis, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Ramnad, says, 'Ganja is used medicinally by native doctors for complaints in the stomach...Ganja is said to he marked in its effect on digestion, which it assists'. R. Saminatha Iyer, Brahmin, Acting Deputy Tahsildar, Coonoor, says, 'For children generally the native doctors prescribe a sort of solid preparation mixed with ganja to regulate digestion.' Manchaller Jagannadham, Brahmin, Pleader, Bapathla, Ristna District, says, 'Telugu people use ganja plant in the treatment of dysentery along with other ingredients and in certain electuaries intended for improving the general tone of the body.' Rao Bahadur Narayan Ganesh Deshpande, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Belgaum, says, 'Yes; in the case of dysentery bhang is prescribed. It is used as tonic to the convalescent.' Yashvant Nilkanth, Patana Prabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay, says, 'The moderate use of ganja or bhang, combined with highly nourishing food, is said to be beneficial in its effects. It improves digestion and alleviates fatigue.' Mr. T. G. Foard, Superintendent of Police, Cambay, says, 'Bhang produces a most ravenous appetite and aids digestion. The more bhang a person drinks, the more food he will eat. Its effect lasts for about three hours.' Ganesh Krishna Garde, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City, says, 'Bhang is used as a digestive and cooling beverage by the people of Northern India in the hot season, and, in the form of powder as a digestive and stimulant in the cold season. In the hot season it counteracts the depressive and enervating effects of the parching heat of North-Western and Central Provinces and Bengal, and in the cold season it counteracts the effects of cold by stimulating the circulation and increasing nervous activity.' Uttamram Jeewanram, Itchapooria, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat, says, 'I used bhang in pains, rheumatism, fevers loss of appetite, restlessness, burning symptoms in phthisis, dysentery, acute and chronic diarrhœa, cramps, hysteria, headache, tetanus, muscular rheumatism, brain fever, and hætmorrhage. Ganja is used in cases of loss of appetite, loss of sleep, and colic, and sometimes as a stimulant... The moderate use of ganja and bhang is beneficial. Bhang is a food accessory. Ganja taken on empty stomach injures the constitution, but if taken after food, it is digestive and refreshing in exertion and fatigue.' Ramchandra Krishna Kothavale, Brahmin, Inamdur, Taluka Wai, in Satara District, says, 'It is not as food accessory, but it is used to give tone to digestive system...It does no harm, but on the contrary tones the digestive system and rest as a mild stimulant in general.' Desaibhai Kalidas, Brahmin (Khedaval), Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Kaira, says, 'The moderate use of charas and ganja creates good appetite and acts as a food-digestive. It also increases strength of body. The use of bhang as a drink also whets the appetite and acts as a food digestive, but so long as its effect continues. Both the moderate habitual and the moderate occasional use produce the same effect in the case of the drugs ; the latter on account of being not assimilated with the system as a habit, being in degree more effective than the former.' Laldas Laxmonji, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay, says, 'Ganja smoking is prescribed for indigestion by native doctors. In my own case, when I was about eighteen years of age, I first began to smoke ganja as a medicinal remedy, and the effect of the remedy was successful. ...The moderate habitual smoker and the moderate occasional smoker of ganja finds that the smoking of the drug improves his digestion.' Pesumal Narumal, Farmer and Merchant, Hyderabad, says, 'Old persons use bhang for aiding the powers of digestion.' Lieutenant-Colonel C. B. Cooke, Commissioner of Pegu, says, 'Maung Lu Maung, Thugyi of Yindaw (Yamethin district), states :— It is still used medicinally by some suffering from long-standing dysentery and diarrhœa. Maung Gyi, Myook of Lew (Yamethin district), states :— ... Ganja is also used for curing dysentery and diarrhœa. It is then mixed with sugar or jagri in equal proportion. There are two kinds of ganja, one is black and the other is white. I do not know the difference in the qualities of these two kinds of ganja. Maung Gyi, Head Constable of Wundwin (Meiktila district), states: I also saw some putting a little in their curry. It was said to be very appetizing. ...Maung Lat, Myook of Wundwin (Meiktila district), states :—I have seen children suffering from dysentery cured by rubbing ganja pounded and mixed in water on the navel.' Army Witness No. 67 says, 'The moderate use of bhang is said to help digestion and promote appetite, and I can quite understand it having this good effect.' Army Witness No. 116 says, 'It is apparently considered that in cold weather the moderate use of ganja and bhang promotes the warmth of the body and creates an appetite. To the habitual consumer it is beneficial, as to be without it makes him uneasy, irritable, disinclined to work and wanting in appetite. The moderate use of bhang has a cooling effect in the hot weather; a regular consumer of bhang is said to be comparatively free from the diarrhœa and slight dysentery which non-consumers amongst natives are so liable to on the march or in a new station from drinking water with properties they are not accustomed to.' Army Witness No. 162 says, 'If taken in moderation, the use of these drugs is supposed to be beneficial, inasmuch as it is said to promote digestion, create appetite and nullify the effects of bad water.' Army Witness No. 219 says, 'A little ganja or bhang taken with bread is the same as vegetables with meat, and is therefore used by poorer classes to make inferior food more palatable, and taken in this way it is beneficial.'
We see evidence of the benefits of cannabis to the digestive system even in the case of animals such as cattle, camels, horses and elephants where it was used as medicine to restore digestive health in these animals.
There were a number of witnesses who alleged that the use of cannabis caused dysentery. In this regard, the Commission summarizes - 'The direct connection alleged between dysentery and the use of hemp drugs the Commission consider to be wholly without any foundation. In the case of bhang there is nothing in the physiological action of the drug which could in any way set up an acute inflammation of the large intestine resulting in ulceration. On the contrary, it is well known that hemp resin is a valuable remedial agent in dysentery. As regards ganja or charas smoking inducing dysentery, even assuming that the products of the destructive distillation of the drugs directly reached the intestines, there is evidence that those products, when condensed and injected into a cat's stomach, failed to induce any inflammatory process. The connection, therefore, between hemp drug smoking and dysentery appears even remoter than in the case of bhang drinking and that disease, and cannot be accepted by any stretch of the imagination as even a possible direct cause of dysentery.'
The multiple ways in which cannabis can be consumed helped made it a pervasive part of Indian social life, until the end of the 19th century when it started getting prohibited.
As any cannabis smoker will tell you, its action on the human body starts within seconds of intake, if you smoke it, and within a few minutes if you eat or drink it. A person's sense of smell and taste are immediately enhanced. I almost instantly start feeling pangs of hunger if I am on an empty stomach. My stomach seems to lighten up if I've just had a heavy meal. Cannabis seems to make me conscious of every aspect of consuming food and drink, and seems to nudge me towards healthy food consumption behavior, preferring organic and wholesome food, and this too in measured quantities. The next morning after consuming cannabis, my body's purgative action is excellent and I invariably have an excellent evacuation of the bowels making me feel light and healthy. There is a sweet taste on my tongue after bowel evacuation which is an indicator of the healthy digestive system. In this regard, I believe that cannabis has vast protective properties for the digestive system that go way beyond what is immediately evident, based on investigations into certain diseases that arise in the digestive system.
One of the key problems that we see today, in terms of diseases that plague the digestive system, is that not only do we eat unhealthy food, at unhealthy times, we also tend to overeat, thus creating tremendous stress on our digestive systems. Obesity is one of the biggest health problems facing humans today. Cannabis was used by many among the poorest classes, including religious mendicants, to stave off hunger, and also to stay healthy despite reduced consumption of food. Many witnesses speak of this benefit of cannabis consumption. In this regard, a detailed account can be found in the Indian Hemp Commission's report of 1895. Even though this involved a rhesus macaque, the behavior of the macaque corroborated the evidence of witnesses in terms of how cannabis helped one to stay nourished, despite a reduced intake of food. The Hemp Commission writes in its summary on the effects of cannabis inhalation as follows: '483. The following interesting account of an experiment [on a rhesus macaque for eight months] on the effects of the systematic inhalation of the smoke of ganja conducted by Dr. D.D. Cunningham at the request of the Commission is extracted from his report (Vol. III Appendices)...The only permanent appreciable effect resulting from the treatment manifested itself in the form of a very considerable diminution in appetite for food, which set in shortly after the initiation of the experiment, and thereafter remained persistent throughout its entire course.' Dr. Cunningham reports that - "On laying the body open, the phenomenon which at once attracted attention, as unlike any ordinarily present in those of caged monkeys, was the great amount of fat accumulated in the omentum, the mesentery, and the visceral and parietal pericardium. This was specially noteworthy in connection with the markedly diminished ingestion of food which had characterised the subject of the experiment during the greater part of its course, and with the coincident considerable reduction in body weight which had occurred. The body generally appeared to be fairly well nourished, and a considerable amount of subcutaneous fat was present....But the only persistent symptom attending the treatment during life was a considerable diminution in appetite for food, so that, in so far as the results of a single experiment afford any ground for inference, it would appear that the most important effect of the habitual employment of inhalations of the smoke of ganja is to give rise to diminution in the normal processes of tissue-waste to such a degree that local accumulations of fat are liable to occur even in spite of the coincident and similarly originating diminution in the ingestion of food. The diminution in activity of the normal processes of tissue waste tends, on the one hand, to give rise to decreased ingestion of food, and, on the other, to local accumulation of fat in spite of this. But if the habitual practice of inhalations of the drug really do produce such effects, it is clear that, in place of being hurtful, it may be positively beneficial to people who are obliged to undergo exertions without having the means of procuring a diet fully adapted to make good the amount of tissue waste normally associated with them."
In the modern context, cannabis has been used to fight cancers of the colon, pancreas and rectum. Cannabis has been used to treat ulcerative colitis, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. Cannabis is increasingly seen as a means of improving the appetite of HIV and cancer patients. Current studies demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB[Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B]-mediated ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome] and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways. Regarding gastroparesis, NORML reports that - 'Gastroparesis patients who regularly consume cannabis require shorter lengths of hospitalization than non-users, according to data published in the journal Clinical Gastroenterology. Gastroparesis is a disease characterized by the partial paralysis of the stomach. Symptoms of the disease include: poor appetite, weight loss, chronic abdominal pain, and vomiting.'
The above are just a few of the ways in which cannabis is said to aid in the functioning and health of the digestive system. Combine this with its antibiotic properties, taste-enhancing properties, anti-nausea properties and metabolic stabilization properties and we start to understand why historically, and increasingly in the modern world, cannabis is such an important aid to the health of the digestive system. This is not just in humans but in a number of other animals as well.
Compare this with our recent tendencies to have a different pill, and in many cases a number of different pills, for everything from flatulance, constipation, diarrhoea, lack of appetite, nausea, pain, etc., and we can see how far we have strayed away from the time tested and sustainable natural path that life walked through all these years. Let us look at the commonly used analgesic paracetamol. Wikipedia says - 'Chronic consumption of paracetamol may result in a drop in hemoglobin level indicating possible gastrointestinal bleeding and abnormal liver function tests. There is a consistent association of increased mortality as well as cardiovascular (stroke, myocardial infarction), gastrointestinal (ulcers, bleeding) and renal adverse effects with taking higher dose of paracetamol. The drug may also increase the risk of developing hypertension.'
Considering that the cannabis plant is now prohibited world wide, forcing everybody to subject their digestive systems to an assault of pharmaceutical drugs, if they can access and afford it that it, in addition to all the other unhealthy habits of food and lifestyle, is it any surprise that nature may be looking at humans now as an indigestion, and working on ways to eliminate us as toxins and waste products from her system?
Related articles
Below are articles related to the above subject. Words in italics are my thoughts related to the above subject.
The daily use of herbal cannabis provides sustained relief to patients diagnosed with chronic pouchitis, according to data published in the journal ACG Case Reports. (Pouchitis is an inflammatory condition that frequently occurs in patients following surgery to treat ulcerative colitis.)
Israeli researchers assessed the use of cannabis in nine patients with treatment-resistant pouchitis. Patients inhaled one gram of herbal cannabis (16 percent THC) daily in addition to their regular medications. Patients were monitored for one year.
Investigators reported: “Symptom improvement was reported by eight of nine patients, including improvements in abdominal pain and swelling, nausea, appetite, and general well-being. Mood, memory, concentration, sleep, alertness, and daily function were also improved. Patients reported no events of hallucinations, negative behavioral effects, restlessness, or confusion. None reported IBD [inflammatory bowel disease] exacerbation.”
They concluded: “To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of cannabis consumption among patients with chronic pouchitis. … Cannabis use led to significant symptomatic improvement and better quality of life in this group of patients with refractory pouchitis. Larger, controlled studies are needed to further evaluate the role of cannabis in the treatment of chronic pouchitis.”
Prior studies have shown that cannabis can mitigate symptoms associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and gastroparesis.
'Investigators affiliated with the New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and other universities reviewed results from 29 selected studies published between 2012 and 2022. Most studies reported “reduced clinical complications” following cannabis treatment.
“Following treatment with cannabis cigarettes, … there tends to be a better patient perception of their general health, proving statistically significant and reflecting the promising effects of using cannabinoids in addressing IBD,” the study’s authors wrote. “Simultaneous improvements … suggest that the use of cannabinoids yields notable improvements in IBD patients’ social functioning, as well as improvements in the parameters of depression, body pain, and the ability to work.”
They concluded: “[C]annabis … yields promising outcomes. … It is recommended that in the future, more and more in vivo and in vitro studies are conducted … to foster a better understanding of the extent to which cannabinoids could play a protective role in IBD patients.”'
https://norml.org/news/2023/04/20/literature-review-cannabis-promising-in-treating-symptoms-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseases/
“Following treatment with cannabis cigarettes, … there tends to be a better patient perception of their general health, proving statistically significant and reflecting the promising effects of using cannabinoids in addressing IBD,” the study’s authors wrote. “Simultaneous improvements … suggest that the use of cannabinoids yields notable improvements in IBD patients’ social functioning, as well as improvements in the parameters of depression, body pain, and the ability to work.”
They concluded: “[C]annabis … yields promising outcomes. … It is recommended that in the future, more and more in vivo and in vitro studies are conducted … to foster a better understanding of the extent to which cannabinoids could play a protective role in IBD patients.”'
https://norml.org/news/2023/04/20/literature-review-cannabis-promising-in-treating-symptoms-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseases/
'A team of investigators from Puerto Rico and the United States surveyed 162 IBD patients regarding their attitudes toward cannabis.
Twenty-three percent of respondents said that they consumed cannabis products specifically to address symptoms of IBD, such as pain, decreased appetite, insomnia, and anxiety. Over 85 percent of respondents who consumed cannabis for therapeutic purposes said that it improved their symptoms.
The findings are consistent with those of other surveys showing that a significant percentage of IBD patients acknowledged using cannabis and gaining relief from it.
“The use of medical cannabis to relieve symptoms is frequent in patients with IBD, although knowledge about cannabis among patients and physicians is limited,” the study’s authors concluded. “Our study supports the need for more investigation in this area, as well as an increase in educational programs for patients and physicians.”'
https://norml.org/news/2023/04/06/survey-ibd-patients-frequently-report-using-medical-cannabis-for-symptom-relief/
Twenty-three percent of respondents said that they consumed cannabis products specifically to address symptoms of IBD, such as pain, decreased appetite, insomnia, and anxiety. Over 85 percent of respondents who consumed cannabis for therapeutic purposes said that it improved their symptoms.
The findings are consistent with those of other surveys showing that a significant percentage of IBD patients acknowledged using cannabis and gaining relief from it.
“The use of medical cannabis to relieve symptoms is frequent in patients with IBD, although knowledge about cannabis among patients and physicians is limited,” the study’s authors concluded. “Our study supports the need for more investigation in this area, as well as an increase in educational programs for patients and physicians.”'
https://norml.org/news/2023/04/06/survey-ibd-patients-frequently-report-using-medical-cannabis-for-symptom-relief/
'Study participants reported that their use of cannabis was effective at mitigating endometriosis-related pain and gastrointestinal issues. Respondents also reported improvements in mood following marijuana consumption.
“With emerging evidence internationally demonstrating that women are utilizing illicit cannabis as a self-management strategy for the pain and the associated symptoms of endometriosis, this paper demonstrates that Canadian women are also utilizing legally obtained and quality-assured products to manage endometriosis symptoms across domains such as pelvic pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and mood,” authors concluded. “Clinical trials investigating the tolerability and effectiveness of cannabis for endometriosis pain and associated symptoms are urgently required.”'
https://norml.org/news/2021/10/28/study-endometriosis-patients-report-successfully-managing-symptoms-with-cannabis
“With emerging evidence internationally demonstrating that women are utilizing illicit cannabis as a self-management strategy for the pain and the associated symptoms of endometriosis, this paper demonstrates that Canadian women are also utilizing legally obtained and quality-assured products to manage endometriosis symptoms across domains such as pelvic pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and mood,” authors concluded. “Clinical trials investigating the tolerability and effectiveness of cannabis for endometriosis pain and associated symptoms are urgently required.”'
https://norml.org/news/2021/10/28/study-endometriosis-patients-report-successfully-managing-symptoms-with-cannabis
'Abstract
Given the abundancy of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors density, beyond the lung, the intestine is considered as an alternative site of infection and replication for severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently been proposed in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) respiratory symptoms because of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity exerted in the lung. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro PPAR-?-dependent efficacy of CBD (10-9-10-7 M) in preventing epithelial damage and hyperinflammatory response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) in a Caco-2 cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that CBD was able to reduce all the analyzed proinflammatory markers triggered by SP incubation, such as tool-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), ACE-2, family members of Ras homologues A-GTPase (RhoA-GTPase), inflammasome complex (NLRP3), and Caspase-1. CBD caused a parallel inhibition of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and IL-18 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed increased expression of tight-junction proteins and restoration of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) following CBD treatment, as well as the rescue of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran permeability induced by SP. Our data indicate, in conclusion, that CBD is a powerful inhibitor of SP protein enterotoxicity in vitro.'
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.7302
Given the abundancy of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors density, beyond the lung, the intestine is considered as an alternative site of infection and replication for severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently been proposed in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) respiratory symptoms because of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity exerted in the lung. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro PPAR-?-dependent efficacy of CBD (10-9-10-7 M) in preventing epithelial damage and hyperinflammatory response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) in a Caco-2 cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that CBD was able to reduce all the analyzed proinflammatory markers triggered by SP incubation, such as tool-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), ACE-2, family members of Ras homologues A-GTPase (RhoA-GTPase), inflammasome complex (NLRP3), and Caspase-1. CBD caused a parallel inhibition of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and IL-18 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed increased expression of tight-junction proteins and restoration of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) following CBD treatment, as well as the rescue of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran permeability induced by SP. Our data indicate, in conclusion, that CBD is a powerful inhibitor of SP protein enterotoxicity in vitro.'
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.7302
'The relevance and incidence of intestinal bowel diseases (IBD) have been increasing over the last 50 years and the current therapies are characterized by severe side effects, making essential the development of new strategies that combine efficacy and safety in the management of human IBD. Herbal products are highly considered in research aimed at discovering new approaches for IBD therapy and, among others, Cannabis sativa L. has been traditionally used for centuries as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedy also in different gastrointestinal disorders. This study aims to investigate the effects of different C. sativa isolated compounds in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. The ability of treatments to modulate markers of intestinal dysfunctions was tested on Caco-2 intestinal cell monolayers. Our results, obtained by evaluation of ROS production, TEER and paracellular permeability measurements and tight junctions evaluation show Cannabidiol as the most promising compound against intestinal inflammatory condition. Cannabidiol is able to inhibit ROS production and restore epithelial permeability during inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions, suggesting its possible application as adjuvant in IBD management.'
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.641210/full
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.641210/full
NSAIDs for inflammation such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen increase risk of a range of gastrointestinal (GI) problems, kidney disease and adverse cardiovascular events. Large doses of NSAIDs significantly suppress the production of immune cells. By inhibiting physiological COX activity, all NSAIDs increase the risk of kidney disease and through a related mechanism, heart attack.
Higher doses of analgesics like paracetamol may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Paracetamol poisoning is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. There is a consistent association of increased mortality as well as cardiovascular (stroke, myocardial infarction), gastrointestinal (ulcers, bleeding) and renal adverse effects with taking higher dose.
Higher doses of analgesics like paracetamol may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Paracetamol poisoning is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. There is a consistent association of increased mortality as well as cardiovascular (stroke, myocardial infarction), gastrointestinal (ulcers, bleeding) and renal adverse effects with taking higher dose.
Acetaminophen(paracetamol) treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 and inhibiting endocannabinoid reuptake almost exclusively within the brain, but not much in the rest of the body.
Besides this, prolonged use of all opioids and NSAIDs cause multi-organ failure.
Besides this, prolonged use of all opioids and NSAIDs cause multi-organ failure.
Source Wikipedia
'We found that the majority of individuals from all groups used cannabis to address pain and improve quality of sleep. While PwMS reported lower baseline levels across all five outcomes, we found that the reported effects of cannabis were largely comparable across the groups. We also found that cannabis benefitted persons with sleep and digestive issues regardless of condition, whereas persons who used opioids in addition to cannabis were less likely to experience an improvement in any of the outcomes. This comparative evaluation suggests that cannabis’ effects are not specific to MS, arthritis, or cancer as much as they impact processes common among these distinct conditions. We also found evidence that cannabis may be a viable alternative to opioids for those with these conditions and experiencing pain.'
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/532
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/532
Chronic consumption of paracetamol may result in a drop in hemoglobin level indicating possible gastrointestinal bleeding and abnormal liver function tests. There is a consistent association of increased mortality as well as cardiovascular (stroke, myocardial infarction), gastrointestinal (ulcers, bleeding) and renal adverse effects with taking higher dose of paracetamol. The drug may also increase the risk of developing hypertension.
The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams. Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Paracetamol poisoning is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Source Wikipedia
The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams. Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Paracetamol poisoning is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Source Wikipedia
'Gastroparesis patients who regularly consume cannabis require shorter lengths of hospitalization than non-users, according to data published in the journal Clinical Gastroenterology.
Gastroparesis is a disease characterized by the partial paralysis of the stomach. Symptoms of the disease include: poor appetite, weight loss, chronic abdominal pain, and vomiting.'
https://norml.org/news/2021/04/01/study-gastroparesis-patients-who-use-cannabis-possess-better-hospitalization-outcomes
Gastroparesis is a disease characterized by the partial paralysis of the stomach. Symptoms of the disease include: poor appetite, weight loss, chronic abdominal pain, and vomiting.'
https://norml.org/news/2021/04/01/study-gastroparesis-patients-who-use-cannabis-possess-better-hospitalization-outcomes
'Short term treatment with THC rich cannabis induced clinical remission and improved quality of life in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. However, these beneficial clinical effects were not associated with significant anti-inflammatory improvement in the Mayo endoscopic score or laboratory markers for inflammation.'
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246871
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246871
'Key results
While SEB [Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B] triggered ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome] and 100% mortality in mice, THC protected the mice from fatality effects. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB. THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, but decreased pathogenic microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila. FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial dysbiosis played crucial role in attenuation of SEB-mediated ARDS. THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA, of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response. Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1&2, ß-defensin-2, claudin, zonula-1, occludin-1, Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating ß-defensin-1.
Conclusions
Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways.'
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15226
While SEB [Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B] triggered ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome] and 100% mortality in mice, THC protected the mice from fatality effects. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB. THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, but decreased pathogenic microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila. FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial dysbiosis played crucial role in attenuation of SEB-mediated ARDS. THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA, of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response. Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1&2, ß-defensin-2, claudin, zonula-1, occludin-1, Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating ß-defensin-1.
Conclusions
Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways.'
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15226
'This system, however - deliberately poisoning our food, then policing the result - is too reminiscent of Lewis Carroll's White Knight who thought of 'a plan to dye one's whiskers green, and always use so large a fan that they could not be seen.' The ultimate answer is to use less toxic chemicals so that the public hazard from their misuse is greatly reduced.' - Silent Spring, Rachel Carson, 1962
'In 1937, weed was placed under the Harrison Narcotics Act. Narcotics authorities claim it is a habit-forming drug, that its use is injurious to mind and body, and that it causes the people who use it to commit crimes. Here are the facts: Weed is positively not habit forming. You can smoke weed for years and you will experience no discomfort if your supply is cut off. I have seen tea heads in jail and none of them showed withdrawal symptoms. I have smoked weed myself off and on for fifteen years, and never missed it when I ran out. There is less habit to weed than there is to tobacco. Weed does not harm the general health. In fact. most users claim it gives you an appetite and acts as a tonic to the system. I do not know of any other agent that gives as definite a boot to the appetite. I can smoke a stick of tea and enjoy a glass of California sherry and a hash house meal.' - Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
'I once kicked a junk habit with weed. The second day off junk I sat down and ate a full meal. Ordinarily, I can't eat for eight days after kicking a habit.' - Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
'The stereotypical image of a cannabis smoker is someone who sprawls on the sofa for hours surrounded by a haze of smoke and half-eaten snacks. The scene is played up for laughs in films, but social psychologist Angela Bryan thought it could be cause for concern. After all, cannabis is known to increase appetite and aid relaxation, which might put people at risk of health conditions such as obesity, says Bryan, who is at the University of Colorado Boulder.
But digging into health trends revealed the opposite. Nationwide US studies report that, compared to non-users, cannabis users actually have a lower prevalence of obesity.'
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02529-0
'Investigators from the John Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore and the Digestive Disease Institute in Cleveland compared the prevalence of UC complications during hospitalization in cannabis users versus matched controls. Researchers reported that cannabis users, on average, had shorter hospital stays compared to non-users and were far less likely to require either a partial or a total colectomy (a surgery to remove part or all of the colon). '
https://norml.org/news/2019/08/29/study-cannabis-use-associated-with-fewer-complications-in-patients-with-ulcerative-colitis
'Authors concluded: "This paper reports a fortuitous discovery of positive cannabinoid effects on CIPO (chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction) symptoms in a patient, leading to significant relief of GI complaints. Although further observations are required to consolidate these findings, this case may be helpful for some patients with the same condition."'
https://norml.org/news/2020/05/07/case-report-oral-thc-improves-gastrointestinal-symptoms
'Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215817/
'They reported that IBS patients with a history of cannabis use were less likely than non-users to undergo endoscopic procedures, averaged shorter lengths of stay, and averaged lower costs associated with their hospitalization.
“Our study is the first nationwide cohort study to evaluate the association between cannabis use and healthcare utilization in patients with IBS,” authors concluded. “Our study provides evidence to suggest that cannabis use may decrease healthcare utilization and costs among hospitalized patients with IBS. These findings are likely attributable to the effects of cannabis’ active compound, THC, on gastrointestinal motility and colonic compliance.”'
https://norml.org/news/2020/06/18/study-ibs-patients-with-a-history-of-cannabis-use-have-fewer-hospitalization-costs
'In 1937, weed was placed under the Harrison Narcotics Act. Narcotics authorities claim it is a habit-forming drug, that its use is injurious to mind and body, and that it causes the people who use it to commit crimes. Here are the facts: Weed is positively not habit forming. You can smoke weed for years and you will experience no discomfort if your supply is cut off. I have seen tea heads in jail and none of them showed withdrawal symptoms. I have smoked weed myself off and on for fifteen years, and never missed it when I ran out. There is less habit to weed than there is to tobacco. Weed does not harm the general health. In fact. most users claim it gives you an appetite and acts as a tonic to the system. I do not know of any other agent that gives as definite a boot to the appetite. I can smoke a stick of tea and enjoy a glass of California sherry and a hash house meal.' - Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
'I once kicked a junk habit with weed. The second day off junk I sat down and ate a full meal. Ordinarily, I can't eat for eight days after kicking a habit.' - Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
'The stereotypical image of a cannabis smoker is someone who sprawls on the sofa for hours surrounded by a haze of smoke and half-eaten snacks. The scene is played up for laughs in films, but social psychologist Angela Bryan thought it could be cause for concern. After all, cannabis is known to increase appetite and aid relaxation, which might put people at risk of health conditions such as obesity, says Bryan, who is at the University of Colorado Boulder.
But digging into health trends revealed the opposite. Nationwide US studies report that, compared to non-users, cannabis users actually have a lower prevalence of obesity.'
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02529-0
'Investigators from the John Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore and the Digestive Disease Institute in Cleveland compared the prevalence of UC complications during hospitalization in cannabis users versus matched controls. Researchers reported that cannabis users, on average, had shorter hospital stays compared to non-users and were far less likely to require either a partial or a total colectomy (a surgery to remove part or all of the colon). '
https://norml.org/news/2019/08/29/study-cannabis-use-associated-with-fewer-complications-in-patients-with-ulcerative-colitis
'Authors concluded: "This paper reports a fortuitous discovery of positive cannabinoid effects on CIPO (chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction) symptoms in a patient, leading to significant relief of GI complaints. Although further observations are required to consolidate these findings, this case may be helpful for some patients with the same condition."'
https://norml.org/news/2020/05/07/case-report-oral-thc-improves-gastrointestinal-symptoms
'Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215817/
'They reported that IBS patients with a history of cannabis use were less likely than non-users to undergo endoscopic procedures, averaged shorter lengths of stay, and averaged lower costs associated with their hospitalization.
“Our study is the first nationwide cohort study to evaluate the association between cannabis use and healthcare utilization in patients with IBS,” authors concluded. “Our study provides evidence to suggest that cannabis use may decrease healthcare utilization and costs among hospitalized patients with IBS. These findings are likely attributable to the effects of cannabis’ active compound, THC, on gastrointestinal motility and colonic compliance.”'
https://norml.org/news/2020/06/18/study-ibs-patients-with-a-history-of-cannabis-use-have-fewer-hospitalization-costs
'Results
One hundred and fifty-three patients completed the survey. The mean efficacy score of all anti-nausea treatments evaluated was 1.73. After adjustment, three treatments had scores statically higher than the mean, including marijuana (2.75, p < 0.0001), ondansetron (2.64, p < 0.0001), and promethazine (2.46, p < 0.0001). Several treatments, including many neuromodulators, complementary and alternative treatments, erythromycin, and diphenhydramine had scores statistically below average. Patients with more severe nausea responded better to marijuana (p = 0.036) and diphenhydramine (p < 0.001) and less so to metoclopramide (p = 0.020). There was otherwise no significant differential response by age, gender, nausea localization, underlying gastrointestinal cause of nausea, and GCSI.'
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-020-06195-5
'There was a raw ache in my lungs. People vary in the way junk sickness affects them. Some suffer mostly from vomitting and diarrhea. The asthmatic type, with narrow and deep chest, is liable to violent fits of sneezing, watering at eyes and nose, in some cases spasms of the bronchial tubes that shut off the breathing. In my case, the worst thing is lowering of blood pressure with consequent loss of body fluid, and extreme weakness, as in shock. It is a feeling as if the life energy has been shut off so that all the cells in the body are suffocating. As I lay there on the bench, I felt like as if I was subsiding into a pile of bones.' - Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
'Withdrawal symptoms are allergic symptoms: sneezing, coughing, running at the eyes and nose, vomiting, diarrhea, hive-like conditions of the skin. Severe withdrawal symptoms are shock symptoms: lowered blood pressure, loss of body fluid and shrinking of the organism as in the death process, weakness, involuntary orgasms, death through collapse of the circulatory system. If an addict dies from junk withdrawal, he dies of allergic shock.'
- Junky, William S Burroughs, 1977, originally published in 1953
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