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Friday 3 May 2019

Cannabis and Singapore

'And I never will go to Singapore
The people there will cut your hair
In Singapore
On their streets there's a life of plenty
Oh but they'll never know about the freedom show
They're livin' in darkness years ago down on the border'
 - Little River Band

 
In Singapore, you are likely to get harsh penalties for all kinds of offenses. Singapore is particularly harsh on drug offenses and has some of the world's most severe drug laws. The country which thrives on a largely immigrant workforce has carved itself a name in the world's economic and tourism sectors. Singapore has a large urban population and most of its focus is on ensuring that economic progress continues unaffected, so keeping the working population in top running condition is essential for its economy and top priority for its lawmakers.

The country has a thriving drug market in spite of its harsh laws. Poor people probably consume cannabis in rural areas and in cities, while the elite can afford dangerous and expensive drugs like alcohol, heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, novel psychotropic substances and other lethal synthetic compounds. The harsh laws probably make these drugs much more expensive because of the risk involved and hence also much more lucrative for those interested in being in the drug business. To think that harsh laws can prevent drug usage is a very restrictive and backward way to approach governance. World wide, it has been proven that harsh laws only force an individual to take more risks and consume, difficult to detect, but much deadlier drugs. The drug manufacturer is more likely to adulterate, raise prices and up sell more potent drugs in the black market so that for each risky business interaction that involves the consumer, earnings can be maximized. The global methamphetamine and opioid hubs in East Asia are just a stone's throw away from Singapore. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2020 - 'People receiving treatment for the use of methamphetamine account for more than three quarters of those in treatment in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand'. The report also says - 'Quantities of methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia increased eightfold over the period 2009–2018, to close to 100 tons, and preliminary data for 2019 show further strong increases in the quantities of methamphetamine seized, in particular in South-East Asia, with increases reported in 2019 by, among other countries, Brunei Daraussalam, Cambodia. Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Viet Nam.'

Cannabis is surely consumed by a significant number of persons in Singapore, mostly from poorer economic conditions. Persons in higher economic strata consume highly potent but difficult to detect drugs like heroin and prescription drugs. So law enforcement easily detects the cannabis user and imprisons him for using a safe and healthy recreational plant that man has been using for thousands of years, while the affluent user continues to use the dangerous alcohol, heroin, methamphetamine and abuse of prescription drugs till he or she succumbs to the drug. This reality was clearly evident when surveys indicated that the persons most opposed to cannabis legalization were persons drawing an income greater than 8000 Singapore dollars.

Singapore needs to come up to speed with the changing scenario regarding cannabis world wide where cannabis is being proven to be effective for treating more than 30 medical conditions including cancer, epilepsy, stress, anxiety, pain, etc. In the US, the elderly form the largest growing segment of cannabis users since they find its use most beneficial for their age related conditions as against the plethora of pharmaceutical drugs that are prescribed to them. This is totally contrary to the popular myth spread in the war on cannabis that the youth will be ruined with its legalization. In fact with cannabis remaining illegal and inaccessible, the youth are consuming heroin, methamphetamine, synthetic cannabinoids, glues and thinners. Singapore also needs to recognize the vast potential for sustainable business, the economy, industry, tourism, agriculture, wellness, environment and health that cannabis presents. World wide cannabis markets are estimated to be in the range of hundreds of billions of USD in places where legalization has happened. If keeping cannabis illegal is a measure aimed at keeping Singapore's working urban population on their toes, it is most counter productive. Legal cannabis will keep the workforce more healthy and creative as against replacing it with fatal pharmaceutical and other synthetic drugs, alcohol and tobacco that will quickly take away years and entire lives from the work machine that drives Singapore's economy. A healthy workforce needs healthy recreation to stay energized. To think that recreational drugs are not necessary for a person especially when alcohol and tobacco, which are much more lethal than cannabis, are freely available is a misjudgement of the biology of man as a working machine. It is quite likely that the forces pushing for cannabis prohibition in Singapore are the same forces pushing for its prohibition worldwide, the industries that have benefited from it and brought the world to synthetic addiction and the brink of extinction for a few dollars more.

Singapore needs to align itself with the changing times and with what is most important in terms of its people or risk the continued damage that the failed worldwide prohibition of cannabis brings. Legalization of cannabis for adult recreational use in Singapore must be pursued and implemented by lawmakers there and the country must back the legalization of cannabis for recreational use at the UN so that all the other nations of the world undergoing vast suffering as a result of cannabis prohibition can also ease the pain of their own people.

This is what Singapore should do but what it has actually done at a meeting of the UN to review recommendations to re-schedule cannabis prior to December 2020 was to oppose cannabis rescheduling and legalization. At the meeting 'Singapore said the recommendations would have “the overall effect of significantly loosening the stringency of international control over cannabis,” leading to a “widening of public access to cannabis” that could “cause serious public health and safety issues.” Moreover, Singapore does not “see any strong evidence to substantiate the recommendations,” nor does it believe any change is needed to allow medical and scientific use. Its representative said “the current international drug control regime already allows more than adequate access to drugs including cannabis for medical and scientific use,” worried that “the public may be misled into thinking cannabis is no longer assessed to be harmful.”' according to a report from MJBizDaily. This is in continuance with Singapore's long history of being a regressive nation in many ways which ranks it along with other countries like Indonesia, China and Russia.

Inspite of all the protestations by countries like Singapore, in December 2020,  the UN voted to remove cannabis from its most restricted Schedule IV category of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It does however still remain in Schedule I, which is the least restrictive. This one move by the UN itself should be sufficient to bring about the recreational legalization of cannabis in every nation and an overhaul of national drug laws. 
 
It must be noted that in most places where cannabis legalization has happened it took the efforts of the people who mobilized themselves through grassroots level movements to bring about this change. Left to lawmakers legalization would have been impossible, as the main interests of lawmakers concern the protection of the big industries opposed to cannabis such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, medical, alcohol and tobacco. For something that truly benefits the people, the people themselves have had to make the change.   
 
Listed below are articles taken from various media related to the above subject. Words in italics are the thoughts of your truly at the time of reading the article.   

 
'Treatment for the use of amphetamine-type stimulants is more common in Asia (predominantly for the use of methamphetamine) and Oceania (based on data from Australia and New Zealand) than in other regions. As is the case with cannabis users, people who are in treatment for disorders related to the use of amphetamines tend to be younger – in their mid-twenties – than users of opioids in treatment, and the majority of them also tend to be first-time entrants. People receiving treatment for the use of methamphetamine account for more than three quarters of those in treatment in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand' - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2020, https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/field/WDR20_Booklet_2.pdf


'Quantities of methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia increased eightfold over the period 2009–2018, to close to 100 tons, and preliminary data for 2019 show further strong increases in the quantities of methamphetamine seized, in particular in South-East Asia, with increases reported in 2019 by, among other countries, Brunei Daraussalam, Cambodia. Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Viet Nam. In most years in the past decade the largest quantities of methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia were reported by China. In 2018, by contrast, 66 per cent of all the methamphetamine seized in that subregion was seized in Thailand, followed by Indonesia (8 per cent) and Malaysia (8 per cent) and only then by China (6 per cent), reflecting underlying shifts in the methamphetamine market in South-East Asia, that is, a decline in the methamphetamine market in China in parallel with ongoing increases in the ASEAN countries.' - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2020, https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/field/WDR20_Booklet_3.pdf 
 
 
'Singapore said the recommendations would have “the overall effect of significantly loosening the stringency of international control over cannabis,” leading to a “widening of public access to cannabis” that could “cause serious public health and safety issues.” Moreover, Singapore does not “see any strong evidence to substantiate the recommendations,” nor does it believe any change is needed to allow medical and scientific use. Its representative said “the current international drug control regime already allows more than adequate access to drugs including cannabis for medical and scientific use,” worried that “the public may be misled into thinking cannabis is no longer assessed to be harmful.”'
https://mjbizdaily.com/postponed-vote-on-who-cannabis-recommendations-reveals-international-disagreements-uphill-battle-ahead/


'the UK “has become increasingly isolated in its approach to drugs policy” says Peter Reynolds, president of CLEAR Cannabis Law Reform. “We are unique among modern democracies in maintaining an approach based on nothing but prohibition. In fact, we now stand closer to countries such as Russia, China, Indonesia, and Singapore. The only thing that separates us from countries with such medieval policies is our lack of the death penalty for drug offences,” he says.'
http://www.theweek.co.uk/59417/should-cannabis-be-legalised-the-pros-and-cons-of-decriminalising-drugs


'On Friday, Singapore’s CNB maintained there is “scant evidence of the safety and efficacy of long-term cannabis use”.'
https://www.gov.sg/news/content/today-online---singaporeans-warned-against-cannabis-abuse-overseas


'3. To date, there are no studies which have validated the claims of unprocessed or raw cannabis being able to treat medical conditions. An extensive literature review conducted in 2015 by experts from the Institute of Mental Health affirmed, on the contrary, the harmful and addictive nature of unprocessed or raw cannabis. The research team reviewed more than 500 papers in reputable medical journals and other literature by international medical bodies. The team concluded that cannabis consumption is associated with irreversible brain damage, brain shrinkage, and serious mental/psychiatric illnesses.

5. There is some published research, derived from controlled clinical trials, on the potential therapeutic uses of cannabinoids to manage seizures and epilepsy. Such cannabinoid pharmaceuticals need to undergo rigorous scientific review by the Health Sciences Authority before they can be registered for supply in Singapore. Manufacturers are required to substantiate the safety, quality and efficacy of the cannabinoid pharmaceuticals based on scientific evidence from clinical studies and data on the manufacturing process.'
https://www.mha.gov.sg/newsroom/press-release/news/the-singapore-government-position-on-the-use-of-pharmaceutical-products-containing-cannabinoids


'“On the other hand, evidence of cannabis’ long-term safety and efficacy is scarce,” TODAY on Thursday quoted her as saying. “These findings corroborate our position that cannabis should remain an illicit drug. Even if cannabinoid pharmaceuticals have to be used for medical purposes, there are carefully established frameworks in Singapore for their clinical prescription.”'
https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asean/1548546/singapore-scientific-evidence-to-guide-cannabis-law


'The research also found out that the opposition to recreational marijuana use comes more from the population of higher earners, with 76 percent of those with a household income of $8,000 and above a month not wanting it to be legalized.

Obviously, more than half of Singaporeans diagnosed with medical conditions that could potentially be treated with marijuana (such as depression, chronic pain, and anxiety) are in favor of supporting weed legalization.'
https://www.yahoo.com/news/four-ten-singaporeans-believe-legalization-055557866.html


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