Cannabis Usage in 19th Century India: Findings on the Immediate Effects of Cannabis Consumption

Questions on the subject by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1895

37. Are the effects of charas smoking different in any particular from those resulting from ganja smoking? If so, state the difference.

38. Have the three different preparations of ganja (round and flat ganja and "chur") any different effects in kind or degree on consumers?

44. (a) What is the immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer? (b) Is it refreshing? (c) Does it produce intoxication? (d) Does it allay hunger? (e) Does it create appetite? (f) How long does the effect last? (g) Are there any after-effects? (h) Does the want of subsequent gratification produce any longing or uneasiness

57. Ganja and charas are said sometimes to be eaten or drunk. Where this is the case, give your experience as to the effects, dealing separately with any of the heads in the preceding questions which seem to require notice.

My thoughts on the subject

The above four questions regarding the immediate effects of cannabis consumption, either smoked or internally ingested, form the scope of this article. Questions regarding the long term effects, medical effects and possible harmful effects are addressed elsewhere. The above questions only cover the internal ingestion of cannabis, either smoked, drunk or eaten The external use of cannabis, such as in wellness for the treatment of skin and hair, is covered, to some extent, in the questions on the medical effects of cannabis.

The above questions show the complete lack of knowledge of the British administration in 19th century India, regarding the nature of the cannabis plant. From the responses we find that it was not just the British administration, but also the Indian upper classes, who worked under the sahibs, who were clueless about the cannabis plant. When the questions were put forward, what immediately struck all concerned was that there were no obvious effects that they could observe. Cannabis had been consumed for thousands of years in India and it was so much a part of the Indian way of life, so seamlessly integrated within Indian society, that it was difficult to spot any obvious effects of the plant's usage on the people.

Neither the British administrators, nor their lackeys from the Indian upper classes, had any significant direct personal experience with the cannabis plant. Till that point, the Indian upper classes had dismissed the plant as a preoccupation of the lower and working classes, the indigenous communities and the religious mendicants, something that the upper classes viewed sometimes suspiciously, but on a larger scale, it was something that they did not connect with at all, and did not consider a matter of concern. In fact, many of the upper classes actively ensured that the people working under them had sufficient access to cannabis, as this kept the workforce healthy and in the right spirits. Answers for the Commission's questions were sought by talking to the persons who actually consumed the herb, the working classes, who served as boatmen, fishermen, coolies, servants, carriage-drivers, watchmen and labourers for the upper classes. The responses provided are mainly hearsay, rather than direct evidence. Some amusing experiments were carried out on cats (by Surgeon-Captain J F Evans), others on dogs (Sir William B. O'Shaughnessy) and some fruitful experiments were carried out on a rhesus macaque (by Dr D D Cunningham) in the hope of trying to understand the immediate effects of cannabis. The feline experiments showed how sensitive cats are to cannabis. The monkey experiments showed the harmlessness of cannabis and the harmfulness of dhatura. An interesting finding of  O'Shaugnessy is that carnivorous animals exhibit a speedy response to cannabis whereas gramivorous animals seem to show almost no response, no matter the dosage. Overall, the responses from witnesses to the questions revealed the inherent biases in many respondents, readily associating unruly behaviour, ill health, bloodshot eyes, addiction and laziness with cannabis. On closer examination, when called to appear before the Commission, all these biases were found wanting. A common pattern in the witness responses appears to be the association of harmlessness to the form of cannabis consumption that the witness was familiar with, and harmfulness to the forms of cannabis that the witness was unfamiliar with.

The fact that bhang, ganja and charas are essentially the same thing, different parts of the same plant, and hence their effects cannot be drastically different completely escaped most of those framing the questions and those providing answers. The fact that all three could be consumed either through smoking, drinking or eating was not common knowledge. The fact that rolled ganja, flat ganja and chur are just methods of packaging the cannabis plant was not common knowledge. The Commission, and the respondents, seemed to think that they were three entirely different products. Regarding charas and ganja, some said that charas was stronger, others said that ganja was stronger. Some said that charas was harmful, others said that ganja was harmful, though few felt that bhang was harmful, even though ganja is called bhangi in many places and it is all the same plant.

In truth, the effects of good quality ganja or good quality charas or good quality bhang are practically the same. The quantity, of any of the three, that a person ingests varies, since a person understands, with experience, that the resin - charas, being a more concentrated source of cannabinoids, should typically be consumed in smaller quantities than the flowering tops or ganja. The flowering tops are similarly consumed in lesser quantities than the leaves or bhang. The dosage is adjusted to ensure that the effects of the plant feel the same to the consumer, irrespective of the form it is consumed in. Mind you, depending on the variety of the cannabis plant, ganja from some plants are likely to feel more potent than charas from other plants, and the same applies to bhang. For the regular ganja smoker, the occasional charas will appear stronger, and vice versa. Cannabis, unlike alcohol, if taken in excess by a habitual user, does not result in complete intoxication and unconsciousness, as stated by many people. Anybody who has used cannabis long enough will tell you that after the initial intoxication, further intake of cannabis only results in a plateauing out of the effects. This is why a regular cannabis user consumes his or her cannabis in doses that they are comfortable with, at intervals of about 3-4 hours, so as to feel its effect and not waste their supply.

Coming to the immediate effects that one feels on consuming the cannabis plant, the Commission appears to have tried to guide the responses through pointed questions, such as - '(b) Is it refreshing? (c) Does it produce intoxication? (d) Does it allay hunger? (e) Does it create appetite? (f) How long does the effect last? (g) Are there any after-effects? (h) Does the want of subsequent gratification produce any longing or uneasiness'. Most respondents have replied to these specific questions, leading to the narrow band of knowledge on the immediate effects of the cannabis plant. This sort of specific response to a narrow set of questions on the plant's effects makes the plant resemble nothing more than a beverage, whereas, in reality, the plant is mystical and spiritual, producing effects as varied as the numerous combinations of the three parameters - each individual's physiology and psychology, the setting in which the plant is consumed, and the variety of the cannabis plant consumed. Each of these parameters themselves are greatly varied, and the combination of the three even more so.

Even within the narrow scope of responses on its immediate effects, we see from the responses what a wonderful plant cannabis is, and why it meant so much to the working classes, the religious mendicants, the sick and the poor. There is overwhelming affirmation that the plant is stimulating and refreshing, enabling a person to combat fatigue and work hard, which is why it was vital for the working classes, sports persons and warriors. It produces intoxication that is quite strong for the novice, accompanied by dry mouth, quickened heart rate, hunger, sometimes mirth and sometimes anxiety, which is why many novice users try it only once and form a negative image of the plant. For a regular user, its intoxication is incomparable, which is why a regular user usually becomes a life long user. It creates an appetite in the novice user but usage over a long term allays hunger, which is why the mendicants choose cannabis over food. This fact was suitably demonstrated in the rhesus macaque experiment by  Dr D D Cunningham, who after administering cannabis to a caged monkey for about eight months, dissected it and found that the most notable finding was - 'the great amount of fat accumulated in the omentum, the mesentery, and the visceral and parietal pericardium. This was specially noteworthy in connection with the markedly diminished ingestion of food which had characterised the subject of the experiment during the greater part of its course, and with the coincident considerable reduction in body weight which had occurred. The body generally appeared to be fairly well nourished, and a considerable amount of subcutaneous fat was present.'  The evidence shows that the cannabis plant generally calms a person, making him or her timid, which is why it is incorrect to associate it with crime and violence. Some say that the plant brings out a person's true nature, agression in the agressive, and timidity in the timid. The instances cited where cannabis is associated with agression and violence are mostly incorrect, the violence and agression being so much a part of the personality of the individual in question, that even the use of cannabis is not sufficient to placate the individual. On closer examination of cases where the cannabis consumer is said to have turned violent, we find that the person has a history of violence, or the person has been in particularly stressful situations, or the person uses other intoxicants, like alcohol, in addition to cannabis, with the possibility that cannabis may have been an attempt to self-medicate to control the agression, and is not, by itself, the cause of the agression. In general, it is found that the use of cannabis puts a person in good spirits, becoming either talkative or silent in social company, one of the key reasons why it was an integral part of social gatherings, much like the role that beer plays. As the reports states -  'Dr. Russell (Bengal witness No. 105), in his note furnished to Dr. Prain, gives the following effects of "doses pushed to produce a decided effect": "Mental effects appear in from three to five minutes; exhilaration and excitement of a pleasing nature: the subject talkative and merry; laughs and gesticulates; plays on imaginary musical instruments and sings; converses with imaginary persons; illusions and delusions, usually of a pleasing nature; objective of these very responsive to external impressions and suggestions; rarely quarrelsome or combative. Then ensues a condition of repose and quiet contemplation with fixed stare and immobile pupil.'

The immediate effects start being felt almost instantaneously in the case of cannabis smoked, as it enters the brain and blood stream quickly, as compared to cannabis drunk or eaten that takes at least half an hour for one to feel its effects. The effects of smoked cannabis lasts for about 2-3 hours, while that of ingested cannabis appears to last longer. The method of cannabis consumption is a personal or cultural preference, with some individuals and cultures averse to smoking cannabis, such as the Sikhs. Sweets and medicine are prepared from whatever form of cannabis is available locally, in addition to smoking and drinking it. If the necessary smoking paraphernalia is not available, I am sure a charas consumer will not hesitate to eat it. So the question if ganja or charas is eaten or drunk again shows a lack of understanding that bhang, ganja and charas are the same thing. From modern scientific evidence we have found that smoking cannabis is the best form of administering for diseases of the head, neck and lungs, while cannabis as food or beverage is the best form of administering for diseases of the digestive system and other internal organs.

If one wants a true picture of the immediate effects of the cannabis plant one would have to use it oneself, and also be articulate enough to put down the experience in words. Maybe if some of the poor poets or spiritual mendicants were asked to put down, in their own words, what the immediate effects of cannabis consumption were, the Commission would have got a richer, more accurate picture of what the plant is all about. Even I, who have smoked cannabis for nearly 30 years now, and loved every moment of it, cannot yet find the right words to describe the wonderful experience it provides. Even though Aldous Huxley was not talking about cannabis, I have chosen to lift the words from his essay, Culture and the Individual (1963) to try and describe what the personal immediate effect of consuming cannabis is for one who loves the herb - 'Thanks to yet another kind of seeing, the world will now reveal itself as not only unimaginably beautiful, but also fathomlessly mysterious – as a multitudinous abyss of possibility forever actualizing itself into unprecedented forms. New insights into a new, transfigured world of givenness, new combinations of thought and fantasy – the stream of novelty pours through the world in a torrent, whose every drop is charged with meaning. There are the symbols whose meaning lies outside themselves in the given facts of visionary experience, and there are these given facts which signify only themselves. But “only themselves” is also “no less than the divine ground of all being.” “Nothing but this” is at the same time “the Suchness of all.” And now the aesthetic and visionary consciousness deepen into mystical consciousness. The world is now seen as an infinite diversity that is yet a unity, and the beholder experiences himself as being at one with the infinite Oneness that manifests itself, totally present, at every point of space, at every instant in the flux of perpetual perishing and perpetual renewal. Our normal word-conditioned consciousness creates a universe of sharp distinctions, black and white, this and that, me and you and it. In the mystical consciousness of being at one with infinite Oneness, there is a reconciliation of opposites, a perception of the Not-Particular in the particulars, a transcending of our ingrained subject-object relationships with things and persons; there is an immediate experience of our solidarity with all being and a kind of organic conviction that in spite of the inscrutabilities of fate, in spite of our own dark stupidities and deliberate malevolence, yes, in spite of all that is so manifestly wrong with the world, it is yet, in some profound, paradoxical and entirely inexpressible way, All Right.' This mystical experience that cannabis provides often leaves the consumer motionless and transfixed on whatever he or she is focusing.  Many an onlooker, completely ignorant of what the consumer is experiencing, comes to the absurd conclusion that the consumer has become temporarily insane, is stupefied and incapacitated. This lack of understanding by those outside the cannabis experience has led to the term 'stoned' to describe a person under the influence of cannabis. Interestingly, the rhesus monkey in Dr D D Cunningham's experiment showed the same 'stoned' behaviour as humans. The observer's notes of the monkey were as follows - 'He gazed about attentively in directions in which nothing which seemed likely to excite his curiosity was present, and carefully scrutinized the floor of his cage for objects which did not exist.' This is the typical reaction of a person outside the cannabis experience, clueless of what it could be all about, but quickly jumping to the conclusion that it is nothing. Who is to say what wondrous sights and thoughts crossed in front of its eyes and through its mind? The ability to concentrate one's mind, and focus on one thing is scarcely touched upon in the report. Aspects of meditation, such as stilling the mind, or focusing on that which is, for which cannabis is a supreme aid, the main reason why persons of spiritual leaning adore the plant, hardly finds mention in the immediate effects related information that has been obtained. It is true, that the medical effects, and potential harmful effects of cannabis are addressed through other questions, whereas its stimulating, intoxicating, refreshing, sedating, appetizing, and other physical effects are covered here. But a significant proportion of the cannabis plant's usage is spiritual, and the effects the plant has on the mind, a subject not covered much in the Commission's report. It is probably the case that very few interviewers spoke to the religious mendicants, for whom cannabis was their pathway to the divinity within themselves, and the eternal spirit, called by various names.

Regarding the immediate after effects of cannabis consumption, the responses are almost unanimous, especially among medical experts, that the after effects are almost nil. Almost as a knee-jerk response to the question '(h) Does the want of subsequent gratification produce any longing or uneasiness', many respondents answer in the affirmative. This gives the impression that dependency develops on long term usage of cannabis, and that it is addictive. This is a false impression as the discontinuance of cannabis usage causes as much uneasiness and longing as the discontinuance of the usage of tea or coffee, maybe even lesser. I can state this from personal experience, and it has also been confirmed in the Hemp Commission's report where regular cannabis users in prison showed little or no discomfort when they could not access it. This is in marked contrast to the uneasiness or discomfort that the regular opium user shows when deprived of it. In fact, the deprivation of opium to a regular opium user can even prove fatal for him or her. Why, for that matter, most prescription pharmaceutical medication used by so many people today, produce the equivalent discomfort of opium deprivation, and can prove as fatal to the user as the deprivation of opium. The uneasiness and longing felt on cannabis deprivation is also nowhere close to that felt by the regular user of today's legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco. From my experience, the after effects of cannabis use, in whatever form, since it is one and the same thing, are nil and there is no marked uneasiness or discomfort on its deprivation. My thinking is that the longing as detailed in the report is possibly linked to the tobacco that is mixed with cannabis, when smoked.

In spite of all the evidence, including evidence by British and Indian medical experts in the 19th century, of the wonderful immediate effects of cannabis, and the harmlessness of regular moderate use, the herb was systematically banned and maligned. The upper classes who ruled society then, and who still do so today, prohibited the plant, made rules that built on their biases, discrimination and lack of knowledge, taking the herb out of the hands of the poor, the working classes, the indigenous people, the spiritualists and the lovers of life and nature. They did so, even as they continued to claim to worship the great god who loved the herb. The rules laid out in India in the 19th century became the foundation of the subsequent global rules that oppress the plant and its user in every country of the world. In doing so, the ruling upper classes, everywhere, show their complete disconnect with the cannabis plant and their continued apathy towards the users - the working classes, the poor and the spiritual. On a larger scale, it shows the disconnect of the ruling classes with nature and the spirit, form and void, , and their insane determination to acquire wealth and power at all costs, even if it means the destruction of this world we all live in...

Summary findings by the Commission regarding the immediate effects of cannabis consumption.

Following are the summary findings by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1895 regarding the immediate effects of cannabis consumption and the above questions

451. There has been some difficulty in obtaining definite information regarding the effects of hemp drugs. This difficulty has not arisen from any unwillingness on the part of witnesses to tell what they know. The Rev. Thomas Evans (North-Western Provinces witness No. 229) has stated that "native officials (and even barristers and pleaders) are afraid to give evidence lest they should thereby give offence to the Government." The Commission have had no experience of this kind, and a perusal of the evidence will show that this alleged hesitation on the part of certain persons to give evidence must have been very exceptional. Witnesses are found among all classes, not excluding even drug vendors themselves, who have made strong statements against the drugs. The difficulty has arisen from the general ignorance of the subject which has not hitherto attracted special attention. One result of the labours of the Commission has been to show how much ignorance prevails regarding the consumption of these drugs and their effects. This ignorance is not confined to Europeans. It extends to a large number of native witnesses. It is not confined to those who live apart from the common people. It extends to many whose duties are believed to bring them into close and constant contact with the people. Not a few persons who were asked to give evidence declined to do so, and others did so somewhat reluctantly, on the ground that they had little or no experience of the consumption of the drugs. To quote a non-official witness on this point, the Rev. George Pittendrigh (Madras witness No. 160) says: "I have been in India for nine years. I had hardly heard the name of ganja. I had heard it occasionally in connection with handymen and coachmen, and so on, but I had (so far as I know) seen none of its effects. I had heard that they were similar to opium—a narcotic or intoxicant. That was all I knew. It was not till after I heard of the Commission that I made any special enquiry into the matter. I enquired first of Europeans and respectable natives, students and others, graduates and other men of some standing. No one seemed to know anything about it. The ordinary caste native seemed only to know in a general way that it was used by Muhammadans, bairagis, loafers, and ruffians. Europeans seemed to know nothing of its use." The above is by no means an exceptional statement. Much the same evidence is given by officials as well as non-officials, and by natives as well as Europeans. It is not confined to one province, but is given all over India. This state of things is not difficult to explain. As a matter of fact, it is not usual for those who use the drugs, especially those who smoke them, to do so in the presence of others. It is usually only the dissipated who make a practice of publicly using intoxicants. The moderate consumer is generally known only to those who have occasion to join him at his meals or at the times when he takes his regular dose. In this country there is this additional fact to be considered, that custom is distinctly against smoking in the presence of any one who is in any sense superior or entitled to respect. Thus it would be only rarely that a man would smoke in the presence of a neighbour who had not specially come to join him. As to the casual smoker on the street or elsewhere, the passer-by would probably not know that he was consuming hemp drugs; for he smokes the drug as a rule in the same manner as he would smoke tobacco, and also mixed with tobacco, which to a certain extent conceals the smell. On the whole, then, it is easily intelligible that respectable persons should have a very limited knowledge of the consumption of hemp drugs, and especially of the smoking of ganja and charas, except by dissipated or excessive consumers. As might have been anticipated from a careful consideration of the circumstances, the experience of a large number of witnesses, even of those who have seen something of the use of the drugs, is found to be confined to having seen palki-bearers or boatmen smoke in the midst of hard work, or to occasionally seeing a friend indulge. Some other witnesses have only known the habit as practised by such persons as fakirs or by dissipated persons who consume to excess. Some have only seen the drug used when they have gone in the way of duty, or, in pursuance of this inquiry, to shops or other places where smokers resort. The witnesses are very few who have any extensive and accurate acquaintance with consumption. Witnesses were specially warned to confine themselves to what they actually knew, and efforts were made, wherever the evidence seemed to require it, to ascertain whether they had done so.
 
Bias of certain witnesses.
452. In estimating the value of the evidence as to effects, this generally very limited acquaintance with the subject on the part of the witnesses has had to be borne constantly in mind. It has been necessary to decline to accept strong or dogmatic statements on one side or the other without taking pains to ascertain on what basis of fact and actual experience they have been founded. This careful inquiry into the actual basis of statements made has been found necessary also in consideration of the different points of view from which such a question as this may be regarded. Some witnesses know only the medicinal use of the drugs, and are prepared to say nothing but good of them, being really ignorant of their use as intoxicants. They know only the use of the drugs as remedial agents, carefully prescribed when necessity arises, or used as a domestic remedy in certain minor ailments. This use is sometimes confounded with the use of the drugs as stimulants or intoxicants. These uses ought to be very carefully discriminated. There are also witnesses who do know the use of the drugs as intoxicants, but know only the moderate use. These have nothing stronger to say of the drugs than would be said of alcohol by the man who only had seen a glass of wine taken at his own table or at the table of a friend. He knows nothing of the effects of excess. Others again have only experience of excessive consumption. The moderate consumer has not attracted their attention. The ruin wrought in certain cases by excess has alone attracted their notice. They feel towards these drugs as that man feels towards alcohol whose experience has been mainly gained among the social wrecks of the lowest parts of a great city. In view of all this, the Commission were careful to do what they could to ascertain the basis of the opinions and closely to examine the facts laid before them. Striking statements made by some of the most careful and intelligent witnesses as to the change in their views when they became aware of the great extent of the moderate consumption of these drugs, the effects of which they had only seen in cases of deplorable excess, will be referred to later on in dealing with insanity and other effects. This ignorance of the effects of hemp drugs on the part of some able, intelligent, and benevolent men, however it may be explained with reference to the above considerations, must still be regarded as indicating that the injury caused by the drugs is comparatively trifling. It must have attracted more attention had evil effects been at all common in comparison with the extent of consumption.

Ganja and charas compared.
453. Before proceeding to discuss the evidence regarding the effects produced by the drugs, it will be well to notice briefly one or two preliminary questions. One of these is the different effects of the different forms of hemp drugs. Witnesses were requested to compare the effects of ganja and charas, and there is a considerable body of evidence on this subject. Inasmuch as charas is theoretically the pure resin extracted from the hemp plant, and the resin is the active principle in all varieties of the drug, it might be expected that this would be everywhere the strongest form in which the drug is found. But the evidence is not all to this effect. Charas is but little known in Bombay, Madras, Assam, and Burma; and ganja is but little known in the Punjab. In these five provinces, therefore, but few witnesses institute any comparison; and though there are some who have seen the effects of these drugs in different parts of India, yet the views of the majority of witnesses from these provinces who do institute the comparison must of necessity have but little weight. In the North-Western Provinces, the Central Provinces, and Sind, where both drugs are more or less known, the great majority (six to one) of those who make any distinction in strength between these two forms declare that charas is the stronger. In Bengal, on the other hand, a majority (two to one) of those who discriminate regard ganja as the stronger. Even in these provinces, however, the evidence cannot be accepted with confidence, for it is not usual for ganja and charas to be smoked by the same person. The evidence shows clearly enough that there is no essential difference between charas and ganja, but that the former takes in the Punjab and in parts of the North-Western Provinces the place among intoxicants which is taken by ganja in other parts of India. The only difference in regard to their effects apparent from the evidence is that some witnesses assert one form to be stronger than the other. There are, however, differences of opinion among the witnesses as to which is the stronger. The importance of these differences of opinion perhaps lies mainly in the necessity for explaining them. There are two general reasons why some of the witnesses might erroneously regard charas as weaker than ganja—viz., (a) that the effect of each smoke depends on the amount of the drug used, and difference of experience as to this has admittedly led to difference of view regarding the drugs; and (b) that the consumers of charas in Bengal are of the higher class, and would naturally speak in favour of their own drug. There are also two reasons why charas may actually compare less favourably with ganja in Bengal than elsewhere—-viz., (a) that charas undoubtedly deteriorates by keeping, and also appears to be largely adulterated for the market; and (b) that the Bengal ganja, being more highly cultivated and more carefully prepared, reaches the market a better article than the ganja of any other province. There is no evidence of any other difference between these two forms of hemp drugs except one of degree; and this difference of degree does not appear to be at all a certainty everywhere. The experiments conducted by Dr. Evans and Mr. Hooper are reported in Vol. III Appendices. They indicate that charas from various sources may contain from 44.5 to 18.45 per cent. of resin soluble in alcohol, while Bengal round ganja affords 21.6 per cent. The physiological value of the alcoholic extracts is not, however, the same in all samples of charas compared with that obtained from Bengal ganja. In only one sample of charas were the effects produced comparable to those produced by a similar dose of the alcoholic extract of the "standard" ganja. The resin extracted from the other samples of charas was much weaker, doses varying from 1/100,000 to 1/5,000 part of the body weight being required to produce certain physiological effects, while in three samples of Nepal charas doses equal to 1/2,500 part of the body weight were inactive. These startling figures seem to indicate not only natural deterioration, but also extensive adulteration of charas.

Flat, round, and chur ganja.
454. The evidence recorded regarding the effect of the three preparations of ganja (round, flat, and chur) shows clearly that if their effects differ (which is doubtful), the difference is not in kind, but only in degree. There is no difference whatever in kind, and the difference in degree is trifling. Round ganja is practically unknown except in Bengal. There the great majority of the witnesses say that there is no difference even of degree between round and flat ganja. Only forty-one witnesses draw any distinction, and these are pretty equally divided. Some, indeed, think that the manner in which the round ganja is rolled retards deterioration; others that the close packing of the flat ganja has the same effect. The truth seems to be that the preference for one or other of these two preparations is purely a matter of habit and varies in different districts, and that there is little real difference between the effects of these preparations. This is borne out by the experiments conducted by Dr. Prain (vide his report on the cultivation of ganja submitted to the Bengal Government in 1893) and by those of Mr. Hooper, though these two sets of experiments differ somewhat in result. Dr. Prain gave the average percentages of resin extracts from Bengal round and flat ganja for the seasons 1889 to 1893 as 22.27 and 22.13 respectively. His specimens had been reduced to the state of chur. Mr. Hooper found chur to afford 25.90 per cent. of resin extract compared with 23.8, 22.6, and 21.8 for small flat, large flat, and round ganja respectively. In respect to chur the evidence is very much divided and uncertain in tone. So far as it goes, it tends to show that Bengal is the only province where chur is regarded as at least as strong as the unbroken ganja. The explanation of this diversity of opinions is simple. Chur is broken ganja; and ganja may be broken either purposely or accidentally. In many parts and by many witnesses chur is regarded as the broken or refuse ganja which becomes separated in the process of preparation or transport, and which "even the poor will not buy." A second class of witnesses know chur as the best parts of the ganja heads, separated carefully from the woody matter or stalks, and therefore stronger, bulk for bulk, than the ordinary article. A third set of witnesses point out that before being smoked ganja must bo broken; it must become chur before being used. These insist, therefore, that there is no real difference between chur and other ganja. It may be noted, however, that there seems good ground to believe that chur as packed at present deteriorates more rapidly than the unbroken ganja, and is therefore less popular in at least the more distant markets.

482. In proceeding to deal more directly with the effects induced by the moderate use of the drugs, the Commission consider it desirable to preface the general analysis of information obtained from ordinary witnesses by a résumé of the known physiological action of the drugs as determined by competent observers. The earliest experiments of which we possess any record were instituted on animals by Sir William B. O'Shaughnessy. Ten grains of Nepalese charas were given to a middling sized dog; in half an hour the dog was stupid and sleepy, dozing at intervals, starting up, wagging his tail as if extremely contented, and ate food greedily. On being called to, he staggered to and fro, and his face assumed a look of utter and helpless drunkenness. These symptoms lasted two hours and then gradually passed away, and in six hours the dog was perfectly well and lively. In another experiment twenty grains of alcoholic extract of ganja were given to a very small dog. In fifteen minutes he was intoxicated: in half an hour he had great difficulty of movement: in an hour he had lost all power over the hinder extremities, which were rather stiff, but flexible: sensibility did not seem to be impaired, and the circulation was natural. He readily acknowledged calls by an attempt to rise up. In four hours he was quite well. O'Shaughnessy conducted experiments on carnivorous as well as graminivorous animals, and found that the former invariably and speedily exhibited the intoxicating influence of the drug, while the latter experienced but trivial effects from any dose administered. As a result of several experiments on pupils at the Medical College, Calcutta, O'Shaughnessy observes: "The result of several trials was that in as small doses as 1/4 of a grain the pulse was increased in fulness and frequency; the surface of the body glowed; the appetite became extraordinary; vivid ideas crowded the brain; unusual loquacity occurred; and, with scarcely any exception, great aphrodisia was experienced." Lauder Brunton states: "Its chief effect is on the brain, and is of a twofold nature; it excites a form of delirium and hallucinations, usually followed by deep sleep. Small doses give rise to delirium with hallucinations generally of a gay character causing much merriment, accompanied by a great inclination to muscular movement. The nature of the hallucinations depends greatly on the character of the individual, and people seem to be able to determine their nature as in the case of opium. The dreams produced by Indian hemp in inhabitants of Eastern countries are usually of a sexual character, but when taken by more civilized people of Western nations they are not sexual, and are often of a disagreeable nature. During this stage of hallucination the person may conduct himself rationally, and answer clearly any question put to him. The drug produces in some persons a curious loss of sense of space and time. This stage is generally followed by deep sleep. The sensory nerves are benumbed, and there is frequent tingling and partial anæsthesia. The pupil is dilated. Respiration may be either quickened or slowed. The action on the pulse is very uncertain. Usually it is at first quickened, then slowed, sometimes vice versâ. The temperature rises or sinks according as the drug produces muscular movement or sleep. The urine is increased. The processes of digestion are less altered by Cannabis indica than by opium, and the after effects of opium (nausea, headache, etc.) are not produced." Dr. Russell (Bengal witness No. 105), in his note furnished to Dr. Prain, gives the following effects of "doses pushed to produce a decided effect": "Mental effects appear in from three to five minutes; exhilaration and excitement of a pleasing nature: the subject talkative and merry; laughs and gesticulates; plays on imaginary musical instruments and sings; converses with imaginary persons; illusions and delusions, usually of a pleasing nature; objective of these very responsive to external impressions and suggestions; rarely quarrelsome or combative. Then ensues a condition of repose and quiet contemplation with fixed stare and immobile pupil. Then drowsiness and restless sleep in from two to three hours, lasting several hours: on waking, dulness, heaviness, profound depression, and irritability lasting for many hours. Physical effects in stage of exhilaration—conjunctiva reddened, pupil immobile; venous turgescence of face and head; respiration increased in frequency by three or four per minute; temperature raised two degrees or more; skin dry; a general condition of febrile excitement, vascular tension, increased pulse, quickened by ten beats or more per minute, hard, jerky, irregular. At later stage of reaction and drowsiness, skin cold, dry, pale; temperature subnormal (97° Fahr.); pulse slow, soft, compressible, very irregular; respirations lessened in frequency and shallow; copious diuresis." These experiments refer to the drugs bhang and ganja smoked and drunk as an infusion (vide the details of certain of Dr. Russell's experiments instituted in 1883 and appended to his evidence). Dr. Prain in his report on the cultivation and use of ganja refers to some experiments made on cats with alcoholic extracts of ganja, and Dr. Evans, Officiating Chemical Examiner, Bengal, at the suggestion of the Commission, also instituted a series of experiments on cats. Both these observers refer to the idiosyncrasy exhibited as to effects in the animals under experiment. Dr. Evans remarks "that some cats under the influence of the drug were prone to sleep, and others to the development of the phenomena ascribed to the disturbance of the sensory-motor apparatus; that the same dose relative to the body weight would in some animals induce disturbance of the sensory-motor mechanism, and in others a varying degree of narcotism. Apart, however, from individual idiosyncrasy, the quantity of the dose was found to play an important part also in determining the character of the effects produced by the drug. For in certain animals who after certain doses had been recognized as prone to develop sensory-motor disturbance without marked sleep or narcotism, an increased dose, if sufficiently large, could be relied on to produce sleep deep enough to mask or prevent the development of sensory-motor disturbance, with the exception of the rocking movements." Dr. Bovill (Bengal witness No. 109) describes the effects of smoking ganja in cigarettes, and Assistant Surgeon J. E. Bocarro (Sind witness No. 20) gives notes in which he compares the effects of drinking bhang and smoking ganja and charas.

Dr. Cunningham's experiment on ganja inhalation.
483. The following interesting account of an experiment on the effects of the systematic inhalation of the smoke of ganja conducted by Dr. D.D. Cunningham at the request of the Commission is extracted from his report (Vol. III Appendices). The growth of the habit, the uneasiness arising from privation, the symptoms of the intoxication, especially the appearance of optical delusions, the absence of appreciable indication of cerebral excitement, and the post-mortem appearances, are most interesting features of the report. So far as one experiment can be accepted as establishing anything, and subject also to the more careful histological enquiry to be conducted hereafter, this experiment gives additional evidence of the absence of morbid changes in the brain and of tissue changes generally under the action of hemp drugs even when used in excess. At the same time the general features of the experiment as indicated above are on the whole comparable with the effects of the hemp drugs on the human consumer as established in the evidence recorded by the Commission. The remarks of Dr. Cunningham regarding the diminution of appetite accompanied by local accumulations of fat as indicating the diminution in activity of the normal processes of tissue waste under the influence of ganja throw light on the evidence of witnesses who ascribe beneficial effects to this drug in cases of severe exertion without sufficient or suitable food. Dr. Cunningham writes:— "Nature of the animal employed, Macacus rhesus, weighing 16 lbs.. "The first inhalation was administered on the 7th of November 1893 and the last on the 12th of July 1894, so that the experiment extended over more than eight months. During this period one hundred and eighty-one inhalations were administered. During the greater part of the period the administrations were repeated almost daily, save on Sundays, but during March they were repeated only on alternate days, and during April and May only at irregular intervals, owing to the fact that at that time the animal was suffering from a mild but prolonged attack of dysentery. During the earlier part of the course of the experiment the animal apparently disliked the treatment, as he violently resisted introduction into the inhalation chamber, was restless when the smoke began to enter it, and not unfrequently attempted to prevent its entrance by plugging the orifice of the supply-tube. As time went on, however, and the experience lost its strangeness, his objections gradually diminished, and were ultimately replaced by a positive desire for the treatment. He then readily entered the chamber, resisted any attempts to remove him from it before he had had a full dose, was restless and uneasy on days on which the treatment was omitted, and, on two occasions on which he managed to make his escape from his cage, showed an evident desire to enter the chamber on his own account. "The symptoms attending the process of inhalation were not invariably of precisely uniform character. As a rule they came on quietly and insensibly, and consisted in steadily increasing drowsiness leading on to quiet sleep. During the course of exposure the conjunctiva and eyelids frequently became considerably congested; but this may, of course, have been merely dependent on direct irritation incident on their contact with the smoke. When removed from the chamber, ere profound sleep had supervened, the animal was evidently intoxicated. In many cases he was incapable of sitting up without supporting himself by means of grasping the bars of his cage, and, when less profoundly affected, was very unsteady on his legs. On being introduced into his cage, he not unfrequently, either at once or after a short delay, lay down and slept quietly for some time. On awaking from such sleep, as well as in those cases where sleep did not intervene, he almost invariably showed symptoms which appeared to indicate that he was for some time the subject of optical delusions. He gazed about attentively in directions in which nothing which seemed likely to excite his curiosity was present, and carefully scrutinized the floor of his cage for objects which did not exist. Such symptoms continued to persist for a considerable time after all other indications of intoxication had disappeared, continuing to manifest themselves in greater or less degree during the entire course of the latter portion of any day on which the treatment had been administered in the morning. "On a certain number of occasions, however, the symptoms did not follow this normal course. On these the onset of signs of drowsiness was greatly delayed, and had hardly begun to show itself ere the animal was suddenly seized with violent general convulsions, and immediately thereafter became profoundly unconscious. The symptoms on the recovery of consciousness in no way differed from those in cases where the earlier ones had followed the normal course. No satisfactory explanation of the occurrence of such exceptional phenomena could be arrived at, and it must remain uncertain whether they are to be regarded as the consequence of certain temporary subjective peculiarities on the part of the animal or of variations in the quality of the drug. "In no instance was there any appreciable indication of the development of any cerebral excitement either during the administration of the drug or after intoxication had been fully established. The normal symptoms were those of simple drowsiness and loss of will-power accompanied by optical delusions, those characterising the exceptional cases of temporary abnormal activity of the spinal cord and basal ganglia which may very probably have been dependent on diminution in the inhibitory power of the higher cerebral centres. "The general health of the animal remained excellent during the entire course of the experiment, save for a period during the months of April and May, in which it suffered from dysenteric symptoms. The occurrence of these, however, cannot be in any way definitely ascribed to the use of the drug, as they are of frequent occurrence among monkeys in confinement apart from any special treatment. The only permanent appreciable effect resulting from the treatment manifested itself in the form of a very considerable diminution in appetite for food, which set in shortly after the initiation of the experiment, and thereafter remained persistent throughout its entire course. "At the desire of the Hemp Drugs Commission, the experiment was brought to a close on the day following my return to Calcutta on the 12th of July 1894. Death was induced by means of prolonged administration of chloroform, and a post-mortem examination was conducted immediately it had occurred. The results of this were as follows, in so far as mere casual naked-eye inspection goes; for I have already pointed out the detailed histological examination of the condition of the various organs and tissues is a matter not of a few hours, but of many weeks' work; so that it has been impossible for me to carry it out and at the same time to meet the wish of the Commission for the immediate submission of a report. Specimens of all the more important organs have, however, been carefully preserved, and will form the subjects of detailed histological examination hereafter. "Results of post-mortem examination of the animal.—The body weighed 13 lbs. 7 oz., indicating a loss in weight of 2 lbs. 9 oz. during the eight months of treatment. This, or at all events the whole of this, loss is certainly not fairly creditable to the treatment, seeing that for a considerable period not long before the close of the experiment the animal had been subject to an attack of dysentery, which alone would have been sufficient to occasion considerable loss of weight. "On laying the body open, the phenomenon which at once attracted attention, as unlike any ordinarily present in those of caged monkeys, was the great amount of fat accumulated in the omentum, the mesentery, and the visceral and parietal pericardium. This was specially noteworthy in connection with the markedly diminished ingestion of food which had characterised the subject of the experiment during the greater part of its course, and with the coincident considerable reduction in body weight which had occurred. The body generally appeared to be fairly well nourished, and a considerable amount of subcutaneous fat was present. "The lungs were quite exceptionally healthy for a caged monkey, neither of them being in the least degree adherent to the thoracic walls; the left one being apparently perfectly healthy, and the right merely showing a few patches of deep congestion towards the base. Under the influence of the osmic acid contained in the fixing solution in which specimens of it were immersed, the muscular tissue of the heart shewed unequivocal signs of the presence of a certain amount of interstitial fat. Whether, however, these were due to true fatty degeneration of the muscular elements proper, or, as is more probably the case, to mere fatty accumulation in the connective tissues, must remain an open question until the detailed histological examination of the tissues has been carried out. "The liver, spleen, and pancreas appeared to be perfectly normal, save that, as in the case of the cardiac muscle, a slight excess of interstitial fat made its appearance under the influence of osmic acid. The kidneys, the stomach, the large and small intestines, and the cerebro-spinal nervous centres were all apparently perfectly healthy. "The only peculiar features in the body then which could in any way be rationally regarded as connected with the treatment to which the animal had been exposed were the excessive accumulation of fat in the tissue of the omentum, peritoneum, and pericardium, and the tendency to the establishment of a similar accumulation in the cardiac muscle, the liver, the pancreas, and the spleen. "But the only persistent symptom attending the treatment during life was a considerable diminution in appetite for food, so that, in so far as the results of a single experiment afford any ground for inference, it would appear that the most important effect of the habitual employment of inhalations of the smoke of ganja is to give rise to diminution in the normal processes of tissue-waste to such a degree that local accumulations of fat are liable to occur even in spite of the coincident and similarly originating diminution in the ingestion of food. The diminution in activity of the normal processes of tissue waste tends, on the one hand, to give rise to decreased ingestion of food, and, on the other, to local accumulation of fat in spite of this. But if the habitual practice of inhalations of the drug really do produce such effects, it is clear that, in place of being hurtful, it may be positively beneficial to people who are obliged to undergo exertions without having the means of procuring a diet fully adapted to make good the amount of tissue waste normally associated with them. As has been already pointed out, it is necessary to exercise extreme caution in coming to any definite conclusions from the experiment, first, because it is an isolated one, and, second, because the post-mortem examination has not yet been histologically completed; but the evidence which it has afforded is, in so far as it goes, rather in favour of the use of the drug under certain conditions than adverse to it."

All three forms of the drug considered together.
484. In considering the effects induced by drinking bhang and smoking charas or ganja, it must be remembered that the same active principle is present in all. The effects, therefore, induced by any one of the three drugs must necessarily depend upon the content of active principle, which is smallest in the case of bhang, and, theoretically at least, largest in charas, weight for weight. Practically it is impossible to compare with anything approaching to accuracy the physiological effects of the three drugs, because at present no definite active principle has been isolated. The alcoholic or other extracts from bhang, ganja, and charas are neither chemically similar in composition nor physiologically equivalent, weight for weight, in the effects they induce; and it is only possible, therefore, to approximately compare the physiological effects of ganja, charas, and bhang inter se. When, in addition to these initial difficulties, the disturbing factors, racial and individual idiosyncrasy and habit, come into operation, the question of the immediate effects of the drug becomes a most complex problem to deal with scientifically, or indeed even to generalize on in the broadest sense of the term. And, moreover, though the same active principle is originally present in all three of the drugs, yet when either ganja or charas is smoked, the active principle, not being volatile, must undergo decomposition, new products being evolved. Strictly, therefore, there can be no comparison between the physiological effect of the drug when introduced into the stomach as bhang and the products of the destructive distillation of ganja or charas when smoked and inhaled. And a writer on hemp drugs aptly remarks: "The action of hemp on man is so various that when we read the several descriptions given, differing so widely, we would scarcely suppose we were considering the same agent."

Immediate effects.
485. Judging from the replies of several witnesses, the immediate effect of the moderate use of any of the hemp drugs on the habitual consumer is refreshing and stimulating, and alleviates fatigue, giving rise to pleasurable sensations all over the nervous system, so that the consumer is "at peace with everybody"—in a grand waking dream. He is able to concentrate his thoughts on one subject: it affords him pleasure, vigour, ready wit, capacity for hard work, and sharpness for business; it has a quieting effect on the nervous system, and removes restlessness and induces forgetfulness of mental troubles; all sorts of grotesque ideas rapidly pass through the mind, with a tendency to talk; it brightens the eyes, and, like a good cigar, gives content; the man feels jolly, sings songs, and tells good stories; it causes bravery in the brave and cowardice in the timid, and, like alcohol, brings out the real character of the man. In young men it may give rise to sensual thoughts, and aphrodisiac effects are mentioned. Some witnesses, on the contrary, state that the drug is not refreshing, and that the consumer is sometimes sleepy and sometimes talkative; or there is no tendency to talk: the conjunctiva become suffused and red, and the moisture dries in the throat and lips; the man becomes peevish, stupefied, sees double; and occasionally it may cause vomiting. Regarding the question of intoxication, witnesses speak of exhilaration and slightly dizzy sensation; a little intoxication, but no stupefaction; a feeling of "briskness" followed by sinking, but no stupefaction; a little heaviness in the eyes, slight narcotic effects, or stupor more or less complete. Others say that the first effect is exciting, then soothing; while some describe the effects as those of intoxication of varying degrees, from moderate to dead drunk. According to certain witnesses, the intoxication of hemp drugs differs from the alcoholic in that only those unaccustomed to the drug are affected, or that intoxication is not much marked in old consumers. Some witnesses state that the drugs allay hunger; others that these effects only result from excessive use; while others deny the power of the drug to allay hunger under all conditions apparently. Similar contradictory statements are made in connection with the alleged power of the drug to create appetite. On this point, however, it may be of interest to note that O'Shaughnessy, as a result of observation, records the fact that hemp drugs in small doses possess an extraordinary power of stimulating the digestive organs: "the appetite became extraordinary" is the remark he makes in describing the symptoms induced in certain of his students by the administration of 1/4 grain doses of the resin. A Sind witness, No. 16, says: "It sharpens the appetite, and in this respect the action of the drug is certain and to be depended on." These are the immediate effects mentioned in the evidence. No doubt some of them would only result from an unaccustomed or excessive dose.

Duration of these effects.
486. In connection with the period during which the effects last, it is very difficult to arrive at any general conclusions, as so much depends on individual idiosyncrasy, on habit, dosage, and on the manner in which the drug is exhibited. According to Dr. Russell's experiments, the mental effects appear in from three to five minutes, and the drowsiness and restless sleep may last several hours in cases in which the drug was pushed to produce decided effects. Assistant Surgeon J. E. Bocarro gives fifteen minutes as the period at which intoxication commences after ganja smoking; in the case of charas, with the first pull at the chillum. In the case of ganja, the effects last from half to one hour or much longer, and in charas from fifteen to twenty minutes. With bhang the symptoms may set in from twenty to thirty minutes, or may be much delayed; and, according to Assistant Surgeon Bocarro, may last on an average two hours, or, according to a Bombay medical witness (No. 91), six to twelve hours. According to Dr. Russell's Assam experiments, the effects of two drachms of bhang drunk as goonta came on slowly and disappeared in three hours. With a solution of the resin in alcohol, thirty drops of the tincture are stated to have induced slight excitement within half a minute, lasting for a few seconds. In fifteen minutes a feeling something allied to the early stage of intoxication came on. Three grains of extract gave rise to no symptoms for one hour (Medical Times and Gazette, 1852). Speaking generally, however, smoking produces far quicker effects than the exhibition of the drug by the stomach, as in the latter case in India the resin in bhang is associated with a large amount of inert insoluble matter, and absorption is thereby delayed; but with pure resin, administered in a finely divided state, absorption from the stomach may occur with great rapidity.

After effects.
487. Various replies are given regarding the after effects induced by the drugs. A very common answer to this question is that no immediate after effects are induced. Others say that "scarcely" any after effects follow the moderate use. Dr. Crombie (Bengal witness No. 104) says: "I have not seen any after effects in these cases, and have spent days in company with native boatmen habitually using ganja in moderation." Another witness states (Sind No. 20): "With bhang none of any importance. Ganja and charas, especially the latter, give rise to a dull frontal headache, singing in the ears, weakened mental power, much thirst, impair the appetite, constipate the bowels, and concentrate the urine." Other witnesses describe the after effects as laziness and languor, stupor, drowsiness, melancholy, weakness, laxity of the body, disinclination to do anything, exhaustion, depression, pains in the body, headache, giddiness, and gnawing at the stomach, nauseous taste in the stomach, and thirst. O'Shaughnessy gives a succinct account of the after effects of bhang and charas. In the case of bhang, "the intoxication lasts about three hours, when sleep supervenes; no nausea or sickness of stomach succeeds, nor are the bowels at all affected: next day there is slight giddiness and vascularity of the eyes, but no other symptoms worth recording." In the case of ganja, "heaviness, laziness, and agreeable reveries ensue, but the person can be easily roused, and is able to discharge routine occupations, such as pulling the punkah, waiting at table, etc." The Commission consider it very probable that in regard to the after effects of the moderate use of these drugs, the evil after effects described by some witnesses are really due to the excessive use, and that witnesses have not always discriminated between the effects of the moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Replies to the question whether the want of subsequent gratification produces any longing or uneasiness are answered by some witnesses in the negative as regards moderate consumers; others say that a little longing or even uneasiness is experienced for want of gratification. There appear to be no valid reasons why the want of gratification of even a moderate habit should not cause "uneasiness" in some cases, and a "sensation of longing" in many: it is certainly the case with the majority of habitual moderate tobacco smokers, in whom the want of an accustomed smoke certainly does produce "longing," and which may even amount to "uneasiness" in some instances. In no case, however, is the longing or uneasiness experienced by users of hemp drugs for want of subsequent gratification comparable to the cravings of an opium smoker or eater. This matter has, however, already been discussed in dealing with the formation of the habit.

Individual witnesses responses.

The following are responses by individual witnesses to the four questions by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission regarding the immediate effects of cannabis consumption:
 

37. I know of no difference. 38. None, so far as I am aware. 44. Ganja smoked in moderation produces appetite and revives the spirits. It does not produce intoxication. The effect lasts some time. I have never noticed any after-effects in the case of moderate consumption. Question 44. [oral evidence]—In the second paragraph of this answer I mean that after the immediate effects of moderate consumption had worn off I have not noticed any subsequent effects. I have had no moderate consumer under observation, so as to be able to speak to the remote after-effects.  57. I know of no such cases. - Evidence of the HON'BLE MR. D. R. LYALL, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta.


37. I do not know. 38. I believe no difference whatever. 44. (b) Yes. (c) No. (d) Yes. (e) No. (f) As long as the effect on a moderate European of a glass of beer and a pipe. (g) No. (h) Yes, I should say there is a craving when the usual time for a smoke comes round. - Evidence of MR. E. V. WESTMACOTT, Commissioner, Presidency Division; late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


37. I can't say. 38. I believe not; the only difference, so far as I am aware, is that these are each more or less mixed with fibre which, while increasing bulk, does not affect potency. 44. I cannot speak from personal knowledge on any of these points. - Evidence of MR. H. G. COOKE, Officiating Commissioner, Orissa Division


37. I do not know anything about charas smoking. 38. They are all from the same plant, the method of manufacture only being different as between flat and round, and there cannot be any difference in effects. 42 to 57. I believe the moderate use of ganja in smoking to be harmless, because, in my 32 years' experience of Bengal, I have never come across a single instance of the injurious effects of such ganja-smoking. Surely if ganja-smoking was so baneful, and so widespread as many people wish to make out, there would be numerous examples to be met with in every large town, and especially in the hospitals maintained therein. I do not remember to have ever been made acquainted with a single case. I believe moderate consumers of ganja to be inoffensive to their neighbours if left alone; if disturbed, I am told they are very irritable. About the effects of ganja-smoking, immediate or remote, I can say nothing. I have no personal experience. I could speak only from hearsay, and there must be many people able to speak of the effects of ganja smoking at first hand: I believe, principally because I have not met with a single instance in my long service, that excessive ganja-smoking is rare—one man in 10,000 perhaps has contracted the vice. It is so easy to indulge in sensational writing in the matter; but the absence of instances leads me to believe that the crusade against ganja-smoking has no grounds. -  Evidence of MR. J. C. PRICE, Magistrate and Collector, Rajshahi.


37. Charas is not practised in this district, except very rarely. It is said, however, that it produces a very mild effect on the smokers and induces sleep. On the other hand, ganja-smoking affects the mind, and excessive indulgence in it makes a man violent in temper and sometimes insane. 38. Of three kinds of ganja, flat is not used in this district. Round and chur produce the same sort of effect on consumers, the only difference being that the chur ganja is more powerful and produces inebriation more rapidly, the reason being that the fragments which constitute chur ganja contain more resinous matter. 44. The effects are exhilarating and refreshing. It may produce a slight intoxication, which, however, passes off quickly. If taken before meals, it, like tobacco, allays hunger, but also increases appetite in cases of weak digestion and chronic diarrhœa; it not only increases appetite, but also cures or keeps in abeyance diarrhœa. The good effects may last for some time, but the repeated use is necessary in many chronic cases. The moderate use by the habitual leaves little or no unpleasant after-effects. Some uneasiness or longing is felt for want of subsequent gratification, and it would be a pity to deprive a habitual moderate consumer of his dose when it is so beneficial to him without any marked after-effect. 57. I have not seen or heard of ganja or charas being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of MR. F. H. BARROW, Magistrate and Collector of Bankura.


37. No charas is smoked here. 38. None. 44. (a) Used moderately, they refresh and create an appetite. (f) An hour or so. (g) None. (h) The want of ganja produces malaise. - Evidence of MR. F. H. B. SKRINE, Magistrate and Collector of Bhagalpur.


37. Charas is the most powerful, but has not the same inducement to become a habit as ganja. 38. I believe they are the same thing in different forms. 44. It intoxicates. At first is refreshing. Does intoxicate. It does create a false appetite. Its after-effects are depression. There is always a desire to repeat the dose. - Evidence of MR. A. C. TUTE, Magistrate and Collector of Dinajpur.


37. Yes. The effect of charas smoking is considered to be milder than ganja smoking. 38. No. 44. (a) It invigorates and causes a pleasant feeling of intoxication. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes; it does when taken in the form of siddhi. (f) One hour in case of ganja and charas and three to four hours in case of siddhi. (g) No. (h) Produces longing in case of habitual consumers. 57. I do not know that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk. - Evidence of the HON'BLE F. R. S. COLLIER, Magistrate and Collector, 24-Parganas.


37. Charas is not used in this district. 38. Flat ganja is the most efficacious. 44. Stimulant. It is refreshing and produces intoxication. Ganja allays hunger, but bhang creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts four hours and that of ganja five hours. The after effects are giddiness, dimness of sight, and laziness. 57. Neither eaten nor drunk in this district. - Evidence of MR, C. R. MARINDIN, Magistrate and Collector of Shahabad.


The effects of charas smoking are milder than those of smoking ganja. Charas is the rich man's drug, and the man that keeps his body well nourished feels least the effects of any drug. I am aware also that these drugs deteriorate. I believe there is really very little difference between the three preparations of ganja, but round is said by some to cause headache, and to be more effective than flat or "chur" in producing intoxication. Flat ganja is undoubtedly milder, and the drinking preparation of bhang is less injurious than smoking ganja or bhang. - Evidence* of MR. W. H. GRIMLEY, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur


38. No; when smoked all the woody matter is carefully removed, and in that state the original distinction between the three sorts entirely dis appears. - Evidence of MR. K. G. GUPTA, Commissioner of Excise, Bengal


37. The effect is the same; only that charas is more intoxicant than ganja. 38. Chur and flat ganja are more intoxicant than round. There is no difference of effects in kind. 44. It is refreshing, produces slight intoxication, does not allay hunger, creates appetite. The effect of the consumption of one chillum of ganja and charas( 1/20o f a tola) will last for an hour only. That of bhang lasts for four or five hours. There are after-effects in the case of bhang. In the case of ganja and charas, as soon as the intoxication is over, people feel a little uneasiness. 57. No such case known. My general experience is that ganja consumption has more markedly bad effects in Eastern Bengal than in Behar, that is to say, more cases of bad effects came to my notice in Dacca than in Muzaffarpur. I believe in Eastern Bengal the Muhammadans are large consumers. - Evidence of MR. L. HARE, Magistrate and Collector of Muzaffarpur.


37. The effects are almost the same, but that produced by charas is somewhat greater. 38. No. 44. Immediate effect of the moderate use of the bhang and ganja is stimulant. It is refreshing, and produces slight intoxication and increases appetite. It does not always allay hunger. The effect of ganja is transitory and bhang is somewhat lasting. The after-effects are depression and loss of bodily health and flesh, and they are generally noticed when good food is not used by the consumers. If the use be discontinued, it produces craving or uneasiness. 57. I have no experience as to ganja or charas being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of MR. G. E. MANISTY, Magistrate and Collector of Saran


37. Ganja takes effect instantaneously while charas is slow in its effect. Ganja seems to affect the mental faculties mainly, and charas the physical. 38. All the same effect. 44. Habitual moderate consumers. It is refreshing. It does not intoxicate. It allays hunger. It does not create hunger. The effects last for about two hours. No after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. Moderate smokers in old age are liable to indigestion. - Evidence of MR. J. KENNEDY, Magistrate and Collector of Murshidabad


37. Yes; ganja-smoking acts more instantaneously on the brain than charas-smoking. 38. No. 44. Yes; it is refreshing and produces intoxication, though its intensity varies with persons of different constitutions. Bhang creates appetite. The effect lasts in the case of bhang ten or twelve hours and in the case of ganja and charas two or three hours. The after-effects of the use of ganja are dullness, languor, and debility. The want of subsequent gratification produces intense desire and uneasiness. - Evidence of MR. T. L. JENKINS, Magistrate and Collector of Dacca


38. Round ganja is said to be stronger. In its effects chur ganja would be the same as flat. As a fact there is more fermentation in round ganja than in the other sorts. 44. I have been unable to find an admitted habitual consumer who can give me materials for answering all these questions. But the drug certainly produces exhilaration at the time. 57. I have not heard of ganja being eaten. Bhang may be prepared from ganja (meaning the female hemp plant), but I do not know if this is so. Charas, I am told, is always eaten, but this is what my Uriya servant says. I know nothing of it. - Evidence of MR. H. F. T. MAGUIRE, Magistrate and Collector of Khulna


37. I have no knowledge of charas. 38. Not, if they are of the same quality. 44. It is said to be refreshing. Yes, ganja produces intoxication, and so does bhang. Ganja is said to allay hunger, and bhang to create appetite. The ganja-smokers whom I questioned said that the intoxication of bhang lasted from one to three hours according to the quantity. The aftereffects are headache sometimes and giddiness. The want of subsequent gratification does certainly produce longing or uneasiness in the case of habitual ganja-smokers. 57. No information. - Evidence of MR. W. R. BRIGHT, Deputy Commissioner of Palámau


37. I have no experience. 38. In degree. 44. It is refreshing after exertion. To be refreshing it must produce intoxication: short of intoxication it is not refreshing. It allays, rather dulls, hunger. The effect rarely lasts more than three hours. No after-effects are left. Want of subsequent gratification produces a longing, which is, however, easily controllable. 57. No experience. - Evidence of MR. N. K. BOSE, Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali.


37. The effect of charas is more transient. 38. There is no difference in kind, but the form which contains most ganja blossom contains most resin and is therefore the strongest. 44. Refreshing. Not intoxicating. Creates appetite, but does not allay hunger. 57. Not is this district. - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur


37. The effect of charas is more transient. 38. There is no difference in kind, but the form which contains most ganja blossom contains most resin and is therefore the strongest. 44. Refreshing. Not intoxicating. Creates appetite, but does not allay hunger. 57. Not is this district - Evidence of MR. L. P. SHIRRES, Magistrate and Collector of Midnapur


37. I do not know. 38. Rajshahi ganja (round) is the strongest, but the nature of their effects is similar in different degrees, and stronger than that of the Gurjat ganja. 44. Moderate. Ganja-smoking is refreshing, does not produce complete intoxication, but after the effects are past does not allay hunger. However, in the case of fakirs, it must allay hunger, as they take very little food. The want of it produces longing and uneasiness. 57. In Puri District, the Gurjat ganja is also drunk with milk, and sugar and spices. In this way it is much consumed by the "Pandas" attached to the Jagannath Temple. They are illiterate men, and mostly reported to be immoral, but their immorality is probably due to their being idle and overfed. Physically they do not suffer from taking ganja in this form - Evidence of MR. E. H. C. WALSH,* Officiating Magistrate and Collector of Cuttack


44. No effect, It is probably refreshing only. Not intoxicating. To the rest of these questions I am not able to reply, except that it is said to create appetite. 57. I am not aware of this. - Evidence of MR. J. H. BERNARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Nadia


37. I have no experience of the effects of charas smoking. 38. There is no difference in kind in the effects. In this district, where flat ganja is consumed, it is generally reputed that round ganja is stronger; but I do not believe that there is really any great difference in their effects between these two kinds, or between them and chur. 44. Bhang consumed in moderation by an habitual consumer produces slight intoxication and hilarity; it creates appetite for the time being. Its effects last for ten or twelve hours. The effects of ganja are much more rapid. It produces immediate giddiness and intoxication. Its effects last four or five hours. The after effects of both drugs are headache and giddiness, but with the habitual consumer the after effects of moderate indulgence are not noticeable. In the case of ganja, the want of subsequent gratification produces some longing for the drug, but not nearly to the same extent as in the case of opium. 57. I have heard of ganja being eaten, but the practice is rare. I have no information regarding the effects.  - Evidence of MR. A. E. HARWARD, Offg. Magistrate and Collector, Bogra


37. There is a difference, but particulars are not known, as charas is not used in this district. 38. Not so far as is here know. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs is refreshing. It does produce intoxication; it does not allay hunger; it creates appetite; the effect lasts two or three hours in case of ganja and charas and about six hours in the case of bhang. There are after-effects in case of bhang only. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. We have never known this - Evidence of COLONEL C. H. GARBETT, Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh


44. Very small quantities chewed with tobacco seem to produce refreshing effects. Smoking generally brings on intoxication, talkativeness, excitement of the brain and nervous system, irritability, anger (violence) followed by exhaustion and sleepiness. If sleep is produced, it is calm and refreshing, and appetite is sharpened. It is generally not followed by the same feeling of nervous prostration, as is observed after the abuse of alcoholic drinks. 57. Ganja eaten does not produce intoxication so rapidly as when smoked - Evidence of Mr. C. A. S. BEDFORD,* Deputy Commissioner of Manbhum


44. I am told that it is refreshing, produces intoxication, allays hunger, and creates appetite. Its effects last about eight hours or so, and the want of subsequent gratification produces longing as well as uneasiness. - Evidence of Mr. R. H. RENNY, Deputy Commissioner of Singbhum


37. I know nothing of it. 38. Here we have only one kind of ganja, and that is flat ganja. 44. Ganja is refreshing, It does produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. Bhang creates appetite, and so does ganja. 57. No. Not here. - Evidence of RAI NANDAKISORE DAS, BAHADUR,* District Officer of Angul, Cuttack


37. Charas makes one drowsy. Ganja has a tendency to excite. 38. No perceptible difference. 44. It is refreshing after fatigue. Ganja produces intoxication at once. It does not allay hunger. It creates an appetite. The effect lasts about a couple of hours. Irritableness appears to be an after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing in the habitual consumer. 57. They are not eaten or drunk here, as far as I can ascertain. - Evidence of MR. W. MAXWELL, Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhenidah, District Jessore


37. Charas smoking is not practised in this province. 38. Rajshahi or round ganja is stronger and more intoxicating and more heating than Gurjat or flat ganja. Chur may be of either sort, and, as being the actual flowers and buds, is stronger than round or flat ganja. 44. Refreshing and sedative, not visibly intoxicating. It is said to allay hunger for the time, but after the effects have worn off, say in one or two hours, the appetite is said to be improved. After-effects unknown, but the want of subsequent gratification at the usual hour is said to produce longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of MR. W.C. TAYLOR, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and Pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Khurda, Orissa


37. Yes; there is, so far as I have been able to observe, difference between the effects of charas smoking and ganja-smoking, in that the effect on the system of the former is not nearly so marked and injurious as in the case of the latter. 38. I think the difference is only in degree, chur being stronger than the rest, and round being stronger than flat. 44. I cannot give any satisfactory answer without questioning consumers, which I suppose I am not expected to do.  57. No knowledge. - Evidence of CHUNDER NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Deputy Collector, at present employed as Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Bhagalpur Division


37. Cannot definitely reply to this. Charas is, however, thought to be a milder article to puff than ganja. This latter has a great effect, inducing unusual heat of the brain, and generating a rough and hot temperament. The effect of charas, it is said, more induces torpor. 38. Round ganja is held to be more effective. The degree of intoxicating effect which this produces is greater than of the other different sorts, and preference to this is given by consumers. 44. To the habitual consumers moderate use produces no injurious effect. Its effect on their system is not perceptible. The effect is refreshing and exhilarating to some extent. The intoxicating effect, if any, is not noticeable. Bhang and ganja to these moderate consumers sharpen appetite. The effect which moderate use of bhang produces to them is like that which is observed amongst tea drinkers, although this does not seem to be so much stimulating. The effect of bhang is of longer duration. It is slow, but lasts for hours. These two drugs do not produce so much lassitude after the effects are over as in the case of alcohol drinkers. The moderate consumers are regular in their hours of consumption. Bhang by them is invariably found to be drunk in the afternoon, and ganja in the morning and evening after bath and ablutions. 57. I know of no such instances. - Evidence of BABU RAM CHARAN BOSE, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Alipur, 24-Parganas.


37. The effects of charas smoking are said to be worse than those resulting from ganja smoking. Charas is stronger than ganja. 38. The effects are the same. 44. Moderate use of ganja stimulates, excites and refreshes persons addicted to it. Does not allay hunger. Produces appetite and intoxication for about an hour. The want of it does not produce much longing or uneasiness. Habitual excessive smokers are always in a state of intoxication. They always crave for it and feel uneasy until it is obtained. The after-effects in such smokers are pain in the limbs and lassitude; no such feelings are experienced by moderate smokers. 57. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk in this sub-division. - Evidence of MR. E. MCL. SMITH, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


37. Charas has not the same power of stimulation as ganja or bhang has. 38. No. 44. Bhang revives exhaustion and serves as a refreshment. It does produce intoxication; allays hunger; creates appetite; effect lasts seven or eight hours; after-effect in case of immoderate use, laxity and giddiness. It produces a longing and uneasiness if not used at the usual hour. 57. Generally smoked. - Evidence of BABU GOPAL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Diamond Harbour.


37. Charas is much milder than ganja. 38. Round ganja containing in full all the flower with its resinous matter gives more intoxication than flat or chur ganja. 44. (a) Refreshment. (b) Yes. (c) Nominal. (d) Partially. (g) Ganja-smokers generally die from dysentery and bronchial complaints. (h) Yes; a great longing and uneasiness in the case of ganja-smokers, who become moody and unwell for want of the drug. - Evidence of BABU NAVIN KRISHNA BANERJI, Brahman, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, District Manbhum.


37. Charas is said to be rather stronger than ganja and its effects remain longer. I was told that when in a hurry or for long endurance it is taken. 38. I do not think so. Flat may be weaker than round and chur, as it is less resinous and not so much agglutinated or closely adherent. 44. Bhang causes pleasantness, makes one talk and laugh, and creates hunger. I believe some intoxication is caused. The duration of effect depends upon the constitution, habit, and quantity taken. Generally the effect is supposed to last up to the time some food is taken, say two or three hours. It brings on sleep and depression follows. One who takes it habitually acquires a longing for it, and the want of it causes uneasiness. Immediate effect of ganja is exhilaration and excitement, and consumers say refreshing. It certainly produces a certain amount of intoxication. It allays hunger. The effect lasts an hour or so if taken moderately. Want creates longing and uneasiness. 57. I have not heard of charas being eaten or drunk. Ganja at times is, I am told, taken after being fried with ghee, sweets, etc., as majum. This is taken only by the richer classes. - Evidence of BABU PRAN KUMAR DAS, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to the Commissioner of Burdwan.


37. I do not know. 38. The flat ganja is said to produce narcotic effects more quickly and its effects last longer. 44. The moderate use of bhang is refreshing in its effects. That of ganja produces intoxication, but not for habitual consumers. Bhang creates appetite. Ganja impairs appetite. The effect lasts for two hours. Yes; the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. It is sometimes eaten with bhang and sometimes with sweetmeats. Its effects are very intoxicating.  -  Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA BASAK, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Brahmanbaria, Tippera District.


37. Yes; the effects of charas smoking are— (1) the consumer gets drunk at once; (2) he gets headache; (3) feels a burning sensation in the eyes; (4) the throat becomes dry and bitter. The effects last for an hour or so. The effects of ganja smoking are—(1) the consumer feels the effects gradually; (2) produces no headache or pain to the eyes; (3) lasts for two or three hours. 38. Yes; the effects of chur and flat ganja smoking are almost identical, and may be the same as those of charas smoking. The effects of round ganja smoking are milder in form than those of the others. 44. It is refreshing to one who makes a moderate use of it. It produces a slight intoxication. It does not allay hunger. The effect lasts for an hour or so. It has no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any longing or uneasiness. It increases appetite. The effect of siddhi lasts for a longer time than that of ganja. 57. Ganja or charas are not eaten or drunk here.  - Evidence of BABU DINA NATH DÉ, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Nadia.


37. I have no idea about the effects of charas smoking. 38. No, not at all. 44. The moderate use of ganja invigorates the habitual consumers. It is no doubt refreshing. It exhilarates but does not inebriate. It allays hunger but does not create appetite. Its effect lasts about an hour. It is said that it has no after-effects. I do not think that the want of subsequent gratification produces any longing or uneasiness. 57. I don't know that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk  - Evidence of BABU GANENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Naogaon.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja is the partial obscuration of the vision, dryness of the throat, tongue and the lips and a feeling of drowziness, which are followed by cheerfulness of spirit and a proneness to loquacity. It is somewhat refreshing and produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts three or four hours. The after-effects are languor and a longing for further gratification, and some uneasiness if the longing is not satisfied. Bhang does not produce instantaneous effect on the consumer. In about twenty to thirty minutes the consumer's throat, tongue, and lips begin to get dry, the eyes contract and turn somewhat dim. He becomes jolly and laughs often. It does not allay hunger, but produces a ravenous appetite. The effect lasts about twelve hours. The after-effect is a feeling of weakness and a depression of spirit. For a habitual consumer there is a longing for further gratification, but for one who takes it for the first time there is a feeling of dislike for it. 57. I know nothing of this. - Evidence of BABU GANGANATH ROY, Kayasth, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Chittagong.


37. Ganja is more stimulant and much stronger in effect of intoxication than what can be obtained from charas, which is of moderate strength, and is used by youths of upper and middle classes of Hindus and Muhammadans. 38. There is no appreciable difference in effect of the three species of ganja, though people of some places prefer flat to round, and those of others round to flat, according to their climate. 44. The habitual moderate consumers of all these drugs take them to give them stimulus in their day's work, and they feel their use refreshing during and after their labour. They do not produce any appreciable or harmful intoxication. They serve to create appetite, and have no after effects on their habitual moderate consumers. 57. Ganja and charas are not drunk - Evidence of BABU BHAIRAB NATH PALIT, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Birbhum.


38. There is no very appreciable difference in the effects in kind of the use of the three different preparations of ganja, but there is in degree. As chur is finer than the other sorts and round finer than flat, the intensity of intoxication increases with the increase of fineness. 44. It is refreshing. Yes; it produces intoxication at first. It creates appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRO NATH BANDYOPADHYA, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jalpaiguri.


37. I know almost nothing about charas. 38. Chur, being the droppings of the flower, does not contain so much of the resinous matter as the other two kinds do, and is consequently not quite so strong. 44. In the case of those who use ganja and bhang moderately, it is refreshing and exhilarating, and the latter creates appetite. The effect would last for an hour or so, and is followed by a slight depression, which passes off quickly without causing any uneasiness. 57. Not known to me.  - Evidence of BABU JAGA MOHAN BHATTACHARJYA, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Personal Assistant to Commissioner, Chittagon


37. I speak with some diffidence on the questions of this chapter. I am a layman and cannot speak so fully and correctly as a medical expert. 44. Bhang.—Intoxicating, creates appetite, lasts from one to twelve hours according to constitution and quantity taken. The after-effects are uneasiness, and redness of the eyes. Ganja smoking.—Refreshes after fatigue, intoxicates, takes away hunger, lasts for one-half to three hours. The after-effects are redness of the eyes and looseness of the bowels. After the intoxication is over, the mind has a craving for fresh drink or fresh ganja; and if not gratified, feels pain and uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU MANMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jajpur, Cuttack, Orissa.


37. The effect of charas is produced slowly and by degrees; but that of ganja is quick and very sadden. Charas is said to be milder than ganja. 38. No, except that the " rolled round " (vide (b) in answer to question (2) is said, in Bhagalpur, to turn the head and make one feel giddy. 44. In the case of bhang, as soon as it is drunk it produces a cooling sensation in the stomach. The drinker would feel inclined to smoke tobacco if he is accustomed to it, and as he smokes on the intoxication would increase. It is refreshing, produces intoxication, increases hunger and creates appetite. Its effect lasts about six hours, and produces dullness and lethargy as after-effect, but no longing for it. In the case of ganja, as soon as it is smoked the whole frame becomes warm and a shock is felt on the brain; it is all sudden and quick. It is refreshing, produces intoxication, and increases hunger to some extent, creates appetite, lasts about two hours, produces no dullness or lethargy, but produces longing for it.  - Evidence of BABU NAVAKUMAR CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Jangipur, Murshidabad.


37. Charas is more mild. This and ganja raise up the energies, and expand the physical faculties. - Evidence of BABU HIRA LALL BANERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


37. Not known to me. 38. Yes; in degree, in intensity of intoxication. Round ganja is supposed to be most effective in this regard, chur less, and flat least. 44. Refreshing to a certain extent; intoxication in a small degree; allays hunger for a little while; creates appetite; effect lasts about two hours; after-effects: a general weakness of the system, dulness, a headache lasting for a short while. Yes. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. These refer to ganja and bhang. 57. Cannot give any. I am told that ganja, when eaten, does not give intoxication so immediately as when smoked. - Evidence of MAULAVI ABDUS SAMAD, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Purulia, Manbhum.


37. Yes. The effect of charas-smoking is considered to be milder than ganja-smoking. 38. No. 44. (a) It invigorates and causes a pleasant feeling of intoxication. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes, it does when taken in the form of siddhi. (f) One hour in case of ganja and charas and three to four hours in case of siddhi, (g) No. (h) Produces longing in case of habitual consumers. 57. I do not know that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk. - Evidence of BABU GUNGADHAR GHOSE, Excise Deputy Collector, 24-Parganas


37. The effect is the same, but the smell of charas is sweeter. I have smelled both. 38. The same effect. 44. The immediate effect of ganja on the habitual moderate consumer is constriction of his throat and a reeling sensation in the head. It is refreshing to those who use it habitually. It produces instantaneous intoxication, which seldom lasts more than three hours. The beginner has appetite, but the habitual smoker does not feel any appetite. The only after-effect to a habitual smoker is yawning. It produces a longing for further use of the drug. A consumer of bhang or majum has to wait for half an hour before he perceives the effect. It has refreshing effect. It produces intoxication, which lasts three to four hours with the habitual consumer. It creates appetite in the beginner. There is nothing unusual in its after-effects, but want of subsequent gratification produces a longing and creates uneasiness. 57. When ganja is eaten or drunk, the effect of intoxication lasts longer.   - Evidence of BABU PROKASH CHUNDER ROY, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna.


37. Charas is never smoked apart from admixture of tobacco (vide question 15). The initiatory process reduces the keenness of the drug, hence the intoxication is milder than ganja. It takes effect after a minute or two have elapsed (from the time of drinking). The eyelids are affected first. Light becomes unbearable. The saliva dries up. The patient becomes sensitive and looks at everything with satisfaction. Capacity of hearing increases, and music produces a very soothing effect. Excessive smoking produces stupefaction of energies. In ganja the patient is affected immediately. The symptoms are the same as charas, but they are keener. When the intoxication overpowers the man, he thinks himself in danger and led away in clouds. Breathing becomes hard; it is remarkable that consciousness is never lost. I might say it rouses the subconscious part of a man's nature. There are lucid moments when the patient strains hard to recover his energies, but he fails. Coma is produced at the extreme stage. My conviction is that it rouses the hidden part of a man's nature. A jolly man becomes jolly and musical, a religious man becomes meditative, an athletic will think of his strength, and a criminal thinks of his own look-out, and a quarrelsome man becomes peevish and is ready to fight. 38. Bhang produces an intoxication milder than charas if consumed in a small quantity. It acts differently on different constitutions. In some it produces a garrulous tendency, others take to laughing and hilarity. In exceptional cases it brings on deep slumber. I cannot find any distinguishing features in the respective effects of the three drugs which is worthy of note. The difference is one of degree and not in kind. The state of the mind is passive, whereas in alcohol it is active. In the former case the imagination is creative, in the latter constructive. 44. Ganja and bhang.—The immediate effect is said to be refreshing, which means a slight intoxication. It allays hunger for a habitual smoker but creates appetite to an occasional smoker. A habitual smoker, however, cannot digest his food without using it. The effect of one chillum lasts for half an hour. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness to a habitual excessive smoker. 57. I can give no more information than what I have done in reply to question 19. According to sanyasis, eating ganja gives more chakur (revolution or rotation, i.e., intoxication) than smoking.  - Evidence of BABU SURENDRANATH MOZOOMDAR, Brahmin, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Monghyr.


37. Yes; smokers say that the intoxication of charas is "in the eye," of siddhi "in the memory and the imagination," of ganja "in the brain and the nerves." I understand that charas produces a mild form of intoxication, which does not completely permeate the system or break down the constitution in the same way as excessive ganjasmoking does. 38. In degree only, not in kind. Chur intoxicates most, round next, and flat next. It is said this difference in degree is due to the quantity of intoxicating material present in the three varieties, chur costing most and flat least. 44. (a). The immediate effect is an increase in the circulation of blood and exhilaration of spirits. (b) Yes, it is. (c) It does. (d) I do not believe that moderate use of any of these drugs allays hunger. On the contrary, it increases hunger. Excessive use deadens appetite. (e) Yes; each of these drugs creates appetite if used moderately. (f) The effect lasts for an hour or two. (g) No after-effects. (h) No longing or uneasiness except in the excessive use. The effect of ganja in producing exhilaration of spirits is instantaneous. That is why ganja is called "Turitananda" (instantaneous pleasuregiver).   - Evidence of BABU A. K. RAY, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bangaon, Jessore District.


37. I do not know - vide note. 38. Round ganja (Rajshahi) is preferred by the consumers, as it is said to be the strongest of the three preparations. On account of the round form into which ganja is rolled, it retains the resinous matter longer than either the flat ganja or the chur. There appears to be no appreciable difference as to the kind of effect produced by them. 44. The effect of smoking ganja on the habitual consumers is instantaneous. It is refreshing, produces slight intoxication, does not allay hunger, creates appetite, and the effect lasts from two to three hours; after-effects not noticeable. Those habitual consumers who have stated periods for gratification, feel longing and uneasiness, if they do not satisfy it at those periods. When taken in excess, ganja-smoking seems to allay hunger, as is seen in fakirs. As regards patti, the effects on the habitual consumers are the same as those of ganja-smoking, excepting that intoxication begins not instantaneously, but after the lapse of about an hour or so. The intoxication is milder in nature, but lasts longer than that produced by ganja. 57. In Puri, Gurjat ganja is drunk like patti, with the addition of milk, sugar, and bhang massalas. The Pandas of Jaggannath are especially the consumers of ganja in this way. I have not heard good reports regarding their moral character. Physically they do not seem to be worse off by the use of this beverage. They are, however, well-to-do, take nourishing food, and live comfortably.   - Evidence of BABU KANTI BHUSHAN SEN, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector of Cuttack.


37. The effects of charas-smoking are slightly different from the effects of ganja-smoking. The effects of ganja-smoking in those unused to the drug, unless the smoke is inhaled, appear to be slight; when inhaled, however, by those who are unaccustomed to it, it produces a dizzy intoxication. In the case of those accustomed to its use, it produces a marked suffusion of the conjunctiva. Ganja.—Becomes cheerful, can work hard and perform difficult work. Becomes more energetic. Loses the sensation of external heat. Does not feel any inconvenience in working in the sun, before fire, and in rain. The effect lasts for two or three hours. Charas.—It produces suffusion of the conjunctiva in some. It is the rich people's intoxicant. Can talk and sing. Becomes cheerful, but shows no activity or inclination for work. The eyes become dull and reddish to a certain extent resembling the effect of opium. The effect lasts for fifteen minutes or half an hour. 38. There is no difference in effect, in kind, or degree on consumers of the three different preparations of ganja. But in particular districts particular kinds are preferred. Ganja contains less leaves and seeds, and more resin; ganja—the flowery portion of which is more healthy and thick, is preferred. Its intoxicating power is more than that of less developed flowers. The object of ganja-smoking is clearly expressed by the following lines:— The Jogi smokes for the concentration of thought necessary for joge, and for pronouncing the name of Hari (god). The Rajput smokes for becoming strong, and for extracting the tusks of elephants with the hand. The merry smokes for becoming cheerful, and for pleasing women. The hungry smokes for intensifying his hunger, and for eating up a handi-full of boiled rice. 44. Immediate effect of ganja.—The smoker becomes cheerful, strong, resolute, and refreshed; shakes off lethargy, and willingly commences work with zeal. The eyes become blood-shot and dilated. He can work without fatigue. Cooks can cook food the whole day near strong fire after smoking ganja in the hottest part of summer without fatigue. Bhang— No immediate effect. After half an hour or an hour its effects are felt. Charas— The action is immediate, the eyes become congested and the consumer feels cheerful. He becomes talkative. Ganja, bhang, and charas are refreshing. Ganja and bhang allay hunger. The consumers do not feel hunger for a time. Ganja and bhang create appetite. The effect of ganja lasts for two to three hours. The effect of bhang lasts for eight to ten hours. The effect of charas lasts for fifteen minutes to one hour. After-effects. Ganja.—Yes; becomes dull and feels no inclination for work; no headache. There is longing and uneasiness. The effects are slight on moderate habitual consumers. Bhang.—Yes; becomes dull and drowsy. After bath feels better. Charas.—No after-effect. For habitual moderate consumers the want of subsequent gratification does produce little or no longing or uneasiness. 57. Ganja.—Eating rare. It is eaten by sanyasis to show their power. (Dadhi or ghi and ganja are eaten.) Gurjat ganja is drunk by the priests (pandas) in Orissa. The intoxication produced is more intense and powerful than that by bhang. The effects last longer. Intoxication commences after some time. The intoxication is not so strong as in smoking, Charas.—I do not know of any case of eating or drinking of charas  - Evidence of BABU ABHILAS CHANDRA MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, on deputation as 2nd Inspector of Excise, Bengal.


37. I have not observed the effects of charassmoking. No charas shop exists in the district of Malda. 38. I understand that flat ganja, when bereft of the useless wood, produces on the consumer effects which lost for a longer period than the other varieties of ganja. It is, however, milder than the round ganja, which is again milder than the chur. 44. Ganja-smokers say that the immediate effect of smoking ganja is something more to be felt than described. So far as outward manifestation is concerned, ganja-smoking produces an atmosphere of intolerable odour and induces in the smoker a fit of coughing. These effects are anything but agreeable. But there is no doubt that, after the smoke is taken, the consumer feels refreshed and a sort of inward pleasure. Intoxication, i.e., becoming incapable of controlling one's self, is scarcely produced. But generally the man becomes talkative, prone to laughter, and eager to assume an air of self-importance. I do not think it has a tendency to allay hunger, though in the excitement of the moment some sort of abnormal energy may be called forth, and the man induced to undergo exertions or troubles which, under ordinary circumstances, he would not readily under¬ take. In the case of habitual consumers, the use of ganja and bhang does not create any new appetite, though persons who have become addicted to any of these drugs will have no taste for food if they cannot take their usual smoke. Occasional consumers of bhang become capable of eating a larger quantity of food by taking bhang than their usual diet; but the after affects of over-filling the belly are produced in such cases as much as in any other case. The immediate effect of ganja-smoking lasts for a very short time—at most an hour; that of bhang drinking lasts for a considerable time like alcohol. The after effects are reaction of the temporary excitement. Depression follows as a necessary consequence. A person addicted to any of these drugs will feel great uneasiness if he be unable to take his usual smoke. He will have no taste for food. 57. I cannot speak of charas but I have heard that even in this district there are persons who eat ganja with betel leaves or drink them like siddhi. Their number is, however, extremely small, and they consume the drug in this way in secret. It is said, however, that only those whom even an excessive use of ganja in the ordinary way does not satisfy take to the practice of eating or drinking the drug in secret. - Evidence of BABU GOBIND CHANDRA DAS, Baidya, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Malda.


37. No charas smoking here. 38. None. 44. (b) Bhang and ganja both refreshing. (c) Do not produce intoxication. (d) and (e) Do not allay hunger, but create appetite, especially bhang, and when taken occasionally. (f) An hour or so. (g) None. (h) Ganja produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja eaten very rarely. It causes throwing out. -  Evidence of BABU NOBIN CHANDRA KAR, Excise Deputy Collector, Bhagalpur.


37. No information about charas. 38. No difference. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja and bhang on the habitual consumer is that it refreshes him. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but on the other hand sharpens the appetite. The effect of ganja lasts for two or three hours, but that of bhang for about twelve hours. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. I have no experience as to the effects of eating or drinking ganja.  - Evidence of BABU RAJANI PRASAD NEOGY, Excise Deputy Collector, Mymensingh


37. Nil.— Charas not consumed here. 38. All the preparations have the same effect, except what is shown in answer 21. 44. The immediate effect is intoxication on the habitual smoker of ganja. Both ganja and bhang are refreshing. They do not allay hunger, but on the contrary create appetite. The effect of ganja lasts ten minutes to one hour, and that of bhang three to twenty-four hours. The after effect is drowsiness and depression. 57. Ganja and charas are never drunk in this district. - Evidence of GHULAM LILLAHI, Excise Deputy Collector, Ranchi, District Lohardaga.


37. The effects of charas last for shorter time than those of ganja. The intoxication from charas lasts for about an hour. The smoker feels a kind of dryness of the tongue and heaviness of the head. He requires something to lean his head against. Ganja smoking affects the brain gradually. The effects are not so acute as those of charas, and last for over two hours. 38. No. 44. The moderate use of any of these drugs produces more or less intoxication on the habitual consumer immediately after taking the drugs. It is refreshing to some extent to the habitual consumer. It produces partial intoxication. Ganja and charas allay hunger. Siddhi creates appetite. The effects of ganja and siddhi last for about one hour. The after-effects are to make the head dizzy, and to weaken the constitution. The want of subsequent gratification produces a great deal of uneasiness. 57. I have never heard of ganja or charas being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of BABU SURESH CHUNDRA BAL, Baidya, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.


37. Charas is stronger in its effects than ganja, of which the reason appears to be that the former is, as described above, resinous exudation of the flowers and leaves of the hemp plant, and, as such, it possesses more of the narcotic powers of the plant than its leaves and flowers, which constitute ganja, the thing also smoked. 38. There is no difference in the narcotic power of these three descriptions of ganja, and they have therefore no different effects, either in kind or degree, on consumers. 44. I have heard from the consumers of the drugs that they find the drug producing a peculiar kind of intoxication, attended with exhilaration of the spirits and hallucinations generally of a pleasing kind, refreshing and creating appetite. The effect of bhang lasts about six hours and that of ganja for about an hour or two. They have after-effects (said to be unpleasant). Want of subsequent gratification is alleged not to produce any longing or uneasiness. It is probably on account of the drug producing hallucination that in Persian the bhang has the name of falak sair falak taz, both meaning roaming through the sky, or having the power of making one roam through the sky. 57. I have never come across a man eating ganja or charas; but I have heard of a Hindu mendicant doing so.  - Evidence of BABU ROY BRAHMA DUTT, * Kayasth, Excise Deputy Collector, Darbhanga.


38. Flat ganja is more intense in its effects than chur ganja (we have no round ganja here). 44. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication; the effect lasts for two hours; after this there is again longing for subsequent gratification. 57. When ganja is eaten, the effect is slower in comparison with smoking. - Evidence of BABU BANKU BEHARI DUTT, Excise Deputy Collector, Backergunge


37. Charas is very little used in these parts, so I cannot make a comparison. 38. Flat ganja is said to be milder than the round and chur ganja. 44. It is refreshing. It produces some intoxication to the moderate habitual consumers: it removes fatigue, creates appetite. The effect lasts for three or four hours after each dose. Moderate use of bhang does not produce any longing or uneasiness, but the use of ganja does produce longing. 57. I have no knowledge under this head. - Evidence of BABU WOOMA CHARAN BOSE, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector; Manager, Raj Banaili, District Bhagalpur.


37. Charas is not known in this part of the district. 38. Neither round ganja nor charas is sold here. 44. Immediate effect of ganja is refreshing to a consumer. It produces in him slight intoxication, increases hunger and creates appetite. The effect lasts for about half an hour. Its after-effect is relieving to him. Want of such gratification to a habitual consumer causes uneasiness, dyspepsia, want of appetite, lethargy, weakness and inaction. 57. Ganja is only smoked at this locality. Charas is not sold here. - Evidence of BABU RASIK LAL GHOSE, Court of Wards' Manager, Dinajpur.


37. Yes; charas causes headache, while ganja does not. 38. None that I am aware of. 44. It is refreshing. The intoxication it produces is a sort of giddiness that lasts for a short time. People who are habituated to the use of the drugs feel no more than a pleasant sensation of intoxication with more or less forgetfulness of worldly cares. The effect, of course, varies according to constitution and temperament. The bhang beverage specially creates appetite; the effects last for three to four hours. After-effects are bad when used in excess. The want of subsequent gratification to persons addicted to the use of the drug produces a longing or some uneasiness, but not to the same extent as in the opium consumers. Moderate use, however, is beneficial—certainly far from injurious. 57. I know nothing about eating or drinking ganja or charas. - Evidence of BABU GOUR DAS BYSACK, Retired Deputy Collector, Calcutta.


37. Charas is not used in this district; at least it was not so in my time. 38 and 39. Cannot say. 44. It is good to him in every respect. It exhilarates him, and makes him enjoy his food. He has to take several smokes during the day to keep him up to the mark. I refer to ganja smokers. - Evidence of MR. W. SARSON, retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, formerly Abkari Superintendent, Chittagong.


37 and 38. I can't say. 44. I only know that there is a craving for bhang. - Evidence of MR. W. M. SMITH, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sonthal Parganas.


37. The effects of the two drugs are almost the same, though I am positively of opinion that charas is much milder than ganja. 38. In kind the effects of these drugs seem to me to be the same; they are only different in degrees. 44. The moderate use of ganja by a habitual smoker does not produce any decidedly intoxicant effect on him. It is refreshing to him and does not affect his appetite. The effect lasts for several hours. To a habitual consumer of ganja, the want of subsequent gratification does produce some longing or uneasiness. The want of charas to a habitual consumer does not, however, cause any longing or uneasiness. 57. I have no experience of ganja and charas being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of BABU HEM CHUNDER KERR, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah.


37. The former are more acute than the latter. 38. No marked difference except that the flat ganja is a little more powerful. 44. The immediate effect of smoking ganja is stupefaction for a few moments, and then a pleasurable sensation in the system owing to intoxication. The effect lasts for an hour or so. Those who are habitual and hard smokers, feel an excessive longing for it after the lapse of a few hours. The use of bhang is more refreshing at first and lasting in its effects. With occasional drinkers the intoxication continues for two to three days. There is a tendency to excessive laughter which oftentimes betrays the drug one has used. After a few hours the thirst for water is simply parching and the pain excessive. Both ganja and bhang excite hunger. Both have after-effects to occasional consumers and permanent effect on the constitution of habitual consumers. A ganja-smoker can be singled out by the appearance of his eyes easily from a crowd. This shows the affection of the brain. Question 44. [oral evidence]—I think I could single out excessive ganja smokers from a crowd. The eyes become somewhat red. Liquor also causes the eyes to grow red, but the redness lasts only as long as the effects of the drink last. In the case of ganja the eyes remain permanently red, i.e., with an habitual smoker. A short interval between the indulgences in ganja will not allow the eyes to lose their redness. With drink on the contrary the redness does not last. A ganja-smoker who has indulged in the habit for two or three years will not lose the redness even though he abstains from smoking for two or three days. I can't say that I have seen an habitual excessive smoker drop his habit for as long as that, but I have seen one case in which such a man stopped for one day. I particularly remember only one case. A man intoxicated with drink I should distinguish rather by his intoxicated gait than by his red eyes. 57. I have not known any such case.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA NATH MOZUMDAR, Brahmin, Deputy Inspector of Excise, Darjeeling.


37. Yes. The effect of charas smoking is considered to be milder. 38. No. 44. (a) It invigorates. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) No. (f) One hourin case of ganja and charas, and three to four hours in case of siddhi. (h) Produces longing in case of habitual consumers. 57. I do not know that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk. - Evidence of BABU DIGENDRA NATH PAL, Kayasth, Deputy Inspector of Excise, 24-Parganas.


37. I have no idea of the effects of charas and ganja smoking, so I am not in a position to state the difference. 38. The round sort of ganja contains more resin and it is possible to give greater intoxication to its consumers. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer is cheerfullness of mind. It is refreshing. It produces slight intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for about six hours. The consumer feels his body light and dry. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any longing or uneasiness. 57. I do not know anything about the effects of eating and drinking ganja. I saw a man eat ganja and get flatulency and purging after seven or eight hours. - Evidence of BABU SIR CHUNDER SOOR, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi.


37. Charas is not used in Bogra. 38. The difference is in degree only, as far as I can learn. 44. To the habitual consumer the effect is stimulating, pleasant, and refreshing. It creates appetite, and the effects are said to last about two hours. There are no after-effects at the time. Moderate consumption need not produce intoxication, and the habitual consumer will be uneasy and lose health if he cannot obtain his usual supply. 57. This does not apply to Bogra, where it is said that charas is not used, and ganja is only smoked. - Evidence of MR. W. C. FASSON, District Superintendent of Police, Bogra.


37. The narcotic effects of charas smoking are not so instantaneous as those of ganja, which make the smokers peevish and headstrong. The effects of bhang are slow and mild, never making the consumers violent, but rather jolly and witty. 38. Not to my knowledge. 44. Stimulating and refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. No, rather increases the appetite. Effects last for an hour or so. No after-effects. These drugs are indulged in at fixed hours, producing longing or uneasiness if not gratified at those hours. 57. Unheard of - Evidence of MR. F. H. TUCKER, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur.


37. I am not in a position to give any answer to this question. 38. I am told by a ganja smoker that there is no difference in effects in kind or degree on consumers by the use of the different preparations of ganja (round, flat or chur). 44. The immediate effect of the moderation of ganja on the habitual consumer is certainly refreshing. It produces intoxication. I do not think it creates appetite, if it is taken habitually. It rather kills hunger by habitual use. To habitual excessive smokers its effect lasts for a short time; to moderate habitual smokers it lasts perhaps up to the time fixed for taking another dose, and to occasional smokers its effect may continue for twenty-four hours or more. Subsequent want of gratification produces longing and sometimes great uneasiness to habitual consumers. 57. There is danger of unintentionally taking too much by taking ganja internally.  - Evidence of MR. R. L. WARD, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi.


37. Know nothing about charas. 38. Can't say. 44. (a) and (b) Refreshing. (d) Yes. (e) Yes to the beginner only. (f) An hour or two. (g) Listlessness. A feeling of general inaptitude to do anything. A craving for another chillum or smoke. (h) Yes. But in considering these answers omit the word moderate. 57. Have given in previous questions all information I can supply on these points. - Evidence of MR. H. P. WYLLY,* Government Agent at Keonjhar, Orissa.


37. Charas is considered milder than ganja, and its effect is more gradual. 38. The round ganja is the strongest, and then the flat kind. The round ganja also causes no irritation to the throat, which the flat and chur do. 44. The immediate effect of both ganja and bhang is refreshing, and produces slight intoxication if taken in moderation. They do not allay hunger, though they may give temporary or, I should say, merely momentary relief. Ganja creates appetite. The effect of ganja smoking lasts three or four hours; eating and drinking ganja or bhang ten to twelve hours. The aftereffects are depression and reaction, and also a craving for more. 57. The results from eating and drinking ganja are pretty nearly the same as from smoking the drug. Only in the former the effects last much longer, and consequently are more injurious. - Evidence of Mr. W. R. RICKETTS,* Manager, Nilgiri State, Tributary Mahals, Orissa.


44. Siddhi induces laughter and exhilaration. In large doses the consumer does not feel quite at ease and must go to sleep. In such cases the effect lasts for twenty-four to forty-eight hours. In small doses it induces hunger. Ganja smokers are generally lean; but I have heard that those, who can take sufficient cooling and nourishing substances, preserve a good constitution. Whether ganja induces appetite or destroys it, I cannot say. In the long run ganja is very injurious to the human system. Question 44. [oral evidence]—When I speak here of the injury to the human system, I speak of taking the drug regularly twice or thrice a day, not once a day.  - Evidence of MAHAMAHOPADHYA MAHESA CHANDRA NYAYARATNA, C. I. E., Brahmin, Principal, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta


37. There is no difference in kind, but in degree. 38. No difference in kind or degree. 44. It is refreshing and intoxicating. It stimulates hunger. The effect lasts for about three hours. There are no after-effects. Yes; want produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Have no experience - Evidence of BABU JADUBCHANDRA CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Civil and Sessions Judge, Kuch Behar.


44. It is refreshing, produces intoxication, but not like the intoxication of alcohol, and creates appetite. No after-effects. 57. I do not know. - Evidence of BABU SREENATH CHATTERJEE, Brahmin, Cashier, Public Works Department, Darjeeling Division.


37. I have no experience about charas. 38. Flat ganja produces a greater amount of intoxication than either round or chur. 44. The immediate effect of smoking ganja is refreshing. It produces intoxication to a very slight extent. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for about an hour. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any uneasiness. The immediate effect of smoking bhang is of the same nature as of smoking ganja. There is no immediate effect by drinking bhang. The effect is produced about half an hour afterwards. It is refreshing and produces a slight intoxication, and creates appetite. The effect lasts for about three to four hours. The want of subsequent gratification does not create any uneasiness. 57. I am not aware of the effects of eating or drinking bhang. - Evidence of BABU HARA GOPAL DUTTA, Kayasth, Retired Excise Daroga, Mymensingh.


37. The difference between the effects of charas smoking and that of smoking ganja, is said to be this—that the smoking of charas is considered to be somewhat mild in its effects, but it is not so in the case of ganja, the effects of which are felt to be stronger by the consumer. 44. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja, siddhi and charas, is refreshing to the habitual consumers. It produces intoxication but not in all cases. It creates appetite. The effects last long or short according to constitution and duration of habit. The want of subsequent gratification in every case produces longing or uneasiness when the time is over. - Evidence of RAI KAMALAPATI GHOSAL BAHADUR, Brahmin, Pensioner, SubRegistrar and Zamindar, 24-Parganas.


37. I only know the effects of ganja-smoking. 38. I am not aware of it. 44. It is refreshing; it does not produce intoxication. It enables him to do a long day's hard work on one meal. It is usually taken in repeated whiffs throughout the day, I have not seen any after-effects in these cases, and I have spent days in company with native boatmen habitually using ganja in moderation. -  Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. CROMBIE, M.D., SurgeonSuperintendent, General Hospital, Calcutta.


38 None in kind. Flat ganja contains more charas and has, in consequence, more power. 44. Of ganja, smoked— (a) Mental.—In from three to five minutes, sense of comfort; tiredness, pain, depression relieved; able to eat or to resume labour. After a few whiffs of the pipe the man is fit to start again refreshed. Very widely used for this purpose and to this extent. (b) Refreshing; removes the sense of exhaustion and depression after exertion or worry. (c) No. (d) Yes. (e) Yes; by removing feeling of exhaustion and depression; often used before the evening meal for this purpose. (f) One to two hours. (g) Scarcely; in moderate doses. (h) No. 57. Ganja.—Rarely eaten or drunk. When so taken, effects are greater than when smoked, in proportion of (say) 2 to 1; and effects are more quickly induced.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. G. RUSSELL, Civil Surgeon, Darjeeling.


7. Time in which effect produced— (a) Smoked.—Ganja produces effects almost immediately; Bhang more slowly. (b) Eaten, or drunk— Majum (ganja) : effects come on in half an hour or so. Goonta (bhang) : effects come on only after three or four hours. 8. Duration of effects— Ganja, in small doses, or in persons habituated to it: the effects last about three or four hours. During a debauch, a person desirous to continue under its influence repeats his dose every three or four hours. In large or repeated doses, or in persons not accustomed to it, effects may last three to five or six days. Cases are related of permanent mental derangement following excessive doses. Bhang.—Effects rarely last more than from four to twelve hours, however large the dose.  - Experiments by E. G. RUSSELL, GAUHATI, March 1883.


37. There is hardly much difference in the effects following the smoking of charas or ganja. Charas is burnt slowly, and takes a little more time for intoxication than ganja. Practically, however, the intoxication follows almost instantaneously after a long pull or draught. In the case of siddhi taken as a watery infusion intoxication ensues in about half an hour, and is of a more cheerful character than in the other varieties, which from their concentration produce stupefaction and langour or laziness. 44. In habitual consumers it at first relieves the craving, calms the nervous system, and produces a mild inebriation of a cheerful kind, promoting mirth in merry makers, or concentration of the mind in religious devotees. It seldom produces the boisterous hilarity of alcoholism. It creates an appetite, and the inebriation lasts for three hours or so, followed by sleep. No aftereffects are noticeable, but considerable uneasiness and discomfort follow the delay or the want in the supply of the customary drug. 57. I have not seen any instances - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUSSICK LALL DUTT,* Officiating Civil Surgeon, 24-Parganas.


37. The only difference in the effects of charas smoking and ganja smoking is that the former produces headache and the latter does not. The drinking of bhang differs in its effects from both, it produces hilarious intoxication, coming on in quarter to half an hour and lasting eight or twelve to twenty-four hours, whereas the effects of the smoking of ganja or charas are almost immediate, lasting two to three hours, and do not produce the same good-humoured hilarity, but rather more excitement and intoxication of a less pleasing description. 44. They are all refreshing, produce intoxication, do not allay hunger, but on the contrary increase the appetite. The effects of ganja and charas last about two to three hours, but those of bhang last much longer—eight to twelve or twenty-four hours. The after-effects of all are more or less depression and lassitude, with headache in the case of charas. The want of subsequent gratification after the habit is formed, does produce longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. PRICE, Civil Surgeon, Burdwan.


37. Charas is very rare here. After enquiring at several shops I cannot find one that keeps it for sale. It is stated that charas intoxication is less marked, but more prolonged. 38. A ganja seller states that flat is the strongest, the round less, and chur the least intoxicating. 44. The immediate effect is stated to be refreshing, exhilarating, and to increase the appetite. The effects last from two to four hours. There appear to be but slight after-effects, and, unless among habitual consumers, no longing is produced. It is stated that the effects of bhang are more lasting than those of ganja. I experimented on myself and found that, in the case of a person not used to ganja, the smoking in cigarettes of 3 grains, the smoke being inhaled into the lungs, produced slight singing in the ears. The smoke of 5 and 6 grains inhaled into the lungs caused singing in the ears, feeling of heat and oppression in cardiac region, rapid pulse, and at intervals a feeling of apprehension of disaster. Visions of all kinds float before the eyes, changing rapidly, of bright or sparkling appearance. The hand was steady, and by an effort the visions, etc., could be dismissed from the mind. The inhalation of the smoke of 10 grains produced the same symptoms in more marked form, with decided hallucinations of hearing voices, bells, railway whistles, etc., some unsteadiness of hand and gait, forcible vomiting without any feeling of nausea; but even here the visions and sounds were under mental control, and could by an effort be dismissed. There was great palpitation of heart. There were no after-effects. The intoxication is more curious than pleasant, and the dreams seem to lead up to a feeling of impending death or disaster, which is caused by the oppression in the cardiac region and the palpitations. This passed off and the visions commenced again, leading up to another attack of palpitation and apprehension. This sensation is decidedly very disagreeable, not such as to encourage a repetition of the experiment.  -  Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. BOVILL, Officiating Civil Surgeon of Patna and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.


37. The effects of these are much the same, but charas is weaker. 38. They appear to have much the same effect. 44. The moderate use of these drugs produces a sense of exhilaration and refreshment, but not intoxication. It allays hunger and creates appetite. As ordinarily used the effect of bhang lasts three or four hours, ganja fifteen or twenty minutes, charas fifteen or twenty minutes. Question 44.[oral evidence]—I have experimented with the drug on myself, and found that it produces the effect described. In heavier doses it produces incoordination, and I have felt that symptom in the mildest form from a dose of the extract corresponding to about 25 grains of ganja. 57. I have no experience of these uses of ganja and charas - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. COBB, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Dacca.


37. The effects of charas smoking do not differ from those of smoking ganja. The differences stated by many native authorities are imaginary. I mention this particularly, because it has become so much the habit to state these that some of my native friends, very intelligent men too, having been predisposed by what they have heard, actually think they have seen what they expected to see. Nor does bhang really produce 'different' effects from the other two forms of the narcotic; the same effects, excitement and narcosis, are in each case produced; in the case of charas and ganja (smoked), these occur more rapidly and pass off more quickly than in the case of bhang (drunk). 44. Bhang appears in a moderate dose in a habitual consumer to act simply as a mild, pleasant sedative; it is not used with reference to the appetite for food; probably, if so used, it would allay hunger. [ The increase of appetite that follows the consumption of the substance by one unaccustomed to hemp is only observed after the first few doses.] The effect of an ordinary dose passes off in a few hours. A certain amount of heaviness continues for some time longer. I cannot say whether the want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. Ganja moderately used is refreshing; it does not produce perceptible intoxication; it does not so much allay hunger as fatigue; it does not appear to create appetite; in most cases there are no visible effects, but the staying-power induced by a dose lasts for some hours; the want of subsequent gratification produces no uneasiness, unless there be a repetition of the conditions of exhaustion from exertion calling for a new dose. 57. Ganja, used as bhang generally is (by drinking); produces, when given in physiological experiments, exactly the effects produced by bhang, only these are dose for dose more intense from ganja. A small dose of ganja causes effects like a large dose of bhang. I have not met with cases of habitual use of ganja in this way, but I should view any statement that the effects of drinking ganja differ from the effects of drinking bhang with considerable suspicion. [oral evidence] In page 62 of my Report I describe the effects of bhang (Chapter VI). I took bhang myself and observed the symptoms. The tendency to laugh was not marked. I was rather depressed, but this may have been because I was not well at the time. I experienced the thirst and increased appetite. I took the usual dose made in an emulsion as described by Hem Chandra Kerr (but without the spices) about a tola and half of dry leaves. I was rather disappointed with the result. I have also seen the drug taken by natives, men habituated to it, and seen the effects. The experiments on monkeys and cats were conducted by me (page 64); but the difficulty of administering to the monkeys made the experiments unsatisfactory, so I recorded little about them. I have observed the condition of the pupil with human smokers, but have not seen dilatation with them; nor have I seen contraction. In regard to cats, it has to be borne in mind that they got very strong doses of the drug. Dr. Russell's experiments quoted by me at page 65 are, I understand, in addition to those conducted by him in Assam and quoted in the Assam Excise Report of 1881-82. My view in page 74 of my Report that a dose of ganja drunk is twice as strong as the same dose smoked, is based exclusively on Dr. Russell's paper quoted at page 65; for I have never inhaled ganja by smoking. My statement that ganja is five times as powerful as bhang is based on the quantity of resin obtainable. (Cf. also the remarks at the top of page 11; the remarks about charas there are quoted from Volume III of Dymock and Warden's Pharmacographia Indica.) His experiments with pure charas from Central Asia showed 75 per cent. of 'resin as compared with 25 per cent. in ganja (vide Table X on page 32 of my Report). On page 75 the remarks about indigestion being traceable to hemp, especially bhang, are not based on the examination of many cases but on what I have heard of the common idea of people having pains and flatulence and so on and attributing them to the drugs. If this is so, I fancy it is due to indigestion caused by using so much vegetable matter. I have sought to accommodate with the slight effects I had seen the stories told to me in perfect good faith as to the evils resulting from the use of the drug. My comparison between the effects of smoking and drinking hemp on page 75 is not based on observation of cases, but principally on hearsay evidence. It is based on an attempt to accommodate what I have learned from others with what little I have seen. I have seen many ganja-smokers, but I have not seen the same cases often. I have not observed the history of cases so as to observe the effects. I have seen for the most part people who smoked when they were tired. I have also seen the fakirs who have smoked largely. I have as a rule seen no effects except suffusion of the eyes. I saw a man in a frenzied condition only once among a company of fakirs. He was supposed to be possessed. I was told that his state was attributable to ganja; but I cannot put any reliance on the case, as I had no evidence apart from that statement. My knowledge of bhang consumers enables me to say that the darwans take bhang to a considerable extent; but that is the extent of my experience: I have only seen it among these darwans. I have not been able to get any native gentleman to admit the use.   - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN D. PRAIN, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.


37. Charas is milder in its effects than ganja. 38. Chur is said to be weaker than round and flat ganja. 44. The effect of the moderate use of the drugs upon habitual consumers is refreshing. Ganja and charas in such cases may produce mild intoxication attended with pleasurable sensation. Siddhi and ganja increase the appetite for food. The effect of the drugs may last for about an hour. Usually there are no after-effects. No longing or uneasiness is felt for want of subsequent gratification, i.e., immediately after the effects of the drugs have passed off; but a habitual consumer feels happier and more at ease if he gets the drug at his accustomed hour. 57. I do not know that ganja or charas is ever eaten or drunk. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon RAI TARAPROSANNA RAI BAHADUR, Baidya, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta.


37. A ganja-smoker may often be made out by his appearance, which is always dry and ricketty, eyes sunken and cheeks flattened. Ganja fumes are believed to possess the property of drying up the humours of the body and giving the persons who inhale them a faded look. A ganjasmoker can never be slim, and if the habit of excessive indulgence be long persevered in, it brings on dysentery and diarrhœa. The evils are in a great measure counteracted by a wholesome
311 diet of milk and ghee, and confectionery having a large share of these oily ingredients. None of these effects are perceived in a charas-smoker. I do not know whether the resin (charas) has any property of mitigating the evils produced by ganja, but I believe the indulgence in this drug seldom or never grows into a passion. The intoxication produced by charas-smoking is much tamer than that of ganja. It scarcely brings on any hallucination such as is caused by intoxication generally. Persons under its influence scarcely betray any incoherence in manner or speech. Neither is the habit productive of any perceptible evil in the constitution. But ganja is more powerful in its effects, and it leaves a more lasting impression on the system. One peculiarity in ganja-smoking is that it makes the persons with whom the indulgence has become a habit choleric and irascible, rough in manner and rough in speech. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs is that it produces exhilaration and mental cheerfulness. It does not produce intoxication to habitual consumers. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. The effect does not last more than a couple of hours. There are no after-effects.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KANNY LOLL DEY, C.I.E., late Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta.


37. The effects of charas-smoking are mild in comparison to those of ganja. 38. Chur is the strongest of the three. 44. The immediate effect of a cup of bhang or a chillum of ganja is refreshing and appetising on the habitual consumer. The effect lasts for half an hour or so, and has no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing, uneasiness or laziness. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON UPENDRA NATH SEN, Officiating Civil Medical Officer, Malda.


44. They (bhang and ganja), produce pleasant intoxication, talkativeness and merriment. They are refreshing. They produce varacious appetite not appeased by food. They do not allay hunger. Their effect lasts for four or five hours, sometimes longer. The after-effects are headache and giddiness. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON BOSONTO KUMAR SEN, in Civil Medical Charge, Bogra.


37. I have no knowledge of charas-smoking. 38. No difference in effects. 44. The immediate effect of the use of ganja is to exhilarate the nervous system. It is refreshing to some extent. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. On the contrary it increases the appetite. The effect lasts from two to twelve hours, according to the dose and the nature of its preparation, and according to the constitution of the persons using the drug; the after-effects of the drug being general depression. The above answers under 44 are applicable to the habitual moderate consumers of bhang. Yes; uneasiness or longing for the drugs, ganja and bhang, is felt if not subsequently used in time.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON NORENDRA NATH GUPTA, Baidya, in Civil Medical charge, Rangpur.


37. The effects of charas-smoking are similar to those of ganja, but charas is weaker. My information is that they have the similar effects. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumer is exhilaration of spirits. It is refreshing. It produces slight intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but it increases the appetite. Its effect lasts for three to four hours. No after-effects. It produces longing or uneasiness. The effects of ganja and charas are almost like those of bhang, but their effects last for 15 to 30 minutes. 57. Ganja is sometimes mixed with sugar and made into a kind of sweetmeat called majum. Its effects are the same as those of ganja, but it is sweet. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon CHOONEY LALL DASS, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence and Therapeutics, Medical School, Dacca.


37. Effects similar. Of ganja instantaneous; of charas not quite so rapid; of bhang slow, but lasting longer, and is in some cases characterised in the first stage of intoxication by a sense of irascibility, the bhang consumer bursting out every now and again into loud peals of immoderate laughter. 38. No. 44. Yes, it is refreshing. Produces intoxication. Allays hunger. Creates appetite. The above answers refer to every one of the three drugs. Effects of ganja last fifteen to thirty minutes, of charas, two to four hours; and of bhang twelve to eighteen hours. No after-effects in the case of any of the three drugs. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing after the drug and uneasiness, in the case of all the three drugs.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON PREONATH BOSE, Teacher of Materia Medica and Practical Pharmacy, Dacca.


37. Ganja intoxicates instantaneously and profoundly. Charas is less intoxicating: it makes one dull; whereas when not taken in excess, makes one lively. The effect of the former lasts longer than that of the latter. Question 37.[oral evidence]—My statement regarding charas is based on the statements of some mendicants, to whom I gave charas. They said it was weaker than ganja. I have no theory to offer as to this. I have not thought over it. 38. Chur is more preferred for its greater intoxicating property. 44. To habitual consumers they are intoxicating, hence refreshing. They do not allay hunger. Only bhang creates appetite. Three or four hours will be the longest time for their effect to last. The after-effects are not marked. There is always a longing for the drugs, but that is marked at the hour for their habitual use. 57. I do not know of such instances  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON DEVENDRANATH ROY, Brahmin, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence, Campbell Medical School, Calcutta.


37. The effects of charas-smoking differ from those resulting from ganja-smoking in a larger amount of heat and excitement being produced by the former than by the latter. Charas is more heating than ganja. And the drinking of bhang differs in its effects from either or both of these in its being cool and refreshing, and bhang is milder in effect than any of the two. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is more or less excitement and congestion of eyes. It is refreshing. It produces a little intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but it creates more or less appetite. Its effect lasts for two or three hours. There are very little or no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces some longing and uneasiness. 57. I do not know of any case in which ganja or charas is said to be eaten or drunk. I know of one preparation called majum which is made with bhang, and which produces only some pleasant effect upon the mind. The man under its influence goes on laughing and seems to be quite jolly.  -  Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON AKBAR KHAN, Teacher, Temple Medical School, Patna.


37. Charas is considered to be more mildly intoxicating than ganja. But the intoxication lasts longer. It serves the smokers both for wine and opium. From bhang-drinking intoxication will ensue in half an hour, and last two or three hours, whereas in ganja or charas-smoking intoxication ensues almost instantly, and lasts about an hour or so. Excessive drinking of bhang is more injurious than smoking ganja or charas. Excessive and continued use of bhang induces a state of frenzy and is more likely to bring on insanity than such use of ganja-smoking. The general constitution also suffers more from excessive use of bhang-drinking. 38. As the chur and round ganja contain more of the resinous matter, they are more intoxicating than flat ganja. 44. The immediate effect of bhang is generally refreshing, exhilarant and appetite-increasing, also said to be aphrodisiac. No doubt it is intoxicating with the novice or in excessive dose. The effect lasts for two or three hours, sometimes longer. The after-effects are dulness, heaviness, sleep, and a sort of giddiness on awaking. The immediate effects of ganja are heaviness, laziness, agreeable reveries. It also increases the appetite, and its effects last for an hour or so. The immediate effects of charas are the same as those of ganja, only in a milder degree, but lasts longer. To habitual consumers of any of these drugs, the want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing and an uneasiness. 57. I have heard of ganja-eaters (though their number is very small) who fast deteriorated in health and who died of dysentery. I have no personal knowledge of cases of charas eating or drinking in solution - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SOORJEE NARAIN SINGH, Kayasth, Bankipur.


37. I have no experience of charas smoking. 44. The immediate effect of ganja is said to be refreshing. I don't think it allays hunger for any length of time, but it is said to create appetite. Its want produces uneasiness and dulness.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon NEMAI CHURN CHATTERJI, Brahmin, Bhagalpur.


44. It is said to be refreshing, intoxicating, and it excites appetite.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon BEHARI LAL PAL, Sadgop, Krishnagar, Nadia.


37. The effects of charas-smoking differ in degree from those resulting from ganja-smoking. Charas-smoking is stronger than ganja-smoking. 38. I cannot say. 44. As regards siddhi, a habitual consumer after a moderate dose feels refreshed and light; a slight intoxication may be produced. It allays hunger and fatigue; it creates appetite and cools the system. The effect lasts for about two hours. As regards ganja, in a habitual consumer it cheers up the system, creates appetite and removes fatigue. The effect lasts for an hour or two; the after-effects are very pronounced; the appetite is gone, insomnia is induced, the chest is affected, and the constitution breaks down completely. A man cannot eat nor sleep, and becomes a prey to all its concomitant evils. He is either a raving maniac or a religious idiot; the inmate of an asylum or a street beggar or the hermit of a cell. 57. I know of no such cases. Question 44 [oral evidence].—By affection of the chest I mean bronchitis and asthma. Out of the four men I first mentioned, two had these complaints.  - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon HARI MOHAN SEN, Baidya, Chittagong.


44. Immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja and bhang on the habitual consumers is slight intoxication and creates appetite. Intoxication lasts only for a short time. Slight depression is the after-effect. But no uneasiness is felt for the want of subsequent gratification. - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant TRAILAKYANATH BANERJI, 24-Parganas.


37. The effects of ganja-smoking are stronger and more rapid in intoxication than those of bhang-drinking, which make a comparatively slow progress. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang and ganja is refreshing, intoxicating, sometimes allaying hunger and sometimes creating appetite. The effect on an habitual excessive consumer lasts for nearly an hour, on an habitual moderate consumer for nearly four hours, and on a beginner for nearly twenty-four hours. After the intoxication is over, the consumer feels languid. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja in the absence of bhang is, as hereinbefore mentioned, sometimes used by consumers in this district in lieu of the latter by being pounded and mixed with water and sugar, imparting stronger effects than bhang itself.   - Evidence of Civil Hospital Assistant MEER KOOMAR ALLY, Municipal Dispensary, Cuttack.


37. I have no knowledge of the charas-smoking. 38. No difference. 44. The immediate effect is to exhilarate the nervous system. It is refreshing to some extent. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger; on the contrary, it increases the appetite. The effect lasts from two to twelve hours according to the dose and the nature of its preparation, and according to constitution of the persons using the drugs, the after-effects of the drug being general depression. Yes; uneasiness and longing of the drug is felt if not subsequently used in time. 57. I have no knowledge of the use of the drugs in eating or drinking. - Evidence of BABU DURGA DASS LAHIRI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rangpur.


37. I cannot say; it is not used here to any great extent. Indeed not at all, if I am correctly informed. 38. Only the flat kind is used here for smoking. 44. The first effect on the novice is to produce pleasing and exalted visions and fancies. It stimulates the sexual desires, and produces intoxication of a garrulous, hilarious kind. It always increases the appetite as stated above, and no man will fly to a drug to increase his appetite when hungry. The effects last two hours according to the dose. Usually after two hours the sensations wear off, but a slight effect is felt even up to three hours. Yes; the after effects are weakness, lassitude, disinclination to move, and an uncomfortable restless feeling internally, difficult to describe, due, I presume, to the craving of the nervous system for the wonted stimulation. 57. No experience of this.  - Evidence of REV. D. MORISON, M.B., C.M., M.D., Medical Missionary, Rampur Boalia


37. The effects of charas are milder. 38. Flat ganja is preferred, being more effective. 44. It produces a pleasing sensation, rapid succession of pleasing ideas, talkativeness and merriment. It produces a ravenous sensation not appeased by food. Its effects last five or six hours; often a whole day. Its after-effects are a headache, a sensation as of the brain boiling over, and lifting the cranial arch like the lid of a tea-kettle. It requires a fresh chillum to revive the spirit. Question 44. [oral evidence]—My answer 44 describes the ordinary effects of the drug even in a moderate dose. I found this statement in books I have read, and I have also asked smokers.57. Ganja is often drunk in connection with bhang. I have not known any such use of charas. When a person habitually takes bhang, his cravings are never satisfied by the drug alone, and he admixtures it with ganja. In that case the intoxication is still more powerful.  - Evidence of PYARI SANKAR DASS GUPTA, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society, Bogra.


37. In fact there is no difference between the effects of ganja and charas smoking, but some of the consumers say that the effect of charas is more lasting than the effect of ganja. Charas acts more speedily than ganja, 38. The charas and round varieties of ganja are superior to the flat ones, and their effects are more powerful. 44. It acts as a stimulant. Yes; the consumers say that it is refreshing. It does produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does create appetite; its effects do not last longer than six hours. Unlike alcohol it does not produce any uneasiness. 57. I have not come across a case where charas has been eaten by the badmashes. Ganja is chewed by the persons addicted to its use. A mere nominal percentage of Mirzapur and Benares men eat ganja. - Evidence of KAILAS CHUNDRA BOSE, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Calcutta.


37. Charas is far stronger than ganja, and its effect is comparatively far more deleterious. Bhang is milder; and its use, though habitually indulged in, does less injury than either of the two others. 44. The immediate effect of moderate use on habitual consumers is intoxication. It may be refreshing. It does not allay, but on the contrary creates, appetite, which, in my opinion, is spurious and unnatural. Effect usually lasts from three to four hours. The after-effect is more or less depression. I do not think want of subsequent gratification produces any longing or uneasiness in moderate consumers.  - Evidence of MOHIM CHUNDER, ROY, BRAHMIN, Medical Practitioner, Nator, Rajshahi.


37. The effect of ganja and charas smoking aro alike in kind, but they differ in degree. There is, however, another difference, and that is, that the intoxication of ganja is immediate, while that of charas takes time to develop; further, ganja intoxication reaches its acme soon and then begins to decline, while that of charas gradually increases and lasts longer. Charas is stronger than ganja and produces all its effects, but in a higher degree. In bhang intoxication there is some sort of dryness of tongue and throat, redness of eyes, sudden startings, hallucinations, loss of sense of time and space and so forth, as that in ganja intoxication, but the effects last a very long time. Bhang is undoubtedly milder than ganja; all habitual ganja consumers, whom I have questioned, uniformly say that they derive no inebriation by smoking it. The difference in effect between the two appears to me to be partly due to the fact that while the one is smoked and consequently its action is rapid, and the other is drunk and consequently its action is slow. 44. The immediate effect of moderate use on a habitual consumer is refreshing; he feels an inexpressible ease and takes to work with a cheerful heart. It does not give him intoxication but only some warmth. This effect lasts for a few hours, and there are some after-effects, viz., a sense of laziness and loss of energy and spirit. At the habitual hour it must be smoked again, which of course varies in frequency in the case of different individuals. There is certainly a longing for gratification when the effect is over. Ganjasmoker is loath to do anything when his intoxication is over, but give him hope of a smoke and be will be up again. I know a gentleman who sings well, but would not do so, however pressed, until he has had a pull. - Evidence of KEDARESWAR ACHARJYA, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Rampur Boalia.


37. The effects of charas-smoking are in my opinion pretty much the same as those resulting from ganja-smoking. If there be any difference, the difference is one of intensity, the latter being more telling on the constitution than the former. The effects of bhang are quite different from those of smoking ganja and charas. They are, if taken in small quantity, quite innocuous; and a novice may indulge in a slight potation without the least unpleasant effects, while a few pulls of the other two preparations always entail unpleasant effects in the shape of headache, fits of coughing, and a derangement of the mind. 44. The immediate effects of the moderate use of the preparations of hemp, especially in the form of bhang, is to create an exhilaration and buoyancy of spirit. It refreshes the system, allays sense of hunger, and creates good appetite. If kept in moderation, the preparation of hemp never produces intoxication, and the only after-effect that is likely to occur is a sense of heaviness of the head. The effects last for a few hours and are worn off after sleep. Want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing and uneasiness, and the habitual consumers can hardly stand a long deprivation of it. 57. I do not know of ganja and charas being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of MOHES CHUNDER GHOSE, G.M.C.B., Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Ramnagar, 24-Parganas.


37. There is no difference of any particular type in their injurious effects; but the effects of charas are more powerful and lasting, and those of bhang are mild. Charas and ganja act on the brain and spinal cord, paralyzing more or less motor and sensory nerves; consequently the loss of energy, exertion, appetite and sexual power, and also timidity, laziness and emaciation are their ultimate results. 44. The moderate use of these drugs acts, in the case of habitual consumers, as a little refreshing. It does not produce intoxication but it retards hunger. The effect lasts about an hour. Drowsiness is its after-effect. - Evidence of DR. MOHAMMAD SADRUL HAQ, Medical Practitioner, Patna City.


37. Ganja-smoking cannot be easily given up, whilst the habit of drinking bhang can; the habit in the former case is more readily formed than in the latter. Ganja-smoking is always injurious to health, whilst bhang is not so. On the other hand bhang, if taken in moderate quantity, keeps the digestive organs in good order. Ganja has a tendency to deprave the morals of a man. Bhang does not do so. Ganja-smoking, carried to excess, causes in most cases insanity. Bhang does not affect the system so injuriously. Ganja has a tendency to affect the respiratory system, thereby causing in many cases asthma and bronchitis. 44. (b) Yes, to those used to it. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Bhang does, if taken moderately. (f) It is temporary. (g) There are. (h) Yes, it does. - Evidence of TRAILOKYA NATH MAJUMDAR,* Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Bankipur.


37. The effect of charas-smoking is more sudden and intense than that of ganja-smoking, and lasts only for one or two hours; whereas the effect of ganja-smoking lasts from four to six hours. 38. No difference in kind, but there is difference in degree. Round is thought to be stronger than fiat, and chur stronger than both flat and round. My opinion on this point is based on the testimony of ganja-smokers. 44. A pleasurable sensation and elevation of spirits. It is refreshing and produces slight intoxication. Ganja allays hunger, and bhang creates appetite. The effect of charas lasts for one to two hours, of ganja four to six hours, and of bhang ten to twelve or even twenty-four hours. Yes; the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and longing. 57. In Orissa ganja is powdered and eaten by people. - Evidence of PRASAD DAS MALLIK, Subarnabanik, Medical Practitioner, Hughli.


38. The difference is in degree and not in kind. 44. They feel a little enervated. Yes; it is a
refreshment to them. I think it does not produce intoxication; if so, very little is used.  -  Evidence of NIMAI CHARAN DAS,* Vaidya, Medical Practitioner, Chittagong.


37. Smoking of charas is apt to induce greater degree of intoxication than that of ganja, as charas is stronger than ganja, this being the alkaloid derived from the Indian hemp plant, as quinine is stronger than the bark of cinchona itself; and it is therefore more injurious than ganja itself. Yes; drinking of bhang differs in its effects from smoking either charas or ganja. A tola of bhang is not apt to induce same degree of intoxication as a tola of ganja or charas, neither are they similar in producing physiological action on human economy. A man consuming a tola of bhang is not apt to induce a man to talk incoherently or irrationally, but the same quantity of ganja or charas will throw a man to an extreme stage of delirium and hallucinations. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs is the production of exhilaration of spirits and of hallucinations of a pleasing kind on the habitual consumer; it is refreshing also. Yes, it produces intoxication to some extent. I can't say whether it allays hunger or not. Bhang creates appetite for the time being, but ganja and charas are not apt to do so. The pleasing effect lasts for a short time, to be followed by stupor and sleep. When a person is habituated to its use, subsequent want of gratification is most apt to produce longing or uneasiness. 57. I know of no person who eats or drinks ganja or charas. I have therefore no experience of the effects produced by using the drugs in that manner. - Evidence of TARA NATH BAL, Kayasth, Medical Practitioner, Mymensingh.


37. Effects are stronger in the case of charas than in the case of ganja. The effects in the case of bhang-drinking are slower in developing than in cases of ganja or charas. 44. In the case of bhang the effect is refreshing, but in cases of ganja-smoking the effect is quite different. A feeling of hot sensation is produced in such a way as to produce perspiration, and the consumer, while standing, might fall to the ground. The effect is intoxication when it allays hunger. It creates appetite in the first stage. In cases of smoking ganja intoxication remains from half an hour to one hour, whereas in cases of bhang drinking or eating, intoxication remains from five to six hours. It begins about one hour after its consumption. In cases of ganjasmoking, nausea and mental dullness are the aftereffects. Heaviness in the head, exhaustion, mental dullness, constipation, high-coloured urine, emaciation, jaundiced congestion, loss of venereal power, and shortened lives are the subsequent effects. In cases of bhang drinking or eating there are no such kinds of after-effects. Appetite and digestion improve primarily, but afterwards mental dullness, loss of appetite, exhaustion, emaciation, pains in the limb, derangement of the stomach and intestines producing flatulence, are the subsequent effects. In cases of ganja-smoking, the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. In cases of bhang drinking or eating, such is also the case in a moderate degree. - Evidence of NOCOOR CHANDER BANERJI, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bhagalpur.


37. I know nothing of charas, as it is not used in this part. Ganja-smokers generally suffer from asthma and become emaciated after using the drug for a long period if no nourishing food is taken, but bhang is not so injurious as ganja. The latter affects the grey substance of the brain, produces insanity, and stops the secretion of the bronchial capillaries and lactials and minute cells of the human organs. 44. They immediately affect the brain and cause giddiness and congestion of the eyes, and also said to increase hunger. After smoking or drinking bhang the men are inclined to take much more quantity of food than usual, but it produces indigestion and causes uneasiness. 57. I am not aware of charas-drinking. The effects of intoxication from ganja-drinking is different from that of smoking. The intoxication by the latter process, though not so much lasting as by the former, is more injurious to the health from its rapid action on the brain.  - Evidence of LUCKHMY NARAIN NAIK, Mahanyak, Medical Practitioner, Cuttack.


37. The result of ganja-smoking differs from charas in this, that the former is more strong and active in its action than the latter, but both at the end bring on a disorder of the brain. On the other hand, bhang is a little mild in its effects and irritates the stomach. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is certainly refreshing. It produces a little intoxication, creates appetite, and its effects last for a couple of hours or so. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces a little longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of GURU CHARAN GHOSH, Medical Practitioner, Monghyr.


44. The moderate use of these drugs leads to temporary exhilaration, specially in cases of fatigue or bodily exertion. Those using the drugs say that they sharpen the appetite to a certain extent. The habitual use does create a longing when the drug is withheld.  - Evidence of ANNADA PRASANNA GHATAK, M.B., Private Medical Practitioner, Arrah.


37. Bhang drinking is practised generally to check diarrhœa and indigestion. It is used moderately. I have no experience about charas. 44. (b) Yes. (c) Yes, but not always and in small doses. (d) Do not know. (e) Yes; I have seen voracious appetite under its use. (g) Dullness and somnolence. (h) Most marked longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of DURGA NATH CHAKRAVARTI, Brahmin, in charge of Tangail Dispensary, Mymensingh.


37. Smoking of charas and ganja produces nearly the same effects, but charas is little stronger than ganja. 38. The chur is more acute than flat or round ganja. 44. The moderate use of ganja and charas is refreshing. They produce mild intoxication and create appetite. The intoxication of siddhi lasts some hours, but that of ganja or charas for an hour or two. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, but in certain circumstances the use of ganja causes dysentery and interferes with the action of the lungs and brains. 57. I am not acquainted with any process of eating or drinking of ganja and charas.  - Evidence of BIJOYA RATNA SEN*, Kaviranjan, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


37. The effects of charas smoking differ from those of ganja in the following particulars:—The influence of charas is milder than that of ganja. It, however, produces headache, whereas in ganja no such sensation is produced. The influence of ganja lasts for a longer time than that of charas. The effect of bhang differs from those of ganja and charas in the following points, viz.:—The influence of bhang lasts for a longer period than that of ganja. It does not, however, produce headache like charas. - Evidence of GOPEZE MOHUN ROY, Baidya, Kabiraj, Calcutta.


37. The effects of ganja-smoking and charassmoking are nearly the same, both being very heating and producing costiveness. A habitual consumer is apt to get dysentery, brain disease; and it may finally bring insanity. They are not used in Aurvedic medicines. The effect of drinking siddhi is also the same, if taken in excessive quantities. But to drink it in mild doses removes looseness of the bowels, and it also serves as an aphrodisiac. The Aurvedic Sastras prescribe the use of it, and its seed in the preparation of the Aurvedic drugs. According to the Aurvedic Sastras, siddhi is heating, digestive, stringent and narcotic. I annex hereto extracts* from the late Dr. Uday Chand Datta's Hindu Materia Medica, in which he has described the various uses which are made of it in the Aurvedic medicines, as well as of the various uses of it and its kindred products, the ganja and the charas as intoxicating agents. Besides the uses mentioned in the said extracts, there are other uses, but these will, I think, suffice for establishing its medical properties. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is constipation, astringency, intoxication, exciting appetite. It is refreshing till the intoxication lasts (which lasts for two or three hours), after which reaction sets in, and the result is giddiness, thirst and costiveness Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness in the case of habitual consumers. 57. I do not know. - Evidence of PIYARI MOHAN KAVIRAJ, Vaidya, Native Physician, Calcutta


37. The effects of charas-smoking are different from those resulting from ganja-smoking. Ganjaconsumers generally contract the habit of smoking, and stick to it throughout their lifetime. The use of charas is resorted to for the sake of pleasure. The consumers of this drug find it less difficult to break off than smokers of ganja. The drinking of siddhi in moderate quantity is less injurious than smoking of ganja or charas. Bhang is used in small doses for medicinal purposes, and in large quantities for intoxication. The effect of ganja-smoking is more injurious than that of charas and drinking of bhang. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of the drugs on the habitual consumer is the feeling of immediate relief, as it produces hilarity and slight intoxication. It is refreshing. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The intoxicating effect lasts for about three hours, and then lethargy comes on, and the consumer has a longing, but does not then feel much uneasy without it. 57. The Sikhs drink ganja and charas in the form of a paste prepared with water, as they are forbidden to smoke.  - Evidence of BINOD LAL SEN,† Baidya, Kaviraj, Calcutta.


37. The effects of charas and ganja smoking are supposed to be different, because charas is stronger in its effect than ganja. But I cannot tell the exact difference between them. 38. What different effects these different drugs (viz., round and flat ganja and charas) have upon their consumers, I cannot say. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumers is as follows: it refreshes or lessens fatigue, produces intoxication, does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. Its effect lasts for an hour or two. They only who use it know its after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness on the part of the habitual consumers.  - Evidence* of RAM CHANDER GOOPTA, Kabiraj, Barisal, Backergunge District


37. Charas is not so very injurious to the system as the ganja. Certainly it affects the brain like ganja. But in a different way. It produces a sort of dryness in the brain, but never produces dizziness in it. It heats the blood, but does not produce any drying effect; whereas the ganja affects the whole system, and specially the brain, in a very injurious way. It melts the brain matter and heats it to a degree which is a first step to insanity. It soaks the blood and makes it impure. It affects the liver, bowels, and the heart so much so that it opens an easy path to lots of diseases. The consumer becomes languid, peevish and destitute of any power of reason in case of excessive use. Insanity follows, and premature death is the ultimatum. Bhang is less injurious than ganja and charas. It affects the brain to some extent, but it produces constipation and a sort of heat where bhang massala is not mixed with it. Certainly it deranges the bowels. 38. The smoking of a preparation of the hemp plant, far from being less injurious than drinking or eating the same, is more injurious as is found by observation and close study of the consuming system, as is prevalent in this part of the country. The reasons are very clear. In smoking, the smoke ascends up to the brain and affects it, so that the smoker is always in danger; rather in ninety-five cases out of a hundred it proves to be the fact that he is attacked by any of the following diseases:—Paralysis, sukta, melancholia, mirgi (a sort of fit), insanity and other brain diseases. The smoking habit as well affects the lungs, the bowels, the liver and the heart, and thus opens an easy path for asthma, bronchitis, hooping cough, piles, dysentery, etc. It soaks the blood, and it produces dryness and heat in the system to the highest degree. The consumer becomes emaciated, and death is the ultimatum. These facts daily happen, and whatever we have found in Sanskrit medical books, such as Dranyagun, is testified. 44. The immediate effect of ganja is that the consumer gets intoxicated at once, even before the smoke gets out of the mouth. The immediate effect of the charas is the same as that of the ganja. The consumer of bhang is not affected immediately. None of these drugs is refreshing. They all produce intoxication. None of these drugs produces appetite, rather the appetite is lessened. The effect of these drugs lasts for three hours. The after-effect is that the consumer gets dizziness and becomes lazy, and a craving is produced for it. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness of a better kind, and the man does not feel sleep for two or three days if not gratified.  - Evidence of BRAHAM DEO NARAIN MISRA, Vaid, Arrah.


37. The effects of ganja can by no means be compared with those of charas. Charas is for beginners and ganja for adepts. The effects of bhang, though it takes time to take effect, are lasting; so much so, that sometimes it continues for two or more days. 44. The moderate use of these drugs is refreshing to habitual consumers; but properly speaking it does not produce intoxication. It makes one unconscious of hunger, though not actually allaying it; on the contrary it creates appetite. The effects may last for more or less two hours. As to after-effects it produces thirst, hunger, etc., and the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja is sometimes eaten solid or drunk like siddhi, but charas never.  - Evidence of MADHAB K. DAS, Kayasth, Private Practitioner, Calcutta.


44. The popular belief is that ganja and bhang are intoxicating; they create appetite and are refreshing. The effects last with ganja about one hour and with bhang about six hours. - Evidence of the HON'BLE THE MAHARAJA OF GIDHOUR.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang and ganja is that it produces refreshment and exhilaration. To habitual consumers it does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger; on the other hand, it creates appetite. The effect does not last longer than a few hours and there are no after-effects.  - Evidence of RAJA PEARY MOHUN MUKERJI, C.S.I., Zamindar, Uttarpara, Hughli.


37. Ganja brings on its habitual consumer an irritative temper, but charas does not do so. The effects of bhang are mild, and do not produce peevishness in its consumer like the ganja. 38. As the ganga consumers are seen to prefer chur and round ganjas to flat ganja, I believe the intoxicating effect of the former is either more intense, or more instantaneous, or more durable. 44. The effects of ganja and bhang are stimulating and invigorating. They produce a little intoxication and increase appetite. Although it increases the appetite, ganja gives the power of enduring the hunger. Bhang increases the appetite as well as longing for food. The effect of ganja lasts for one to two hours, and that of bhang not less than six hours. Want of gratification at the prescribed time produces some temporary uneasiness. 57. Ganja very scarcely eaten. I know of some Urdhabahu Jogis eating it. -  Evidence of MAHARAJA GIRIJANATH ROY BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


37. There is great difference between the effect of charas and ganja smoking. The ganja is more intoxicating than charas. 38. Flat ganja is very strong, chur is less strong than flat, but round is somewhat milder. 44. It is temporarily refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates hunger. It soon drives a man out of temper. Its effect lasts from three to four hours. Its aftereffect dullness. - Evidence of RAJA MAHIMA RANJAN ROY CHOWDHRY, Zamindar, Kakina, Rangpur.


37. Not known. 38. Not known. 44. They think it refreshing, because it produces intoxication.  - Evidence of RAI RADHA GOVINDA RAI, SAHIB BAHADUR, Kayasth, Zamindar, Dinajpur.


37. I do not know anything about charas. 38. I do not know. 44. I cannot say anything about the immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja and bhang on the habitual consumers. I think it is refreshing and produces intoxication to some extent. The use of ganja and bhang does not allay hunger. The use of bhang creates appetite. It is seen that the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. I know nothing of charas; ganja is generally used in smoking There is also another mode of using ganja, which is known here as majum, and with which I have already dealt in my answer to the question 19. The use of majum is not at all injurious to health if used moderately.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RADHA BALLAV CHOWDHURI, BAIDYA, Honorary Magistrate and Zamindar, Sherpur Town, Mymensingh District.


44. Immediate effects of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is that it is refreshing, it produces a little intoxication and it creates hunger. The effect lasts for an hour at the most, the after-effect is not injurious to health. A moderate consumer does not feel any uneasiness for want of subsequent gratification.  - Evidence of BABU HARI KRISHNA MAZUMDAR, Baidya, Zamindar, Islampur, District Murshidabad.


44. Ganja in moderation protects one from the injurious effects of the climate. Bhang in moderation is attended with no evil effects.  -  Evidence of FAZL RUNBBEE, Dewan to His Highness the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, Murshidabad.


37. Yes; charas-smoking cannot be regarded as stimulant, but its contrary, whereas ganjasmoking sometimes serves as stimulant. 44. Yes; moderate use of bhang and ganja is refreshing. To habitual consumer, and even to moderate occasional consumer, the use of bhang and ganja does not produce intoxication; and if it ever produces intoxication at all, not of the kind produced by the use of alcohol, but quite inoffensive. Ganja use does not allay hunger, but bhang may. Bhang creates appetite, but not ganja. No after-effects in the use of bhang and ganja. In case of ganja want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja is never eaten except as medicine.  - Evidence of BABU RAGHUNANDAN PRASAD SINHA, Brahman, Zamindar, District Muzaffarpur.


37. The effects of charas smoking last longer than those of ganja. The former is generally used by pleasure-seekers, its effect being sexual endurance. 38. I don't know. 44. To a habitual consumer, the effect is refreshing, inasmuch as the moderate use of any of these drugs alleviates fatigue. The effect on a habitual moderate consumer of any of these drugs ceases to be intoxicating after the habit is acquired. Rather than allaying hunger, it creates appetite. The effect of a chillum of ganja (which is perhaps the strongest of all the drugs) on a habitual consumer does not last more than an hour at most. 57. I have no experience of this. - Evidence of BABU SURENDRA NATH PAL CHOWDHURY, Zamindar, Ranaghat, District Nadia.


44. It creates appetite, and the effect lasts for five or six hours - Evidence of BABU GIRJAPAT SAHAI, Kayasth, Zamindar, Patna.


38. Chur ganja is less strong than the other two, and the effect of the former is proportionally less. 57. I know of no case wherein ganja or charas is eaten or drunk pure or simple. But small pastry cakes are made of siddhi and small square bits prepared of the same drug mixed with sugar and other spices, which are eaten, and which produce a more severe effect upon the consumer than when used in a liquid form. In some instances ganja in small does is mixed with bhang and drunk. But such instances are rare. It may be found amongst veteran bhang consumers in the North-West, and Marwaris upon whom bhang fails to produce the desired effect.  - Evidence of BABU RADHIKA CHURN SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar, Berhampur.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumer is an exaltation of the physical powers. The effect is refreshing as well as intoxicating. The drink does not allay hunger; rather it increases the appetite. The effect may last up to twelve hours or more. There is no after effect, so far as I am aware; but as the times come round when it is habitual for the consumer to take the draught, there does arise a sort of craving for it, and if it is not forthcoming uneasiness follows. 57. I am not aware that ganja or charas is ever eaten or drunk.  - Evidence of BABU RUGHU NANDAN PRASADHA, Zamindar, Patna.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs on the habitual consumers is that it is refreshing. They do not intoxicate the habitual consumers. They do not allay hunger, but are believed to be good appetizers. The effect of these drugs lasts about three or in some cases four hours. - Evidence of BABU NUNDO LAL GOSSAIN, Brahmin, Zamindar, Serampore


44. The effect of the moderate use of bhang, charas and ganja, I am told, is refreshing. It produces a little intoxication. Smoking of ganja allays hunger. Drinking of bhang moderately creates hunger. The effects of ganja last for about three or four hours, and that of bhang about 12 hours. I am not aware if the want of subsequent gratification produces any longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU KALIKISTO SARKAR, Kayasth, Talukdar, Kasundi, Jessore


37. It is said that charas-smoking in moderate shape is milder than ganja-smoking. 38. I have no experience about the matter entered in this question. 44. I can only say that moderate use of ganja is refreshing, and produces intoxication and promotes appetite to a certain extent. 57. I know that ganja is smoked, and nothing more. - Evidence of BABU JAGAT KISHOR ACHARJEA CHAUDHURI, Brahmin, Zamindar, Muktagacha, District Mymensingh.


37. Cannot answer this question. 38. I consulted many consumers who are ordinarily my villagers; they one and all deny feeling any perceptible difference in effects. 44. Immediate effect is refreshing; the consumers also feel little intoxication. They say that it does not allay hunger, but it creates appetite. The effect lasts only a short time. No after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces no uneasines. 57. No reply can be given - Evidence of BABU KRISHNA CHANDRA RAI, Baidya, Government Pensioner and Zamindar, District Dacca.


44. The moderate use of bhang is refreshing in its effects. That of ganja produces intoxication, but not for habitual consumers. Bhang creates appetite, and the effect lasts for an hour or so. 57. It is sometimes eaten with bhang and sometimes with sweetmeats. Its effects are very intoxicating. These are used by habitual excessive consumers - Evidence of M. KAZI RAYAZ-UD-DIN MAHAMED, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


44. The habitual moderate consumers consider it refreshing when they consume their habitually consumed drugs. Yes, it has an intoxicating effect upon even the moderate habitual consumers. It diminishes hunger. It does not create appetite. The effect does not last for a long time. 57. Ganja is used in eating also.  - Evidence of SYAD ABDUL JABBAR, Zamindar, Commilla, Tippera.


44. It is refreshing and exhilarating. It does not intoxicate, properly so called, habitual moderate consumers. It is doubtful whether it allays hunger. It suppresses rather the sensation of hunger. Occasional moderate use, I think, does create appetite. I can tell the effect of bhang is perhaps more lasting than those of the other two. Ganja is properly and jocosely called turitananda, which is a very significant expression, meaning instantaneous bliss. The expression is rather vulgar, and has its origin in the fact that the exhilaration caused by it is produced instantaneously. As to after-effect, my idea is, they are not of much consequence, and are not productive of any particular longing or uneasiness. 57. Ganja and charas I have never known to be eaten or drunk. That is not the practice in this district, at least so far as I know.  - Evidence of BABU JOGENDRA KISHORE RAI CHAUDHURI, Zamindar, Ramgopalpur, District Mymensingh.


37. Charas-smoking induces severe headaches and affections of the air passages, causing cough and phlegm. Not so ganja. 38. Except that flat ganja is the strongest and chur the weakest, the three kinds produce the same effects in different degrees. 44. Very slight intoxication. The effect is more soothing than refreshing. Ganja spoils or weakens the appetite. Bhang increases it. The effects last about two or three hours. The aftereffects are disinclination for physical exertion.  57 Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk in this neighbourhood.  - Evidence of MR. L. H. MYLNE, Zamindar and Indigo-planter, Justice of the Peace, President of Independent Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Chairman of Jugdispur Municipality, District Shahabad.


37. I do not know. 38. The effects seem all the same. 44 The immediate effect is to refresh the habitual consumer, but the effect is not lasting; it acts as a stop-gap when food cannot be procured by retarding waste of tissue. - Evidence of MR. JOHN D. GWILT, Tea Planter, Longview Company, Limited, Darjeeling.  


38. I believe they have different effects, but have no precise knowledge on the subject. 44. 1 believe it does intoxicate. 57. I have no experience about it.  - Evidence, of MR. JNO. RUDD RAINEY, Proprietor of "Khulna Estate," Khulna.


44. Ganja-smoking makes them quiet for a time; they say it is a relief after hard work and allays hunger. Bhang, a good drink; they say is very refreshing; it sometimes gives a little excitement; seldom, unless excessive, intoxicates.  - Evidence of Mr. A. G. M. WODSCHOW, Assistant Manager, Indigo and Zamindari, Dumur Factory, Purnea.


37. The effects of charas and ganja smoking are different. The effect of ganja smoking is, as Dr. C. J. Waring puts it, to produce increased arterial action and great exhilaration of spirits, remarkable increase of appetite, unequivocal aphrodisiac and great mental cheerfulness. But charas smoking brings on a sort of uncomfortable burning sensation in the eyes, idleness, drowsiness, and ultimately culminates in catalepsy. 38. Practically there is no difference. 44. All the habitual moderate ganja smokers unanimously say that they feel extreme cheerfulness immediately after smoking the drug. The immediate effect of such smoking, as they say, is the forgetfulness of all surrounding circumstances. It produces in the smoker a sort of vanity which makes him feel himself to be in the most exalted position in the universe. After the hard work of the day the habitual smoker would eagerly take this drug to refresh himself. In habitual smokers it does not produce regular intoxication but a little exhilaration of spirits. It allays hunger and increases appetite, as they say. Its effects last for three or four hours. It leaves the smoker without any after-effects, and he feels himself quite at ease without subsequent gratification. 57. I have no knowledge as to the eating or drinking of ganja and charas. - Evidence of BABU SASI BHUSAN ROY, Manager, Dubalhati Raj Estate, Rajshahi District.


37. There is no difference between charas and ganja smoking, except that the latter is milder. 44. I am unable to answer these questions - Evidence of Mr. H. M. WEATHERALL, Manager, Nawab's Estate, Tippera.


37. Effects nearly the same; those of charas smoking being milder than those of ganja smoking. 44. Drowsiness (i.e., sedative action). Temporarily refreshing. Yes; it increases hunger. Yes; lasts for a few hours. Little depression of spirits, Longing and uneasiness for a few hours.   - Evidence of BABU AGHORE NATH BANERJI,* Vice-Chairman, Serampore Municipality, District Hughli.


37. I have not observed any great difference between the effects of ganja and charas on the consumer. It much depends on the quantity consumed. 38. No; they are one and the same thing, and are not sold separately by the vendors of these drugs. 44. Even the moderate use of the hemp drugs produces instantaneous intoxication, great excitement, and a degree of stupidity. The pupils are gradually contracted. It is not refreshing, and does not allay hunger or create an appetite for food. A false appetite is, however, sometimes caused by bhang. The effect lasts about eight or ten hours, according to the quantity taken. The after-effect is great exhaustion and lassitude, with a craving for another dose of the drug. Question 44.—In speaking of the pupils being contracted, I am describing the immediate effects of smoking. The eyes become red, and there is a fixed stare, and an incapacity to wink. This is what I mean by pupils contracting.  - Evidence of the REV. PREM CHAND, Missionary, B. M. S., Gaya.


38. Chur is the mildest, flat ganja is next in strength, round ganja is the strongest, and is also the pleasantest to use. Chur ganja irritates the throat very much;* flat, less; round, least. 44. Ganja produces thirst and immediate hunger. Water is used for the thirst and sweetmeat for the hunger. This sweetmeat increases the intoxicating effect. If smoked on an empty stomach the effect lasts from 3 to 4 hours; if on a full stomach from 11/2 to 2 hours. Intoxication comes on almost immediately, before half the pipe is smoked. The after-effects are nausea, langour, restlessness, dullness of brain. The want of gratification leaves the smoker in a very restless, irritable, unhappy mood, with very little appetite for food. 57. Never heard of these being eaten or drunk. It is siddhi that is drunk. [written statement] (d) Effects of smoking ganja.—(1) The body seems to dry up; (2) the body gets very weak, so that a man falls with a slight push; (3) greatly affects the lungs and brings on bronchitis; (4) greatly excites lust; (5) eyes become dull and bloodshot, (6) mind gets full of horrible imaginations. (I am told that this is a very strikng and terrible effect of a continued use of ganja); (7) the mind becomes dull and listless, so that a man's power of earning a livelihood grows less and less; (8) insanity. It was in 1876 that my attention was first called to this effect of ganja smoking. The Superintendent of the Calcutta Lunatic Asylum pointed out to me a crowd of 100 men who had all lost their reason through this evil habit. At the time I was too new in the country to take in the full significance of the fact; but it struck me very much, and has often since, in the light of other facts, formed a painful subject of reflection. In Murshidabad District Lunatic Asylum in 1890 I also found 51 ganja victims, and was further told that an average of 12 every year enter from the same cause. (9) Early death. The people say that ganja-smoking makes the blood black and brings on bloody evacuations and early death. - Evidence of the REVD. W. B. PHILLIPS, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Calcutta.


37. The effects of charas smoking are different from those resulting from ganja smoking. The latter is much stronger than the former. 44. The immediate effect of the use of ganja is  intoxication. It is sometimes refreshing. The habitual use allays hunger. It creates unnatural appetite for the time being. The effect lasts for about three hours. The after-effects are uneasiness and depression. Want of subsequent gratification produces extreme longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of the REVD. G. C. DUTT, Missionary, Khulna.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumers is nil. After an hour or so it produces intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for 12 hours or so. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing as well as uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU PURNENDU NARAYAN SINHA, Kayasth, Pleader and Zamindar, Bankipur, District Patna.


38. The intoxication produced by round, flat, and chur ganja differs in their effect in degree. Round is the strongest, flat less so, and the chur still less. 44. The use of bhang and ganja is refreshing and exhilarating to habitual consumers; it produces no intoxication. It does not allay hunger; rather it creates appetite. The effect lasts for two hours or so, or even less than that. It produces no after-effects. The effects, apparent from the use of the drug in different forms, do not vary much in ganja or charas, perhaps because they are so nearly allied to each other, and bhang being consumed in the form of a drink does not give facility for using moderate quantities when the drink begins to operate. When the drink begins to operate the first drowsiness makes the patient helpless for further efforts or liking for the drink, and generally he wakes up after a few hours' sound sleep with a giant's appetite for food. - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA CHANDRA MITRA, Kayasth, Pleader, Honorary Magistrate, and Municipal Chairman, Naihati, 24-Parganas.


44. Yes; according to the habitual ganjasmokers it is refreshing. The moderate use (by which I mean a chillum at a time) of ganja is not known to have produced any sort of visible intoxication in habitual consumers. It does not allay hunger, except when the man is insensible. It creates appetite for the time being, but it has bad after-effects, as dyspepsia, want of appetite, dysentery and other ailments akin to indigestion. The want of subsequent gratification certainly produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of SYED RIYAZ UDDIN QUAZI, Pleader, Bogra.


44. It is refreshing. Ganja and charas produce intoxication. Bhang also produces intoxication, if taken in large doses - Evidence of BABU PARAMESHWAR DAN, Kshetrya, Pleader, Judge's Court, Vice- Chairman, District Board, Dinajpur.


37. Yes, charas has not the same powers of stimulation as the ganja and bhang have. 38. No. 44. Yes, it is refreshing. Yes, it produces intoxication but not so much as in the use of liquor.
Yes, it allays hunger. Its after-effect is said to be uneasiness and indolence. The effect of ganja continues for two or three hours; bhang, seven or eight hours. 57. I have not ever heard that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk.  - Evidence of PUNDIT RAKHAL CHUNDER TEWARY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Diamond Harbour, 24-Parganas.


44. I omit charas from consideration. Yes, the immediate effect is to some extent refreshing. It does not produce much intoxication on habitual consumers. It seems to allay hunger and appears to create appetite. But I don't believe these apparent feelings are real. I think they are more imaginary. Bhang intoxication lasts even for 24 hours and has bad after-effects. It dries the body and constipates the bowels. Yes, the want stated does produce longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU SASADHAR ROY, Brahmin, Pleader and Honorary Magistrate, Rajshahi


37. Yes, ganja smoking produces a deeper and longer intoxication than charas smoking. The former lasts for hours and hours together, the latter for an hour or two. Sometimes charas smoking is resorted to to do away with the effect of the ganja smoking. The effect of the former is more sudden than that of the latter. In the case of charas, the consumer gets sometimes insensible while smoking, but he recovers earlier than the ganja smokers. 38. Yes, the effects are different in degree. The chur is the most intoxicating of the three, and the round or rolled ganja is more intoxicating than the flat ganja. The flat ganja is not much valued by habitual consumers. 44. The habitual consumer feels refreshed by the use of the drugs. Slight intoxication takes place, which does not deprive him of his senses. The use of ganja seems to allay hunger. The use of bhang in a moderate quantity is said to create appetite. In the case of charas, the effect lasts from one to two hours. In the case of ganja, the effect lasts a longer time. In the case of siddhi, the effect lasts usually for twelve or fourteen hours, sometimes for twentyfour hours. I know the instance of a moderate habitual consumer of ganja who could work without taking any food in the day time, but he would talk much and would seem to be of an irritating disposition. He is no better than a mad man and is very whimsical. 57. Ganja and charas are seldom eaten or drunk - Evidence of BABU JADUNATH KANJILAL, Brahmin, Pleader, Judge's Court, Hughli.  


37. This song will be a good answer— Ah! what a fine sensation wine creates! The legs stagger, and methinks I fall. Ganja smoking makes a man poor. We get headache by smoking charas. Red water in the belly makes the body unsteady. Slip once, and you fall in the ditch. Then the constables titter, and the Magistrate sends you to jail. This is a satire against liquor. The intoxication in both is almost the same. Charas sometimes produces headache. The intoxicating sensation comes a little after smoking, whereas in ganja it is instantaneous. Hence it is called "turitananda" (the instant pleasure giver). The great Akbar is said to have used this expression. 38. No, so far as my enquiries go. I never used these. But I have marked the effect on many and made inquiries of them. 44. Habitual or not, ganja produces instant intoxication. A habitual feels the effect for at most two hours. One not accustomed remains under its influence from four to six hours. The first use of opium or ganja is productive of nausea. But after some days' use their effect is great. They are certainly refreshing. There is greater intoxication in ganja smoking than in taking raw opium. It does not allay hunger, though a man can hold out more against hunger. Both create appetite. There is no after-effect. A ganja smoker does feel some inconvenience if the drug be not forthcoming. But an opium eater suffers tremendously if he does not get it at the time he is accustomed to. Many persons die in jail on account of this deprivation. European doctors pooh-pooh it. Yet it is admitted that even when a man survives the deprivation, he suffers for at least thirty days. Christian prisoners get tea because they are accustomed to it. But a man can give it up without inconvenience. It is downright cruelty to deprive a man of opium. Generally it is taken on account of some diseases. The great physician, Rama Nath Kabiraj, died because he was forbidden to take opium. It was the only way to save his life. But the sudden stoppage proved fatal. This is the case in jails, and can be established if proper inquiry be made. 57. Charas is not drunk. I never heard of it. Ganja is sometimes thrown in cups in which the pods of opium are soaked. This is a preparation used by Rajputs. A little ganja is occasionally mixed with bhang, but this is rare. It is done when the leaves appear to have lost their strength, and not otherwise. The effect is always the same, only the mixture is a little stronger. The opium infusion of the Rajput loses its flavour (as they say) if ganja be used. They do it as a matter of economy when guests are in the house. In districts where opium is grown they keep the pods after the opium has been extracted, put them in water, and drink it. - Evidence of BABU BEPRODAS BANERJEE,* Brahman, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality.


37. The effects are different; and effects of charas-smoking only give pleasure in the mind, but serve no medicinal purposes. But ganja cures many diseases, such as, rheumatic pain, leprosy; it increases male strength. According to native kabirajes, hakims and doctors, medicines can be prepared from ganja. 38. The people here use round ganja. The round ganja is superior in class, the next in kind is flat ganja, and chur is the worst of the kind. 44. They would get ill and lose digestive power. Yes, refreshing. Yes, it creates appetite. According to some, its effects last for twenty-four hours, and others for more than that. The aftereffects are desire for smoking ganja again. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU NOBO GOPAL BOSE RAI CHOWDHOORY, Kayasth, Talukdar and Judge's Court Pleader (late Munsiff of Nator), Memari, Burdwan District.


37. The effects of charas-smoking are not different in any particular from those resulting from ganja-smoking. 38. Flat ganja is very strong and exciting. It makes its consumer very irascible and sometimes violent. Round ganja is milder in its effects and soothing to smokers. This is generally preferred. Chur ganja is mild, dull and vapid, and does not command many votaries. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is stimulating. I can't say whether it is refreshing. Perhaps it is so. It does not produce intoxication, but a little excitement. As long as the effect lasts, the man does not feel hungry; but after that, he does. One of its after-effects is a little prostration. Want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing and uneasiness. The effect lasts for nearly an hour. [oral evidence] Question 44.—The Bengali word for "intoxication" is "unmattata." The Bengali word for "excitement" is "samanya nisha." "Samanya" means a little. Another single word would be "uttejana", which means stimulating effect. I know only a little Hindustani. I understand "unmattata" to be a stronger word than the word "nasha." The word "nisha" is a common Bengali word. This is a wide word which goes from the smallest stage of excitement to the worst stage of intoxication according to the word you compound with it. Thus "samanya nisha" means excitement merely, and "ghor nisha" is intoxication. "Ghor" means much.  - Evidence of BABU ABINAS CHANDRA DASS, M. A., B. L., Pleader, Judge's Court, Bankura.


44. Keeps him in the normal state of body and mind. The use is refreshing to the habitual consumers. It creates appetite. Its effects last nearly 21/2 hours. The want of the use of these drugs by the habitual consumers puts them to great uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU ANANGO MOHAN NAHA, Kayasth, Judge's Court Pleader, Comilla, Tippera District.


44. Yes, it produces longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU KAILAS CHANDRA DUTTA, Baidya, Vakil, Judge's Court, Comilla, Tippera District.


44. Its immediate effect is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. Instead of allaying hunger it rather sharpens appetite. The effect lasts for a short time, and the after-effect is a slight mental depression. The want of subsequent gratification produces some uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU MOHINI MOHAN BURDHAN, Kayasth, District Government Pleader of Tippera.


38. Round ganja not in use here. There is no difference between the other two - Evidence of BABU TARA NATH CHUCKERBUTTY, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Faridpur.


37. I have already said that I know nothing about charas; and so I cannot say. 38. None whatever, so long as the exact proportion of the different preparations are maintained. 44. The immediate effect of the use of bhang and ganja is dimness of sight, palpitation of heart, and a creeping sensation throughout the nervous system. This is followed by a tossing sensation in the brains and vagueness of thought as well as perception. Then intoxication sets in accompanied with a feeling of dull relief. Ganja deadens the appetite, while bhang sometimes creates it. The effect generally lasts from three to four hours, after which there is a feeling of abnormal depression and uneasiness and consequent longing for a fresh dose.  - Evidence of BABU AMVIKA CHARAN MAZUMDAR,* Vaidya, Pleader and Zamindar, Faridpur.


44. I have been told by several moderate consumers of the drugs that the immediate effect is a pleasing sensation (ganja is therefore jocosely called Turitananda). It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication in the case of habitual consumers. In case of bhang it creates appetite. The effect of the use is longer in cases of bhang than in cases of ganja. The effect in cases of bhang may last twenty-four hours, whereas in cases of ganja it does not generally last for more than a few hours, The after-effects in the case of ganja is rather depressing. It is not so in the case of bhang. - Evidence of BABU BHUVAN MOHUN SANYAL, Brahmin, Government Pleader, Purnea.


37. Ganja-smoking has earlier effect than charassmoking. 38. Yes. 44. (a) The effect is imperceptible. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes, to habitual consumers. (f) From three to six hours. (g) Yes, the consumer feels languid and uneasy. (h) Yes, it does - Evidence of BABU AMRITALAL RAHA, Kayasth, Pleader, Judge's Court and Talukdar, Khulna.


44. Refreshing, produces intoxication, creates appetite. The after-effects are yawning, joint-aching, lethargy. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. I do not think they are ever eaten or drunk. - Evidence of BABU JADUBANS SSHAI, Pleader and Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.


37. Charas, as stated above, is not now used. The effect of ganja-smoking is immediate but transient, while the intoxication of bhang lasts for twelve hours or so. 44. Persons using ganja or bhang say that they feel refreshed after taking a dose, and complain of want of appetite and dullness if kept long without it. My observations lead me to think that the intoxication must be of a mild nature, as the generality of ganja-smokers look calm and talk properly when under influence of the drug, and the want of subsequent gratification does not seem to produce any unbearable uneasiness. 57. I think when ganja is eaten or drunk the effect is the same as of bhang, the only difference being that it is more intoxicating. - Evidence of BABU GOWREE SUNKER ROY,* Kayasth, Secretary, Cuttack Printing Company, Cuttack.


44. Ganja produces intoxication even on moderate use. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of BABU GURUDAYAL SINHA,* Kayasth, Honorary Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner and Secretary, Total Abstinence Society, Comilla, Tipper


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang and ganja is that it produces refreshment and exhilaration. To habitual consumers it does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, on the other hand it creates appetite. The effect does not last longer than two or three hours and there are no after-effects.  - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR RAJ KUMAR SARVADHIKARI, Secretary, British Indian Association, Calcutta.


44. I cannot say what is the immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer, but I am told that it is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication though it makes the consumer a little tipsy at the time. The effects last till the consumer goes to bed and falls asleep. The effect of the moderate use of bhang paste with water is refreshing, and it also creates appetite.  - Evidence of UMAGATI RAT, Brahmin, Pleader, and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association.


37. While ganja contains the active narcotic principle diffused over the flowering top which is smoked mixed with dry tobacoo leaves, charas contains and consists in the narcotic principle itself in the form of a resinous extract. Ordinarily therefore one should expect to find more poisons and intoxicating effect in charas than in ganja, but all smokers (including some gentlemen who tried both the drugs as an experiment) allege that while the effect produced by ganja smoking is instantaneous and lasting, that of charas is not so. Although both produce the same kind of intoxication, there is yet a difference in degree: the effect of charas is not so strong as that of ganja. Charas is however seldom used by itself; its consumers use it only to whip up the effect of ganja. 38. None that I have ever heard of. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja by the habitual consumer does not generally appear till after the lapse of 4 or 5 minutes, and then it is found that the temperature of his body has risen, his eyes have become red, and his spirit roused. The habitual consumer calls it refreshing and slightly intoxicating. The chief use of the Indian hemp is as a substance that will produce intoxication. The poor people, unable to indulge in costly modes of getting intoxicated, naturally get into the habit of using the Indian hemp drugs which are perhaps the cheapest articles of intoxication. Although some people are eager to justify the use of the Indian hemp drugs on the ground of its being a food accessory and consider its use by honest peaceable labourers as a physical benefit, my general experience does not justify me in accepting the same as true. Habitual use of ganja does not allay hunger as a cup of tea or any other similar food does. It does not add to the nutrition of the body. Its constant use impairs appetite. The effect of a few whiffs by a habitual smoker may last only for a few minutes, but a continuous smoking for minutes produces an intoxication that may last from 4 to 5 hours. Its after-effects are weakening of the whole system which becomes unfit for further work without the use of the drug again. Mendicants addicted to ganja to excess are however sometimes found to be quite healthy and well nourished in body. But their other habits of life, their constant roving about in free atmosphere out of doors may be said to help them very greatly in getting rid of the evil effects of ganja. I have seen a mendicant who sits naked day and night on a pile of wood floating in the Hughli near Azimganj, without anything to cover his head or take shelter from the rain, storm or heat of the sun. He is occupied in smoking ganja all day and night, and, though old, seems to keep a good health. But such peculiar votaries have never been placed under regular observation to justify us in holding that ganja produces beneficial effects in its votaries. 57. I have had no occasion to make observations necessary to answer this question.  - Evidence of BABU AKSHAY KUMAR MAITRA,* Secretary, Rajshahi Association, Pleader, Judge's Court, Member, Rajshahi District Board, Commissioner, Rampur Boalia Municipality.


44. No particular effect on habitual consumers. Yes, it is refreshing. Yes, it produces some intoxication. It allays hunger to some extent. Yes, it creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts about 24 hours, of ganja about 3 or 4 hours; aftereffects, weariness. Yes, subsequent non-gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU KAMALA KANTA SEN, Kayasth, Zamindar and Pleader, President of the Chittagong Association.


44. They say that it clears their head and power of  vision, and it is refreshing too. It produces intoxication to a certain degree. I have no experience of the drugs having properties to allay or create appetite. But I am told by the habitual consumer that use of the drug gives them great zest for eating. The effect of intoxication lasts for 4 to 5 hours according to the quantity used. There is after-effect. They say they feel nervous prostration, dryness in the throat and chest. Subsequent gratification is not so much yearned after as in the case of alcoholic drinks, but at regular time a little use of it gives tone to the body and refreshes energy. 57. I am told when ganja is drunk, the effect is more active and immediate than when smoked - Evidence of BABU NITYA NANDA ROY, Teli, Merchant and Zamindar, Chittagong.


37. No charas here. 38. It is said that the intoxicating power of flat and chur ganja is superior to that of round ganja. 44. The immediate effect is that it refreshes the moderate smoker of ganja, not much but to a little extent; with moderate smoker it increases the appetite, but with inveterate smokers it is different. The effect of the intoxication from one chillum of ganja lasts about two hours. No aftereffects if taken after regular intervals. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. The intoxcation from bhang lasts about 24 hours; no palpable after-effects, but increases appetite. 57. Never, but they are always smoked.  - Evidence of BABU NOBIN CAHNDRA SARKAR, Kayasth, Wholesale and retail vendor of ganja and bhang, Barisal.


37. No experience. 38. Flat ganja produces more intoxication than the other varieties.. 44. Ganja.—A slight intoxication is produced immediately. Ganja is refreshing. I cannot say if it allays hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for about an hour. There are no aftereffects. Bhang.—Takes a little time to produce intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for about 12 hours. 57. No experience. - Evidence of BABU DHANI RAM SAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh.


37. The intoxication produced by charas is of greater intensity than that produced by ganja. 38. No difference. 44. Ganja.—The effect is refreshing. It produces slight intoxication, does not allay hunger, but rather increases the appetite. I have no experience on the other points. No information about bhang and charas.  -  Evidence of BABU RAM NIDHI SHAHA, Excise Vendor, Mymensingh


37. Ganja is more strong than charas. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use is refreshing; slight intoxication is produced, hunger, and creates appetite. The effect lasts for three or four hours. No after-effects; neither it produces longing nor uneasiness.  - Evidence of BABU MAHENDRA NATH ROY, of Santa, Jessore.


37. The effect of charas-smoking is instantaneous, but it does not last long, while the effect of ganja-smoking is very much greater, and even a habitual smoker remains intoxicated for several hours. Charas is frequently taken to increase the effect of ganja. The former induces giddiness and headache, the latter brings on cough and other throat and lung diseases. The former is odourless, while the latter has a disgusting odour at the time of smoking. As regards these, the common popular saying is:— Siddhi produces wisdom. Ganja spoils kingdom. Charas creates headache. 38. Yes. The effects of broken ganja are rather serious in narcotic properties, being generally mixed up with various deleterious substances and the fastidious ganja-smokers reject it as unfit for use. Round is stronger than flat ganja. 44. See answer to question 37. (a) The immediate effect is said to be pleasant sensation of intoxication. (b) Yes. (d) and (e) Yes, both. (f) The intoxication from siddhi continues for 14 or 16 hours. (h) Yes - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, 24-Parganas (Sub-Committee).


37. We are not in a position to answer this. 38. We are not in a position to answer this. Flat ganja is preferred, and it is said that it is the best of its kind. 44. It is said that the immediate effect of ganja is instantaneous intoxication. The smokers describe that it creates an agreeable and refreshing sensation, and it lasts for an hour or so. The intoxicating effect of bhang commences in about half an hour and lasts, both according to the ingredients used and the temperament of the consumer, from four to six hours. The effect of charas is much the same as that of ganja, only in a milder degree if taken alone; but, if mixed with ganja, is more than the effect of ganja pure and simple. It does create appetite in the beginning; but in the long run it fails. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing to habitual consumers of ganja; but not to that extent in bhang drinkers.  - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Patna.


44. Moderate use of these drugs is refreshing. It does not allay hunger but alleviates fatigue. It certainly creates appetite. The after-effects are not so telling as the use of liquor. One who is habituated to use these drugs feels uneasiness, when in want of them. 57. These cases are rare, and call for no remarks. - Evidence of theD ISTRICTB OARD, Mymensingh (Sub-Committee).


37. The effects of ganja are said to be more heating and keener. Intoxication more marked and more violent. Charas much milder in effect though actually a much stronger drug, but used in greater dilution. 38. Not known. Chur ganja preferred. 44. Immediate effect is a slight refreshing intoxication. It allays hunger for an habitual consumer and creates appetite in a beginner. Effects of ganja last half an hour or so. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness in habitual consumers. 57. Ganja is sometimes eaten by sanyasis to produce greater intoxication. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Monghyr (Sub-Committee).


37. Charas not used in this district. 38. The flat is the most efficacious. 44. Stimulant. It is refreshing and produces intoxication. Ganja allays hunger, but bhang creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts four, and that of ganja five hours. The after-effects are giddiness, dimness of sight and laziness. 57. Neither eaten nor drunk in this district. - Evidence of the DISTRICT BOARD, Arrah.


44. It is refreshing, allays hunger, and I don't think produces any after-effects. I have no doubt that the want of ganja to a habitual would make him uneasy and make him long for his usual dose. 57. Ganja is smoked, very rarely drunk. I don't know of its being eaten. - Evidence of MR. J. J. S. DRIBERG, Commissioner of Excise and Inspector General of Police and Jails.


44. Dr. Powell, M.B., of Káline Tea Estate, says:— "I have had many cases of ganja intoxication under my care. The most striking feature as compared with opium and alcohol is the frequent accompaniment of mania with homicidal or incendiary tendency. The prolonged use of ganja often produces a lasting mania or melancholia." - Evidence of MR. J. L. HERALD, Deputy Commissioner, Silchar, Cachar


37. Charas is reported to be more powerful; but I have no personal knowledge. - Evidence of MR. E. A. GAIT, Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Assam.


44. The drink is said to be refreshing and exhilarating. Smoking induces a kind of intoxication which is not so much marked in old consumers. I saw two men smoke an anna's worth of ganja together. The one who smoked the larger share of the pipe, admitted that his vision was slightly affected. There was nothing particular in his appearance to indicate intoxication. I have gathered from smokers and others, who have tried the drug, as siddhi, through curiosity, that the effects resemble to some extent those of alcohol in so far as they tend to bring out a man's real character. The moderate use of the drug is not supposed to be more harmful than the moderate use of alcohol - Evidence of MR. C. W. E. PITTAR, Officiating Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup.


44. (b) Yes. (c) No. (d) and (e) It does not allay hunger, but increases the appetite. (f) Only for a short time. (g) None that I could ascertain. (h) To a small extent.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. C. BANERJI, Civil Surgeon, Sylhet.



37. The effects of charas are more rapid than those of ganja. Bhang causes inebriation of a cheerful kind, a desire to eat food with relish, and to seek aphrodisiac enjoyments. It causes no nausea or sickness, and has no effects on the bowels. Its effects are more lasting. Ganja causes agreeable reveries, heaviness, and laziness, but the man can be roused to discharge routine occupations, such as punkah-pulling. Its narcotic effects are felt sooner than those of bhang. 44. Is partly answered by the above Bhang is refreshing, produces intoxication, creates appetite, and the effects last for about three hours, when narcosis is produced. The after-effects are slight giddiness and vascularity of the eyes. Ganja is stimulant, anodyne, and narcotic. Its effects lasts from one to two hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of DR. H. A. MACLEOD, Civil Medical Officer, Garo Hills.


44. At the time of smoking the drug, whatever tendency there is in the mind is then exalted. The person feels refreshed, and there is in proportion to the quantity consumed some intoxication. The feeling of langour and weariness is not noticed for the time. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness.  - Evidence of DR. J. MCNAUGHT, Civil Medical Officer, Nowgong


37. The effects of the drinking of bhang are much more lasting than those resulting from ganjasmoking, but are not so instantaneous as the latter are. In other respects they are much about the same. I have had no occasion of observing the effects of charas smoking. 38. No answer. 44. Yes; it is refreshing and intoxicating. It is said to allay hunger and to create appetite. In case of bhang, which is usually drunk, the effects usually last for hours together, but in case of ganja smoking not more than half an hour or so. There are no after-effects. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness in a habitual consumer. 57. I have never heard of charas being drunk or eaten. When bhang or ganja are so used, the symptoms are more intense and more lasting than those of smoking the drugs. With this difference they are the same in character. - Evidence of ATUL CHANDRA ROY,* Bengali Vaidya, Assistant Surgeon, Emigration Department, Tezpur.


37. The symptoms come on later in cases of the drinking of bhang. I am not aware of any other difference in the effects of these drugs. 44. Ganja smoking produces exaltation of the mental functions and pleasurable kind of hallucination. It acts as a stimulant, thus refreshing the system. Yes; it produces intoxication. It allays hunger and also creates appetite. Duration of effect depends on the dose. It lasts generally about three or four hours. It produces a longing, and its want causes a sense of laziness.  - Evidence of BAIKUNTHA KUMAR NANDI, Hindu Kayasth, Assistant Surgeon, Nayasarak, Sylhet.


37. Charas is a milder intoxicating thing than ganja. When it is used, it produces dryness of the tongue, contraction of the eyes, thirst and constipation. The effects of bhang are quite different from the effects of ganja-smoking, such as when bhang is drunk or smoked the tongue is dried, feels cheerfulness, and causes the person to laugh, sing, and dance, or it acts according to the tendency of the mind. 44. Those who are accustomed to these drugs a moderate dose does not soon produce any effect as far as health is concerned. It is slightly refreshing like tobacco, but does not produce intoxication; it allays hunger, but does not create appetite. The accustomed dose in moderate quantity does not produce long effect. When there will be no effect of the drug taken, it produces the following symptoms:—Laziness, yawning, tearing from the eyes, pains all over the limbs and a strong desire to have the dose. 57. Ganja for the purpose of medicine only is known to be eaten, but not for pleasure's sake.  - Evidence of AZHER HOSSEIN, Hospital Assistant, Gauhati.


37. I don't know much of this. 38. Yes, of the three classes chur is the best in quality; then comes next round, and last the flat. 44. (a) Nothing remarkable, it revives their strength. (b), (c), (d), (e) Yes. (f) An hour at the utmost. (g) Yes; feels little sedation. (h) No - Evidence of LATCHMAN PERSHAD, Kayasth, Hospital Assistant, Manipur State.


37. Both charas and ganja produce instantaneous effect in making the smoker intoxicated. The intoxication under the effect of the former is however stronger. Bhang acts slowly and its intoxication lasts for a longer duration. All these drugs work upon the brain, and the consumer instantly after the use feels a whirling sensation all around, and his optical nerves are affected also to a great extent. The eyes generally shrink after the effect has been produced and the consumer sees before him a cloudy space filled in with moving branches of yellow flowers similar in shape to those of the mustard crop. 57. I have never known of charas being ever drunk or eaten. Ganja is rarely eaten or drunk. Eating and drinking act more slowly than smoking.   - Evidence of PROSUNN KOOMAR DAS, Baidya, Medical Practitioner, Silchar, Cachar


44. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No; they say it increases appetite. (e) Yes. (f) For an hour or so. (g) Not much; slight sedative. (h) Yes - Evidence of KRISHNA CHANDRA SANYAL,* Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Sylhet


44. (a) It stimulates the system, and makes the consumer talk a good deal. But it makes the idle morose. (b) Yes. (c) and (d) Yes, slightly. It allays hunger also. (e) Yes. (f) The effect lasts for about an hour or so. (g) There are after-effects noticeable in the idlers. (h) Yes. - Evidence of MASDAR ALI, Pleader, Sylhet.


44. I am not a consumer of ganja, and therefore I do not feel competent to give any definite answer, but I was told by the smokers of ganja that the intoxication of ganja brings on pleasure, and it gives them vigour and capacity for hard work. I have seen people eating to excess when under the influence of the drug (ganja). The labourers are more inclined for hard work after a smoke. The above effects take place, I am told, while the smokers are under the influence of the drug. They say that the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and creates a longing for the drug. 57. I have no knowledge of charas, but, as far as my experience and observation extend, ganja is never eaten, but it is always smoked. - Evidence of BABU ABANTINATH DATTA, Kayastha, Pleader, Judge's Court, Cachar


44. The immediate effect is the satisfaction of the longing. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not supply the place of food. The effect varies with the length of the habit. The after-effects are injurious.  - Evidence of BISHUN CHANDRA CHATTOPADHAY, Pleader, Dhubri.


44. Habitual ganja-smokers do not feel any inconveniences after smoking. They eat more food after taking ganja than at other times. They feel refreshed after some time, and it is this refreshed feeling that induces them to take the drug again. It does not intoxicate the habitual consumer, that is, moderate use.  - Evidence of KAMINI KUMAR CHANDRA, Kayastha, Bengali, Pleader, Silchar.


37. The effects of charas are slow in acting upon the system, but its effects are lasting, while those of ganja and bhang are smart as stimulants but momentary. This is known to me from the report of the consumers. 38. Unknown. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is to make him a little tipsy. It is refreshing to him. It produces a little intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effects last twenty-four hours. The immediate after-effects are to create digestion, etc. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness, in some cases leading to disorders of the stomach and also longing for the drug. 57. Eating and drinking of charas are never known to me. Ganja is sometimes eaten or drunk. When ganja is used in such a way, its effects are more severe than bhang or siddhi. - Evidence of GANGADHAR SORMAH, Brahmin, Pleader, Jorhat.


44. It certainly gives a feeling of pleasure to the consumer, and allays hunger. I never heard of it creating an appetite, but it eventually creates a craving for the drug itself.  - Evidence of REVD. J. P. JONES,* Missionary, Sylhet.


44. Feels better. Produces intoxication. Creates appetite. Can't say how long the effect exists; it depends upon one's constitution and habit. The after-effects are weakness. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of HARIBILASH AGARWALA, Merchant, Tezpur.


44. To the moderate habitual consumers the drug is said to be refreshing; it does not produce intoxication, nor allays hunger; on the contrary it creates appetite. The effect lasts for nearly a couple of hours, and it produces longing for subsequent gratification and uneasiness if it cannot be had - Evidence of LAKSMIKANTA BARKAGATI, Brahma, Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats' Association, Tezpur, Darrang.


37. Effect of charas is heard to be not stronger than ganja. 38. No. 44. Generally believed to be refreshing; it produces intoxication and lasts from two to three hours, and want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. Creates appetite to the beginners only.  - Evidence of JADU RAM BOROOAH, Assamese Kayasth, Local Board Member; Pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department, Dibrugarh


44. The immediate effect of bhang is said to be cooling and refreshing, and it also gives appetite. Ganja smoking is also said to create appetite, to remove the feeling of fatigue, and to allay hunger. - Evidence of COLONEL M. M. BOWIE, Commissioner, Nerbudda Division.


44. Ganja smoking.—A man of the labouring classes will tell you it produces a feeling of satis -faction, perhaps exhilaration, and alleviates fatigue after the labours of the day. - Evidence of MR. F. C. ANDERSON, Officiating Commissioner, Nagpur.


44. The chief result of a pipe of ganja appears to be refreshment. Its effect is instantaneous, and lasts for two or three hours. No bad after-effects are felt, It does not produce intoxication. It is said to create appetite. - Evidence of MR. B. ROBERTSON, Deputy Commissioner, Nimar.


37. I can give no information about charas; it is not sold in the Central Provinces. 38. As already stated; only one kind of ganja is consumed here, and that corresponds most nearly with the "flat" ganja of Bengal. 44. Ganja smoking produces at once an intoxi -cation which lasts about two hours. Bhang used merely as a refresher has very little intoxicating power. Neither ganja nor bhang,allays hunger, but bo th, and particularly the former, sharpen the appetite. So far as I have been able to ascertain, the consumer's condition, after intoxication has passed off, is perfectly normal, and there is no craving like that experienced by opium eaters or opium smokers. - Evidence of MR. H. V. DRAKE-BROCKMAN, Officiating  Commissioner of Excise, Central Provinces.


37. Charas is not used in this province, but those who have used it say that it is more intoxicating than ganja, and that the intoxication lasts longer. 44. I cannot say anything from experience, but from what I have observed I would state that persons drinking bhang feel somewhat in toxicated; some feel inclined to sleep. The same is the case with ganja smokers ; sometimes they are inclined to be very talkative. The effect lasts from two to three hours, according to the quan tity taken; and after the intoxication is gone they feel quite fresh. Bhang drinking creates appetite. - Evidence of BHARGOW LAXMON GADGIT, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Nagpur.


38. Round ganja is preferred here for smoking to flat ganja. Consumers are unanimous in their statements that though the former possesses great-er intoxicating quality than the latter, it does not cause headache, burning sensation in the stomach, like the latter. The drink prepared of "patti" (bhang) is less intoxicating in quality and is said to be less injurious to the health than ganja. 4. Both ganja smokers and bhang drinkers state that if these drugs be taken moderately on the appointed times, they are refreshing to habitual consumers and create appetite. Bhang keeps its effect on habitual excessive consumers for three or four hours, and ganja for an hour or so. Afterwards uneasiness and a desire to take it again are produced in them. These persons remain always under their influence. If they do not get the drugs afterwards, they lose their energies and become unable to attend to their work. The effect of ganja smoking is immediate and lasts for an hour or so; whereas that of bhang drinking is produced after an hour, bat it lasts much longer than the first, for three or four hours.  - Evidence of TRIMBAK RAO SATHE, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and Diwan of the Sonepur State.


37. Charas is said to be more injurious than g anja  or bhang. Charas is not used here; and I can say nothing more on this point. 38. I do not know. 44. It refreshes and produces slight intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect lasts so long as the intoxication lasts. The after-effects are in case of ganja and bhang relieving if used as medicines, but if they are used as luxury, their after effects are bad, such as dullness, laziness, and the like. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness in case of habitual users. -  Evidence of RAGHUNATH RAO, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Damoh.


37. The only difference between the effect of ganja and charas is that the effect of the former is very quick, while the latter takes a longer time to cause intoxication. The effect of ganja does not last long; at the longest for an hour and a half. The effect of charas is more durable: it lasts for three or four hours. 38. Baluchur, i.e., fiat ganja, is more intoxicating than round ganja, and chur even less. deal in the night and by their sour disposition. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja is to produce a temporary briskness in the body. But after an hour the consumer feels a sinking sensation. It is not refreshing. It does produce intoxication. In the beginning, until the consumer does not become addicted to it, it creates appetite. But when the habit is formed, it produces quite the contrary effect. The effects produced by ganja last for about two hours after smoking. The after-effect is a sickening sensation. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces a longing and uneasiness to those whose habit has been formed. 57, I do not know much about charas, but ganja, which is here sometimes substituted for bhang, is eaten occasionally as stated in the answer to No. 19. Eating produces less and slow intoxication than smoking. - Evidence of SYED MOHAMED HUSAIN, Extra Assistant Commissioner ; Diwan, Khairagarh State.


37. Charas  produces  more  intoxication  and  for a longer time than ganja. 38. They produce exactly the same effect. 44. It produces intoxication under the influence of which appetite is created and a larger quantity of food is consumed. The effect lasts for about three hours. The after-effects are weakness, sulkiness, etc. The subsequent want of gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of RAM KRISHNA RAO, Brahmin, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara.


37. As far as I have learnt from people, the effect of charas smoking is different from that of ganja smoking ; charas, they say, is worse than ganja. It affects the brains sooner than ganja, and makes the eye whirl and red. 38. The chur ganja is less intoxicating than round and flat ganja. Opinion differs as to round and flat. Most people consider flat ganja more effective and intoxicating. 57. I have known in Central Provinces and also in this State of Kalahandi that ganja is drunk as bhang with bhang massalas. The effect is more injurious than the bhang leaves; but as no bhang leaves are obtained, they drink ganja. Ganja is sometimes roasted in ghee and eaten in this State. - Evidence of BATUK BHARTHY, Superintendent of Kalahandi State.


38. In my opinion the three different preparations of ganja have the same effect on the consumers. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumers is stimulative. It gives power and is refreshing, and produces intoxication. It allays hunger. Its effect lasts for three hours. The want of subsequent gratifica- tion produces uneasiness, bodily pain, etc., and longing for a repetition. - Evidence of ALAM CHAND, Superintendent, Bastar State.


44. The immediate effect of moderate use of ganja on habitual consumers is intoxication, allays hunger, creates appetite after 20 minutes. The effect lasts one hour. The after-effect is laziness. The immediate effect of bhang is refreshing, slight intoxication, good appetite. The intoxication lasts three hours. The after-effect is exhaustion. - Evidence of T. GOONDIAH, Tahsildar, Janjgir, Bilaspur District.


44. The immediate use of ganja, if moderate, is refreshing and productive of bravery in the brave and cowardice in the timid. Instead of allaying hunger, it creates appetite. It has been noticed that Brahmins use ganja before dinner with a view to have good appetite when they are invited to a feast by somebody, or they are supplied with cups of kúsúmba by the host. If moderately used, its effect lasts for an hour or an hour-anda-half. If used excessively, after creating a great amount of hunger, it allays it, and the effect lasts for a day or a day-and-a-half, when by constant bathing its effects are removed. In case the quantity used by the habitual consumer, whether moderate or excessive, be less than usual, they feel uneasy. - Evidence of CHINTAMANI NAND VIDYÂ BHUSHANA, Uria Brahmin, late Tahsildar, Sonepur, Sambalpur.


37. Yes. I have no personal knowledge of the effects from smoking charas, but I had experimented once upon my two friends. I had got this drug (charas) from Babu Bisumbar Nath, a well known contractor in the North-Western Provinces, and my friends smoked it. I do not know if they had mixed tobacco with it. They smoked the chilam twice when I left, and when I saw them the next morning they told me that the drug was very much active and kept them in an intoxicated state for upwards of ten hours, making them giddy, while the effects from ganja smoking are much milder. The intoxication does not last for more than two hours, and keeps the smoker in good humour. One of them is intelligent, Englishknowing, and is a pensioner. He smokes, drinks and eats all these drags, and an evidence of such a man may furnish valuable information. 38. No knowledge, as only one kind of ganja is prepared here and sold. 44. Five or six minutes after a chilam is smoked signs of intoxication begin to appear. After about ten :minutes it produces forgetfulness, a thought coming momentarily and followed by a host of other incoherent thoughts, the original thought being quite banished, and forgetting all worldly cares. After about fifteen minutes one thinks to be moving up and down. Mouth gets dry and the tongue is felt to be dragged inside, which is followed by a dislike for light, and inclination to lie down. After a couple of hours the intoxication subsides. Similar effects are produced from drink of bhang, but its effects are much longer. Bhang is refreshing, produces intoxication. I have no information to answer the remaining questions. 57. I have not seen ganja being eaten except in majum, and the effects of majum are already stated. - Evidence of VINAYAK BALKRISHNA. KHARE, Brahmin, Excise Daroga, Nagpur.


37. Charas  does not   produce strong in toxication. The intoxication brought on by hemp is strong. Therefore the consumers of chains do not at all desire to smoke ganja. 38. Round  hemp is not produced in these provinces. There is a very slight difference between flat and broken ganja, because both of them are the same thing. When it is reduced to small particles it is called broken ganja. The flat ganja is first powdered and washed with water and then smoked, therefore it makes no difference. 44. Persons who smoke sometimes are soon intoxicated and comforted, fatigue is removed and food is soon digested. The intoxication lasts for three hours if it is smoked moderately, afterwards it produces uneasiness, which lasts till it is again smoked, and the intoxication of bhang lasts for six hours. 57. They do not smoke charas in these provinces. They generally eat majum, which is made from ganja. They boil the drug mixed with water and ghee over the fire ; by so doing the ghee absorbs the intoxication of the drug. After this they throw the drug out; afterwards they mix sugar syrup and fragrant spices with it, and then harden it into cakes. Afterwards they sell it at a pice weight for a pice. When they do not get bhang from foreign provinces, they mix sugar with powdered ganja and drink it as syrup. In this way it produces intoxication both by eating and drinking it. If it is used excessively, it dries the brain and produces headache, but is not injurious like ganja. - Evidence of ANANDI PERSHAD, Excise Daroga, Hoshangabad.


38. Round ganja is preferred as being more intoxicating than the other two kinds. Broken ganja is the weakest in its effect. 44. It is refreshing to mind and body. It creates appetite, but in excess allays hunger. The effect lasts for at least two or three hours. There are no good effects, but a feeling of fatigue follows when the effect wears off. The want of it produces longing and restlessness. I have observed this among consumers of ganja. The effects of bhang are similar, but the want of it is not felt so much. 57. Ganja is sometimes mixed with spices and water and used the same as bhang. When bhang is not available ganja is so used. I have no special remarks to make about it. It is stronger than bhang. - Evidence of BRIJMOHUN PATNAIK, Mahanti, Treasurer, Sambalpur.


Question 44 [oral evidence].—I do not often smoke as much as 2 tolas a day. I generally smoke one chillum in the morning and one in the evening. I can forego my pipe, if necessary, for a day. I experience the same feelings from tola ganja as 1 do from 2 tolas. I have met jogis and fakirs who smoke as much as 6 or 8 tolas in the day. Excess of ganja does not do the same mischief as excess in opium and liquor ; but it does some harm. Excessive smoking makes the headache badly. Some 12 or 13 years ago, I experienced such headache. My constitution has now changed, and I do not feel that effect. I never exceed 2 toles now; but I can do so if companionship requires it. I began to smoke at 15 years of age. 1 have intermitted the habit ; but smoked regularly the last 16 years or so. I learnt the habit in companionship with theatrical youths, I am a Gond Brahmin. At first ganja intoxicated me, and then it began to refresh me. I never was rendered insensible by ganja. When I first drank bhang, I could not hear the barking of a dog. The intoxication never caused me trouble. About 75 per cent, of the people of the Central Provinces smoke ganja. In Bengal the number of smokers is comparatively small. I have cured chronic dysentery and asthma, and some epidemic attacks with the drugs. The Bavas administer the drug also. I only mixed tobacco with the ganja. Rich people wash the drug in rose water and similar perfumes. They say fakirs and jogis mix dhatura with the drug. Many of them do so ; less than 1/8th of them— perhaps 5 or 10 per cent. I have used dhatura. It is irritating. It did not make me insensible. There was irritation of the mouth, throat, and chest. I have only used it two or three times. I have smoked other vegetables, a fine leaf like grass which is very intoxicating called gurkha ganja. The weed was discovered by the Gurkhas, hence the name. The seed of shial kanta is also used. It is as intoxicating as opium. I have tried bachnag (aconite), chewing a minute piece of the root, not smoking it with ganja. (Describes a piece as big as a small pea.) It causes tingling of the tingling tongue. The spasmodic effect is like that of nux vomica, causing convulsive movements of the limbs. I can subsist without food for some days on ganja and betelnut mixed with a little bhang. Jogis can do more remarkable things by the same means. It is possible that some people of inferior intellect may have been driven mad by ganja. Their phrenological and physiological characters may have been abnormal. I have seen no one go mad from. ganja. Ganja cures madness. Ganja excites energy. A man who has fixed his mind on murder or other crime will be diverted from his purpose by ganja. It rouses the mind, but not the body. I am a clerk on Rs. 80 in the Commissioner's office. I have been 19 years in the same post. I am a copying clerk. I have had serious illness. I was two years ago intoxicated by a dose of wine given me by friends. I was taken to the hospital and cured. I drank wine first at Calcutta. The effects of ganja following . on a drink of wine was to reduce the intoxication of the wine, and replace it by a pleasing frame of mind. I have not taught my son to smoke ganja, because he is only 13 years old. I took ganja to help me to write this paper, which I have produced. Ganja helps me in my work. I am a religious man. I associate with jogis. I am myself a jogi if you like. My eye-sight has fallen off during the last two years. My mind is active. I have had no recent illness. I smoked ganja early this morning at my prayers. I was in hospital for one day on the occasion described above.
A fellow musician gave me drugged wine. As soon as I drank it, Ibecame insensible and swooned. I do not remember how I was treated by the doctor. I waked in the morning at prayer time, and found I had upon me wounds like burns. These were cured in nineteen days. - Evidence of UMA CHURN MUKERJEE, Brahmin, Government Clerk, Jabalpur.


38. Round and chur are more intoxicating than flat, chur being the most intoxicating. 44. It is refreshing. No, it does not produce intoxication. Yes, it allays hunger on a march if food cannot be obtained at once, and at the same time creates an appetite. The effects depend on the number of times the smoker has his ganja, which lasts from half an hour to three hours. The after-effects are a general laxity of the body and disinclination to do anything. Yes, a longing is produced. Question 38 [oral evidence].—I have not seen round ganja in the Central Provinces. My information is derived from my informant's experience in the NorthWestern Provinces. - Evidence of MR. A. E. LOWRIE, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda.


44. Stimulating and refreshing : if taken in excess, intoxicating. - Evidence of COLONEL H. HUGHES HALLET, Officiating Inspector-General of Police and Prisons. Central Provinces.


41. I consider the immediate effect of moderate smoking of ganja is refreshing and stimulating. I have seen the driver of my bullock tonga have a few whiffs of ganja when opportunity occurred on long fatiguing journeys. It did him more good than harm. Question 44 [oral evidence].—The bullock driver I refer to was five or six years in my service, and is now a cultivator of respectability. I do not know whether he was a regular smoker. He used to smoke when we were on long fatiguing journeys. He was a good and trusty servant. 57. I have no knowledge of any form of ganja being eaten or drunk, except the pharmacopœial preparations used by medical men. - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON–LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. B. GAFFNEY, Civil Surgeon, Jabalpur.


44. Its effect on the habitual consumer is exhilarating and refreshing, creates an appetite, and its effects last from one to three hours. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. K. MCKAY, Civil Surgeon, Nagpur.


37. In bhang drinking the stimulating and sedative effects come on more slowly and last longer than in ganja smoking. In the latter the effects are rapidly produced (the active principle being absorbed quickly by the lungs), and pass away in two or three hours. Further, the quantity of the active ingredient in ganja is much greater than in bhang. 44. The first effects are a pleasurable excitement, not amounting to intoxication. It refreshes and increases the appetite. The effect lasts for two or three hours, Its after-effects are of a sedative nature, though sleep does not always follow. The want of the drug renders the person uneasy, restless, and disinclined for exertion.. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. QUAYLE, Civil Surgeon, Nimar.


37. Charas is more potent, and stronger in its effects than ganja. 38. None, but in the potency of each drug and its quality. 44. The immediate effects are a peculiar intoxication and pleasurable feeling, a sort of hallucination of grand waking dream, loquacious, very desirous of amusements, songs, and music, and an appetite for food. This state lasts for about three hours, then follows depression, a desire to rest or sleep; if not, fretful and irritable, and a longing for the repetition of the stimulus. 57. I have not seen charas used in eating, but ganja mixed with tobacco, or made into the drink subji; also a sweetmeat called majum. - Evidence of HONY. SURGEON-MAJOR J. E. HARRISON, Retired List, and Civil Surgeon, Kalahundi


37. Intoxication produced by charas of longer duration and greater intensity. 38. Ganja and " chur" when smoked produce exactly similar effects. 44. Ganja produces immediately a feeling of contentment, not amounting to actual intoxication : all sense of fatigue is lost, hunger is produced and a large meal of even badly cooked, insipid food is eaten and digested without trouble. The effect lasts an hour or more, and before it wears off, if it be after the day's work, the smoker is asleep and enjoys a sound and refreshing sleep. Another pipe is taken in the morning and the labourer is ready for another day's toil. The want of gratification does not produce any severe uneasiness or longing. The feeling of appetite and hunger is so marked that a plentiful supply of food is a necessity for a ganja smoker. Question 44 [oral evidence].—The reason why I consider a ganja smoker requires a plentiful supply of food is that ganja smoking is a great provoker of appetite, not that he requires food to resist the evil effects of the drug. I do not consider that it can be said to allay hunger. - Evidence of APOTHECARY J. PRENTIE, Civil Surgeon, Bhandara.


37. Ganja smoking differs from bhang drinking in the quicker and more active intoxication produced and in the invariable mental confusion that occurs. The moderate bhang draught permits of clerical and mercantile work, subsequently ; whereas ganja inhalation produces immediate intellectual aberration, which lasts till the fumes have dissipated. Question 37 [oral evidence]. —The use of ganja, even moderately, invariably produces mental aberration. It unfits for mental labour but not for physical labour. And it is harmless to the constitution. I have seen much ganja smoking among the lower orders. I have seen it practised often. The smoker has a great throbbing of the head, and there is a want of power of concentration and attention. I think the fakirs use it to produce abstraction, the nonattention to all other matters. 44. Ganja induces exhilaration, banishes fatigue, and causes a variable amount of intoxication which lasts from 2 to 4 hours. There is dryness of mouth and a tingling of the body surface, very marked in the early stages of the habit. It allays hunger, but does not prevent the consumer from enjoying the usual meal. The appetite is not stimulated. Bhang gradually produces a pleasant sense of refreshment and bodily ease, with an inclination to happy thoughts. This goes on to intoxication and culminates in sleep. It is usually taken after food and does not injure digestion. The effects last from 3 to 5 or more hours. The habitual use of both drugs produces an appreciable amount of languor and a desire to repeat the indulgence ; but these sensations are easily controlled. - Evidence of APOTHECARY GEORGE MURPHY , Civil Surgeon, Mandla.


38. The action of the two varieties of ganja, viz., the ' flat' and the ' chur,' differs more in degree than in kind; the former is superior to the latter. I do not think there is any real difference in effect between smoking, eating, and drinking any of these drugs. 44. The immediate effect seems to be refreshing ; it does not in a moderate habitual consumer produce actual intoxication, but rather exhilaration. It allays hunger to some extent and creates appetite in case of bhang drinking. The effects are temporary and would last for a few hours only. The after—effects are undoubtedly bad, such as gradual loss of muscular and nervous tone, depravity of moral character, inducing the victim to cowardice and crime; some would go insane, others confirmed imbeciles. Diseases, such as bronchitis, asthma, functional derangement of the heart, diarrhœa, dysentery, and the like come on in advanced years and prove very obstinate. - Evidence of DOORGA DAS SEN, Baidya, Assistant Surgeon, Warora.


37. Ganja and charas smoking are alike in their effects, but the latter is to a certain degree stronger than the former. 38. The different preparations referred to have not different effects on consumers, but " chur " or broken ganja is considered to be more powerful than the other two in its effect, because it contains more resinous part. 44. It at first excites the circulation whether the consumer be a habitual consumer or occasional. Of course it can be called refreshing at the very outset of excitement, then it is followed by boisterous delirium, pleasant and surprising confusion, distorted ideas terminating in catalepsy and sleep, whose effects last for a couple of hours. It certainly increases appetite during intoxication. After the effects disappear there are no symptoms of uneasiness, etc., except constipation. Like opium it does not leave headache, restlessness, nausea and sleeplessness. 57. So far as I know I have never heard or seen persons eating or drinking ganja and charas, except in case when no bhang is available they substitute ganja for bhang in drinking. - Evidence of MUHAMMAD HABIBULLA, 1st grade Hospital Assistant, Seoni.


37. Charas affects on the system sooner than ganja and more strongly. By smoking charas seldom sudden deaths occur as in apoplexy. Question 37 [oral evidence].—I remember a man smoking charas and dying on the spot. It occurred in Jabalpur sixteen years ago. He was a young Hindu, a bania, and died in the sarai. He was a traveller. I don't know where be came from, and the people on enquiry said he had died from charas. I know no other case. 38. The round ganja, viz., baloo chur, has stronger effect on the consumers than other kinds of ganja (the flat and chur). 44. The immediate effects of even the moderate use of ganja and charas on the habitual consumer are the burning of throat and violence of temper. Yes, though refreshing to the consumer, but dangerous and offensive to others. Yes, it produces intoxication, but not so much as to make the consumer senseless. Yes, it allays hunger. No, it does not create appetite. The effects of both ganja and cb arbs laat or six hours. The after-effect is idleness. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces longing for them. 57. In this province broken ganja leaves are drunk instead of bhang, for bhang is not produced in this province - Evidence of MIR ZAMIN ALI, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Jabalpur.


37. The effect of charas is intoxication, much as opium, while that of ganja is more detrimental, ending sometimes in madness. The temporary effect is much the same and does not make the consumers disorderly at the time, as they sleep under the influence of the drug. 38. Have not seen these three kinds. 44. Perhaps it is refreshing. Ganja smoking produces immediate intoxication, which only lasts about half hour. Bhang drinking does not cause intoxication for some time and lasts longer. Bhang creates appetite, ganja does not. The habitual consumer will feel no after-effects, but a casual consumer gets " hot coppers." There is a craving for the drug if not obtainable. - Evidence of KHUSHALI RAM, Honorary Magistrate, Chhindwara.


37. The smoking of charas is more intoxicating and dangerous than the smoking of ganja. It is a more wild intoxicant. 38. The effects of flat ganja are more intoxicating than either chur or round ganja. The effect varies with the classes of consumers: the effect produced in the case of occasional smokers will be greater than in the case of habitual smokers. 44. Only a moderate use of the drug in the case of habitual consumers brings on a feeling of refreshment. It produces, they say, very little intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect, they say, lasts for three hours. Want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja is eaten by some few persons along with an admixture of turmeric and molasses. It is drunk as bhang. The intoxication is not as bad as in the case of smoking. - Evidence of GANGADHARRAO MADHO CHITNAVIS , Honorary Magistrate, Nagpur.


44. Bhang is refreshing and induces sleep : it excites appetite. Ganja does not induce sleep : it causes intoxication. - Evidence* of MIR IMDAD ALI, Honorary Magistrate, Damoh.


37. The effects of charas smoking are different from those of ganja. It is more intoxicating and far more weakening. It renders the blood black and deficient in quantity. It is principally used by fakirs and sadhus, and has no good effects at all. The intoxication produced by smoking charas lasts longer than that from ganja. The smoking of ganja strengthens the smoker while the intoxication lasts, and also increases the appetite. Charas does neither of these things. Charas also destroys all capacity for sexual intercourse. 38. The round ganja is a little more intoxicating than the other forms; but the effects are the same for all three. 44. Ganja is refreshing and a little intoxicating. It does not allay hunger, but creates an appetite. Its effects last about three hours, and it leaves the smoker disinclined for any effort. The want of subsequent gratification produces both longing and uneasiness. Bhang is refreshing. It produces intoxication, which lasts little longer than that of ganja. It increases the appetite and leaves no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any great longing or uneasiness. Charas is intoxicating and allays hunger. The intoxicating effect lasts longer than that of ganja, but less than that of bhang. The want of subsequent gratification would produce longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of SETH BACHRAJ, Honorary Magistrate, Wardha.


37. Charas creates too much heat. 38. The three drugs have different effects, as stated above. 44. Ganja and charas have their immediate effect, and bhang produces its effect after half an hour. . Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk, but their excessive use causes senselessness, vomitting and heat in the brain. - Evidence of MODAN MOHAN SETH, Honorary Magistrate, Jubbulpore.


38. " Chur " is less intoxicating than the other two. 44. Ganja intoxicates in a quarter of an hour and bhang in an hour. Ganja allays hunger and bhang excites it. The effects of ganja last two or three hours, and of bhang six hours. With both there is subsequent languor, but this is more in marked the case of ganja. 57. Eating ganja is harmless. - Evidence of KAPUR CHAND, Honorary Magistrate and Gumasta, Raipur


44. Ganja smoking produces intoxication at once. It allays hunger. Its effects last three or four hours. There is no subsequent headache, as in the case of liquor, but there is lassitude. There is uneasiness to the habitual consumer if he is deprived of his usual dose. Bhang does not intoxicate at once. It is an appetiser. Its effects are more lasting than in the case of ganja. There is some discomfort and lassitude after the intoxication is over. . When ganja is pounded up seeds and all, and eaten mixed with sugar, it has a stronger intoxicating effect than when smoked. - Evidence of RAGHOBA MAHADIK, Malguzar and Honorary Magistrate, Rajim


37. As charas is not in use in this part of the country, I am not in a position to explain the difference. 38. Only flat ganja is used in this part of the country; but as the round and chug ganja are not in use, I am unable to explain what different effects they have. 44. The moderate use may affect the health of the habitual consumer, owing to its small degree of intoxication. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for three or four hours. The consumer feels unwell after the intoxication is over. Yes, the want of subse -quent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, and so the body becomes unhealthy. 57.The ganja is sometimes used mixed with country medicines as preventive of asthma and dysentery. Charas is not in use in our country. - Evidence of HARI HAR SINGH, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate, Sambalpur District.


37. Charas is not smoked in this district. 38. No ganja from any place other than Khandwa is imported into this district. . Ganja and bhang have their immediate effects. They are refreshing so long as there is intoxication. They relieve one from hunger in the beginning, but it is felt afterwards. The intoxication lasts for nearly three or four hours. There is uneasiness if a consumer does not use them. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR SETH TIKA RAM, Brahmin, Money-lender and Malguzar, Narsinghpur.


37. I know nothing about charas except by hearsay. Its effects are stronger than those of ganja. 38. Chur is less powerful than the fiat or round ganja. 44. It is refreshing and resting. It only produces intoxication if used in excess. Appetite is checked by ganja and charas; created by bhang. The effects of ganja lasts one hour ; bhang, two hours; charas, two hours. There are no immediate after-effects. The want of gratification of the appetite for these drugs pro -duces uneasiness and lassitude. 57. They are never eaten or drunk. - Evidence of DIWAN PREM SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


44. The first effects are rest and warmth. The will loses its strength. The subject gets hungry and thirsty. Then the body gets cold, and the man becomes lifeless as earth, listless and careless of life. A man deprived of ganja or bhang does not suffer anything like so much or so long as when deprived of opium. - . Evidence of LALL UMED SINGH, Zamindar, Bilaspur District.


37. They do not smoke charas in this district, hence I cannot state the difference. 38. The flat ganja (kali or baluchur) produces more intoxication than the other two preparations. The round ganja possesses a greater degree of intoxication than chur. 44. Ganja-smoking produces immediate intoxi -cation, which lasts for about three hours. Bhang creates appetite. Its effect also lasts for three hours, after which it makes the consumer inactive. 57. Ganja is not eaten in this province. If one cannot get good bhang they use chur as a substitute therefor.  - Evidence * of PANDIT NARAYAN RAO GOBIND, Brahmin, Zamindar, Hurda.


44. Ganja smoking produces intoxication immediately, but bhang eating after the lapse of an hour or two. Ganja smoking is refreshing to beginners, but not to habituals. Eating bhang is never refreshing, but produces sluggishness. They are always taken with the view of producing intoxication, and a man, whom I should call a moderate consumer, will yet take enough to intoxicate him. An excessive consumer will altogether lose his senses. Ganja smoking takes away the desire for food, but bhang eating increases it. The effects take on an average about six hours to wear off, but the time varies greatly with different people. As soon as the effects have worn off, there is a desire for more. Question 44 [oral evidence].—Bhang-drinking is refreshing to the occasional consumer, but not to the habitual. 57. People accustomed to eat bhang eat ganja if they cannot get bhang. The effects of ganja when eaten are similar to those of bhang, but stronger. - Evidence of CHANDI PERSHAD, Brahmin, Malguzar, and President, Municipal Committee, Chanda.


37. They are different, Ganja brings on intoxi -cation much sooner than charas smoking. 38. I do not know. 44. (a) Effect.—He would have a craving for more. (b) Yes. (c) A little intoxication. (d) No. (e) It creates appetite. (f) Effects of ganja last one hour ; bhang, three hours. (g) Weakness and lassitude. (h) No. 57. Do not know. These two drugs are not generally eaten or drunk ; they are smoked. - Evidence of THAKUR MAHARAJ SINGH, RAI BAHADUR,* Malguzar, Saugor.


37. The effects of charas smoking are different from those resulting from ganja smoking in this particular that the intoxication produced by the former is doubly strong. It causes a certain amount of momentary fainting sensation in the smoker and produces a sort of shock in chest as soon as it is smoked. 38. Round ganja is not available in these provinces. The effect of flat ganja is stronger that of chur in degree though similar in kind. . Ganja smoking is refreshing. It produces intoxication; does not allay hunger, creates appetite. The effect lasts a couple of hours. There are no after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. Bhang, on the other hand, is not refreshing. It produces intoxication, creates appetite, does not allay hunger. Its effects begin to be felt an hour after it is drunk. Its effects last from 6 to 8 hours. It causes after-effects of drowsiness and indisposition to work. To habitual consumers the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja is eaten by some persons but not charas. Articles such as dhatura, etc., are mixed with it if so desired by the consumers to produce stronger effect. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB BALWANTRAO GOVINDRAO BHUSKUTE, Brahmin, Jagirdar of Timborni, Barhanpar, Nimar District.


44. It refreshes him, and is not intoxicating if too much is not taken. It makes appetite. The effect lasts for half-a-day. There are no after-effects and no uneasiness. I have not seen their effects myself. I have only heard. 57. People always smoke ganja. - Evidence * of DAMODHAR DASS, Brahmin, Mafidar, Bargarh, Sambalpur District


37. Charas is not imported into the Central Provinces, and so I am unable to give any opinion as to the relative effect each drug produces on the consumer. 38. Cannot say, for only one kind of ganja is utilised in these provinces licitly. 44. It is said that ganja produces immediate intoxication. Bhang is considered to be a refreshing drink which produces gradual intoxicacation and hilarity. It produces appetite. The after-effects are not bad. This is extensively used in the hot season. The after-effects of ganja smoking are said to be very unpleasant, and the want of it produces uneasiness in the case of an habitual excessive smoker. - Evidence of the REV. I. JACOB, Church of England Missionary, Chairman, District Council, etc., Chanda.


37. Not knowing anything of the effects of bhang or charas, I can only confine myself to giving an opinion about ganja. 38. I cannot say. 44. It is first exciting, then soothing, followed by slight intoxication when used moderately; in a less moderate degree of indulgence it causes merely temporary excitement. It is said to create appetite. It lasts only about an hour, and there are no after-effects, except an inclination to sleep. A longing for more is produced. 57. I have never come across any such cases. Ganja is always smoked about here - Evidence of the REV. O. LOHR,* Medical Missionary, Bisrampur, Raipur District.


38. Round ganja is more intoxicating from the fact that it contains a larger amount of resinous matter, and a great many twigs and leaves which will be good enough for the flat ganja are thrown away in the manufacture of the round ganja. 44.Excessive use causes excitement which is succeeded by narcotism. During the initial stage he gets some, what he calls pleasurable, hallucinations. He is then generally quiet, or laughing immoderately and singing loudly and incoherently. This stage is followed by perfect inactivity. It is not refreshing, and it does produce intoxication of the worst type imaginable. The individual who uses bhang in moderation will often assure you that were it not for that, his appetite would be nothing. I am, however, of opinion that this is simply a make-believe of his, and that if he does really feel as hungry as a wolf after a potation of the kind, what he ascribes to bhang is due to the virtue of the massala used with it and not a little to the pleasant surroundings attendant upon bhang parties. To the last question my answer is "both." 57. I do not know if this is done. - Evidence of ADHAR SINGH GOUR, Kshattri, Barrister-at-law, Hoshangabad.


37. Charas seldom if ever produces that perfect inebriation and stupor that ganja smoking does in the novice. The difference in the effect is, I should think, one in degree not in kind. 38. I do not know. 44. He feels a pleasurable sensation all over the entire nervous system. The mouth relaxes, the eyes look merry, and the man feels at peace with every thing and every body. The appetite revives and the man feels fresh again. The effect in the case of the smoke is almost instantaneous, and in the case of the drink much quicker than that of alcohol. I do not think that in either case it allays hunger; it makes one more capable of bearing it perhaps. The continuance of the effect depends on the quantity of the drug smoked or drunk, and on the physique of the man who uses it. In the case of the ordinary smoker the partial intoxication lasts from 2 to 3 hours I think; it goes on losing in intensity from the very first. In the case of bhang it lasts perhaps a little longer, say 4 to 5 hours. I do not think that there are any unpleasant after-effects in the case of moderate habitual use of either of the drugs except the silent and almost imperceptible loss of health that it causes. The want of ganja certainly creates a longing in the mind of the habitual smoker. He feels loss of appetite and a disinclination for all sorts of work or exercise and a sort of general misanthropy. But this is a temporary state and wears off in less than a month. 57. I have never seen such a case. -  Evidence of MR. TARA DASS BANERJI, President, District Council, Raipur.


37. I know nothing about charas smoking. 38. Only flat ganja is in use here, and I cannot give the different effects. 44. The immediate effect is to produce exhilaration rather than intoxication. It is refreshing. 1 cannot call it intoxication, for it does not cause stupefaction to any perceptible degree. There are no after effects. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness (and illness in some cases) in the case of ganja, and nothing in the case of bhang. 57. Ganja is sometimes prepared into a sweetmeat called majum, and is eaten, but never drunk. Nor is charas ever eaten or drunk, so far as I am aware  - Evidence of BABU KALIDAS CHOWDHRY, Brahmin, Pleader, Hoshangabad.


37. As Charas is not imported in the district, the difference cannot be mentioned. 38. Flat ganja and chur is imported into the district. The former is generally used for smoking, and the latter for eating or drinking. 44. The immediate effect of ganja smoking, moderately, on habitual smokers is to create a kind of forgetfulness and an aptitude for work. It is refreshing after severe fatigue. It produces intoxication when inhaled. It does not allay hunger but creates appetite. The effects last about two hours. The after-effects are naturally languor and weakness. In habitual smokers the want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. Habitual moderate smokers generally use it after meals, and the want of it generally causes indigestion or bloating of the stomach. 57. I cannot tell as I have not personally watched the effect of it. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB RANGRAO HARRY KHISTY, Pleader, Bhandara.


37. Charas is stronger in its intoxicating powers. 38. The three different preparations of ganja have no different effects, except baluchur which is more intoxicating. 44. Moderate use is refreshing and creates appetite. If little extra is taken, intoxication is produced. The effects last for an hour or two. The after effects are weakness and laziness, and occasionally produce fits of coughing. 57. They are never eaten. - Evidence of Mr. J. A. MAUGHAN, Manager, Central Provinces Collieries, Umaria, Jubbulpore District.


44. So far as our men are concerned, during the long period I have been with them, I have only had two instances in which I suspected that ganja had stupefied the men. But in both instances, the men denied it, and said it was due to tobacco only. One of them was a lad of about 14 years, who had become stupid and helpless, and complained of seeing ghosts. He was sent home ; but was back to work the next day. Another was a grown-up man, who was also stupid, and could not understand what was said to him. He had about half an hour's rest, when he recovered and resumed his work. -  Evidence of BAZONJI DADABHOY, Parsi, Manager of the Empress Mills, Nagpur.


44. It is refreshing and produces intoxication and creates appetite. The effect lasts from three to four hours. Yes; the want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR KUSTOORCHAND DAGA, Bania, Banker, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


37. Charas is more strong than ganja. 38. Round (baluchur) ganja is more intoxicating than its other preparations. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is refreshing and productive of intoxication, and creates appetite. The effect of intoxication lasts at the most for two hours. The after-effects are melancholy, stupor, and drowsiness. It does produce longing and uneasiness. 57. They are eaten or drunk as medicine. - Evidence of LALA NIINDKESFIORE, * Agartcal, Merchant, Banker, Contractor, Malgoozar, Honorary Magistrate, Secretary, Municipal Committee, and .Me.mber, District Council, Saugor.


44. I can speak for bhang because every year, in the season of Holi, I partake several times of bhang. Its effects are exhilarating but not intoxicating to extent of disqualifying for business, unless taken to excess. On the contrary, it makes me quicker and readier for business. It does not affect my shrewdness, nor dispose me to be weak in bargaining, or in according a lower rate of interest. Bhang does not allay appetite ; on the contrary, it makes a man twice as hungry as usual. The effects of moderate indulgence in bhang pass off in about a couple of hours. It has no after effects, except to those who indulge in excess. After my indulgence in the season of Holi, I revert without uneasiness to my wonted abstinence from bhang. Question 44 [oral evidence].—I drink bhang on no occasion but the Holi. That is a convivial occasion, and so I take it then. I should not consider it any fault to take bhang day by day, but it would be very expensive, as I import my bhang from Marwar. - Evidence* of GIRDHARI LAL, Oswal Bania, Merchant and Banker, Seoni-Chapara.


44. I have no personal experience, but I have noticed the effect of a smoke of ganja upon the habitual moderate consumer. He returns refreshed to his work, and applies himself to it with zest; the effect does not make him spoil his work, or carry it out less intelligently. It allays hunger —a hungry man refreshed by ganja will work as well as ever. Its effect lasts for different periods according to the man's habit. If he is in the habit of smoking ganja twice a day, the effect will last till his time comes round for another smoke. When it ceases to last so long, he will take to smoking three or four times a day to renew the effect. It is not usual to smoke ganja more than four times a day; the effect of more frequent indulgence is injurious. The moderate habitual consumer will become disinclined and unfit for work if he misses his smoke of ganja, and he will have a longing for another smoke. As for bhang, I have noticed that in the hot weather many people drink a decoction of bhang as a cooling and refreshing beverage. It does not incapacitate the moderate consumer in any way; it creates appetite instead of allaying it. Such drinkers do not indulge more than once a day, generally about 4 P.M. It induces a motion, moves the bowels moderately, and after this the occasional consumer returns with appetite for his food, and goes refreshed to business. The intoxicating effect passes off after half an hour. I have no experience of habitual consumers of bhang, or of persons who indulge to excess.  - Evidence* of ONKAR DAS, Agarwalla Bania, Mahajan, Seoni-Chapara


44. To the habitual smoker of ganja the effect is only refreshing, not intoxicating. To them a smoke of ganja increases appetite. I have known people purposely take a smoke of ganja before sitting down to dinner. It also so refreshes the hungry man, that even, without food, he can con tinue work or fatigue. The refreshing effect of a ganja smoke on a habitual moderate smoker lasts for about three hours. After that time the habi tual becomes limp (sust) and longs for another smoke. 57. I know two people who eat ganja. One is Akbar Khan of the Diwan Sahib's family. He is reduced to beggary, and when he cannot get money enough to buy his quantum of opium, he begs or buys a little ganja to mix with his short supply of opium. This man is reduced to a skele ton, though he is only 25 years of age. Somewhat similar is the case of Mussammat Rah mat, a Mu salman Bhat. She smokes ganja with her madak. She also is reduced to a skeleton, and can scarcely walk. - Evidence* of HUSEN KHAN,† Pathan, Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


37. The effect of smoking charas is greater than that of ganja, and more intoxicating, though the effects of both drugs, charas and ganja, are instantaneous. 38. The effect of baluchur, as regards to flavour and intoxication, is the best; and next to this pathar of Nimar side. The chur is of no use, as even the poor will not willingly buy the same. 44, The immediate effect and great peculiarity of both of these drugs upon a moderate consumer is that his mind is actively concentrated to a single subject only, and the subject invariably is the same to which the consumer in his rational state would be bent upon, be it religion, crime or anything else. It is very refreshing. Produces intoxication; it never allays hunger, on the contrary it produces a very good appetite upon a novice; the effect will last from 10 to 12 hours, and, upon an ordinary consumer, for an hour only, but the after-effects are very desponding upon a novice. The after-effect of ganja will also pro -duce headache. The longing or uneasiness for a subsequent gratification upon a novice will depend upon his being associated with ordinary consumers ; if in their company, he will have a longing, otherwise not. The witness once had occasion to take bhang and quite agrees with the remarks of Mirza Abdul Razzak quoted in the Dictionary of Economic Products of India, Volume II, page 123: "It produces a ravenous appetite * * * * excites wild imagining, a sensation of ascending, with forgetfulness of all that happens during its use, and such mental exaltation, that the beholder attributes it to super-natural inspiration."  - Evidence of COWASJEE MEHERWANJEE HATTY-DAROO, Parsi, Merchant and Abkari Contractor, Seoni-Chapara.


37. The effects of the former are more active and last longer. 38. Only the flat kind is consumed in these provinces. 44. (a) to (e) All these effects are produced. (f) The effect lasts for an hour or two. (g) No after-effects. (h) Yes. 57. I have not sufficient knowledge to reply to this. - Evidence of BIJRAJ, Marwari, Wholesale ganja vendor, Kamptee, Nagpur District.


37. Intoxication of charas is of long stay, and stronger than that of ganja; besides it is more injurious to health also. 44. It is refreshing with a little intoxication, which lasts for an hour or so. - Evidence of LALA RAMSAHI AND LALA SITARAM,  Abkari Contractors, Nagpur.


37. Charas is not known here. 38. Only flat ganja is used here. 44. It is refreshing. It produces temporary lethargy. It does not allay hunger markedly and is even alleged to create appetite. The effects do not altogether disappear for some few hours. Only after-effect seems to be a slight lethargy. Absence of subsequent gratification produces longing. 57. It is stated that no differences are noticeable. One individual said that if ganja is drunk intoxication is greater. - Evidence of MR. E. TURNER, Collector of Madura.


44. (a) The immediate effects are exhilaration of spirits, cheerfulness, a slightly dizzy sensation. (b) Yes, gives colour to complexion and exerts imagination. (c) Yes; (d) yes, and produces thirst. (e) Yes. (f) Depends upon dose and temperament. (y) Abnormal hunger and sinking of spirits. (h) Yes, it does produce uneasiness - Evidence of MR. C. B. MACLEANE, Collector of Nellore.


44. Moderately used it is refreshing. It is slightly intoxicating, allays hunger, increases appetite; effects last about six hours ; want of subsequent gratification produces a longing and uneasiness. In fact it is very like alcohol in its effects, when alcohol is taken moderately.  - Evidence of MR. R. SEWELL, Collector of Bellary.


44. It is refreshing and slightly intoxicating at first, and stimulates the appetite. It seems doubtful whether it allays hunger. The effects are stated by various persons to last from two to twelve hours. Then depression follows. The information I have obtained about the latter part of this question is very contradictory. - Evidence of MR. W. A. WILLOCK, Collector, Vizagapatam.


37. Charas not used here, 38. Only fiat ganja is used here. 44. Refreshing. Produces intoxication, followed by sleep and coma. It does not allay hunger ; on the contrary, it, is said to create appetite. The effect of intoxication lasts for about a couple of hours. The after-effects are exhaustion and semiprestration. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja not eaten, except as confection. Charas not used. The District Medical Officer adds the following information to this chapter :A tolerance (tolerant use) of opium imparts to the system a similar power of resisting the influence of ganja. Haschisch is the name of the plant in a particular dried state. In some people even the smell of the leaves, which is strong, is apt to produce intoxication."  - Evidence of MR. J. THOMSON, Collector of Chingleput.


37. There is no charas smoking here at all. 38. Ganja of the flat variety only is used here. 44. The first effect is the exhilaration of spirits and a sort of forgetfulness of mental troubles. Said to be refreshing. Ganja to a slight extent and bhang more. The effect lasts, in the case of ganja, for four or five hours. But in the case of bhang it lasts for eight or nine hours. - Evidence of MR. G. STOKES, Collector of Salem,.


44. It is refreshing and exhilarating, but in small quantities does not produce intoxication. It excites the appetite. It allays hunger. The effect lasts according to the quantity taken ; the effect of a moderate dose usually lasts three hours. Want of subsequent gratification does produce longing in habitual consumers. -  Evidence of MR. G. S. FORBES, Collector of Tinnevelly


37. Vide supra. 38. Roound ganja seems to be more powerful in its effects - Evidence of MR. S. H. WYNNE, Collector, Godavari District.


37. Charas is not smoked here. 38. Not as far as I could learn. 44. The  first  effect appears to be one of refreshment and of pleasant mild intoxication. In the habitual consumers it allays hunger; in the moderate it creates it. The effects last an hour or two. The after-effects are a feeling of exhaustion. 57. I could not get any information as to the different results. - Evidence of MR. C. H. MOUNSEY, Acting Collector of Cuddapah.


37. Yes. ; ganja is the strongest, and its effect is more prolonged. 38. Flat ganja is supposed to be the best as strongest. 44. (a) Moderate stupefaction. (b) Yes. (c), (d) Yes; hunger is allayed during the stupor. (e), (f) No creation of appetite. Effects last from 20 minutes to 2 hours. (h) The want of it produces uneasiness.  - Evidence of MR. F. D'A. O. WOLFE-MURRAY, Acting Collector of the Nilgiris.


37. No information. 38. No round ganja here. Flat ganja has more intoxicating effect than chur. 44. According to consumers, it is refreshing and slightly intoxicating. Does not allay hunger but creates appetite. The effect lasts from three to six hours. The after-effect is said to be a feeling of weakness, unless the dose is repeated, but not to the same extent as in the case of opium eating. If the dose is not repeated, headache, loss of appetite, indigestion, looseness of bowels, etc., are said to follow. Its use is said to produce a religious frame of mind. - Evidence of MR. L. C. MILLER, .Acting Collector of Trichinopoly.


37. Charas is unknown in this district. 38. It is not possible with the information at hand to detect the difference. 44. Yes; it is refreshing; it produces a little intoxication. It allays hunger only for the time being, but without the same effect on the system as food proper. It creates appetite after the stimulation has diminished. It lasts for four or five hours. After-effects are that the consumer finds himself not quite so equal for any great task as he was when the stimulation existed. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. Charas is not used in this district. Ganja in moderate use is said to be stimulating, In excessive doses it is narcotic. - Evidence of MR. K. C. MANAVEDAN RAJA, Collector, Anantapur.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of the drug is refreshing. It mitigates physical weakness and mental depression. Intoxication is an after stage. The duration of its effects depends upon the dose and nature of the preparation. They may last from three or six or even ten hours. The after-effects are general weakness of the body and mind. The want of subsequent gratification produces an uneasy sensation.  - Evidence of MR. H. CAMPBELL, Acting Sub-Collector, Guntoor.


44. It first refreshes and excites them, and they afterwards become sleepy. The soporific effect of eating it lasts about six hours; of smoking it one or two hours. - Evidence of MR. E. L. VAUGHAN, Acting Sub-Collector, Dindigul.


37. Charas smoking is said to produce more marked lethargy. 38. Flat ganja alone, as already stated, is here consumed. 44. Yes. It produces temporary lethargy. It does not allay hunger markedly, and is even alleged to create appetite. The effects do not altogether disappear for some few hours. Only after-effect seems to be a slight lethargy. Absence of subsequent gratification produces longing. 57. No differences in the effect of the drug when eaten and drunk and when smoked are par- ticularly noticeable. A given quantity of the drug is more efficacious when eaten or drunk than when smoked. - Evidence of MR. W. FRANCIS, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Ramnad.


37. Charas is a more powerful intoxicant than Charas is occasionally used by those on whom ganja has ceased to exercise its former effect. It is so powerful that nobody would use it in the first instance. 38. It is said that flat ganja is stronger than chur ganja. 44. Bhang allays hunger temporarily, ganja causes intoxication at once, while bhang does so after a little time. The effect is said to last for two or three minutes. No after-effects. The use of these drugs is refreshing. 57. Ganja is eaten and drunk, charas is only smoked. - Evidence of MR. R. E. GRIMLEY, Acting Head Assistant Collector, North Arcot.


Ganja is the more powerful of the two drugs, and produces more prolonged intoxication. 38. Only flat ganja is consumed here. The immediate effect is to produce intoxication, which lasts for two or three hours. It is said by the smokers to create appetite and presumably hunger is allayed for the period that the smoker is in a stupor from the action of the drug Habitual excessive smokers suffer, I am informed from poverty of blood and debility. In the case of habitual smokers, abstention from the drug creates longing for it. - Evidence of Mr. H. F. W. GILLMAN, Acting Head Assistant Collector, Nilgiris.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use in the habitual consumer is that he is refreshed, slightly intoxicated, and his appetite increased. The effects of a smoke are said to last for an hour, and those of a drink of bhang for three or four hours. The want of ganja causes great uneasiness, and a man deprived of his smoke loses his appetite and desire for food, and cannot settle his mind to anything till he gets his smoke. - Evidence of MR. J. H. MERRIMAN, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari, Central Division.


44. The effect is said to be refreshing and to allay hunger temporarily. It partially intoxicates. Abstinence causes great uneasiness and is difficult to practise - Evidence of MR. F. LEVY, Acting Deputy Commissioner, Salt and Abkari, Southern Division.


37. Chagas is not known here. 38. Only flat ganja is here. 44. A sort of pleasure. It is refreshing for a time. Yes; for a while. It does not create appetite; on the other hand, it deprives one of appetite. It lasts for three hours. No. 57. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk here. - Evidence of P. PUNDARIKAKSHUDU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Venukunda, Kistna District.


37. Charas is not used in this part of the country. 38. The round and flat ganja are preferred by people to chur, which is not independently used here. The effects of the two former are supposed to be the same, and considered superior to chur. 44. It is refreshing and stimulating and produces mild intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but it makes a man indifferent. Creates appetite. The effect lasts about four hours in smoking and double that in eating and drinking. The aftereffect is depression of spirits. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and restlessness. 57. Charas is not used. In moderate doses it is said to be stimulant and mildly intoxicating. In excessive doses it is narcotic, and the consumer labours under a semi-conscious condition. - Evidence of  D. JAGANNADHARAO PANTALU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Anantapur.


37. Not known in this district. 38. Intoxication by smoke lasts for an hour. It begins immediately. Intoxication by bhang begins after an hour and lasts for two or three hours. There is no difference in the quality of intoxication. 44. See answers to questions 41 and 38. It produces intoxication. It is refreshing. It does allay hunger. A man who uses these drugs cannot work without them after their effect has abated. There is a difference of opinion as regards the effect of moderate use. Consumers say in the affirmative, while others negative it. - Evidence of W . VENKATAPPIAH PAN TULU GARU, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Chatrapur, Ganjam.


38. Yes; round ganja heats the system and is more intoxicating. Flat ganja is of moderate strength, and neither heats the system nor intoxi -cates a man too much. Chur is useless stuff, and is used only in the Agency tracts; it is not liked much by the people here. 44. It relieves suffering by producing intoxication. It is refreshing and creates appetite. Its effects do not last longer than three hours. It has no after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification does produce uneasiness and a desire to use it. - Evidence of M. R. R. DEWAN BAHADUR S. VENKATA RAMADAS NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Godavari.


37. Charas smoking is stronger than ganja smoking. 38. Flat ganja is more intoxicating than round ganja or chur. 44. Causes immediate intoxication and keeps the body warm. Is refreshing to some extent. Allays hunger. The effect lasts for an hour or two. -  Evidence of M. AZIZUDDEEN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Deputy Collector, North Arcot.


37. Not known here. 38. Flat or round ganja,  which contains less seeds, is said to give more intoxication than broken ganja. 44. The moderate use of this drug on the habitual consumer in eating and drinking is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication, nor does it allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect will last for three hours. The after-effects are exhaustion, giddiness, nauseous taste in the stomach and throat. It also produces uneasiness and longing - Evidence of B. NARAYANAMURTY, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Ganjam.


37. Charas is not used here. 38. I do not know. 44. The immediate effect is that the consumer feels intoxicated and is in a sort of dream. Occasional moderate use creates appetite. Its effects last for about three or four hours. After a meal the effect of the drug generally ceases. Want of subsequent gratification produces a longing for it, and makes him uneasy.  - Evidence of K. NARAYANA IYER, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Gooty.


37. There is no charas here. 38. There is only one kind of flat ganja here. 44. Immediate effect is intoxication. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It creates appetite. Its effects last for 6 hours. The aftereffect is a longing for it again. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. If the person does not get the drug he will at last eat opium. 57. Ganja, if eaten, creates biliousness and tends the person to insanity. Bhang, if drunk, cools the system. - Evidence of M. R. RY. P. VEERASWAMI NAIDU, Deputy Collector, Masulipatam.


44. It is refreshing. It creates appetite and gives sound sleep. It produces slight intoxication which lasts a few hours. Its want at the usual hour will produce longing, just like that of liquor, cigar or snuff. - Evidence of TADEPALLI SIVARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector, Chatrapur.


37. Charas not being used here, I cannot describe the difference. 38. Flat and broken ganja is used here. 4. Moderate use is said to produce appetite ; but excessive eating, drinking, or smoking repels food. - Evidence of M R. W. E. GANAPATHY, Retired Deputy Collector, Palamcottah, Tinnevelly


44. It prevents the nervous weakness and mental disturbance of the consumer. It is not refreshing. It produces intoxication to a certain extent. It slightly allays hunger, to produce it again with double-fold effect immediately. It does not create appetite. The duration of its effect depends upon the dose. The effect is produced. if the dose is increased over the usual quantity. There are often effects of mental debility and physical weakness. - Evidence of C. VENKATA CHALAM, Tahsildar, Guntur.


44. The immediate effect is refreshing. Intoxication follows later on. Bairagis use it to allay hunger ; other classes practise it for creating appetite. The effect of ganja smoking is said to be momentary, but the use of bhang and majum more lasting, from 6 to 10 hours. The aftereffects are general weakness and a longing after the thing again, which, if not satisfied, produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja is not eaten or drunk in these parts. The dealers say that Hindustani Brahmins of the north are known to be in the habit of powdering the kalle and pepper seed together, and eating the powder with a small quantity of water, with a view to avoid drivel. - Evidence of A. KRISHNAMACHARULU, Tahsildar, Bapatla, Kistna District.


44. It produces a slight degree of intoxication, I believe, and therefore refreshes. Smoking allays hunger, and eating or drinking creates appetite. I don't know how long the effect lasts. Yes; the after-effects are languid drowsiness.  - Evidence of P. S. SINGARAVELU PILLAI, Tahsildar of Erode.


37. Charas is more intoxicating than ganja. 44. The immediate effect is that the body gets hot and the man gets slightly intoxicated. It creates appetite. Lasts for about four or five hours. After a meal its effects cease, Want of subsequent gratification unsettles the man by making him bilious. 57. They are neither eaten nor drunk in this taluk. - Evidence of S. VASUDEVA. RAO, Tahsildar, Tadpatri.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja is that it removes restlessness and fixes attention on any particular subject. It is said to be somewhat refreshing. It allays hunger, but does not produce it. The effect lasts from 1 to 6 hours. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness in the habitual consumer. - Evidence of T. KODANDARAM NAIDU, Tahsildar, Hospett.


44. It produces sleep, keeps down hunger, induces them to work even when starving for a length of time. Its immediate effect is that it dries all the moisture on the tongue and lips, and produces a peculiar sensation in the brain when it is taken in the form of beverage. With the ingredients mentioned above it is refreshing. In small doses intoxication is less perceptible. Generally its effect lasts from two to six hours. Its after-affects are that brain and lungs ate involved. - Evidence of M. BIMACHARI, Tahsildar, Rayadrug.


44. The immediate effects of the moderate use of ganja are very refreshing and produce a little mild intoxication. The consumer lies down quietly for one or two hours. The eyes become red. It creates great appetite. There are no aftereffects. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, his thoughts roam about, he feels painful sensation in the limbs, no inclination to eat, he does not seem inclined to follow his ordinary pursuits till his want is gratified. - Evidence of MUNSHI S. MOHAMED UNWUR SAHIB, Tahsildar, Suthanapully Taluk, Kistna District.


44. The moderate use of the drugs produces slight intoxication. It is refreshing to some extent. It allays hunger when under the influence of the drug and creates appetite when. intoxication gets down. - Evidence of M. SAMBA SIVA RAU NAIDU, Tahsildar, Bellary.


44. Some say that the moderate use of ganja will increase appetite. It will produce intoxication if it is used newly. Its effects will last about 6 hours. Afterwards it will cause uneasiness and longing - Evidence of P. RAM RAO, Tahsildar of Hadgalli.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It increases appetite. The effect lasts for an hour or so. Subsequent prostration is the after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja, when drunk in the shape of ramarasam, is more intoxicating than liquors. - Evidence of ADAKI JAGANNADHA RAO, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


37. Charas is not known here. 38. It cannot be said. 44. A habitual consumer, taking a moderate quantity of any of these drugs, will feel giddy and then intoxicated. It does not allay hunger, but increases appetite. It has its effect for an hour or two. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any longing or uneasiness after food is taken. 57. These are neither eaten nor drunk in these parts. -  Evidence of G. JAGANNAYAKULU, Acting Tahsildar, Gooty.


44. The immediate effect of the use of these drugs is drowsiness and stupefaction. I don't know if it is refreshing. It produces in-toxication. Ganja allays hunger, while bhang kindles appetite. The effect lasts according to the quantity used, and generally it lasts for an hour. The after-effect is that the limbs become languid and weary, and, if not repeated at stated intervals, there will be uneasiness and a great longing. This is more in the case of ganja and charas than in the case of bhang, which a consumer can afford to give up for some time.  - Evidence of CHAGANTI SOMAYAJULU, Brahmin, Acting Tahsildar, Palakonda.


38. Round ganja is said to be more intoxicating than flat ganja. I am not in a position to compare it with chur. - Evidence of A. KATCHAPESWARA. IYER, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Cuddapah Taluk.


44. It is refreshing after long habit ; of course it causes intoxication. It does not allay hunger. On the other hand, it creates appetite. The length of the time for which the effects last depends on the quantity used. For a moderate consumer, the effects are believed to last for six hours. - Evidence of K. RAMA KRISTNA BRAMHAM, Brahmin, Stationary Sub-Magistrate, Kudlighi, Bellary District


44. It produces intoxication and allays hunger when smoked. If the consumer is deprived of his favourite drug, he feels the greatest uneasiness. 57. I don't know. - Evidence of M. SESHACHALA NAIDU, Baliya, Pensioned Tahsildar, Vellore.


38. Flat ganja is considered to be superior to other kinds, as it contains more flavour and stimulant. The result is that it produces more effect on the consumer. 44. Intoxication is the immediate effect. Habitual consumers find it to be refreshing. It allays hunger and does not create appetite. The effect lasts for a day to a habitual consumer without any after-effect. The use of the drug produces bad effects in the case of a beginner. - Evidence of N. SOONDRAMIAH , Brahmin, Deputy Tahsildar, Ootacamund.


44. Vide answer to Question No. 42. As soon as it is consumed the eyes grow round, the man loses his senses, has perhaps some inward sense of pleasure and relief. He becomes unfit for active service with reference to what surrounds him at the time. The use of pills and milk mixture is said not to affect digestion, Want of periodical gratification is said to produce great uneasiness. - Evidence of R. SAMINATHA IYER, Brahmin, Acting Deputy Tahsildar, Coonoor.


44. It is supposed to be refreshing. Produces some intoxication and creates appetite. When he cannot get the drug for use, he becomes uneasy and restless until he gets and thereby is gratified. - Evidence of R. C. RAMA IYENGOR, Brahmin, Village Magistrate, Berangy, Mudanapulee Taluk, Cuddapah District.


37. Charas is not known here, nor is it used here. 38. Not known here. There is only one kind of ganja, flat ganja, and therefore there are no different preparations.  44. Immediate effect is forgetting all worldly cares. It is, I suppose, more intoxicating than refreshing. I don't think that it allays hunger. But it creates appetite by digesting food. The effect lasts from three to six hours. There are several after-effects, the chief of which is disinclination to hard work. - Evidence of K. NARAINASWAMY NAIDU, Velama, Huzoor Sheristadar, Masulipatam.


44. It gives refreshment. It allays hunger for a short time. It does produce intoxication and creates appetite a few moments after. The effect will last for an hour or so. There will be no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does produce a little uneasiness. - Evidence of P. LAKSIIMINARAYANA, Brahmin, Manager of Court of Wards' Estate, Nuzvid.


44. The immediate effect of even the moderate use of any of these drugs is the excitement of the brain, It lasts for about an hour. The want of subsequent gratification produces desire or uneasiness unlike that which is produced by opium. In the latter the desire or uneasiness is much stronger than in the former. Some say it adds to the digestive powers and creates appetite, while some others that it does not. - Evidence of RAI BAHADUR K. NARAINASWAMY, Telaga, Inspector of Police, Vizianagram.


44. Immediately it is taken moderately, it stimulates him and thus makes him, to attend to his work briskly. It does refresh him. It does not produce intoxication. It does allay hunger. It does not create appetite. The effect lasts from one to five hours according to the nature of the constitution. It brings on even after-effects. The want of these drugs by consumers produces uneasiness on them. - Evidence of T. S. KRISTNASAMY C HETTY, Vishnuvite, Pensioned Police Inspector, Trinamalay, South Arcot District.


37. Smokers say that they feel no difference in smoking ganja or charas. 44. Produces a sort of sleep with dreams. It does produce intoxication, It is said to allay hunger and to create appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and hence uneasiness. - Evidence of MR. E. H. GADSDEN, Superintendent, Central Jail, Coimbatore.


37. Charas smoking is very rare here; it is said to be used by the richer community. 38. No information. 44. For the time while under its influence it is refreshing. It produces intoxication, combined with a peculiar stupidness. Hunger is allayed, and its after-result is that it creates a false appetite. The effect lasts about one hour. Yes, the limbs and nerves become quite weak, and a kind of dull sensation prevails. Yes, the want of it produces a great longing and desire, and great uneasiness prevails. - Evidence of MR. H. E. G. MILLS, Superintendent, Central Jail, Trichinopoly.


37. Vide paragraph 20.38. Vide reply to paragraph 21. Chur or broken ganja has no different effects in kind or degree on consumers, except that its cleaning is tedious, being adulterated with sand and leaves of other plants. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang or ganja on the habitual consumer is refreshing. Its secondary effect is to produce intoxication and sleep. It is said to create appetite, but as it produces sound sleep, hunger, consequently, cannot be felt. I cannot say that it allays hunger. The effect of the drug lasts about three to four hours. The after-effects on the habitual excessive consumer are lassitude and enervation. The want of the drug produces nausea, indigestion and flatulency in the habitual excessive consumer and sometimes a species of insanity. - Evidence of MR. G. CLONEY, Superintendent of Jail, Tanjore.


44. See 42. Intoxication is produced. It does allay hunger, but does not create appetite. The effects last from 20 minutes to several hours. This depends entirely on the period that the consumer has been practising the habit. The effects are very bad in those who first contract the habit. They either laugh continually and insanely, or shed tears or become absolutely stupefied by the drug. Subsequent inability to gratify their desire causes great uneasiness and irritability. - Evidence of MR. R. W. MORGAN, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ootacamund, Nilgiris.


44. Not refreshing. Yes ; produces intoxication - Evidence of COLONEL II. S. ELTON, Commandant, 16th _Regiment, Madras Infantry, Bellary.


44. Charas excites and intoxicates very easily and rapidly. Ganja does not excite appetite or allay hunger, nor does charas. Bhing may be said to do so slightly, The want of subsequent gratification is severely felt by habitues, and they become useless and incapable of any work. - Evidence of CAPTAIN C. M. KENNEDY, Commandant, 1st Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


37. The effects of charas are more marked than that of ganja or bhang. 38. Round has most effect. 44. Produces intoxication, creates appetite, warms system. Yes, want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of SUBADAR MAJOR MAHAMMAD MURTUZA, 1st Madras Pioneers, Trichinopoly.


44. The perceptive faculties are excited and perverted. The obedient servant of half an hour before is converted into an impudent, self-assert ing, and unreasoning rascal. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. G. KING, Acting Sanitary Commissioner, Nadias.


37. No information. 38. Only flat ganja is procurable in this district. 44. Said to be refreshing and to produce intoxication and to create appetite. The effects last for about a couple of hours. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL II. HYDE, District Surgeon, Trichinopoly.


37. The number of charas smokers is not large, at least I have not met many. The effects are not so marked. It is only a mild intoxicant, and its effects are not lasting. 38. I don't know. 44. The immediate effect is intoxication. The man generally is drowsy and goes off to sleep. It may be refreshing. Sometimes it excites the smoker. It deadens appetite. The effects last usually an hour or two in the case of a habitual smoker, but it is difficult to answer this. 57. I don't know if ganja or charas is ever drunk. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR CIIATTERJIE, Medical Officer in charge 13th Madras Infantry, Cannanore.


44. It satisfies a want felt by him, like taking a good cigar. It calms his nerves and makes him at peace with the world. It stays his hunger, so that he can placidly see his food being cooked for him without wishing to partake of it half raw. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. A. F. NAILER, Acting District Surgeon, Tanjore.


44. (a) It is a stimulant, and then a sedative. (b) , (e) and (d) Yes. (e) It does not as a rule create an appetite. ( f ) About an hour or two. (g) Yes, headache frequently and constipation. (h) Yes. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR JOHN LANCASTER, District Surgeon, North Arcot.


44. It is refreshing and exhilarating, but does not produce intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for about three hours. A state of depression follows when the effect passes away. Want of subsequent gratification does produce longing or uneasiness.  -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. C. SANJANA, Parsi, District Surgeon, Tinnevelly.


44. Moderate use in habitual consumers.—It is soothing, with perhaps a very transient cloudiness of perception. Yes, it is refreshing. Does not intoxicate in the sense of obliterating mental faculties and those of sensation. A larger meal is said to be eaten if taken soon after a smoke. The soothing effects last perhaps for half an hour. Very like the effects of a pipe of tobacco, and the longing the same if not more accentuated.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. O ' HARA, District Medical and Sanitary Officer and Superintendent of Jail, Bellary.


37 to 39. I have not personally come across a case in this district suffering in any way from the effects of hemp drug consumption, nor can I call to mind a case amongst the civil population in any of the 12 districts of Madras presidency in which I have served as Civil Surgeon, though I have seen an occasional case of ganja or bhang intoxication amongst sepoys when "on a spree". I cannot therefore differentiate the effects of the different preparations of the drug. 44.Pleasurable intoxication, a buoyant, happy, contented feeling; pleasing ideas pass rapidly through the mind; after a time sleep comes on accompanied by pleasing dreams. Pain, if present, is lessened or removed. Sometimes complete anæsthesia supervenes; the effect lasts some hours, but the time varies. The use of the drug is not followed by nausea, headache or constipation as opium is. When taken in smaller quantities, it is said to allay the cravings of hunger if food is not available, and to create appetite if taken in anticipation of a regular meal.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. L. WALKER, Civil Surgeon, Ootacamund.


44. It produces intoxication, which may last for an hour or two. It does not create appetite. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. C. SARKIES, District Surgeon, Nellore


44. Ganja produces first a period of excitement or intoxication, followed by sleep and coma; the intoxication often lasting a couple of hours. Native young men, chiefly Muhammadans, use bhang to enjoy pleasant dreams, chiefly of a sensual kind. Bhang is also considered refreshing, and that is the reason why it is chiefly used during the hot weather, while ganja is smoked during the cold or wet weather. It does not allay hunger. It does not create appetite. In moderation, there are no after-effects. The want of such produces longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. F THOMAS, Acting District Medical and Sanitary Officer, Chingleput.


37. No charas in the district. 38. As only flat ganja is used in the district no definite information could be given. 44. Exhilaration of spirits. It is refreshing. Produces intoxication. It creates appetite. Smoking, two or three hours. Apparently no aftereffects. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN C. F. FEARNSIDE, Acting District Surgeon, Ganjam.


44. I have never seen a person who has eaten ganja, etc., and watched effects on him but I have seen people some time after eating or smoking it who were not accustomed to its use, and they were then in a frenzy, almost maniacal. Question 44 [oral evidence].—One case was in the jail at Rajahmandri. A dhobi suddenly became excited. He was ordinarily a quiet character. I went down to him and found him very violent. He kicked at me. Ganja and opium used to be found some times on prisoners. The man afterwards said some one had given him something to eat. The jailor said he believed it was ganja. He did not see it, neither did I. I concluded it was ganja, because I found nothing else that it could be. They said that it was ganja; the jailor did. But he never found any ganja. I do not think any thing else would cause mania like this. I cannot say how long the symptoms lasted. I began to treat him. I gave him the stomach pump. I found no leaves or smell of the drug. This outbreak occurred at 3 P. M. Next day he was all right. I found no evidence of ganja, but I concluded it was ganja. I used the stomach pump, because there was some warder or some one said something had been eaten. The man himself after recovering said he had never taken ganja before, and that he did not know it was ganja he was eating. This was in answer to an inquiry of mine as to why he had taken ganja. What led me to speak of ganja was that I knew of no other thing that would produce this excitement. I did notice the condition of the pupils. The body temperature was not taken. The man fought so tremendously that we had to have about six men to hold him. The symptoms are like the case of very acute mania. I know nothing about transient mania. I have never seen a case. My second case is of a recruit boy in the 21st Pioneers at Secunderabad in the end of 1891 or beginning of 1892. He was brought into hospital about 11 or 12 at night. I was not called to see him; but the Hospital Assistant described the same kind of violence as in the dhobi's case. I saw him about 6 A. M.; he was sleeping. I saw him a few hours later, and he was quite sensible. He had been quite out of his mind, they said, and required several men to hold him. A sepoy had given him something to drink, the boy said. The boy had just joined. He was eighteen years old. I had no evidence of what the thing was. I could not find out. But the Hospital Assistant and I agreed that it must have been hemp in some form. I cannot say when it had been administered. I asked if the boy had been drinking. They said there was no smell of drink. I did not ask about the smell of ganja. No emetic was given or stomach pump used; he was simply held down. I believed it was ganja, because there was no smell of liquor and no headache, but eyes bloodshot. This symptom of bloodshot eyes also appeared in the dhobi's case. I don't remember anything being noted about the pupils. You see no evidence was particularly taken. The boy would not point out the sepoy that gave him what he took. No doubt ganja and drink were taken largely in Secunderabad. I have never seen a case in which frenzy has resulted from smoking. The above are the only two cases within my personal knowledge on which I base my answer No. 44. Both had taken the drug for the first time. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR A. J. STURMER, District and Sanitary Officer, Masulipatam, Kistna District.


38. The round kind is more used than the other varieties, owing probably to the fact of its being more powerful in its effects. 44. Primarily stimulant, then sedative and narcotic. It also causes thirst, dryness of the throat; inability to fix the attention on one subject. It produces intoxication. It allays hunger in the habitual moderate consumer. It creates excessive appetite in one newly using it. The duration of the effects depends on the quantity taken or used. The effects of small quantities last three or four hours, and of larger quantities longer. After-effects, a feeling of exhaustion. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Evidence of Civil Apothecary T. M. CHERIYAN, Manantoddy.


44. A moderate use of the drug causes a refreshing and pleasurable sensation, enables the
consumer to withstand hunger and fatigue for four or five hours, and is followed by depression proportionate to the quantity consumed.  - Evidence of Apothecary K. VASUDEVA RAU, Brahmin, Adirampatnam, Tanjore District


37. Ganja only is smoked here, and, in excess, is injurious to health. 44. Slightly intoxicant, with pleasurable feelings; rather tends to quiet the individual than excite him. It is said to create appetite. Its effects last two or three hours. Depression follows, and desire for more ganja. 57. Ganja-eaters for the past twenty years and more, in moderation, tell me that they are better taking it, and would fall ill without it. - Evidence of Apothecary G. A. W. VELLONES, Chetambaram, South Arcot.


38. In kind the same. 44. (b), (c), (e) and (f) Refreshing, producing intoxication, and exhilarating his spirits and bringing on appetite. Undue depression results in the end. (h) Yes.  - Evidence of Apothecary N. H. DANIEL, In charge Police Hospital, Koraput, Vizagapatam District.


37. Charas is much more intense in its effects. 38. Very nearly the same. 44. (a) The immediate effect is refreshing and recreative. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Creates inordinate appetite subsequently. (f) Two hours. (g) Gets up refreshed; after-effects are recreative and invigorating. (h) The want of subsequent gratification produces listlessness and disgust for everything and a sense of lethargy and apathy. - Evidence of Apothecary MUHAMMAD ASADULLA, Ellore, Godavary District.


37. The effects of charas-smoking is stated to be more powerful than the effects of ganja-smoking. 38 and 39. Have no knowledge. 44. Exhilarating. Refreshing. Produces intoxication, allays hunger, often creates appetite, effect lasts for some hours, after-effects are not marked. Yes, produces longing. - Evidence of DR. ARTHUR WELLS, Medical Officer, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


37. Charas is not smoked here. 38. Only flat ganja is prepared here. 44. The immediate effects are :—It is quite refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does allay hunger. I have seen sanyasis entirely dispensing with food for days by smoking ganja. But as soon as intoxication subsides, what is called exhaustion comes on and all the pangs of hunger that have been in abeyance are felt. I have also seen that their bowels are not moved unless and until they smoke ganja. These effects last so long as intoxication endures. The effect lasts for an hour or two. . 57. No charas here. - Evidence of K. JAGANNADHAM NAIDU,* Medical Officer, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


37. There is no charas-smoking here at all. 38. Only the flat ganja is used. 44, (a) The immediate effect of ganja-smoking or bhang-eating is to produce an exhilarating and satisfactory feeling, and to produce forgetfulness for the time being of mental trouble. (b) Said to be refreshing. (c) Yes; very slight in ganja, but more in bhang, (d) Yes; ganja does, but bhang increases hunger and the desire to eat, which must be satisfied without stint, else evil result follows, markedly emaciation and nervousness. (e) Not ganja, but bhang does. (f) That of ganja lasts four or five hours, but that of bhang double the time, or even more. (g) None, it would appear. (h) Yes; very decidedly. 57. Only an inveterate habitual smoker here and there is said to eat sometimes the ganja pure, after washing and grinding it fine so as to obtain the full intoxicating effect, and the effect is said to be the production of profound intoxication, lasting for two, three or four days, during which period hardly any food is taken. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon SALDANHA, Salem.


37. The effects of charas are stronger and longer than the effects of ganja smoking. 38. The effects of chur lasts about four hours. The effects of flat lasts about three hours. The effects of round lasts about less than two hours. 44. The immediate effect on the moderate habitual consumers is that it keeps him merry and steady in his reflections in whatever direction his thoughts may lead to, such as singing, pleasant conversation, etc., not in committing crime or fighting. It is refreshing ; produces ordinary intoxication. It does not allay hunger ; it does create appetite. The effects may last about an hour and half. The after-effects are weakness and laziness. No longing is felt till his usual hour for taking, unless the habit is excessive. 57. The ganja, when used as a drink, does not destroy the health. When it is eaten, it causes mental derangement of the most excitable nature. Charas never used either for drink, smoke, or eating in this district - Evidence of Hospital Assistant T. RANGANAYA KULU NAID00, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


37. I do not know any thing about these drugs. 38. In its properties, the round ganja stands foremost; then follows the flat variety, and the last is chur. 44. The persons grow fine with muscular development, and are more active than they used to be. It is also refreshing, and produces intoxi-cation. It does allay hunger for a time ; but it nevertheless creates after a time a voracious appe-tite. The effects last only for a few hours. It has no after-effects, and, if there were to be any at all, there may he slight dizziness and headache. Subsequent gratification is not necessary. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant M. IYASWAMY PILLAY, Saint Thomas' Mount, Madras.


38. Flat ganja is more powerful than chur. 44. Excitement stage. Not refreshing. It produces intoxication. The effects of the drug last for eight to twelve hours. After stimulation, sleep is produced. It does not produce any long- ing or uneasiness afterwards. 57. Ganja is in the form generally eaten and drunk. The effects are all the same, whether smoked or eaten. Habitual smokers attribute the evil effects to eating and the eaters to smoking. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant CHINNY SREENIVASA RAU, Prapanna Komity, L. F. Hospital, Bobbili Vizagapatam District.


44. The immediate effect on the habitual consumer of bhang or ganja is that he feels refreshed. The drug does not intoxicate, but stimulates him. It creates appetite. The effects last for about five or six hours, as far as I am aware ; and after they pass off a sense of depression is experienced. The habitual consumer, as far as I know, rarely looks for the repetition of the drug till the following day, when a longing is set up and remains till gratified. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant P. NARRAINSWAMY TELEGA, Parvatipur Vizagapatam District.


37. As I do not know about charas, I am unable to answer this. 38. Flat ganja is only used in this part of the district, so I am unable to state the different effects. 44. The immediate effects of moderate use of smoking ganja on a habitual consumer are slight intoxication, refreshment, allaying hunger, aiding slightly the digestive process, and keeping the bowels slightly free, but it does not create appetite; and these symptoms are temporary, lasting about an hour or two. The immediate after-effects are —after free from the intoxication—great exhaustion, weakness, excessive thirst, sometimes headache, giddiness, etc., in case of empty stomach and followed by sleep. It does produce longing or uneasiness. The immediate effects of moderate use of drinking bhang on a habitual consumer are slight intoxication, great refreshment, allaying hunger when taken in empty stomach to a certain. extent, creation of appetite, and cooling and strengthening the system. The after-effects are increased appetite, uneasiness, dulness of mind, and if proper food is taken sound sleep ensues. This also produces longing and uncasiness, but not so much as smoking ganja. I do not know about charas. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant JAGANNATII PANDIT, Uriya, Russellkonda, Ganjam District.


44. For habitual consumer it produces little or no effect. It produces little intoxication. It allays hunger and produces no appetite. After-effects are bad by weakening the system and impairing the digestive organs. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant MADURANAYAGUM PILLAI, Vellala, Uravakonda, Ananlpur District.


44. It produces intoxication, creates appetite. After each smoking the effects last one to one-and-a-half-hour. The after-effect is uneasiness. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant C. M. APPATHORAI MUDALIAR, Vellala, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Hindupur, Anantapur District.


37. I know nothing of charas and so can't draw comparison between the effects of ganja smoking and charas smoking. 38. I don't know. 44. He feels slightly intoxicated or exhilarated in spirits and refreshed also. He finds his appetite for food increased. The effects last two hours at the most. No after-effects of any evil description are observed in habitual moderate ganja smoker, who of course feels uneasy for the want of the drug at his next usual time, though he can, with some difficulty, forego the consumption to a length of time. 57. Most of the ganja-smokers of moderate quantities are moral, god-fearing, affected in general with theomania, always far from being bad characters. I know also instances where men were found addicted to ganja-smoking or bhang-drinking being unable to procure alcoholic liquors on account of poverty. Some used the drug on the prescription. of native medical physicians for gastrodinya and cancer of stomach. - Evidence of Hospital Assistant I. PARTHASARATHY CHETTY, Penukonda, Anantapur District.


37. The effects of charas smoking are far stronger than that of the ganja smoking, which is mild. 38. Among the three different preparations of ganja, the round one acts more powerfully than the other two. 44. The immediate effects of these drugs when moderately used are to increase the pleasure and appetite for about three hours in bhang, and about half an hour in ganja, and no other uneasiness. 57. Ganja and charas— Of these the former only used for eating and smoking, and the latter only for one use. - Evidence of MIRZA DAVOOD BEG, Pensioned Hospital Assistant, Trichinopoly.


44. It does produce intoxication. It allays hunger in some; and in some others it creates appetite. Its effect lasts from half an hour to an hour and more. The want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing which is a source of considerable uneasiness. - Evidence of P. S. MOOTOOSAMY MODELLIAR, Retired Native Surgeon, Tanjore.


38. The three different preparations of ganja have the same effects in kind or degree on consumers. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on habitual consumers is refreshing provided the consumer also takes good meals. It does produce intoxication which appears to be a very pleasing one. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for nearly 30 minutes or so. To the moderate consumer the want of subsequent gratification does not produce much longing or uneasiness.  - Evidence of H. S. A. M. MUNJUMIAH, Native Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


38. The round country ganja causes heat and dryness. The round and twisted ganja imported from the neighbouring districts produces more dry. ness and heat comparatively to the country ganja. Of all the other ganjas, the flat ganja, otherwise called as javaji ganja or almora ganja, causes more cough, dryness and heat, and affects so seriously that blood comes out from nose and breast of some persons. 44. Advantages are derived for a few days, but when a person becomes accustomed to it (ganja), he meets with several disadvantages.- Evidence* of SAIYID MAHMUD alias HAKEEM NHANNAY MIAN, Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah.


44. The moderate use of ganja cures dyspepsia, and diseases arising from phlegm and vatam (cold). It is refreshing. It creates appetite, and if eaten when hungry, it allays hunger and fatigue. It produces very little intoxication, but it does not make a man senseless. The effect lasts for one jam or three hours. It produces thoughts and makes the mind steady ; want of subsequent gratification produces longing as well as a little uneasiness.  - Evidence* of SINGITAPU VENKATA RAO, Brahmin, Madahwa, Native Physician and Inamdar, Coconada, Godavari District.


44. A sort of giddiness. It is refreshing; it causes hunger, and creates appetite. The giddiness will last 2, 3, 4, 5 hours (that in smoking larger quantity and eating by mixing them with other substances, it will last 6 or 7 hours or a whole day, till next morning, without sleep, or sometimes with fast asleep). The consumers will think that they are out of this world till they come to their proper sense. - Evidence of I. PONNUSAWMI PILLAI, Private Practitioner, Pothawar, Salem, District.


44. Excitement, intoxication followed by sleep, commonly not refreshing, creates appetite, very nearly six hours. After-effect is weakness. Generally ganja eaters take ganja just before their meals. - Evidence of ABDUL KARIM SAHIB, Native Physician, Namakkal, Salem District.


44. A habitual consumer shows himself active for a while immediately after he uses it. The consumer thinks himself to he stronger owing to the senselessness. He becomes like mad and feels hungry ; but it cannot create appetite or relish for food. Daily consumers feel better for not more than an hour. At last it digests mucous slime. The consumer feels all sorts of inconvenience if he does not find ganja in proper time. It compels a man to feel the want of it until he gets ganja for the next time - Evidence of SRI VASUDEVA RAJAMANI RAJAH DEO, Kshatria, Zamindar of Mandasa, Ganjam District.


44. The moderate use of these drugs produces exhilaration and creates appetite. It is refreshing and allays hunger, but afterwards causes drowsiness - Evidence of SRI SRI SRI GOURA CHANDRA. GAJAPATY NARAYAN DEO GARU, Kshatria, Zamindar of Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


44. Produces drowsiness or half consciousness ; refreshing ; produces intoxication ; allays hunger ; creates appetite. The length, of time in which the effect lasts, varies according to the nature of preparation of drugs. I have no knowledge of after-effects. Yes; it does produce longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of TIMMARAZU VENKATA  SIVA RAO., Brahmin, Landed Proprietor and Chairman, Municipal Council, Chicacole, Ganjam District.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of this drug on the habitual consumer is, I am told, a little intoxicating, and refreshing to those that are subject to any chronic physical pain, inasmuch as the pain is not felt when under its influence. It kindles and increases appetite rather than always it. Bairagis, when they reach their destination for the day, refresh themselves first by smoking ganja, and then attend to their cooking and other works. In smoking the effects last for two hours, and in eating and drinking for six hours, The want of subsequent gratification is productive of the same sort of nneasiness as an inveterate tobacco smoker would feel in the absence of his usual cigar - Evidence of C. MUTHU KUMARASWAMI MUDELLIAR, Zamindar, Chunampet, Chingleput District.


44. It is refreshing, slightly intoxicating. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts about three hours. After-effects none, The want of subsequent gratification produces much longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of P. SESHACHALLAM NAIDOO, Balija, Landlord, Merchant, and Chairman, Vetapollem, Kistna District.


37. Charas causes greater nisha. 38. All have the same effect. 44. (a) Passiveness and loss of manly power are the immediate effects of the use. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) No, it does not allay hunger. (e) Yes, it creates appetite. ( f ) They last for about six hours. (g) No. (h.) The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness of mind and the swelling of the belly. 57. I have no experience of the effects produced by eating or drinking charas and ganja. - Evidence of AZIZ-UD-DIN ALI KHAN, SAHIB BAHADUR, Jagirdar, Cherlopalle, Gurramkanda, District Cuddapah.


44. It intoxicates him and takes away weariness, promotes appetite. I think the intoxication lasts for about 6 hours. It brings on constipation. It weakens a man and increases bile. It produces longing. - Evidence of SAGI RAMA SASTRY, Brahmin, Inamdar and Native Doctor, Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


44. I have seen habitual consumers out of health and miserably depressed when the supply was suddenly cut off. I refer to prisoners in jails under my charge. I was the Superintendent of one Central Prison and another for twenty years. 44 [oral evidence]. My answer is only based upon personal knowledge. I learnt from the doctors that the persons I refer to were ganja consumers. Once a week the Superintendent of the jail and Medical Officer hold a joint inspection, and it was on these occasions probably that the doctors mentioned the fact. Prisoners never dreamed of asking me for ganja, as it is a prohibited article. They did sometimes ask the dressers and the Medical Officer ; but I am certain that a medical recommendation for ganja never was made. Such recommendations have been made for tobacco. What I have recorded of the effects of deprivation relates principally to opium ; but I remember that the hemp drugs were also mentioned in that connection, though much less frequently than opium. - Evidence of MR. W. A. SYMONDS, Agent and Manager to the Lessees of Sivaganga Zainindari, Madura District.


44. It is used for dyspepsia, for soothing fatigue, and for curing bodily ailments. By its use the fatigue of journey will disappear ; and though the excessive smoking does not make a man senseless, it produces a little intoxication. Its use, when hungry, allays hunger to a little extent, Its creates appetite by curing dyspepsia. Its effects will last for nearly three hours. Its use will sharpen the intellect and makes the mind steady. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing for the same and uneasiness. - Evidence of BONDILI MOTIRAM, Cultivator, Cocanada, Godavari District.


44. The habitual eater of ganja, the above said Smartha Brahmin, is to become cheerful after taking it. He has told me that it is refreshing. I have never found him intoxicated. He has said that the appetite is increased by it. After taking ganja he used to become jolly and begin singing Tamil songs, repeating Sanskrit slokams and telling witty and laughable stories to pass the time of his hearers. He will be doing this for two hours ceaselessly and then go to sleep. He will have six hours' sound sleep. He is to feel a great longing and uneasiness if he did not take ganja every day once. All these I have seen in person. One or two bairagis have told me that it allays the hunger, and they can live upon smoking alone ganja, once in an hour or two, without taking any meals for a whole day.  - Evidence of LANKA KRISTNIENGAR, Vaishnava Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Srirangam, Trichinopoly District.


44. Slight intoxication, the spirits are raised, and the general tone more animated. It is refreshing, and though for the moment it allays hunger, it afterwards increases the appetite. How long the effect lasts depends much on the quantity taken, and the constitution of the consumer. Say a couple of hours generally. It is followed by a feeling of drowsiness - Evidence of MR. W. TAYLOR, Chairman, Municipal Council, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


37. As already stated above, charas is not in use here. 38. Only the flat ganja is in use in these parts. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of the drug on the habitual consumer is refreshing, and allays hunger. The effect is said to last from one to six hours. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness in the habitual consumer. - Evidence of K. SUBBARAYADU PUNTALU, Brahmin, Chairman of the Adoni Municipal Council, Bellary District.


37. There is a difference between the effects of the two ; but the former, which is very valuable, is not imported to this part of the country. 44. It is refreshing to a little extent. It also produces a little intoxication. It cannot allay hunger. It creates appetite in an hour and a half in the utmost. The consumer gets languid after that time. - Evidence of E. SUBRAMANA IYER, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, Con jevaram, Chingleput District.


44 (b) It is refreshing. (c) and (d) . Yes. (e) It creates appetite. (f ) Three hours. ( g) Yes. Headache and uneasiness of mind. (h) Yes. - Evidence of RUNGO SRINIVASA RAO, Brahmin, Chairman, Union Panchayat, Madakasira, Anantpur District.


44. A slight intoxication, during which the ills of life, hunger included, are forgotten. The aftereffects are, of course, lassitude and weakness, and the desire to renew the indulgence is considerable. It is said, however, that after a short time of dyspeptic trouble, the desire passes away, and the habit may be broken off without great difficulty - Evidence of the REV. H. J. GOFFIN,*Missionary, Kadiri, Cuddapah District.


38. All have similar effects. 44. The immediate effect is that it gives them rest and pleasure and satisfies hunger. It is refreshing indeed. It does produce a very little intoxication. It can't be the real intoxication in its proper sense. It does not create appetite. The effect lasts not more than an hour or two. Subsequent want is very greatly felt without it. One that uses the drug behaves worse than a mad man. - Evidence of the REV. J, DESIGACHART, Missionary , Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Badvel, Cuddapah District.


44. The pill produces instant exhilaration, in fact intoxicates ; the effect passes in the course of two or three hours. The after-effects are shown in bad temper if provoked. The pill referred to in these answers is the legiam - Evidence of the REV. W. ROBINSON, Missionary, London Missionary Sobriety, Salem.


37. I know nothing of charas smoking, as it does not prevail in this district. 44. The habitual consumer certainly feels re freshed and invigorated by the moderate use of the drug. Until he uses it he feels restless and un comfortable, and the idea of exertion of any kind is distasteful to him. When he has had his smoke be feels at rest and is ready to begin his work. A small quantity of the drug will not produce intoxication in a habitual consumer, and consequently such a one is always tempted to indulge to excess in order to experience the pleasant effects of intoxication. Habitual consumers as a rule use the drug three times a day as they say they cannot remain longer without it. The effect may thus be supposed to last about three hours when the aftereffects begin ; and when these become distinctly distressing, the man must again resort to the drug. The after-effects are very distinct. They are excessive lassitude and an accompanying irritability, headache and giddiness, and an uneasy gnawing sensation in the stomach. If the drug is not speedily resorted to, the symptoms become very much more pronounced.  - Evidence of the REV. W. H. CAMPBELL, Missionary, London Missionary Society, Cuddapah.


44. It intoxicates. It does not refresh or allay hunger, but it makes one insensible to hunger. Sometimes persons will go without food for several days when taking the drug. Smokers generally use the drug twice a day. The especial effect lasts for about half a day. After the immediate effect is over, the consumer is weak and often has to lie down. Yes; after using the drug there is longing for it again. -  Evidence of the REV. W. V. HIGGINS,* Missionary, Parlakimedi, Ganjam District.


44. (b) Yes. (c) Not in small quantities. (d) Yes. (e) Very considerably. ( f ) According to the quantity taken it varies. (g) No. (h) Only in habitual consumers. - Evidence of the REV. A. MARGÖSCHIS, Medical Missionary, S. P. G., Nazareth, Tinnevelly District.


44. (a) It produces intoxication. (e)It prevents hunger. (f) Three or four hours. (h) Weakness follows and a longing for it. 45. (a) It exaggerates effects referred to under 44 - Evidence of the REV. JOHN S. CHANDLER, Missionay Madura.


44. (a) to (f) Ganja smokers see double, are slightly and pleasantly stimulated, but do not stagger. The effect lasts a few hours, I suppose according to the amount taken. They seem like men who have fasted half a day after recovering. They may or may not be hungry, but are always weak. They are unsteady. Bhang intoxication lasts a few hours. Those not accustomed to its use will become intoxicated in half an hour. But the effect is said to be counteracted by butter-milk or lime juice. (g) Habitual users are dull. (h) If deprived of either, the longing does not seem to be great. - Evidence of the REV. H. F. LAFLAMME, Canadian Baptist Mission, Yellamanchili, Vizagapatam


37. The effects of charas smoking seem to be mainly soporific ; the ganja drinking more inclines to anger. 44. (a) Stupor, more or less complete. - Evidence of the REV. J. F. BURDITT, Missionary, Narsaravupet, Kistna District.


37. I don't know. 38. Only broken or chur ganja is known here. - Evidence of the REV. J. HEINRICHS, Missionary, Vinukunda, Kistna District.


41, 42, 44. It produces, it is said, excessive appetite to beginners, Some people use it as a pain–killer, for instance, in cases of pain in the stomach. It must be said that there is harm in the habitual use of it whether moderate or excessive, especially in smoking. Even the moderate habitual use is enervating and deprives the consumer of his energy. Bhangi consumers are generally spoken of contemptuously, being not to be relied upon and not to be trusted in. Such people will, it is true, do their work as long as they feel the effect of the drug, but as soon as this is over they get dull and unable to work. Bhangi also stupefies its users to a high degree which I have found and when instructing such people. The users feel sleepy and timid immediately after the use. Eating and drinking makes one more timid, but more attentive and careful as they say, but it may also make a man debaucherous. According to my experience habitual bhangi smokers lose their temper very soon, timid as they may be at other times.  - Evidence of the REV. S. C. SCHAIBLE, Missionary, Moolky, South Canara.


37. Yes; charas gives more stimulant than ganja, etc. 38. The effects are the same in all three kinds. It depends on the fancy of the user. 44. (b) Yes. (c) Yes. (d) Yes. (e) Yes. (f) Generally it lasts for an hour or two and according to the constitution. (g) Yes. 57. Charas has more power, but it is rarely used in this part of the count - Evidence of S. P. NARASIMMALU NAYUDU, Editor of the " Crescent," Coimbatore .


38. Flat ganja has good effects, and consumers generally buy flat ganja or kallis. 44. The immediate effects of the use of bhang is a little intoxication and improves the appetite. Ganja smoking creates hunger and produces intoxication. The effect does not last long. Want of subsequent gratification does not produce any serious longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of N. KOTHUNDARAMAYYA, Brahmin, Editor of "Suneeti" Rajahmundry, Godavari District.


44. It produces intoxication and creates appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Evidence of GANJAM VENCATARATNAM, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader, Coconada, Godavery District.


44. (a) Drowsiness. (b) No. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes. (f) For a few hours. (g) Yes; sleeplessness, debility, and loss of memory are the results. (h) Yes. - Evidence of VISWANADHAM GURAVAIAH SASTRI, Brahmin, Pleader and District and Taluk Board Member, Chicacole.


44. Ganja and charas are refreshing. All these produce intoxication. Ganja and charas allay hunger. Bhang creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts for not less than 12 hours, that of ganja and charas from 2 to 3 hours. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing, but no marked uneasiness. - Evidence of B. CHATTERJEA, Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Ganjam, and Chairman, Berhampore Municipality.


38. Chur takes effect more speedily than round or flat ganja. 44. The effect of smoking ganja continues for about an hour. It is not refreshing. It produces intoxication. Panakum both allays hunger and creates appetite, according to circumstances. Smoking produces weakness. Consuming majum and panakum is refreshing. Effect of majum and panakum continues for about twelve hours. No injurious after-effects in panakum and majum. - Evidence of P. C. ANUNTHACHARLU, Brahmin, Chairman, Municipal Council, and Government Pleader, Bellary.


37. The effects of charas smoking are different from ganja smoking, being much stronger owing to the active narcotic principle. 38. Cannot say. - Evidence of V. SIVA YOGI, Brahmin, 1st Grade Pleader and Municipal Chairman, Vellore


44. Moderate use does not produce intoxication. It is said to be refreshing, to allay hunger, and at the same time to create appetite. I know people who have not asked for food for hours together after smoking. Yes; it produces uneasiness. know consumers who could not get ganja for a day having been restless. They had to give up that habit gradually.  - Evidence of MANCHALLER JAGANNADHAM, Brahmin, Pleader, Bapathla, Ristna District.


44. The immediate effect is stupefying the intellect on a beginner. Bairagis say that it allays hunger to some extent, and that it is also refreshing. Want of subsequent gratification will produce longing for it as much as a habitual tobacco smoker feels for tobacco. 57. Ganja is drunk. They say it is refreshing in the summer. - Evidence of P. KESAVA PILLAI, Karnam, Pleater, and Honorary Secretary of the Gooty People's Association.


37. I do not know. 38. Mandam ganja does not impair health. Mulki ganja is more intoxicating than either of the other two. Javaji ganja is ordinary in its effects. 4. It is refreshing in a slight manner, produces intoxication; it does not allay hunger, but the man is insensible of the appetite, being biliously giddy. Yet the man can take in a large quantity of food if offered. The effect may last for nearly six hours. - Evidence of the HON'BLE A. SABAPATHY MOODELLIAR, RAI BAHADUR,* Merchant, Bellary


37. I cannot state the difference between the effects of charas smoking and ganja smoking, as charas is not at all known to this part of country. 38. Round ganja produces much heat upon the constitution of a man, whereas flat ganja produces less heat. Chur is not known to this part, and so we cannot give its effects. 44. Moderate use of these drugs would give relief to those who walk long distances, and who are tired on account of excessive work. It no doubt creates a free, jovial and unshaken state of mind for meditation. It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. When it is mixed with sugar, etc., it allays hunger temporarily. When the drug alone is taken, it creates appetite. Its effect lasts for about three hours. There will be no after-effects. It does not produce any longing or uneasiness. 57. Yes, these are largely taken in cold climates.  - Evidence of CHODISETTY VENKATARATNUM, Merchant, Coconada, Godavari District


44. Not refreshing. Produces a little intoxication, and creates appetite when it is mixed in the halva, which is prepared with at least 20 or 30 other drugs. The ganja mixed in it is a twentieth part the highest.  - Evidence of KOMMIREDDI NARASINGA Row NAYUDU GARU, Merchant, Coconada


38. I do not think there is any difference, as they are one and the same thing; the difference in shape, I think, is occasioned from different modes of packing - Evidence of MIRZA MEHDY ISPAHANI, Merchant, Madras.


44. The immediate effect of smoking alone is intoxication ; but its uses in other forms are refreshing and produce intoxication afterwards. Drinking bhang allays hunger, and subsequently creates appetite; but the effects of smoking are contrary. The effects of smoking last only 15 minutes and those of drinking bhang last more than 6 hours. Prostration is the after-effect. The consumer, if he is not supplied punctually, feels uneasy and longs for it.  - Evidence of NALUM BHIMARAUZ VYSYIA, Merchant, Berhampore, Ganjam District.


44. Intoxication is the immediate effect; refreshing to those who are in its habit. It allays hunger; ganja does not: but bhang creates hunger. For some three or four hours the effect lasts. It does produce uneasiness for want of subsequent gratification. -  Evidence of MR. D . MANECKJI, Parsi, Merchant and Contractor, Calicut.


41. The moderate use of ganja is refreshing. It produces a little intoxication, but does not make the consumer senseless. It creates hunger, but does not allay it. If a habitual consumer does not use it his belly bloats.  - Evidence of MOKHALINGAM APPANNA, Ganja Vendor, Coconada.


44. It produces a sort of dullness and intoxi-cation. It is not refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. The effect lasts for two or three hours. There are no after -effects. The want of it produces a kind of unea -siness in the case of habitual consumers.  - Evidence of  PERIANNA CHETTY, Potter, Ganja Shop-keeper, Kitchipolayam, Salem.


44. The immediate effect of the use of ganja makes a man happy for the time being. Unless the habitual consumer uses the quantity as usual he will not have any refreshment. Yes; it does produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but, on the other hand, it creates appetite very much. It lasts for two hours. It is not known whether it has any after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness.  - Evidence of KAMALAPURAM NAGAYYA, Komati, Ganja Contractor, Adoni.


44. Immediate effect is intoxication, and it probably stimulates hunger. - Evidence of T. RATNASAMI NADA.R, Arrack Supply Contractor, Malabar.


37. I know only of ganja. Bhang and charas are not procurable here. 38. I know only of round and flat ganja. Round ganja is uncured and flat ganja is cured stuff. Round ganja would not be as healthy as flat ganja. 44. Intoxication is produced immediately after its use by habitual consumers. It concentrates his mind, keeps it steady and undeviating. It is re-freshing. It produces moderate intoxication. It promotes appetite. The effect lasts for three hours. The man becomes quiet and free from passions. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing. It may also produce bad effects such as diabetes, etc., if it is given up by moderate' habitual consumers. 57. People in cold climates eat much of ganja : scarcely in other parts. It is used to keep themselves warm and intoxicated.  - Evidence of MULAGULA KONDIAH, Goldsmith, Rajahmundry.


44. Eating is out of question here, as it pro-duces giddness. Smoking refreshes, intoxicates allays hunger, creates appetite. The effect lasts for four hours at the utmost. It has no after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification certainly produces a longing for it. - Evidence of ANGAPPA GONUDEN, Blacksmith, Salem.


44. The man's reasons are blunted, and he is not capable of right thinking. The drugs do not refresh anybody. They produce intoxication. They increase hunger and appetite. The effect lasts one or two hours. They are dull in senses. Want of subseqent gratification produces longing for more. - Evidence of MALLAPPA, Reddy, Guntakal.


37. Smoking charas creates more heat and intoxication than in ganja. 38. The effects of the different sorts of ganja will no doubt be different in creating heat and intoxication. 44. If consumed in moderate quantity, it refreshes mind and body, produces slight intoxication, does not allay hunger, but creates it, provided the man eats good nourishing. The effect of one smoke lasts for an hour. Excessive smokers may have after-effects such as laziness, languidity and dragging pain in legs. In respect of habitual consumers, no doubt, longing and uneasiness is produced if they cannot get it again. - Evidence of SAMDASU BAVAJI, Brahmin, Priest in the Matt of Sri Jagannadha Swamy, Rajahmundry.


44. Its immediate effect is the production of heat and intoxication. It alleviates fatigue and creates appetite. It subsides anger. Want of subsequent gratification produces some longing in the person; but does not harm him or make him suffer in any other way. - Evidence of BALDEVDAS, Brahmin, Priest of Hanuman Math, Rajahmundry.


44. As soon as it is taken it brings on idleness ; it refreshes ; it intoxicates; it creates appetite. The appetite lasts as long as he smokes it again. When he does not take it, anger comes on him and also idleness, and he feels a headache - Evidence of SYED SHAH ABDAL HUSAINI, Manager of Pencundah's Dargah, Pencundah, Anantapur District.


37. All that is known locally is that charas is very much stronger than ganja. 38. No information forthcoming, except that what is locally supposed to represent chur is milder than ganja, it being either refuse or inferior tops. 44. It is described as partial intoxication, on recovery from which a feeling of freshness supervenes, fatigue vanishes, and, if sufficient is taken, hunger disappears. When taken regularly by regular livers, appetite is promoted. The aftereffect appears to be desire for more, and the want of gratification produces longing and uneasiness. I attempted to gain practical information by treating a few habitual consumers to ganja and ghota, etc. After about 1½ hour, in the course of which four or five men smoked that number of pipes in company (including a pipe of Penares ganja and one of claras) and drank a couple of seers of ghota, the party withdrew apparently as sober as when they came, and saying that they had enjoyed themselves very much. One member became very garrulous ; but it was probably his nature. 57. Charas is not locally known to be eaten or drunk. Ganja is locally used for the manufacture of edible and drinkable forms of the drug in the same way that perhaps bhang is used in other localities. In these forms the action is said to be slower in arrival, but longer in duration than when the drug is smoked - Evidence of MR. E. J. EBDEN, Collector, Ahmednagar.


37. Not smoked here. 38. Only flat ganja is used here. The effect of others not known. 44. Refreshing, and incites appetite and quiets the mind. The moderate use does not intoxicate, but induces a slightly giddy feeling. The effect of smoking lasts for two or three hours. Hunger is said to be an after-effect. A longing for further gratification is felt. - Evidence of MR. F. L. CHARLES, Collector, Belgaum


37. No charas in this district. 38. No round ganja is consumed in this district. The effect of chur or kani is generally the same as that of unbroken ganja ; but it is held to be more injurious if it is much broken. 44. Bhang is refreshing. It produces intoxication more or less according to the habits of the consumer. It creates a ravenous appetite. Dur ing the period of elation, which lasts about four hours, the man goes about his business with heightened faculties. The effect of ganja is similar. - Evidence of MR. F. S. P. LELY, Collector of Surat.


37. My opinion on the points specified in this chapter would, of course, be of no value, but in
case the Commission have not seen it, I would refer to an article on Cannabis saliva in Part VI of the Pharmacographia Indica, which probably contains the most authoritative exposition extant of the effects of the drug. - Evidence of MR. J. MONTEATH, Collector and District Magistrate, Bijapur.


37. Only that they are much more rapid and far more powerful.  - Evidence of MR. H. WOODWARD, Collector, Kaira, Gujarat.


37. Charas is not used here. 38. Only one sort is used here. 44. To produce cheerfulness. It is refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. Allays hunger. It produces a craving for more in a short time after. - Evidence of MR. W. W. DREW, Acting Collector, Ratnagiri


37. Note—The answers which are given under this chapter relate to ganja only. 44. Slight exhilaration ; refreshing ; it is too much to say that it produces intoxication, except in a very slight, incipient degree; it excites rather than allays hunger; creates appetite ; effect lasts some four or five hours ; after-effects nil ; if the daily smoke be missed, distinct longing and uneasiness is felt. (Statement of a Sonar, aged 65, habitual smoker of 1/8 to 1/6 tola of ganja per diem for last 30 years.)  - Evidence of MR. R. A. LAMB, Acting Collector, Kolaba.


 38. I am only acquainted with flat ganja. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumer is refreshing and invigorating. The effect of ganja is to produce a feeling, which is said to be pleasant, of laziness and absence of care. Both bhang and ganja will produce intoxication, if the use of them is excessive. The moderate use of bhang allays hunger and creates appetite. The effect of ganja lasts for 2 or 3 hours; that of bhang lasts some what longer, depending of course on the quantity consumed, excessive use of bhang may create an intoxicating effect which will last for two or three days. Majum and akhoti if taken in moderation do not have an effect until about two hours after consumption; the effect then lasts for three or four hours. The want of subsequent gratification in the case of habitual consumers produces longing and uneasiness and produces a feeling of bodily weakness. Ganja is at times smoked in case of illness, to relieve pain. - Evidence of MR. C. G. DODGSON, Assistant Magistrate and Collector, Khandesh.


37. Charas smoking does not prevail in this district to an extent sufficient to furnish a basis for comparing its effects with those of ganja smoking. I however learn that charas is much stronger than ganja in its effects. 38. Round ganja is not available in this part of the country. Flat ganja only is used for smoking, and sometimes the "chur" is a mix ture of leaves and bits of flowers detached from ganja, and as such is weaker than ganja. The effects are in degree, not in kind. Ganja produces greater intoxication than bhang. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of the drugs on the habitual consumer is to produce slight exhilaration and pleasant sensations. It is refreshing. It does not allay hunger, but creates it. The effects last for about an hour. There are no after-effects of the moderate use of the drugs. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing for it. .Charas is not used here, and by what I have written under answers 19,20, 21 and 22 it will appear that ganja is used both for smoking and eating. It is not used for drinking ; the effects of drinking and eating have been discussed above - Evidence  of  MR. A. H. PLUNKETT, City Magistrate, Poona.


44. (b) It is said to be so. (c) Yes. (d) Ganja is said to do. (e) Bhang is said to create appetite. (f) About six hours. (g) A little depression. (h) No.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LALLUBHAI GORDHANDAS, Vania, Huzur Deputy Collector, Nasik.


44. The immediate effect is to drown all anx i-ety, to remove mental depression, and to exhi-larate the spirits. A drink of bhang not much spiced and sweetened is refreshing. Such a drink does not cause intoxication, so to speak, beyond the raising up of spirits. Hunger is not allayed; on the contrary, it is very slightly stimulated. The effect lasts from two to six hours, the length of time depending on the state of health and the quantity used. No after-effects. Want of gratification does produce longing as also uneasiness, and there is an unwillingness to work and a disposition to take offence. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR NARAYAN GANESII DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Belgaum.


44. Bhang effects.— Succession of thoughts in the case of occasional drinkers, concentration and cheerfulness in the case of moderate daily drinkers, refreshing, produce cooling sensation, create appetite. Ganja effects.—Moderate smokers do their work well ; produce little intoxication, last for a very short time. Excessive ganja-smokers are weak and ill-fed. Excessive use of ganja destroys appetite, undermines the vital powers, and leads to insanity in many cases. Question 44 [oral evidence].—Such work as moderate smokers have to do, they do well. Moderate smoking is harmless if accompanied with proper food. It assists hard work. I think seven out of every ten extremely excessive smokers would become insane; not fit to go to the Colaba Asylum, but creatures that are unfit for anything except smoking. I have seen such in temples, fakirs and such people, in temples all day smoking with red eyes. None of them insane such as you would send to the asylum. I have not seen an insane person from hemp drugs. I do not know, of course, how lunatic asylum statistics are prepared. I do not think there is a popular belief that ganja makes a man mad, but that it makes him thus indifferent to the affairs of life and taking to smoking at the temple. I am sure that there is no popular belief that ganja is respon -sible for a large proportion of the lunatics in asylums. I speak of Gujarat. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHIMBHAI KIRPA RAM, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector of Surat.


37. Yes. The former is more intoxicating. Charas has a more intoxicating effect than ganja, it being the essence of the hemp plant. It is used in smoking, simply by adding godakho to it; while ganja is first perfectly cleaned and washed with water, and by mixing tobacco with the so -cleaned ganja it is used for smoking. Ganja is easily procurable at shops. But charas cannot be had in markets. 38. Round ganja is not prepared in this part of the country. Flat ganja has a more intoxicating effect on consumers than chur. Chur is nothing but a powder-like substance that remains at the bottom of the ganja prepared and collected. Chur is used for smoking only; while ganja is used for various preparations. 44. Habitual consumers do not get any intoxicating effect by a moderate use of any of these drugs. It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger; on the contrary it excites it. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for a couple of hours. As to after-effects, there are practically none. Yes ; the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Charas is never eaten or drunk as far as I know. It is either mixed with ganja or gudakho and smoked. Ganja is only smoked. Charas has a stronger effect. It stupefies one at once, that is, sooner than ganja, and the stupor lasts longer. Ganja if smoked stupefies one also at once but the stupor does not last long. When bhang is drunk as ghota or when majum is eaten it has also stupefying effects like ganja.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VYANKATESH BAPUJI WADEKAR, Deputy Collector, Ahmednagar


37. It has already been stated above that charas is not imported into and sold in the dis tricts of Gujarat. Those who have on some occasions smoked charas say that its effects are much stronger than those of ganja, and that a very small quantity of it produces great intoxi cation, In their opinion there is no further difference. 38. As flat ganja only is sold here, consumers are not able to furnish any information on this point. 44. The habitual consumers in moderate quan -tity of ganja feel hunger soon after they have smoked it. It produces intoxication, and conse -quently the smokers feel themselves refreshed ; but really speaking such is not the case in its pro -per sense. Habitual moderate consumers gene -rally smoke it thrice a day, viz., in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. Except in a few cases, the effects of the morning chillum lasts till noon, and of the noon chillum till the evening. In a few cases the effects do not last for more than 2 or 2 1/2 hours. If a consumer does not get his chillum at the proper time, he feels a slight headache and uneasiness and a longing for it. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DADABHAI DEENSHAH, Parsi, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate,1st Class, Kaira.


37. Charas is not used in these parts, and so the difference in effect cannot be explained. 38. Flat ganja is generally used, and not round ganja or chur in these parts. I think flat ganja is more appreciated than round ganja, the effect of intoxication being greater in the former than in the latter. 44. He feels a craving, and consequently the gratification seems to refresh him. It produces intoxication, during which the user may not feel the keenness of hunger. Ganja does not seem to create appetite as bhang or majum seems to do. The effect of intoxication seems to last for two or three hours. There seem to be no after-effects, except those produced by gradual use. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and consequent uneasiness. 57. I have never seen it eaten or drunk, nor have I heard in my enquiries that they are. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BHASKAR RAO RAMCHANDRA HEBLIKAR, Brahmin, Deputy Collector, Sholapur


37. Charas is not sold or used in this district. 38. Only one kind of ganja (flat) is known in this district. 44. Benumbing them from all anxieties of life; stimulates them to take to work; produces little intoxication and creates hunger. The effects of smoking last for a few minutes, but that of eating or drinking last for several hours. It cannot be said that it allays hunger. In moderate use there are no perceptible after-effects. 57. There are no instances of eating ganja to my knowledge in Khandesh. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR SITARAM DAMODAR, Huzur Deputy Collector, Khandesh


37. Charas smoking is not practised in this district. 38. Round ganja is not imported here for sale. The flat ganja is considered more intoxicating than the chur ganja. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer is that it is refreshing, and that it produces immediate intoxication, alleviates fatigue and creates appetite, but it does not allay hunger. The intoxication produced by ganja lasts for an hour. Its after-effects are generally attended with various emotions, such as the heaviness of the eyes and the production of cold. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and longing for the drug. 57. Ganja is not eaten or drunk to any great extent in this district, and hence no more information than what has already been given can be supplied. - Evidence of KHAN BHADUR RATANJI ERDALJI KANGA, Parsi, Deputy Collector and Magistrate, Dharwar.


37. Cannot answer. 38. Cannot answer. Only flat ganja is used in this district. 44. Ganja smoking in the case of habitual con-sumers is refreshing, produces intoxication, allays hunger, and creates appetite. The intoxication from ganja smoking lasts for about three hours. The intoxication from bhang drinking lasts for twelve hours. 57. Not eaten or drunk in this district. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR BAPUJI MAHIPAT KHARKAR, Kayasth, Huzur Deputy Collector and Magistrate, 1st Class, Satara.


37. Charas is rarely used in the Southern Mahratta country ; so nothing can be said of the effects it produces from smoking. 38. Only one kind of ganja is used in the Southern Mahratta country. 44. The immediate effects of the moderate use of any of the drugs is stated to be refreshing for a time. It produces intoxication. It allays hunger for a time, i.e., while the consumer is under intoxication. The effect of smoking is stated to last for two or three hours; but that of eating or drinking any of the preparations made of the drug is stated to last even for a day. The after-effect is stated to be drowsiness. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing or uneasiness. 57. Some years ago I had an occasion of observing the effects which the use of bhang for drinking produced on a novice. If I recollect well, the individual who used it began to act like a mad-man. When it seemed that he was highly intoxicated, he was kept in a dark room and given an antidote, which gradually restored him to his proper senses. I think he was only drowsy the whole night and had no sound sleep - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RANGO RAMCHANDRA BHARDI, Deputy Collector and Native Assistant to the Commissioner, Poona, Central Division.



37. I am informed that the smoking of charas produces more intoxication than that of ganja,
as it contains the active principle of the plant. 38. I am informed that no different effects in kind or degree are produced on the consumers. 57. Ganja and charas are neither eaten nor drunk in this part of the country - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RUDRAGOWDA CHANVIRGOWDA ARTAL, Lengayet, Deputy Collector, Bijapur.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer is to rouse his spirits. The use of ganja is said to be refreshing to the habitual consumer. It does produce intoxication in moderate consumers; drink prepared of ganja, that is, ghota, allays hunger. Smoking creates appetite. The effect of ganja-smoking lasts for about two hours. I am informed that the lassitude is the after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR RAMCHANDRA RAJARAM MULÉ, Deshastha Brahmin, Administrator of Jath, in Southern Mahratta Country.


37. Charas smoking is not known in this district. 38 and 39. Not known here. 44. The moderate use is said to produce very little intoxication and to create appetite. Its effect lasts for about one hour. There are no after effects except that the smoker generally needs substantial food. The want of subsequent grati fication does produce longing and uneasiness, but it causes no injurious effects. 57. As said before, ganja is eaten with other native medicines—vide answer to question No. 19. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR V. H. SHIKHRE, Brahmin, Huzur Deputy Collector, Alibagh, Kolaba District.


37. The effects of charas smoking are unknown here. 38. Flat ganja is alone to be had here. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use even of any of these drugs is this, that the eyes of the consumer become red and his disposition peevish. It does not produce perceptible hunger. It is not refreshing, but stupefying. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. The effect of ganja-smoking is not good, especially on those who do not use animal food. I have seen most of the ganja smokers to be thin men, unable to comprehend any subject patiently. The intoxication lasts from one to three hours. I have not heard of ganja and charas having been eaten or drunk. - Evidence of NARAYAN RAO BHIKHAJ1 JOGALEKAR, Brahmin, Pensioned Deputy Collector ; now Karbhari of the Aundh State.


57. Charas is said not to be consumed in Karwar. I have no information to give from personal knowledge. - Evidence of MR. H. INGLE, Retired Deputy Collector and Special Magistrate, First Class, Karwar.


37. As far as I have learnt, the effects of charas and ganja smoking are the same. The difference is said to be that charas is very much stronger than ganja. 38. Round ganja is not known in Bombay. Flat ganja is usually smoked here. Garda, when smoked, is usually mixed with flat ganja. Garda is seldom smoked without being mixed with flat ganja, and then only because it is cheaper. The difference between the effects of flat ganja and garda smoking is, I understand, one of degree; the latter being weaker in its effects than flat ganja. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer is said to be refreshing. It produces slight intoxication. It creates an appetite, gives sound sleep, and acts as a digestive. The effects last about three hours. The after-effects are lassitude , prompting subse -quent gratification, and producing a longing and uneasiness until the want is again supplied. The immediate effect of bhang on the moderate habitual consumer is said to be refreshing. It produces slight intoxication. It creates an appetite, and the effect lasts about seven hours. The after-effects are said to be similar to those produced by ganja smoking. 57. I do not learn that ganja and charas are eaten or drunk in Bombay. Garda is drunk generally. Garda is also eaten with bhang ; but a very little of this preparation is consumed here. - Evidence of MR. W. ALMON, Assistant Collector, Abkari Department, Bombay.


37. Charas-smoking is not known in this part. 38. Flat ganja alone being used, I cannot an swer the question. 44. The immediate effect is to give a pleasant sensation, stimulation to work, and some appetite. Yes, it is refreshing. Yes, it produces intoxication, but not such as to deprive the consumer of his senses. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite to a small extent The effects last for about an hour or an hour and a half. Yes; the after-effects are general depression of spirits, moroseness and unwillingness to work. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing as well as uneasiness. 57. Charas is not used. The forms in which ganja is eaten have already been mentioned in reply to question No. 15. I have also briefly noticed, in reply to question No. 55, the use of such eatables made by the criminals to facilitate the commission of crime. I have nothing to add -  Evidence of R AO SAHEB GANESH PANDURANG THAKAR, Deshastha Brahmin, Mamlatdar, Pandharpur, Sholapur District, at present auditing the jamabandi accounts of the Poona  District, Poona.


37. Charas is not used in this part of the country. 38 and 39. Both the smoking of ganja and the drinking of bhang (ghota) produce intoxication. The smoking produces heat in the body. It increases appetite and is likely to affect injuriously the consumer's brain and blood if he is not, given sufficient food to eat. It is also likely to bring on asthma and cause disorder of lungs. Such are not the effects of the ghota, the use of which keeps intoxication longer than in the case or the ganjasmoking. It also sustains consumer's power of working. A ghota has a cooling effect in the end. It does not tend to increase appetite, nor is it so injurious to health. If consumed in a moderate quantity, it has these advantages. But ordinarily moderation is not observed, and its immoderate use is therefore injurious. 57. Ganja is not eaten in this part of the country. Bhang (ghota) is drunk. This and the effects of its use have already been mentioned above. Charas is not prepared in this part of the country. - Evidence of RAO SAHEB SHESHO KRISNA MUDKAVI, Mamlatdar of Taluka Bijapur, Bijapur.


44. The first effects are not always bad. The first dose is refreshing. It produces exhilaration of spirits, a merry mood and a pleasant sensation. The man seems to enjoy the intoxication, and no harm comes to him from such occasional use. but the fact is otherwise with a habitual consumer. At times he is wild, garrulous, and incoherent, and the excitement over he is disposed to sleep. There is the depression of spirit, a broken-down constitution, loss of appetite, derangement of the alimentary canal, and generally an anæmic appearance so characteristic of the habitual consumer of ganja. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB L. M. DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Poona City.


44. It is not really refreshing. Though habitual moderate use does not produce intoxication, yet its effects on the consumer's constitution and behaviour are unwholesome and bad ; because I have observed this in each ganja consumer's case whenever he came in contact with me, either as a witness in my court or as a friend in society. Question 44 [oral evidence].—I have certain friends who consume to excess, though they began moderately. Gradually they became unable to manage their affairs. The habitual moderate use is bad, as that leads to the habitual excessive use ; and this tends to make a man useless to society. It is the same with alcohol.  - Evidence of RAO SAHIB KRISHNAJI BALLAL DEVAL, Chitpavan, Brahmin, Mamlatdar and Magistrate, 1st Class, Chiplon.


44. The moderate use of ganja produces the following immediate effects on the habitual consumer:—It refreshes him. It excites his hunger. It creates appetite. The effects last for an hour or so after smoking. It does not produce intoxi cation. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness.  -  Evidence of BALKRISHNA NARAYAN VAIDYA, Parbhu, State Karbhari of Sangli.


37. Charas has more intoxicating effect than ganja, being the essence of the plant. It is used in smoking simply by adding gudakhu, while ganja is first perfectly cleaned and washed with water, and by mixing gudakhu to the so-cleaned ganja it is used for smoking. The latter is easily procurable at the shops, but the former cannot be had in shops, but it is used by cultivators while harvesting. 38. Round ganja is not prepared in this district. Flat ganja has more intoxicating effect on consumers than chur. Chur is nothing but a powder-like substance that remains at the bottom of the ganja prepared and collected. Chur is sometimes used for smoking, while ganja is used for various preparations. 44. Habitual consumers do not get any intoxi -cating effect by a moderate use of any of these drugs. It is refreshing in a less degree. It does not produce intoxication at all. It does not allay hunger, but excites it. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for a few hours. As to after-effects there are practically none. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Charas mixed with a little of gudakhu is simply used for smoking. Its production being scanty, its use is also limited. The effects and uses of ganja used in moderation, specially in eating and drinking, by admixture of some sweet spices are good. It produces sound sleep, increases appetite, avoids dysentery, and is useful to the native doctors for medicinal purposes on various occasions  - Evidence of DADABHAI BURJORJEE GUZDER, Parsi, District Abkari In spector, Ahmednagar.


37. As charas smoking is so very rare in this district, the difference between the effects of ganja and charas smoking cannot be stated. 38. Only flat ganja is known in this district. So the difference in the effects between it and the round and chur ganja cannot be stated. 44. The immediate effect of moderate ganja smoking on the habitual smoker is that it is refreshing. It produces intoxication and creates appetite. The effect lasts for about an hour, and after that time there is a depression of mind. The want of subsequent smoking produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja and charas are not known to be eaten or drunk in this district. - Evidence of KHAN SAHIB NASARVANJI EDALJI SETHNA, Parsi, Abkari Inspector, Satara.


37. Both ganja and charas produce immediate intoxication ; but that produced by charas smoking lasts longer and is more harmful. 38. The three different kinds of ganja are not known here ; but it is said by North India men that chur is much more intoxicating than the Deccan ganja. 44. The immediate effect of ganja on a habitual but moderate smoker is said to be refreshing and only highly intoxicating. It is said to create appetite. Bhang takes longer time to operate, but its ultimate effect is similar. The duration of influence varies with the quantity used. Habitual but moderate consumers do not acknowledge any bad after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification is said to cause longing, listlessness, depression of spirits, heaviness of limbs and loss of appetite, and to disturb digestion. 57. Charas is not known either to be eaten or drunk in the Deccan. Ganja, as stated above in reply No 15, is rarely drunk as bhang, and in that case it is more intoxicating than bhang. - Evidence of YASHVANT NILKANTH, Patana Prabhu, Superintendent, Office of Survey Commissioner, and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay.


44. Refreshing; creates appetite. Lasts about twelve hours. Leaves a feeling of lassitude -  Evidence of MR. G. P. MILLET, Divisional Forest Officer, West Thana, Thana.


37. Charas smoking is said to be stronger and more injurious than ganja smoking. Produces headache. Ganja is said not to. 38. None but flat ganja known in this district. 44. Vide answer to question 41. Both ganja and bhang produce intoxication if too freely taken. Their consumption in moderation does no harm, and is supposed to increase the appetite. Effects of bhang drinking last four or five hours, unless taken in excess. Effects of ganja smoking last an hour or two. Of eating and drinking, some four or five hours. The appetite for these drugs has to be periodically gratified, or longing and, to habitual excessives, even uneasiness would ensue. 57. Ganja and charas, when taken too freely, or even by a novice in moderation, have much the same effect, causing excitement, raving, determin -ates inclination to violent crime, talkativeness, abuse, insolence, etc., when taken in excess, torpor, giddiness and complete stupefaction, rendering the subject helpless. Taken in extreme moderation they produce a soothing and satisfying effect. They are used to some extent as anæsthetics and are never known to be fatal in excessive quantities, though they cause extreme prostration. - Evidence of MR. H. KENNEDY, District Superintendent of Police, Ahmednagar


38. The smoking of ganja is said to have a longer lasting intoxicating effect than the other two. 44. It appears to produce a sort of pleasant intoxication. It does not allay hunger but promotes it. After the intoxication stage, which lasts generally from three to seven hours, the consumer feels languid and dull. The want of subsequent gratification produces desire for it. 57. Neither ganja nor charas is eaten or drunk here. - Evidence of MR. J. E. DOWN, Districts Superintendent of Police, Satara.


37. A greater degree of intoxication is produced by charas than by ganja. 38. Flat ganja is supposed to have more intoxicating effect than round ganja or chur. 44. The immediate effect of ganja smoking is a greater or less degree of intoxication, whereas some time elapses before the bhang drinker arrives at that stage, and both have a temporarily refreshing effect. Ganja smoking creates appetite, or more correctly speaking voracitv, which, if habitually fully appeased, leads to digestive troubles. The duration of the effect of either smoking or drinking ganja and bhang depends to a great extent on the constitution of the consumer, but with a moderate dose should not last more than about two hours, and there remains a certain amount of drowsiness after the intoxication has passed off. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, but to a greater extent in the case of the ganja smoker than in that of the bhang drinker. - Evidence of MR. F. T. V. AUSTIN, District Superintendent of Police, Surat.


37. Charas is stronger than ganja. 38. No. - Evidence of Mr. DHANJISHA DADABHOY, Parsi, District Superintendent of Police, Thana.


37. Charas is not used in this State, but I am told by people who have smoked it that its effect is much stronger than ganja. This I am told is the only way in which the effect of charas, when smoked, differs from ganja. The fumes of charas when inhaled, are said to be much cooler than those of ganja. 38. Flat ganja only is used locally. People who have travelled in India say they prefer round ganja when procurable. It is said to be stronger than flat ganja. Flat ganja is also said to produce thirst and a burning sensation in the throat, stomach and chest, which is not experienced by smoking round ganja. Round ganja is also said to have less seeds and leaves. Broken ganja is said to produce more cough than round or flat ganja, and is never used for smoking if it can be avoided. Broken ganja is invariably used for making majum or fakki. 4. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumer is that it re -freshes him, and creates appetite, but it does not produce intoxication. The effects of bhang lasts for about three hours if taken on an empty stomach. If food be taken immediately after, the effect does not last so long. There are no after-effects from the occasional moderate use of bhang. If taken to excess by an occasional moderate consumer, it produces intoxication for many hours, and when he regains consciousness, he feels a severe headache. The first smoke in the morning only is said to produce any effect on the smokers of the drug. If they smoke all day it is the same, but they never become intoxicated. The first smoke is said to be refreshing, and the effect of it will last for about two hours, but it is usually maintained by recourse to another smoke. Having recourse to the second
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pipe before the effect of the first has passed off, I think accounts for the idea that the first smoke only is effective. The effect appears to be main-tained from morning till night by continuous smoking. Smoking ganja and charas do produce after-effects, which are said to be as follows. They are usually felt the first thing in the morning; but with the first smoke they all disappear. Water runs from the eyes and nostrils, eyes become red and pus oozes from them during sleep, aching of the limbs and joints, headache and sleeplessness. The want of subsequent gratifica tion goes produce uneasiness and longing for the drug. Cessation of the use of the drug is invariably followed by diarrhœa, flatulence, loss of appetite, in digestion, headache and general indisposition. The general idea is that these drugs create appetite, and again smokers say that if they have no food or water, which is very often the case with fakirs and sadhus when travelling, they can manage without food or water for a considerable time without feeling the pangs of hunger or thirst provided they have ganja. times eaten by fakirs and sadhus when they are unable to procure fire. Its narcotic properties when eaten are said to be stronger than when smoked or drunk, and that the effects last longer. For the effects of bhang, see paragraph 41. - Evidence of MR. T. G. FOARD, Superintendent of Police, Cambay.


37. I have already mentioned above that charas is not produced nor sold in this district. Those who have smoked charas say that its effects are much stronger than those of ganja, and a small quantity of it produces more intoxication. 38. Only flat ganja is sold and consumed in this district, so I am unable to furnish information on this subject. 44. The habitual consumer of ganja feels hunger soon after smoking it, as it produces intoxication, and the smoker feels refreshed. In some cases the effects do not last for more than two hours, and if a consumer does not get smoking at its time, he feels sometimes headaches or uneasiness.  - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NANABHOY COWASJI, Parsi, City Police Inspector, Surat.


37. The effect of charas smoking is stronger than the same on account of ganja smoking.  44. It is exhilarating and inebriating. The individual under its effect is for the most part cheerful and agreeable. It is refreshing and pro duces sleep, quieting the nervous system. It creates appetite. The effect lasts three hours generally. Except slight windiness or slight lowness of spirits, and sometimes diarrhœa, there is no other after-effect. Yes, want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. - Evidence of RAO SAHIB PRANSHANKAR, Brahmin, Inspector of Police, Detective Branch, Bombay.


44. Don't know. Writers on Materia Medica given certain uses for the drug, but they are so uncertain in their statements that I doubted their correctness, and have never used it. - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. A. MACONACHIE, M.D., Principal, Grant Medical College, Bombay.


37. Charas is a stronger preparation than ganja, and the intoxication produced thereby is more lasting in its effects. The intoxication resulting from the use of ganja-smoking lasts usually for about a couple of hours. The intoxication produced by bhang results in a condition of hilarity and hallucinations of a pleasurable nature, and during this condition the appetite is enormously increased. 44. Primarily stimulant ; secondarily anodyne, sedative and antispasmodic. Narcotic in large doses. In small doses it is said to allay hunger; in moderately large doses it is believed to increase the appetite ; diuretic and parturifacient properties have been assigned to it, but these latter require confirmation. Narcotic and intoxicant effect usually lasts a couple of hours. Slight longing or uneasiness is felt by the want of it. No marked after-effects. The following have been noted as occurring after its use :—Dullness, laziness, redness of the conjunctivæ, thirst, appetite increased. 57. Ganja is said sometimes to be eaten in a pan-ka-bidda.* In this form it produces slight intoxication; but this is only the case in excessive habitual consumers. 57 (a). Besides ganja, charas and bhang, there is a preparation in the form of a sweetmeat in thin, square, semi-transparent, light-greenish pieces, about 2½ inches square. It consists of bhang, sugar, butter, flour and milk. This is also eaten to produce its intoxicant and narcotic effects. This preparation is known and sold in the bazars as under the name of majum. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR H. W. B. BOYD, Superintendent, Colaba Lunatic Asylum, Bombay.


37. Charas and ganja produce immediate intoxication, the effect of the former lasting longer. Ganja-smoking does not lead to excessive narcotism, and the effects pass off sooner. The narcotism induced by bhang will vary with the quantity drunk. It comes on later and lasts for a longer time than that from ganga. 44. The moderate habitual use of these drugs, especially bhang, is refreshing, slightly intoxicating, and creates appetite. The effects last for about six to eight hours. Feeling of depression, blunting or impairment of taste, slight feeling of heaviness in head are the usual after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification causes longing and uneasiness. 57. When ganja or charas is eaten or drunk, the effects are more marked than in the case of bhang. Ganja or charas is rarely taken in this way, and then only in the absence of bhang. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. MCCONAGHY, Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Poona.


37. Charas is practically unknown in this district as also drinking of preparations of bhang. 44. Said to have a soothing effect. Stated to be refreshing and not to produce intoxication in moderate quantities. It does not allay hunger ; on the contrary, said to increase the appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, and sometimes a feeling of weakness of the extremities. 57. Charas appears to be unknown in this district as also ganja drinking or eating. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. C. DAVIDSON, Acting Civil Surgeon, and Superintendent of the Jail and Lunatic Asylum, Dharwar.


37. The effects of ganja smoking are immediate. Bhang acts in about an hour or two, when taken after a meal. It acts in less than half an hour on an empty stomach. The effects of ganja are transient ; those of bhang last for hours. Ganja has to be repeated frequently to keep up its effects. In moderate men bhang has seldom to be repeated. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja is exhilarating to a man who has followed his daily avocations and is looking forward to his customary smoke; it is also refreshing. It renders a man talkative, but does not intoxicate It does intoxicate men not accustomed to it. It staves off hunger. The effect of ganja is transient. It lasts for an hour or two at the utmost. Want of a ganja smoke to a habitual but moderate smoker produces uneasiness. The man misses his little excitement. There is always a longing for it among confirmed smokers. The same is the case with habitual moderate bhang drinkers. Bhang drinking is decidedly cooling at first; by-and-bye the drinker feels exhilarated; within half an hour he becomes talkative, after which he feels sleepy, especially if he is a novice. The sleep is full of dreams. On waking there is a desire for food. The desire for food is in some instances immediate ; and a man may eat voraciously under its influence. Some prefer taking bhang on an empty stomach ; others take it a couple of hours after food. In the former case the effect is more rapid for obvious reasons. After the drinker wakes from his sleep, if he is an habitual, he goes to work as usual, but if he is a mere beginner he feels heavy in the head and still continues to be talkative. He often gets double-vision. The effects pass off in about five or six hours. With habitual drinkers beyond talkativeness there is no marked effect. They appear happy. They have not to lie down, or go to sleep after their usual drink. The habitual use of these drugs, even in a moderate degree, is looked upon as vice. It is, however, not considered wrong by the devotees of Shiva to indulge in ganja or bhang on days held sacred to that divinity. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR K. R. KIRTIKAR, Civil Surgeon, Thana, and Medical Officer, Thana Depot and District Jail


Cannabis causes mirthful delirium, causeless fits of laughter, dilatation of the pupils and hallucinations, whereas alcohol leads to contraction of the pupils, furious excitement and more marked unsteadiness of gait. By smoking ganja and charas, mental, digestive, and consequently the physical, powers of the body are impaired. In extreme cases it leads to melancholy, impotence and dropsy.  - Evidence of RAO SAHEB BHICAJEE AMROOT CHOBHE, Brahmin, Assistant Surgeon, Poona City.


37. I have had no experience of the effects of charas smoking, which is wholly practised in shops at Bombay. The effects produced by the drinking of bhang are of a mild exhilarant character, and free from any tendency to commit violence or self destruction, Charas is not used in this district. Drinking bhang is considered a safer and more healthy practice than smoking ganja. 44. The immediate effect is that of slight excitement with incoherent and a rapid succession of thoughts. In small doses it is refreshing. In large doses it produces intoxication. The effects last for four or five hours. The after-effects are languor and lassitude. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DOSSABROY PESTONJEE, Parsi, Assistant Surgeon, Parakh Dispensary, Surat, and Honorary Assistant Surgeon to His Excellency the Viceroy.


37. The effects produced by charas-smoking are similar to those produced by ganja-smoking, ex
cept that the effects are intensified in charas-smoking. The nature of the effect of bhang-drinking is different from smoking ganja. intoxication of ganja is stronger, more rapid and less lasting. In the case of ganja the intoxication lasts for about three hours. Ganja is considered hot. Bhang is cooling. The intoxication of bhang is milder, not so rapid and more lasting than ganja. In case of bhang the intoxicating effects are gradually developed, while in case of ganja they develop immediately. The intoxication of bhang lasts for about six hours. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs on the habitual consumer is refreshing and exhilarating. It does not produce so much intoxication because he is accustomed to the drug. It does create some appetite. The effect in the case of ganja lasts for about 2 or 3 hours, and in the case of bhang it lasts for about 4 to 6 hours. There are no after-effects except temporary longing for it and slight uneasiness.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR THAKORDAS KIKABHAI, Bania, Assistant Surgeon, Wadhwan Civil Station, Kathiawar.


37. The difference lies in the degree. Smoking charas has an instantaneous effect. Ganja smoked takes a longer time to have its effects, and bhang still more so than charas. The immediate is effect on a habitual consumer is that it is an excitant and refresher. In larger doses it intoxicates. It allays hunger and also creates appetite in moderate dose. The effect of moderate dose lasts for about 3 hours. The after effects are exhaustion, depression, etc. In habitual excessive smokers it produces uneasiness and longing. 57. Ganja is eaten by mixing with sugar, " gur," jagri, and drunk in the shape of sherbet, or as it is called here " ghota" or bhang.  - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON ABDUL GHANI, Hakim, in charge of Gadag Dispensary, Gadag, Dharwar District.


37. The effects of bhang drinking are in my opinion not much different from those of ganja smoking, except, perhaps, that the intoxication produced by the former is slightly milder in character and later in its appearance. 44. The immediate effect of ganja smoking upon the habitual consumer is of a pleasing and exhilarating kind. I believe he becomes possessed of a feeling of happiness and contentment, whilst he notices all sorts of ideas, both pleasant and grotesque, rapidly passing through his mind. His eyes, which perhaps before were dull and listless, now become bright and shiny, and he feels himself now up to his usual work, and in this way the effects may be termed refreshing. Ganja smoking produces in the habitual consumer a slight heightening or exhilaration of the spirits, which can hardly be said to amount to intoxication in him. When the habit of ganja smoking is first formed, the appetite is said to be increased ; but when the habit is long continued and confirmed, it, on the contrary, is lessened. The want of subsequent gratification produces a sense of discomfort and a longing for it ; it makes the man peevish and irritable, and renders him unfit for the regular or full performance of his usual avocations for some time. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON B. H. NANAVATTY, Parsi, and Teacher of Surgery and Midwifery, Medical School, Ahmedabad.


37. Charas is more intoxicating than ganja. Bhang drinking is not so intoxicating as smoking ganja or charas. 44. It is refreshing. It does produce intoxication. It allays hunger. After a few hours it creates appetite. The effects last from two to four hours. It induces sleep, at the end of which no effect remains. The want of subsequent gratification produces no longing or uneasiness. 57. I am not aware of ganja or chains being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT BHAU SACCARAM, Brahmin, Raipur Dispensary, Ahmedabad.


44. The immediate effect is excitement. It is felt refreshing for the time being. It is not intoxicant to the habitual consumer, but it is so to a new person. While under influence of it the man may not feel appetite, but it does not allay it entirely. It has no particular effect in creating appetite, but men are seen to require greater quantity of food when they become habitual consumers than when they were not ; but it has no immediate effect of this kind. Occasional consumer also takes greater quantity of food for one subsequent meal. On habitual consumer the effect lasts apparently for an hour or so and on occasional consumer for some hours and in proportion to the quantity taken. On the habitual consumer there are not apparently any of the socalled after-effects except that they are weaker, of changed complexion (sallow) and temper, but these are not immediate. On the occasional consumer there are depression of spirits, languor, melancholy, and disinclination to work, constipation. To the habitual consumer such a want causes great uneasiness, craving and longing ; but to any other man, who once has used it, would not necessarily like to take it again. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT RAJANA LOKAJEE, Máli Telgu, Thana.


37. I do not think that there is any difference in the effects in any particular of charas and ganja smoking. The narcotic effects of ganja and charas begin soon after smoking ; but in case of bhang drinking the effect is produced in quarter or half hour or longer, depending upon the quantity and quality. 44. These drugs produce dull, heavy head, and succession of unconnected ideas or cheerful activity, giddiness or a tendency to talk, laugh, sing or dance, on the habitual consumer. Sometimes it is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does not create appetite. Duration of its effects cannot be specified, as it varies with the quality and quantity used. There are not any after-effects, sometimes headache. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja is eaten in absence of accommodation for smoking by some as well as those who take religious objection in smoking ; the effects of ganja by chewing are milder than smoking. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT JAMIATRAM JEYASHUNKER, Nagar Brahmin, West Hospital, Rajkot, Kattiawar.


37. Charas is not used in this part of the country, and consequently I do not know the difference of effects in them. Yes ; the effect of drinking bhang differs from smoking ganja. The effect of smoking is immediate on blood into the lungs, and hence to the heart, and directly then to the brain, but passes off soon. Whereas that from drinking bhang it acts on the general system and may last from an hour upwards to 12 hours or more. 44. It generally produces rather refreshing, cheerful activity, feeling of happiness and contentment, ideas of pleasing kind passing rapidly through the mind, tendency to talk, sing, laugh or dance, then giddiness and succession of unconnected ideas, and also intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. The effect of drinking lasts ordinarily about 6 to 12 hours, while in smoking one to two hours. After-effects, idleness or laziness, uneasiness or longing, loss of appetite, owing to the want of subsequent gratification. 57. Ganja, charas are used in smoking so far I know in this part of the country, but charas is generally not in use this side.  - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SUDASHIO WAMON, Brahmin, Mansa, Mahikantha


37. As stated before, the use of charas is not known in this district, hence inability to compare its effects with those of ganja and bhang. Answer to the latter portion of this question is given in reply to question No. 39. 44. To the habitual moderate consumer, the effect is somewhat exhilarating. There is no intoxication. It is stomachic. The effect lasts from four to ten hours. There are no after-effects, but withholding any further supply produces general uneasiness, want of spirits, and pain in the limbs. 57. Here we don't know of charas. Ganja is only used for smoking. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PHIROZSILAW D. COOPER, Parsi, in charge Dispensary, Ilao.


37. It is said that charas smoking has more intoxicating effect than ganja smoking ; but the effect is produced instantaneously by 'both. The drinking of bhang produces effect slowly. 44. It is refreshing, and it creates appetite. These drugs produce intoxication when used excessively. Moderate use allays hunger for a time. The effect lasts from two to four hours. 57. Ganja and bhang are eaten and drunk. Their excess use produces intoxication and delirium - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT SHAIK SURFRAZ HAKIM, Nasik.


37. I think the effects of ganja and charas smoking are the same, charas being stronger. Bhang drinking is milder than either of them. 44. The immediate effect on the moderate habitual consumer is primarily refreshing and pleasing by temporary stimulation of the nervous system. Its secondary effect is intoxication, followed by languid uneasiness and depression, when the time comes for another dose to get refreshed. All these effects are more severely produced in the case of habitual excessive consumer. The drug has no effect in allaying hunger. 57. I have no instances of ganja and charas ever being eaten or drunk. - Evidence of HOSPITAL ASSISTANT PURSON SINGH CHATTRY, Sholapur.


37. The intoxication of charas is more instantaneous but less lasting than that produced by ganja. Its use is said to be less injurious than that of ganja. It is said also that its want never causes any longing or uneasiness. 38. If there be any difference at all, it must be one of degree and not in kind. Round ganja is said to contain more resin than the flat variety (if I may use the term), while the " chur " derived from it during the process of manufacture and packing is said to be, when recent, more powerful than the other two forms. It however soon gets deteriorated by keeping and hence is generally rejected by good smokers. 44.The effect of moderate use on a habitual consumer is refreshing and slightly intoxicating. It is said to increase hunger. The effect of smoking charas lasts about an hour or two, that of ganja smoking for two or three hours and that of drinking bhang lasts from six to twelve hours. The only after-effects are thirst and dulness of spirit. The want of subsequent gratification does produce a little longing and uneasiness, but not in the case of charas. 57. I don't know that charas is used internally in any part of India. The internal use of ganja in this province in the form of majum and other hemp sweetmeats and that of broken ganja as a substitute for bhang in the preparation of the beverage called " ghota," has been already fully dealt with under question 19. The use of the broken ganja for preparing the drink is most injurious, producing insanity, diarrhœa, dysentery and wasting of the body. It is desirable that Government should prohibit its internal use. - Evidence of GANESH KRISHNA GARDE, * Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Poona City


37. I have no experience of charas. 44. I believe the immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs on the habitual consumer to be refreshing, exhilarating, allaying hunger and creating appetite. Their effect lasts about a couple of hours. There are no bad after effects, nor does their want produce any uneasiness. I have known individuals who have given up the habit with great facility. 57. I have mentioned that a confection of hemp ganja called majum is eaten, called by Garcia d'Orta tetuario de maju, or majum electuary. I also know of a native beer, called bhoj, used in the Deccan. It is brewed from jowari grain malted to which bhang is added. My experience is extremely limited in this case. Of charas I know nothing. - Evidence of J. GERSON DA. CUNHA, Medical Practitioner, Esplanade, Bombay.


37. The effects of charas and ganja smoking are the same ; perhaps a little different in degree. The effect of drinking bhang is at first a little stimulating. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs is refreshing. It creates good appetite. The effect lasts for about an hour or two. The want of subsequent gratification always produces uneasiness and a longing for them in those who are habituated to use them - Evidence of EDALJI NASHIRVANJI, Parsi, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


37. Charas is not so much in vogue as ganja in these parts; still some persons use it, and from observations it is known that the effects of charas smoking are to a certain extent different to those of ganja smoking. Ganja produces for a time a refreshing or exhilarating effect, and then drowsiness, while charas produces drowsiness immediately and then insensibility. There is also a marked difference in the duration of the effect ; that for charas lasts for several hours, while that for ganja is not much prolonged. 44. I am of opinion that the immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs on the habitual consumer is to cause a refreshing or exhilarating sensation, followed by intoxication, not in the sense caused by alcoholic stimulants. I believe these drugs in moderate doses produce appetite, in some cases even ravenous appetite. The effect in the majority of cases lasts from 3 to 4 hours, sometimes 6 hours. The after-effects are those of exhaustion of the nervous system, lassitude, inability to work, and I am inclined to believe the want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of BHALCHANDRA KRISHNA BHATAVADEKAR, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


37. The effects of charas are more narcotic. 44. Bhang.—It produces a pleasant narcotic sensation, gives appetite first, but afterwards allays hunger. The mind becomes deranged after a long use, more so after the use of ganja, and the sexual powers are totally diminished or lost after ganja smoking. It does produce a longing.  - Evidence of ISMAIL JAN MOHOMED, Khoja, Physician, Bombay.


44. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger, except taken with milk, etc. The aftereffects are laziness and inaptitude for work, and want of sleep and appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Evidence of ARDESIR DADABHOY MODY, Parsi, J.P., Member, Municipal Corporation, Medical Practitioner, Bombay.


37. The effect of charas is to stupefy the consumer. Ganja excites the man. 38. I do not know round ganja. The narcotic effect of fiat ganja is stronger than that of chur or broken ganja. 44. The immediate effects of the moderate use of ganja and bhang on the habitual consumer are refreshing and produce little intoxication. In some cases it creates appetite and in some cases it does not create appetite. At times man gets vomit. The effect lasts for about seven hours. The aftereffects are dulness and dryness of the mouth, and the want of subsequent gratification is produced. 57. The effects of eating and drinking ganja and charas are not in any way different from those of smoking. - Evidence of UTTAMRAM JEEWANRAM, ITCHAPOORIA, Audesh, Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay and Surat.


37. The narcotic effects of charas are more than those of ganja. Charas is two or three times stronger than ganja. 38. Flat ganja has more narcotic effect in it than round ganja, and broken ganja has less narcotic effect in it than round ganja. 44. The habitual moderate consumer of ganja feels refreshed after taking ganja. It produces very little intoxication on him. It increases appetite, and keeps the consumer in good humour. The intoxication lasts for about two to three hours, after which time want of subsequent gratification is produced, and if the man does not get ganja to smoke he feels uneasy. The consumers of bhang generally take bhang twice in a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. Bhang does not stop a man from his work. The intoxication of bhang lasts for about seven to eight hours. No longing for subsequent gratification is produced in the case of bhang. But the man feels dull after the intoxication is over.  - Evidence of KESHOWRAM HARIDAT, Chcepooria, Audesh Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya) , Render, Surat and Bombay.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang on the habitual consumer is to refresh him and make him feel cheerful. He does not become intoxicated. His appetite is increased. The duration of the effect greatly depends on the constitution; it may be said to last from four to five hours. The habitual ganja smoker is rather worse if kept without his usual allowances of the drug. - Evidence of MR. PURBHURAM JEEWANRAM, Nagar Brahmin, Native Doctor (Vaidya), Bombay.


37. The only difference I know is that charas is very much stronger in intoxicating effects than ganja. 38. The intoxicating effects of flat ganja are very much greater than that of garda on the consumers. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja and charas on the habitual consumer is refreshing ; they produce slight intoxication ; they create an appetite ; and the effect lasts for about one hour. The immediate after-effects is a feeling of lassitude and dulness. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. As regards bhang, no immediate effect is produced. Intoxicating is produced after about one hour ; the drinker feels refreshed ; his appetite is sharpened, and the effect lasts about six hours. The after-effect is a slight lassitude, The want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing and uneasiness. The difference between bhang and garda is that the intoxicating effects of garda are greater than bhang.  - Evidence Of VITHALDAS PRANJIWANDASS, Bhunksali Landlord and Trader, late Intoxicating Drugs Farmer, Bombay.


37. The effects of charas smoking are different than those of ganja smoking. Charas is a stronger drug to smoke than ganja. It is in its effect very obnoxious to system, more so than ganja. 38. Flat ganja is generally used for smoking purposes. Round and char ganja is used as bhang for drinking purposes. Pure bhang is not produced in this district. Chur is merely the mixture of the two varieties and is not, as such, pure. It is less strong than the latter varieties. 44. The moderate use has the following effects :— (a) It acts as a stimulant. (b) Exhilarates the spirit. (c) Increases the appetite.Yes ; it is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication like that of alcohol. It does not allay hunger ; on the contrary, increases hunger. The effects last from four to six hours. After-effects of moderate use are in fact none so to say. No ; the want off subsequent gratification does not produce any longing or uneasiness, even in pretty larger doses. 57. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk in this district. They are only smoked.
 - Evidence of RAMCHANDRA KRISHNA. KOTIIAVALE, Brahmin, Inamdur, Taluka Wai, in Satara District


37. The difference in the effects of charas from ganja smoking, so far as I have been able to ascertain from the sadhus, etc., is that while the former does not cause constipation of the bowels, the latter does so long as its effect lasts. If ganja is smoked just at the time when one is disposed to answer the call of nature, his bowels would be constipated so long as the effect would last; but alter the intoxication has gone down they would move. The smoking of lilavo ganja causes taja garmi, as the native doctors call it—a disposition to skin diseases. It also brings on headache. Charas, garda, or baluchar smoking does not cause these just mentioned effects. It simply brings on a refreshing sort of rosy intoxication. 38. Except the effects of smoking lilavo ganja which are mentioned in the just preceding answer those of gardo and baluchar differ only in degree. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of all the three drugs on the habitual consumer is indeed refreshing. Being habitual, it doss not produce intoxication, but it infuses vigour and strength in the system. It would never allay hunger, but would whet appetite and help digestion Comparatively the effect of bhang lasts for a longer time than that of ganja. So long as the effect of bhang continues, it acts as a digestive, but after it has gone down it produces windiness. The use of charas and ganja necessitates the use of milk, sugar or sugarcandy, and ghi (clarified butter), for without them health would be undermined. But if they are taken, strength of body would increase. Similarly, if proper food be not taken, health would be seriously undermined, and blood would consume away. Those who use these two drugs like very much to eat sweetmeats, and believe that without the latter the body would be wasted away. - Evidence of DESAIBHAI KALIDAS, Brahmin (Khedaval), Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Kaira.


44. The effect of moderate use of these drugs is refreshing. Yes, it produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. Yes, it creates appetite.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR GOVINDRAO RAMCHANDRA GARUD, Pleader Dhulia, Khandesh


37. Charas is not at all used here, but from information received I learn that it is more intoxicating than ganja smoking. 38. Only flat ganja is used here. Chur ganja is used by the poorer classes of consumers. The chur is less intoxicating than the flat ganja. 44. Immediate effect exhilaration of spirits, attended with a peculiar kind of hallucination of a pleasing kind. Refreshing to a certain extent. Intoxication later on. It in the first place produces hunger. Yes ; it creates appetite. Effect lasts for between two and four hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and some uneasiness. 57. As far as my information goes, ganja and charas are not eaten in this district, I hear ganja mixed with sugar is eaten in the Bengal presidency - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR HUCHRAO ACHUT HARIHAR, Deshast Brahmin, Pleader, District Court, Belgaum.


37. Charas is not smoked in this district, and therefore no answer can be given to this question. 38. Ganja, flat or round, produces more intoxication than " chur." 44. The habitual consumers of bhang and ganja get themselves refreshed immediately if they use these drugs moderately. They can give strength to them only who can get sufficient milk and ghee. They do not produce intoxication in habitual moderate consumers, but produce in those only who use it but seldom. It does not allay hunger, but increases appetite. The intoxication lasts for about three hours. Afterwards they are consumed again ; and the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. I do not know about charas, nor I know whether ganja is used for drinking or eating purposes.  - Evidence of NARO DHAKADEO, Brahmin, Pleader, Jalgaon, District Khandesh


37. As charas is not consumed in this part, none could tell precisely anything about the effect of its smoking, much less about the difference in effects of charas smoking and that of other drugs. 38. I have not come across any keen observer amongst the consumers of hemp who could state the difference between the effects of the three different drugs, round ganja, flat ganja and chur or broken ganja. Some however say—I cannot myself say how far it is a truth—that the chur or broken ganja is held to be more powerful than either round or flat ganja, hence it may have a greater power of intoxication. 44. With the habitual moderate consumers, ganja can hardly have any particular effect, except that of giving temporary satisfaction, just as in the case of tobacco, or snuff or tea, the man feels slightly refreshed. There is, however, one difference, There is a limit beyond which consumer of tobacco or snuff or tea does not go. In the case of ganja, each dose increases the desire for another. It does not allay hunger as food does, but ganja-consumers, when hungry, may feel slightly relieved if they smoke. Drink prepared with milk will, of course, afford substantial relief. The use of ganja does sharpen appetite, and I am aware of instances where the ganja consumers eat recklessly, with a full belief in the efficacy of this drug to help speedy digestion. The effect of smoking is believed to last two hours at the least. That of drinking ghota depends on the strength of the mixture and the quantity taken. It is notorious that few smokers will stand the temptation, if they have the means and the time to indulge in repeated doses. But in the case of occasional consumer, the effects of smoking ganja are much different from those on the habitual smoker. The effects are : the tongue feels dry and there is a peculiar sensation of that organ being drawn down the throat. The body becomes warm, the eyes contract and there is a constant tendency to laughter. There is, as it were, a procession of incongruous and incoherent ideas, marching across the brain, one fancy dissipating the other in quick succession. The mucous membrane of the stomach becomes insensible, accompanied by an insatiable longing for food, Time becomes lengthened, a second is expanded into a minute, a quarter of an hour into an hour. The head gets confused and the smoker becomes dogmatic and argumentative. He is never violent ; the smoke mounts to the head in five minutes. After an hour's sleep the individual generally gets up light and refreshed. Lamplight promotes and accelerates the action of the smoke. The effects of ghota even in the case of an occasional drinker of it are more serious than when the drug is taken in the gaseous form. The action of the liquid and mixture is slower and culminates at the end of seven or eight hours according to the absorbing power of the stomach. Lamplight has the same effect on the drinker and smoker. The effects of ghota are of longer duration than those of smoking, though their nature is the same, varying only in intensity. Should there be any over-dose of ghota, the drinker hears strange noises, feels the limbs of his body torn and scattered in all directions, thinks he has no control over them, and at times is under the impression that a general dissolution of the body is coming on. He becomes sentimental, a little quarrelsome and peevish. There are amongst the general confusion of the brain, sudden and evanescent flashes of sensibleness accompanied by a persistent desire to impress upon the minds of his friends that he is in his senses. It is only after full twenty-four hours that the person regains a perfect command over his ordinary and moral thinking powers. The frame of mind in which a good dose of ghota leaves a person after twenty-four hours is one of melancholy and lassitude. When the moderate quantity of ghota which a novitiate ought to take is exceeded, the person at the height of its operation is sometimes known to weep in despair of life. Question 44 [oral evidence].—I have frequently noticed that people in a state of intoxication talk more if they are brought into a bright light. I cannot explain why this happens. 57. As I have said before, few people habitually eat or drink ganja on this side, because the habit is comparatively very costly. The occasion on which drinks are prepared by occasional and habitual consumers are too few and far between to afford any basis of any general deduction.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VISHWANATH KESHAWA JOGLEKAR, Brahmin, Sowkar, Karajgi in Dharwar District.


37. The charas is stronger than ganja 44. A moderate consumer is exhilarated and little intoxicated and is always with ready wits. It is sometimes refreshing and it is followed by depression. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for an hour. Nervousness and depression are the after-effects. It does produce longing. - Evidence of DINANATH SHIWSHANKER, Druggist and Chemist


44. There is no immediate effect on the consumer of bhang. The effect is felt after an hour or two. It is refreshing. It produces exhilaration. It creates an appetite. The effect lasts for about two or three hours. The moderate habitual consumer feels no ill after-effects. The want of
subsequent gratification produces a longing in the case of a habitual moderate consumer.  - Evidence* of NAWALCHAND HEERACHAND, Jeweller, Bombay.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang and ganja on the habitual consumers is said to be refreshing, producing moderate intoxication, and creating appetite. The effect of bhang lasts for about six hours, and that of ganja for about three hours ; the after-effects of bhang and ganja are unpleasant feelings of lassitude. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness.  - Evidence of JAMSEDJEE NASSERWANJEE GINWALLA,* Shenshai Parsi, Abkari and Opium Farmer, and proprietor of cotton-ginning factories, Ankleswar.



44. It produces pleasurable sensations. It never raises the spirit, but it generally depresses. The effect lasts from two to three hours. Its aftereffects are languor and dullness. - Evidence of KISAN DULICHAND, Licensed Vendor of Ganja, Nasik


37. Charas is said to be more intoxicating than ganja. It is more injurious to human constitution than ganja. 38. The three different preparations of ganja produce different effects on the consumers on account of the three being a degree more or less intoxicating. Proper effect is secured by the consumer increasing or decreasing the quantity of the ganja according to its strength. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is refreshing. It produces slight intoxication. It allays hunger and creates appetite, Its effects last for five or six hours, and the after-effects are not bad.  - Evidence of NANNU MIAN B.SHAIKH, Municipal Secretary, Surat.


37. Charas is believed to produce narcotic effect about twenty times more than common ganja. See answer to question 19. 38. I have stated under question 21 that chur is much more effective than flat ganja, 44. Moderate use immediately produces a state of drowsiness which is not unpleasant ; excessive use stupefies or produces delirium, but never intoxication. Moderate use is refreshing, creates appetite and makes the attention steady, thinking on the uppermost subject in the mind and performance of the work in hand, continuing without deviation till the effect lasts. Majum moderately taken at bed time gives good sleep. None of the drugs are known to produce any after-effect, but the want of gratification at the appointed time makes one dispirited or dejected. 57. I have not known ganja used for drinking.   - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR VENKAT RANGO KATTI, Pensioner, Dharwar.


37. The smoking of charas produces stronger intoxication than that of ganja smoking. 38. Of the three kinds of ganja (round, flat and chur) round is the best, flat better, chur is the last in point of intoxication. Round ganja is not imported into the Dharwar district, because its produce is limited. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of smoking on the habitual consumers is satisfaction, and they are intoxicated for about an hour and free from all cares. By eating and drinking the effect of intoxication remains for about six hours. This intoxication is looked upon as a relief. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does not create appetite. The after-effects tell upon the health of the consumers. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. Ganja is used for eating and drinking, but charas only for smoking mixed with tobacco. In smoking ganja, tobacco is mixed by half the quantity of ganja, and in smoking charas it is mixed by double. - Evidence of GURAPPA RACHAPPA, Lengayet, Office of Shetti (Revenue and Police), Dharwar.


37. I am not well acquainted with charas smoking. I have smoked a very few times. I
found charas very much stronger than ganja in its effects. The intoxication from charas is greater than from ganja, the throat is more parched, and the eyes become redder than when ganja is smoked. 38. I know flat ganja and garda. I have never myself smoked garda, but I have heard of its being smoked by the very poor classes of smokers. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja on the habitual consumer is instantaneous intoxication. It sets the mind at ease. It produces an appetite. The effect lasts for one to two hours. Immediately after finishing my smoke of ganja I drink about half seer of milk, and this prevents the parching of the throat and refreshes me. I enjoy good sound sleep afterwards and suffer no ill after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness. I have been a moderate habitual consumer for the last thirty years. 57. Ganja when eaten or drunk is much more powerful in its intoxicating effects than bhang. It is, I think, injurious to use it in these forms Ganja is very seldom eaten or drunk - Evidence of LALDAS LAXMONJI, Kshatriya, Solicitor's Clerk, Bombay.


44. Undoubtedly its moderate use tends to allay hunger, although it is said to stimulate the appetite greatly, and it is very refreshing. It is not intoxicating, and the effect is only temporary. If habitually drunk even in moderation, its want would be felt. 57. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk in Sind. The intoxicating qualities of the hemp plant are very remarkable. Thus it is stated to be an actual fact that persons passing by the crop when nearly ripe often feel their heads spin and indeed ache from its influence. Birds who, like squirrels, hares and rats, eat the seed greedily become so intoxicated by it that they can be caught by the hand, and I have seen a man who said he had himself caught them in that state more than once. - Evidence of MR. R. GILES, Collector, Shikarpur


37. Charas is said to induce immediate intoxication, and there is a Sindi saying in support of this. The action of ganja is slower, and, in order to accelerate its effect, tobacco is often smoked immediately after the drug has been taken. 38. Only the flat is supplied in this district. 44. Bhang if taken of moderate strength is refreshing. Intoxication can be induced by increasing the strength of the beverage. It does not allay hunger, but thirst. It is appetising. The period for which the immediate effects last varies. The after-effects are said to be lowering, and consumers become hypochondriac. The want of subsequent gratification is felt more intensely in the case of bhang. Ganja produces exhilaration. The effect is said to last somewhat less than an hour. It is said to produce warmth in the system, and for that reason is said to be frequently taken by persons when starting on a journey at night. A state of inertia follows the want of it. Charas is more rapid in its action than ganja, and vertigo frequently follows. It is said that in the case of these two drugs the habit can be easily broken off, whereas such is not the case as regards bhang. 52. They are only smoked here. - Evidence of Mr. C. E. S. STAFFORD STEELE, Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Thar and Parkar District.


37. In my opinion the effects of charas smoking are as bad as those of ganja. From a teetotaller's point of view one is as bad as the other. 38. I cannot answer this question, as we have got only one kind of genie used in Sind. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer is that he finds himself to be refreshed, and it produces a little intoxication, creates appetite and the effects of intoxication last for a few hours. The habitual moderate consumer feels himself very uneasy if he does not get his smoke or dose at his usual times. 57. Ganja and charas are not known to be eaten or drunk in Sind. They are only smoked. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR KADIRDAD KHAN GUL KHAN, C.I.E., Deputy Collector, Naushahro


37. Do not know, as ganja is rarely smoked in Sind; and I could not get hold of a ganja smoker to describe its effects. 38. Do not know. 44. (1.) Bhang.— It is refreshing, produces moderate degree of intoxication after an hour or so, allays hunger in the commencement, and creates appetite, when intoxication comes on. The effect lasts from 3 to 6 hours. Its after-effects are laziness, heaviness of limbs, flatulence, etc., in the cold season. (2.) Charas.— Is not refreshing, but produces intoxication immediately. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. Its effects last for one or two hours only. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing in habitual consumers of the drug. 57. Do not know, as ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk in this part of the country - Evidence of S. SADIK ALI SHERALI, Deputy Collector and First Class Magistrate, Frontier District of Upper Sind Sub-division.


37. Charas-smoking has stronger effect than that of ganja. 38. Not to my knowledge. - Evidence of WADHUMAL CHANDIRAM, Pensioner, late Huzur Deputy Collector. Karachi


37. The effects of ganja are keener than those of charas. 38. I do not know. 44. It produces a little intoxication. It is refreshing. It creates appetite. It does not allay hunger. Its effects last for four or five hours. It produces longing and uneasiness to habitual consumers. In others it produces irritability. 57. It is not customary to eat ganja and charas in this province  - Evidence of RAHMATALA KHAN, Police Inspector, Shikarpur.


44. The immediate effect is intoxication. The effect of bhang is that it is refreshing. The other drugs produce intoxication. The use of any of these drugs does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts for five or six hours, that of charas for one hour or two at the most, and that of ganja for about an hour. No other immediate effects are produced. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing to an habitual consumer. It produces uneasiness, irritability, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dysentery and restlessness. 57. Ganja and charas are not eaten or drunk, but are only smoked. - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR LAKSHMANSING MATTHRAJI , Police Inspector, Hyderabad, Sind


37. Both have intoxicating effects. Ganja, however, is more powerful and heating in its effects. 44. It creates appetite and does not allay hunger. It is refreshing and leaves no after-effects. Yes. -  Evidence of MR. GEO. JUDD, Head Preventive Officer, Karachi.


 37. Charas intoxicates sooner than ganja. It heats the system and is therefore better used in cold weather. If used in the hot weather, it is said to affect the eyes; it also causes a throbbing in the temples of the head. If the habit of the consumer is to drink water after smoking, it loosens the teeth. Ganja is cooling in its effects and is used by fakirs to suppress the passions. 38. Flat ganja is used in Sind; the contractor states it is stronger than round ganja. 44. The effect of the moderate use of these drugs on moderate habitual consumers is refresh-ing. Bhang produces slight intoxication, creates appetite, cools the system by removing bile, produces indisposition for work immediately after consumption. Habitual consumers feel the want of the drug, but nothing more. Intoxication lasts ½ to 1 hour. Ganja produces intoxication lasting fr om 1 to 2 hours, is refreshing to those who are hard workers, such as labourers or artisans (by others used as an intoxicant only); it cools the system, but does not create appetite. Little or no aftereffects to those subject to active work and who eat well. Charas warms the system—intoxication like that of ganja, but wearing off sooner, refreshing and appetising to hard workers and robust men. Want of gratification produces longing. Little or on after-effects to hard workers and robust men who eat well. 57. Ganja and charas as invariably smoked in this province, and not eaten. - Evidence of MR. GEO. J. BARKER, Abkari Inspector, Karachi.


37. Charas is said to be more intoxicating than ganja. 38. The round ganja is preferred by smokers as being more intoxicating than the other kinds. 44. (a) As regards charas and ganja: intoxication is followed by refreshing silence immediately after the inhalation of smoke, but it is accompanied by a sensation of heaviness in the eyes. Appetite is created in the case of moderate smokers at stated times. The effect lasts for an hour or two. (b) After-effects, excessive yawning, languor, lassitude and thirst. Want of gratification produces all the effects mentioned above under (b)and loss of appetite. As regards bhang: Immediate effect—mild refreshing intoxication; creation of appetite and desire to eat greasy and sweet things. The intoxication lasts for at least two or three hours according to the dose. Want of gratification produces longing.  - Evidence of RAO BAHADUR ALUMAL TRIKAMDAS BHOJWANI, Deputy Educational Inspector, Karachi.


44. I believe that the immediate effects of moderate use are— (1) exhilaration of spirits and of the mental faculties; (2) increased power of endurance of labour and fatigue; (3) increase of appetite; (4) more or less intoxication. In this acute intoxication the mental state is often at first good-humoured, but is more often exalted, noisy, boastful or quarrelsome, with a tendency to insolence and to reckless violence. There is no unsteadiness of gait, and but seldom stupor or coma. Muscular power seems to be increased; but the controlling power of the higher centres becomes reduced or abolished. (5) sleep; (6) the effects are of short duration; (7) there are no appreciable after-effects; (8) it is not followed by uneasiness or longing for repetition in a marked degree.  - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL G. BAINBRIDGE, Civil Surgeon, Karachi.


37. The difference is purely of degree and not of kind; bhang is the weakest and charas the strongest. Charas produces immediate intoxication and goes off sooner; bhang, on the other hand, produces intoxication, but is much slower in its action; ganja may be said to be midway between the two. 44. It has been already pointed out that the consumption of bhang is habitually used in moderation not approaching to intoxication amongst all classes. It is said to be refreshing and as an appetiser; it cannot, therefore, allay hunger. As an appetiser (which it is generally believed to be) it might cause a little more food to be taken than necessary, which would tend theoretically to cause drowsiness and would, therefore, be considered as a soporific. The secondary effects on digestion might last therefore a considerable time. There is no physiological data concerning the length of time bhang remains in the system. The popular belief is two or three hours. The gratification is more the indulgence of the habit of having something at a given time of the day to break the monotony of idleness. Ganja and charas produce very rapid intoxication; but, as has been pointed out, none but mawalis indulge in ganja and charas; and they always indulge with a view to intoxication. If the old man does not get his bhang at the usual time, he feels the longing for it produced by habit, and is uneasy and perhaps fretful if he is disappointed, as he believes his night will be spoiled, fretfulness being a means itself of rousing him up, and not the want of the bhang. 57. Ganja and charas are neither eaten nor drunk as far as I know. - Evidence of BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. F. KEITH, Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Hyderabad, Sind.


Charas is admitted to be the most injurious form in which hemp is consumed, and is said to bring, on cough. Asthma will prove injurious to the lungs. Ganja, which is very rarely used in these parts, is said also to give rise to chest affections ; but its action is much slower than that of charas. These two drugs are, as a rule, used by fakirs in Sind more than by any other class. Bhang.—This drug indulged in moderately is said to do no harm. It is the general drink throughout Sind. Unlike alcohol, its first effect is cooling, and later on a sensation of warmth is experienced. When smoked by fakirs and jogis, as it is sometimes, its effect is more injurious than when drunk. It is not supposed to produce insanity. 44. The immediate effect of these drugs on a consumer is intoxication and a subsequent feeling of languor. They do not allay hunger, and only create an appetite in old and excessive consumers. The effects of charas and ganja are immediate and last about two hours, while those of bhang are experienced after about half or three-quarters of an hour, and last about three hours. There are no after-effects ; but the want of subsequent gratification to confirmed drinkers and smokers causes depression and a craving for more, which if not satisfied creates great uneasiness. 57. Ganja and charas not eaten or drunk in Sind.  -  Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR W. A. CORKERY, Civil Surgeon, Sukkur


37. l have similar intoxicant effects, varying in intensity, ganja being more powerful and heating in its effect than bhang, and charas more so than ganja. 44. It is said to be refreshing and does not produce intoxication. It is said to allay hunger and to create appetite. The effect is only transient. There are no after-effects. Yes. n account of its tonic properties. 57. They are not eaten or drunk in Sind nor have I any knowledge of their effect when eaten or drunk. I should suppose the effects would be much greater, these preparations being more active and powerful than those of bhang. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, EDWARD MACKENZIE, Manora, Karachi, Sind.


37. The effects in the case of ganja and charas are about the same ; in case of charas the intoxi cation is brought about sooner than in case of ganja. Moderate subzi drinking increases ap petite and produces mild intoxicant effect. 4. The immediate effect of moderate dose of subzi is refreshing to the consumer, allays hunger, creates appetite, produces slight intoxication. These effects pass off in about a couple of hours without leaving any bad symptoms behind. 57. Ganja and charas are said to be eaten by a sect of religious mendicants called Aghorees or Agorpanthees. They are said to live in the vicinity of Benares, the holy city of the Hindus, and in the Girnar hills in Kathiawar. Some say Aghorees eat charas prepared in human fat. Ganja and charas are also eaten by a sect called Nangas, who live somewhere in Cutch. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, G. M. DIXON, Medical Officer and Superintendent, Nara Jail.


37. Yes, the effects of bhang drinking differ materially from those of charas and ganja smoking, and the effects of the latter also differ from each other in certain particulars. Careful observations of many cases have helped me to record the following notes of their effects, and the points which distinguish one from the other. The effects of ganja and charas might be compared as follows :—
Ganja. - Milder and slower in its action. Intoxication commences 10 to 15 minutes after smoking. Effects last from half to one hour. Produces excessive dryness of the lips, mouth, and throat. Heart's    action increased at first, afterwards lowered; so also the pulse. Conjunctivæ suffused, and in confirmed smokers remain so permanently. Pupils, more or less dilated. Vision unaffected. Retinal vessels prominent ; retinal field pink in colour marked by patches of deep red here and there. Respiration quickened. Excites cough with expectoration. Destroys appetite, but not completely. Causes thirst, but not much. Mucous membrane of the mouth and throat injected and tolerably moist. Tongue red and pointed, pap llæ prominent, surface tolerably moist. Does not generally constipate the bowels. At first individual is garrulous, sometimes boisterous. Soporific effects come on late, but last for two or three hours. Wakes up dull and morose, with blood-shot eyes, and, generally, a racking headache ; mind tolerably clear. Complains, on waking    up, of languor and a feeling of stiffness in all the limbs.
Charas. - Stronger and more rapid. Intoxication commences with the very first pull at the chillum. Effects last from 15 to 20 minutes. Same, but more marked. Heart's action depressed from the first ; also the pulse. (In one case the pulse became irregular and    intermittent.) Conjunctivæ pale ; gradually lose their gloss with each pull at the chillum, and finally become    dull, dry, and misty. Pupils dilated, and more or less fixed.  Vision impaired, for the time being.  Retinal vessels seemed thin and attenuated, the field a pale grey hue.  Respiration normal or subnormal.  Excites a dry spasmodic cough.  Completely destroys appetite.  Causes excessive thirst.  Mucous membrane of mouth and throat pale and dry.  Tongue pale. flat, dry and harsh, surface covered with a thin fur.  Constipates the bowels.  No such previous stage of excitement generally. Soporific effects come on immediately, are deeper, but last a briefer time. Wakes up dazed and stupid, is inclined to fall off to sleep again, feels dizzy when made to sit up; mind dull and blunted. The same, but generally also complains of muscular pains.
The effects of bhang, as contrasted with ganja and charas, are seen in the following description, which I have endeavoured to classify under four heads or stages :— 1st stage.—Its first effect is to produce excitement, generally exhilaration, which lasts for a long time as compared with ganja or charas. About a pie's worth of " panga" produces one hour's excitement, and a pice worth of the same, the quantity ordinarily consumed by habitual immoderate consumers, will cause three to four hours excitement. In this stage the mind is clear, imagination excited, physical exertion active, the appetite is keen, there is no dryness of the mouth and throat, no tendency to constipation, if anything, the movement of the bowels is regulated, no delirium. This stage generally subsides with profuse micturition. Habitual consumers who are working men are satisfied with this stage. A draught taken in the morning prepares them for their day's work, and a second repeated at sundown refreshes them after the fatigue of the day. With by far the majority, however, the practice is limited to the evening draught only. A few take it three times a day. 2nd stage.—Intoxication well marked. Generally lasts for several hours. For the production of this stage a quantity varying from a pice to two pice worth is sufficient. First effect of this stage is pleasant delirium, generally mild, sometimes boisterous; slight dryness of the mouth and throat, and of the bronchial mucous membrane; nevertheless, appetite is increased, but there is constipation, flatulence, and a sense of heat in the stomach. Much confusion of thought and of ideas, and an unnatural sense of fear or dread of things, the confusion affecting even his own individuality. Conjunctivæ somewhat injected, and pupils dilated; vision unaffected; mental power blurred. Increased sexual appetite, with, it is said, power to prolong the sexual act. Is employed up to this stage by not a few merely from habit, or sometimes to stimulate the sexual desire. 3rd stage.—Intoxication is followed by hypnosis, and finally a deep sleep, from which the patient may, however, be easily roused to consciousness only to fall off again into stupor. When the effects wear off, generally in three or four hours' time, he wakes up refreshed, with no pain or soreness in the head, or bad taste in the month. Has more or less clear and perfect recollection of past things which occurred before or during the fit of intoxication. In this stage, the appetite is impaired and bowels made costive. If administered with the purpose of allaying pain in any part of the body, such pain is not felt under the influence of the drug, but reappears when the individual wakes up from his sleep; hence, its anodyne effects, as such, are temporary. 4th stage.—May be of two kinds, acute and chronic. In the "acute" form, coma would probably follow the employment of the drug in poisonous doses. I have had no case to ascertain this fact. In the " chronic" form, the effects observed are loss of flesh and bodily vigour, indigestion, swelling of the abdomen, pasty skin, weak heart and pulse, dropsy, local or general, congestion of internal organs, especially the lungs and liver, hence chronic bronchitis and piles common, constipation, or alternate diarrhœa and constipation; mind excessively weak, amounting sometimes to dementia melancholica. (N.B.—The experiments conducted by me have been with the use of the bazar drugs.) 44. Slightly stimulating. Mind is cleared. Nervous tone is temporarily braced up. The individual is capable of more exertion than he would be able to command when not under its influence. Pulse and respirations are quickened. Conjunctivæ suffused. No, unless used in combination with other refrigerant substances, and then in as dilute a state as possible. It warms up the blood in the first instance, and later on, when the stimulating effects are wearing off, it desiccates the mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, and throat, and brings on thirst. Yes, in fairly large doses. No, on the contrary, it sharpens the appetite; and in this respect the action of the drug is certain, and to be depended on. Yes, every one of my cases have recorded this as a constant effect of the drug. The period varies with the general health of the patient and the strength of the solution used. The average period, I should say, would be two hours. Force of habit, too, has to be taken into considera-tion. Of the cases recorded by me some are in the habit of using the drug twice a day, morning and evening, others, once a day only, and then gene-rally in the evening; in either case, the draught is usually taken two or three hours before meal-time. A Sindhi generally takes two principal meals in 24 hours, one between 10 and 12 A.M., the other between 8 and 10 P.M. With bhang, none of any importance. Ganja and charas, especially the latter, give rise to a dull frontal headache, singing in the ears, weakened mental power, much thirst, they also impair the appetite, constipate the bowels and concentrate the urine. No. I am aware of many instances where individuals have used bhang only during the hot season, and discontinued its use altogether in the cold season, without a craving for it. I can quote about 25 cases where the drug was taken daily for medicinal purposes, and given up after a few months, without any difficulty. An habitual consumer misses his draught not on account of a natural longing for it, but simply because of the necessity of retrieving his nervous tone, which is invariably lessened directly the stimulating effects of the drug have passed off. The energy of an habitual bhang-drinker for work depends almost entirely upon his draught. There is no longing or uneasiness, even in the case of ganja or charas; smokers of the latter drugs will take them when they can get them. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, J. E.BOCARRO, Lecturer, Medical School, Hyderabad (Sind).


37. The effects of charas smoking last longer than those of ganja smoking, and those of bhang drinking the longest of all. The effects of charas and ganja are observed immediately after smoking and last a short time only, while those of bhang are noticed some hours after it is taken and last for many hours. Charas and ganja do not increase appetite. Bhang does. All produce sleep but bhang is the most effective in bringing it on. 4. The immediate effects of the moderate use of these drugs on habitual consumers are, first it refreshes them and secondly it produces a slight degree of pleasurable intoxication, making the consumer feel happy for a short time. Bhang creates appetite. Charas and ganja do not affect it. The effect lasts in the case of charas for about two hours, in the case of ganja for about one hour, and in the case of bhang for about six hours. There are no after-effects. Yes; the want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness. 57. I have never seen nor heard of any' one eating charas or ganja. - Evidence of Assistant Surgeon, MULCHAND GANGARAM, in charge Larkana Dispensary.


37. Yes, the effects of the charas smoking are more narcotic and last longer than ganja, and that the effects of bhang drinking are milder, and noticed some time after it is taken, while those of ganja and charas act immediately. 44. (a) It causes slight narcotic effect immediately. (b) Yes, it is slightly refreshing . (c) Yes, it does produce intoxication. (d) No, it does not allay hunger. (e) Yes. (f) Yes, for a short time only. (g) Yes, it causes laziness and languor. (h) Yes, there is an uneasiness and tendency for a more drink and smoke. 57. I have not come across any case of the kind. - Evidence of ELIJAH BENJAMIN, Jew, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shikarpur.


37.  Yes, charas is far stronger than ganja. The effects of charas are almost immediate, while ganja takes longer to act, the intoxication coming on after a time, and lasting a shorter period, say half an hour, while that of charas lasts about an hour or more. Bhang is far milder in its effects, but its intoxication lasts from 5 to 6 hours and is far less injurious. 44. The immediate effects of charas and ganja are on the nervous system; they do not refresh, but certainly produce intoxication. They do allay hunger, but do not create appetite. The effect of charas lasts about an hour or more, but that of ganja is slower to act, and lasts a shorter time, say half an hour. Yes, headache and a peculiar uneasiness, which is only relieved by another smoke, after the effects of which have passed away there is the same longing. Bhang is refreshing at first, but, when it commences to act, its intoxication causes a frightened feeling or timidity, but is far milder in its effects. The intoxication lasts from 5 to 6 hours. It does not allay hunger, but on the contrary creates appetite. A person under the effects of bhang will eat more than usual. There are no after-effects, so to speak, resembling those of charas or ganja; but if the bhang drinker does not take his usual quantum at the stated hour, he does feel an uneasiness and a longing, and he cannot eat his food properly, as it seems distasteful.  - Evidence of SHAIK ALI, First Class Hospital Assistant, Jacobabad.


37. Charas smoking produces almost instantaneous effects, ganja smoking some time after-wards; whereas the drinking of bhang produces effects gradually and after a greater length of time. 44. The immediate effects in the case of bhang are cooling and refreshing, but subsequently, and in the case of charas and ganja immediately; a sensation of warmth, with general dryness and heaviness of the head, and intoxication result. Bhang creates appetite. Ganja and charas do so in the case of beginners. It is not uncommon for the moderate consumer of either of the two latter drugs to forget his food, although if once he starts eating he may do so ravenously. The effects in the case of bhang last on the average from 2 1/2 to 4 hours; in the case of ganja and charas from 4 to 5 or 6 hours. I do not know if moderate habitual indulgence in bhang produces any special after-effects. Unpleasant after-effects are not uncommon among ganja and charas smokers, characterised by languor, yawning, idleness and general weakness. The want of subsequent indulgence produces a craving to a greater extent in the cases of charas and ganja than in the case of bhang.  - Evidence of DR. S. M. KAKA, Medical Officer of Health, Karachi.


44. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It creates appetite. Its effects last for 3 hours. It produces longing if it cannot be obtained.  - Evidence of MAKHDUM DOST MOHAMMED MAKHDUM FAZUL MOHAMMED, Zamindar, Bubak, Karachi.


7. The effects of charas smoking are immediate; charas is more heating than ganja. In Sind the number of charas smokers exceeds the number of ganja smokers. 44. It is refreshing. It does not allay hunger. It creates an ordinary appetite. The effects last until it is time to take the drugs again. Want of the drugs produces many ill-effects, such as sleeplessness, yawning, loss of appetite, uneasiness, and longing. 57. It is not usual to eat or drink ganja or charas in Sind. But in exceptional cases ganja is eaten and drunk. Particulars regarding the above have been given in questions 19 and 38. But Aghorees, a sect of fakirs, eat ganja and charas, dhatura and other poisonous drugs and tobacco without any visible effects being produced on them. - Evidence of SETH VISHINDAS NIHALCHAND, Zamindar, Merchant, and Contractor, Manjoo, Karachi.


37. Charas intoxicates more quickly than ganja. 14. The smoking of charas and ganja quickly produces intoxication, bringing a sense of pleasure to the smoker. Bhang is cooling and refreshing and does not by itself, as usually taken well diluted with water, produce intoxication. Here in Karachi some of the shop-keepers place two large earthen vessels outside their shops, one containing bhang, the other water, and any Hindu passer-by is at liberty to drink. This is considered a work of merit. Because of its cooling, refreshing effect, it is more largely consumed in the hot season than in the cold. Bhang drinking produces appetite. The effect lasts about half an hour. In the case of the moderate habitual consumer, and more so in the case of the excessive habitual consumer, the want of gratification produces a longing and uneasiness, such as aching in the limbs and disinclination to talk or work.  - Evidence of the REV. A. E. BALL, Missionary, Church Missionary Society, Karachi.


I do not smoke ganja and charas, and neither have I any experience of them; but from enquiries made from smokers, it appears that the effects of charas smoking are in no way different from those of ganja smoking, except the smoking of charas produces instantaneous effects, for which reason it is preferred to ganja. 38. The difference cannot be known. 44. It is refreshing. It produces moderate intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The effect lasts for one hour or two. There are no after-effects. The want of the drug produces longing.  - Evidence of MAHOMED LAIK, Mukhtarkar of Hyderabad


37. I cannot say. Ganja takes more time than charas to produce the necessary effect. I am informed that charas and ganja smoking has injurious effects on the nervous system.
38. I do not know. Round ganja is not imported in Sind. 44. Bhang is used as a refreshing draught, as a tonic to help digestion, and by old persons to bring on sleep. Bhang, charas, and ganja produce in -toxication. The effect lasts from one to three hours. It varies according to constitution and temperament. The after-effects of charas and ganja are cough and asthma, produces longing, and in some cases uneasiness as well.  - Evidence of PRIBHDAS SHEWAKRAM ADVANI Secretary, Band of Hope, Hyderabad, Sind


37. The effects of charas smoking are more intoxicating and more injurious than those of ganja smoking. 38. Round ganja is preferred to the other two kinds, for it is more intoxicating. 44. The immediate effects of ganja and charas are as follows. The smoker gets perfectly silent and his eyes become red. If the habitual smoker takes the drug at the proper time, it creates appetite. The effect lasts for about one hour or two hours; after the effects are gone, he falls into yawning and laziness and. gets thirsty. Bhang drinking has an intoxicating effect which produces appetite, which lasts for two or three hours.  - Evidence of TIRITHDAS HASRAJMAL, Member of the firm of Denmal Sachanond, Karachi.


37. Charas is doubly as intoxicating as ganja is, because the ganja is not so heating as charas is. 38. Only one sort of ganja is used in Sind, hence I cannot give my opinion about it. 44. It is refreshing and keeps the man in good health. It does produce intoxication. The drinking of bhang does not allay  hunger. It creates appetite. The intoxication of charas lasts for one hour, that of ganja for half an hour, and that of bhang for four hours. Ganja and charas produce intoxication immediately, while bhang produces intoxication after some time. The want of subsequent gratification of bhang does not produce any longing in a moderate consumer. The aftereffects of ganja and charas are wretchedness and misery, and perhaps death. There are special after-effects of bhang. 57. Ganja and charas are not used in eating or drinking, but they are only used in smoking - Evidence of PESUMAL NARUMAL, Farmer and Merchant, Hyderabad.


37. The effects of drinking bhang are not injurious, but it is injurious to smoke ganja and char as to excess. 38. Round ganja is more intoxicating, but flat ganja and " chur " are less intoxicating. 44. Bhang gives an appetite to those who drink it. Ganja and charas produce heat, and therefore ganja and charas consumers are healthy and hale. If they cannot get the drug they will be greatly inconvenienced. 57. Ganja and charas are used for smoking. - Evidence of AHRUMOL PRITAMDAS, Farmer of Bhang, Charas, Ganja and Opium, Karachi.


37. Charas is more intoxicating than ganja. 38. Round ganja is more intoxicating. Chur and flat ganja are less intoxicating, hence round ganja is preferred. 44. Bhang produces appetite. Ganja and charas produce heat in the constitution. If consumers cannot get the drug, they are greatly inconvenienced. The effect lasts for one or two hours. It creates appetite and produces heat. It is beneficial in cases of flatulence and enlarged spleen. 57. Ganja and charas are used in smoking - Evidence of MANGHANMAL ALUMAL, Bhang, Ganja and Charas, and Opium farmer, Karachi.


37. Yes ; charas produces intoxication at once, whereas ganja, takes time. 38. These different kinds of ganja have different effects in degree and not in kind. 44. Yes ; it is refreshing. It produces moderrate intoxication. It creates appetite after one or two hours. It allays hunger immediately after drinking it. Its effects last for two or three hours. There are no after-effects. The want produces no uneasiness to the moderate drinker, but it creates a temporary longing. 57. Charas and ganja are not drunk, but are smoked - Evidence of DAYARAM KISHUNCHAND, Bhang, Charas and Ganja, and Opium Farmer, Hyderabad


37. The intoxication of ganja is keener than that of charas. 38. Ganja is not used in this province. 44. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. Its intoxicating effects last four or five hours. The want of it produces longing. 57. Ganja and charas are not used in drinking, but are used in smoking. - Evidence of DIN MAHOMED, Contractor, Shikarpur


37. Charas is not used here, but the intoxication produced by smoking charas is very strong and lasts long, namely, for a couple of hours. 38. Chur and round ganja are never sent for and used in this taluk. 44. It has got refreshing effects immediately on the habitual consumers by its moderate use. It allays hunger in case of habitual consumers, and in case of occasional consumers it creates appetite. Its effects last about two or three hours and bring on jolly temper. It produces longing and uneasiness on the minds of habitual consumers if their want is not sufficiently gratified. 57. Ganja is sometimes fried in ghee mixed with sugar and spices, all well pounded into a mass, and eaten. It produces slight stupefaction and agreeable dreams.  - Evidence of C. SHAM RAO, Attachè to the Resident at Hyderabad, now at Pusad, Basim District.


37. Not known, as charas is not available in the district. 38. The different effects on consumers of the three different preparations of ganja cannot be explained, as only the flat ganja is available and consumed in the district.  - Evidence of KRISHNARA0 HARI, Officiating Extra Assistant Commissioner, Buldana.


37. Don't know. 38, None, if they are pure, but chur is weaker in intoxicating powers in proportion to weight. 44. Slight intoxication and pleasurable sensation ; but it does not allay hunger, nor create appetite. The effect lasts about two hours. The after-effects are a feeling of dullness and there is an inclination to indulge in some more. 57. Have not heard that they are either eaten or drunk - Evidence of MR. A. ARDAGH, Deputy Superintendent of Excise, Ellichpur.


37. The effects of both are same, but the charas is worse, as it is stronger. 38. The effect of round and flat ganja is just the same, but effect of chur is slight. 44. Slight intoxication to the habitual consumers. Yes, for time being only it is refreshing. Yes, it produces intoxication. Yes, it puts a stop to hunger gradually. No, it does not create good appetite. Moderate effect from one to two hours, and excessive for a longer time. Yes, dullness is the after-effect. Yes, excessive smokers are inclined to smoke some more ; without that they cannot do. 57. To my knowledge ganja and charas are never eaten or drunk, but only smoked. - Evidence of MR. J. C. WATCHA, Excise Inspector, Ellichpur.


37. So far as intoxication is concerned, there is, it is said, difference in the effects of charm and ganja smoking. Charas is too strong in its effect ; ganja is not so : it can be smoked five, seven, and ten times during a day. 38. Reliable information on this head cannot be supplied. 44. There will be no immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual and excessive consumers. It is refreshing to the moderate consumers : it produces intoxication ; it creates appetite. The effects of it last for one or two hours. There are no after-effects. 57. It is said that there is a custom of mixing ganja with other eatable things. I have no knowledge of this.  - Evidence of WAMAN GANESH, Tahsildar, Wun.


44. There is no immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumer. It brings on intoxication after a while. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication. It does create hunger. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness.  - Evidence of VICKOOJI NARAIN, Tahsildar, Kathapur.


37. As the Charas is not used in this taluk, the information on this head cannot be given. 38. There are different kinds of effects on the consumers of ganja and bhang, of which the former is stronger than the latter in its effects. 44. The immediate effect of moderate use of any of these drugs on the habitual consumers is of a pleasing sort. It produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite in some degree. The effects of these drugs last for about four hours on habituals and for twelve hours on beginners. Yes, there are after-effects.  - Evidence of VINAYAK APPAJI KAUR, Brahmin, Officiating Tahsildar, Darwa, Wun District.


37. The smoking of charas is not practised in my province, so the difference in effects cannot be mentioned. 38. The flat ganja brings on intoxication earlier than the chur ganja—to consumers. The use of flat ganja is more pernicious to the health than that of the chur ganja. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of the drugs (bhang and ganja) on the habitual consumers is to inflame the eyes to the slight extent in the case of ganja, and to create inconceivable action in the brains in the case of bhang. The consumers think it to be refreshing, though it is not actually so. It produces intoxication to the slight extent. It does not allay hunger. Bhang creates appetite. The effect of ganja lasts for two hours or so, while that of bhang throughout the whole day. There are after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing or uneasiness. 57. Ganja is sometimes eaten or drunk when bhang is available. - Evidence of LAXMAN GOPAL DESHPANDE, Brahmin, Naib Tahsildar, Mangrul Taluk, District Basim.


37. I have no experience of charas smoking. By smoking ganja, intoxication is at once produced, and lasts only for a short time, while in the case of bhang it is more gradual and of longer duration. 44. At first after smoking ganja the smoker feels happy and light-hearted, which after a short interval is followed by intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but aggravates it. It creates an appetite. The effect of ganja smoking lasts about ten to fiften minutes. After-effects are great languor and depression. There is no longing or uneasiness if the appetite for smoking ganja or drinking bhang is not gratified. 57. Ganja is never eaten or drunk in this province, only smoked. Such a thing as charas is not known down here, and never used in any way whatever.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR C. L. SWAINE, Officiating Sanitary Commissioner, and Inspector- General of Dispensaries.


37. Charas is stronger than ganja ; and the intoxicating effect of the former is more quickly developed and lasts longer. Bhang is much milder than either of the above, and its effects are slowly developed. 44. The drug is refreshing. Smoking produces intoxication almost at once. It increases appetite ; does not allay hunger. The effect of smoking lasts about an hour. The want of the drug produces much longing and uneasiness. 57. Charas is smoked only. Ganja, when eaten, is said to be more injurious than when smoked. The result, however, is not so rapidly obtained. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR R. B. ROE, Civil Surgeon, Amraoti.


44. Ganja produces intoxication, and it is used for this purpose alone. Bhang, on the other hand, is refreshing and is an appetizer. The effects last from two to three hour - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN E. W. REILLY, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Jail, Akola.


37. Charas is not procurable in this district, and hence not used by the people. It is not known if there is any difference in ganja and charas smoking. There is no difference in the narcotic action produced by bhang from ganja smoking. 44. The moderate use of the drug, even on  the habitual consumer, is refreshing and intoxicating. It allays the pangs of hunger and creates appetite. The effect of intoxication lasts for an hour. If used in moderation there are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce a longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of DR. O. W. JONES, Civil Surgeon, Basim


37. Charas not sold here. Cases of acute mania have been attributed to ganja and charas smoking. Have not heard of bhang causing such disease. 44. Pleasing ideas and hallucinations. Has a temporary refreshing effect. Bhang is said to create appetite. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and longing. - Evidence of DR. J. MORRISON, Civil Surgeon, Yeotmal.


37. I have had no exprience as regards charas. Ganja smoking and bhang drinking are very much the same in their effects. 4. The immediate effect is a sense of pleasure. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication when taken to excess. Perhaps it does allay hunger. The effects are temporary. There are no bad aftereffects, except in the case of a tyro, who expresses himself as feeling very much relieved when the effects wear off. There is always a longing for the drug when once the habit is acquired. 57. I attended the case of a recruit in a native regiment who indulged in drinking bhang for the first time. The effects were described as awful. There was great restlessness. Thirst and a sense of languor, great heat and pain in the head, with a feeling as if the top of the skull was flying off, eyes were blood-shot, and the man seemed to regret the state he had brought himself to. - Evidence of DR. W. J.. MONTGOMERY, Civil Surgeon, Buldana


37. Effects of hemp drugs :— Bhang comes first. If taken with its massala it is less injurious. Often it acts beneficially in fatigue and sickness. Charas comes second (because high caste people are not allowed to smoke) in degree, and first among smoking classes. It is less harmful than ganja, which comes last. Charas is less violent in its action, seldom excites cough and lung affections, whereas ganja invariably produces bad effects. 44. (a) It is refreshing. It acts upon the various organs, such as lower bowels, bladder, stomach, etc., and excites their function. (b)Yes. (c)Yes, a little ; it depends upon the quantity used. (d)It excites hunger at first, but allays afterwards, and often causes craving. (e)Yes. (j ) From two to three hours, and often up to five. (g) Heaviness about the head, aching of body, indigestion in novice, and general malaise. (h) Yes ; its absence produces longing, and often uneasiness. 57. I do not know if charas is ever eaten ; but ganja is occasionally taken instead of bhang when it is not at hand - Evidence of S. BAIJNATH, Medical Officer, Mady Hospital, Badnera.


37. I have no experience of charas ; but as it is the active principle of the hemp plant, it is more powerful than ganja and bhang. The effects of ganja smoking are more immediate and less prolonged than those of bhang drinking; intoxication is the result of both. 44. In the moderate habitual consumer ganja and bhang are refreshing at first, then intoxicating to some extent. No appetite is created. The effect lasts for about an hour or two. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness. It does allay hunger. 57. Charas is not used here. Ganja is drunk mixed with black pepper and water in place of the leaves of the hemp (bhang) by those who desire a more powerful narcotic. Such consumers are more liable to become insane than the excessive bhang drinkers. - Evidence of DR. S. G. STEINHOFF, Medical Officer in charge, Charitable Dispensary, Khamgaon.


37. The effects of ganja and bhang are different. Ganja smoking produces intoxication very soon. It lasts for a few hours, and the consumer feels more heat, while drinking bhang brings on intoxication gradually, and it lasts for hours together, and the consumer does not feel much heat. 44. The immediate effect of the drug in moderate dose on the habitual consumer is that it keeps him in good humour. It is refreshing. It produces some intoxication. It allays hunger and creates appetite. The effect lasts for three hours. When the consumer is free of its influence, he feels depressed and dull; he is unable to do any work. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. 57. When ganja is eaten instead of smoked it produces more heat and intoxication, which lasts longer.  - Evidence of MR. DINNER NARAYEN, District Superintendent of Vaccination, Buldana.


37. The effect of charas differs, so far as I know, from ganja that the former immediately stupefies the smoker quicker than the latter, and the effects of drinking bhang are more lasting and injurious than smoking ganja. 44. (a) The immediate effect of the moderate use of the drugs is simply to allay the pain, cramping, and other accompaniments of the nervous reaction which follows the previous indulgence. (b) Only so far as above. (c) Yes. (d) It does. (e) Yes, false appetite. (f) About two or three hours. (g) The after-effects are prostration, vertigo, etc. (h) Yes, as above. 57. Ganja in the shape of majum with other ingredients is used for eating. Charas probably is not known in this - Evidence of M. DOORGIAH PILLAY, 1st Class Hospital Assistant, in medical charge, AKola Dispensary.


37. The effect of charas smoking is stronger than ganja smoking, and that bhang drinking, although milder than the above, keeps its narcotic properties for a longer time. 44. It acts immediately when smoked as a stimulant and narcotic. It is not refreshing and produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger and create appetite. The effect lasts about four hours in smoking. In drinking and eating, the action lasts for about twelve hours. It brings on subsequent gratification and longing.  - Evidence of M. POONAMBALAM MOODELIAR, First Class Hospital Assistant, Shegoon.


37. There is no cultivation of ganja in this province, and therefore charas is not known and never used by anybody. Whatever ganja or bhang is consumed is brought from outside. Hence I could not get any information about this. 44. The immediate effect of ganja smoking is drowsiness and tendency to sleep. It is not refreshing. It is, on the contrary, depressing. It does not produce intoxication in habitual consumer. Soon after ganja is smoked or bhang drunk there is craving for food. The effect lasts for from two to six hours. The after-effects are giddiness, headache, sometimes vomiting. - Evidence of R. N. MUDHOLKAR, L.M.S., Private Medical Practitioner, Amraoti


37. Only in degree than kind, charas being stronger than ganja. 38. Chur is less potent than ganja. . It is stimulant, or sedative, or refreshing, according as the habitual consumer resumes work or returns from it. It produces no intoxication in the habitual moderate user. It does create appetite. The effect lasts for nearly a couple of hours. It produces longing and uneasiness at the prescribed period in the habitual moderate consumer. - Evidence of G. V. KOT, Brahmin, Medical Practitioner, Amraoti.


44. I have no idea, but the effect of ganja is said to be immediate on the consumer and it lasts for a few hours only. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR NAWAB MUHAMMA.D SALAMULLA KHAN, Jagirdar, Deulghat, Buldana District.


37. There is no practical difference. But charas is a stronger narcotic. 38. Round ganja and chur are not in use in Berar. 44. Bhang and ganja are refreshing. They intoxicate—ganja smoking especially—but do not allay hunger. Produce appetite. The effect of ganja lasts from twenty to sixty minutes, according to the state of health and strength of the consumer and the quantity used, whether smoked or eaten. There are no after-effects. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. As regards bhang, the effects last from one to two hours, according to the quantity taken. . Know nothing of charas being eaten. When ganja is eaten it is next door to being harmless. When drunk in the form of bhang it is perfectly harmless. - Evidence of YESHWANT VAMAN DIGHE, Pleader, Basim


37. Yes ; charas is more intoxicating and stronger than ganja. Both produce intoxication ; but the former in a greater degree than the latter. 38. I can't say, as only the flat ganja is consumed in Berar. 44. It is refreshing and produces intoxication. It does not allay hunger but creates appetite. The effect lasts for about two or three hours. There are after effects. Yes ; it does produce uneasiness.  - Evidence of NIAMAT KHAN BILAN KHAN, Merchant, Balapur, Akola District.


38. Flat ganja is little more strong than "chur" ganja. ive to their neighbours. 44. To the habitual consumers the moderate use of ganja and bhang is little refreshing and does not produce intoxication. It neither allays hunger nor creates appetite. These effects last only for a couple of hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, but not so much as in case of other narcotic drugs or alcoholic stimulants.  - Evidence of LAKSHMAN ATMARAM MAHAJAN, Merchant, Manjrul Pir.


44. It produces no immediate effect on habitual consumers. If habitual consumers will not drink they will feel tired, and they will not be able to do their ordinary work without drinking. It has some effect on the consumer. It allays hunger ; does not create it. The effect lasts for three or four hours. The after-effects are weakness and laziness.  - Evidence of KHAJA ABDUL BAKI, Money-lender, Mehkar, Buldana District.


37. The persons who smoke either are easily induced to commit any act of violence, but the charas smoker is the most dangerous. 38. All the same. 44. Don't know. - Evidence of MR. G. BENNETT, Abkari Inspector, Ajmere.


37. Charas is a much more powerful intoxicant than ganja. 38. Only in degree: the round is the most powerful, the flat comes next. 44. Refreshing and exhilarating or intoxicating according to constitution. It does not allay hunger; it creates appetite. Four hours. Yes; slackness. Yes; more or less longing and uneasiness. 57. I have never heard of either of these preparations being eaten. - Evidence of MR. G. W. GAYER, District Superintendent of Police, Ajmere.


37. Yes ; charas smoking is more dangerous than ganja. 38 and 39. Not known. 44. Bhang is refreshing, afterwards produces intoxication in proportion to the quantity taken. It creates appetite. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR D. FF. MULLEN, Civil Surgeon, Ajmere.


37. The effects of charas are felt inimediately after smoking ; that of ganja some five minutes after. Bhang brings on intoxication a quarter of an hour after drinking, and it lasts for more than six hours. The intoxication created by charas lasts an hour, and that of ganja 30 or 40 minutes. Bhang excites appetite ; charas and ganja diminish it. Charas and ganja smoking creates warmth. Excessive smoking sometimes brings on senselessness. Bhang is aphrodisiac.  The use of these drugs is not refreshing. The other advantages and disadvantages have already been explained in the other answer. After the intoxication is over the consumer feels dull and lazy, his limbs ache, and he suffers from constipation and want of appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja and charas are never eaten and drunk. When bhang is not procurable, the ganja leaves are sometimes drunk in the Deccan. The intoxication thereby produced is stronger than that of hemp. - Evidence of KHAN BAHADUR DR SHEIKH ELAHI BUX, Government Pensioner and Honorary Magistrate, Ajmere.


37.The effects of charas and ganja are very nearly identical ; the only difference is that ganja produces its effects sooner than charas. Charas and ganja cause sleepiness and affect lungs. The bhang, having in it two different properties, at first increases appetite and afterwards produces bilious matter. 44. Bhang brings on intoxication after some time even to habitual consumers, contrary to ganja and charas, which produce it at once. The bhang intoxication creates appetite ; its effects depend on the temperament of the consumers, who feel giddiness and breaking of limbs if they would not get it. 57. As far as my experience goes, I can say that even the moderate use of these drugs is injurious to health ; especially the age of ganja and charas consumers shortens, and various diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, etc., are produced. - Evidence of ABDUL KAYUM, Hakim, Ajmere.


37.The difference between the effects of ganja and charas is that ganja brings on intoxication soon, which lasts shortly, but charas brings it on gradually, which lasts longer. Bhang brings on less intoxication than these two : it produces its effect too late, but it lasts longer. It is less injurious than ganja and charas. 44. The effects of ganja and charas have beer stated in answer No. 37. The use of bhang is refreshing. These drugs produce intoxication, create appetite, their effects depend upon the temperament of consumers. When their intoxication subsides it does injury instead of any beneficial effects. Excessive use produces senselessness, coldness, laziness, and is very injurious. 57.Ganja and charas, in this country, are neither eaten nor drunk  -  Evidence of JATI AMAR HANSA, Baid, Ajmere.


44. It produces intoxication and giddiness. They say it creates appetite, and they eat more food after smoking. Intoxication lasts about two or three hours ; they feel restless afterwards. Yes it does ; and they try to smoke again - Evidence of MR. A. BOPPANNA, Planter, Bepunaad, Green Hills, Coorg


37. The effects do not differ. 38. None. - Evidence of MAJOR G. GAISFORD, Deputy Commissioner, Quetta, Baluchistan.


37. They say that if bhang be given to the man who is in the habit of smoking charas it would not satisfy him, and so vice versä. 44. To habitual consumers any of these drugs gives stimulation. Not refreshing, but produces dryness in system. Yes, it produces intoxication, but does not make one senseless. Yes ; it allays hunger of habitual consumers. Yes, it creates appetite. The effect lasts for some hours, but keeps them in satisfaction up to the fixed time of next day. Yes ; it produces longing or uneasiness if not taken in time. 57. They are merely used in smoking. - Evidence of MUHAMMAD YUSUF, Hospital Assistant, New Chaman.


44. Immediate effects are refreshing. It produces intoxication. In some cases it allays hunger, and in other creates appetite (false). Habitual consumers feel inclination at their fixed time when the effects are lost, and they feel great uneasiness if they do not get it in the fixed time. - Evidence of WARYAM SINGH, Hospital Assistant, Pishin.


37. Ganja is more intoxicating than bhang, but its effects do not last as long as that of bhang. Ganja at the commencement increases appetite, but when long continued it tends to diminish it. Ganja and charas tend to produce bronchitis. Bhang not so. 44. Refreshing, intoxicating, and inducing appetite. The effect of charas lasts for about two hours, that of ganja three to four hours, and that of bhang eight to twelve hours. - Evidence of MOHAMMAD AKBAR ALI KHAN, Senior Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


37. Bhang does not affect the nutrition of the body so long as it is taken in a very diluted form. It is an innocent drink in the above form, especially when it is mixed, as the case is generally, with milk, seeds of cucumber and almonds to wash out the deleterious substance from the body through the urinary and digestive systems. Ganja affects nutrition of the body ; the charas more so. 44. (a) Refreshing and intoxicating. (b) Yes. (c) Yes ; false appetite if any. (f) Two to four hours. (g) and (h) Yes.  - Evidence of BHUGWAN DASS, Khattri, Hospital Assistant, Quetta.


44. I cannot say. As ganja has been prohibited here so long, and is only mostly met with in the seaport and military stations and posts, my knowledge of the subject is limited - Evidence of MAJOR B.A. N. PARROTT, Officiating Commissioner, Southern Division


44. (a) Exciting. (b) No. (c) Yes. (d) and (e) No. (f) Only a short time. (g) Yes, depression of spirits. (h) Yes, like most narcotics. - Evidence of MR. H. G. BATTEN,* Deputy Commissioner, Mergui.


44.On Burmans and Shans its use leads to temporary mental derangement or intoxication, as it commonly happens that, when taken at all, which is very seldom, it is taken in excess. 57. The leaves of the hemp plant are sometimes eaten in curry. The effect is to intoxicate and induce sexual desire. - Evidence of MR. W. N. PORTER, Deputy Commissioner, Upper Chindwin.


37. Charas not being known, the effects of charas smoking, compared to ganja smoking, are not known. 38. Not known. 44. The medical opinion is it is refreshing, produces intoxication, does not allay hunger, but creates an appetite. The effects last from three to six hours. After-effects are great lassitude and drowsiness. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. Ganja, when not moderately taken, eaten in a curry produces deep sleep and unconsciousness. - Evidence of MR. J. S. D. FRASER, Deputy Commissioner, Pegu.


37. I do not know the difference in the effects of ganja and charas smoking, but bhang is much milder than either of the above. 44. The immediate effect of the moderate use to a habitual consumer of bhang, ganja or charas is refreshing, produces slight intoxication, allays hunger ; bhang only creates an appetite. The effect lasts from four to six hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing or uneasiness. - Evidence of SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL P. N. MOOKERJEE, Civil Surgeon, Sagaing, Upper Burma.


37. The difference in the effects of all the three drugs is, as far as my information goes, one of degree, charas being the strongest and bhang the mildest of the three. 44. Immediate effect is very pleasing. He feels happy and forgets his troubles and trials for the time being. He does feel refreshed. It produces intoxication which is, unlike that of alcohol, of a very passive nature. It creates appetite, but at the same time if he does not get food at once, he can bear hunger for some time without much distress or discomfort. The duration of the effect varies according to the dose and susceptibility of the individual, but generally it lasts from two to four hours.  - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR S. H. DANTRA, Civil Surgeon, Mandalay.


37. I have had no opportunity of comparing the effects of these different preparations. 44. I have never had a habitual consumer of ganja, under observation ; and cannot therefore reply to these queries. 57. In the few cases I have met with, the drug is chiefly employed for smoking. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR P. W. DALZELL, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Central Prison, Bassein


37. No difference in effects. 44. It is refreshing and causes pleasant sensations. Intoxication, yes. They both allay hunger and in small doses they create appetite. After-effects, headache, if much is used. - Evidence of SURGEON-MAJOR G. T. THOMAS, Civil Surgeon, Moulmein.


44. It would appear to be refreshing and soothing. It certainly does, in some instances, produce some intoxication. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN R. E. S. DAVIS, Superintendent, Central Prison, Rangoon


57. My experience is limited on this question, and the only cases that I can recall now are those which I saw occurring at festivals, where some of the men both eat and drink ganja to an excess which subsequently acts on their constitutions and produces evil results. - Evidence of SURGEON-CAPTAIN R. H. CASTOR, Civil Surgeon, Yemethin


37. The only difference in the effects of the use of these drugs is one of degree : ganja producing the strongest effects, and siddhi the least. 44. The immediate effect is a sense of relaxation of the whole system, followed by intoxication. Like tobacco, it is refreshing after undue exertion. It both allays hunger and creates appetite. The effects generally last from one to two hours, and it is succeeded by a craving for more. When the first effects pass off, like alcohol, it has its aftereffects too, but less in degree ; and want of subsequent gratification is attended with longing for more and general lassitude, aches and pains. - Evidence of ASSISTANT SURGEON O. L. MOONSHI, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of Jail, Maubin, Thongwa District.


44. Never had an occasion to enquire, but from what can be seen outwardly, these drugs seem to be refreshing ; do not produce intoxication that may be apparent in the consumers' actions and conversations ; allay hunger and create appetite. I am unable to say how long the effect lasts, and what are the after-effects. But the want of subsequent gratification produces longing. 57. I have not seen ganja or charas being eaten, but I have heard that when a ganja smoker falls short of his quantity, he chews and eats it, as it is believed that to produce the same effect it requires a smaller quantity when eaten than when smoked. - Evidence of MAHENDRA NATH ROY, Resident Medical Officer, General Hospital, Rangoon.


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs is refreshing and produces intoxication. It creates appetite. The effect lasts about four hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. 57. I have seen people eat and drink ganja sometimes, when they do not get bhang, who are in the habit of drinking it. - Evidence of SONA MULL, Brahmin, First Grade Hospital Assistant, in medical charge of Dispensary and Jail, Myanaung.


44. The immediate effect on the habitual consumer is refreshing. It produces intoxication and does not allay hunger. Bhang creates appetite. Charas and ganja produce intoxication instantaneously and bhang a short time after. The effects last for about three hours. Bhang is usually taken once or twice a day; charas and ganja several times. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness - Army, Answer no. 1


44. It causes sleep. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication only when taken in large quantities. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. For one hour the effect lasts. Slight headaches result. The want of it to a regular consumer is said to produce a great feeling of weakness. - Army, Answer no. 3


44. The moderate use of these drugs is harmless, refreshing, invigorating. It does not produce anorxia. It is useful and beneficial in spasmodic coughs, neuralgia and asthma. The effects are evanescent. There are no after-effects, but the habit once acquired, even in moderation, produces a longing or craving. - Army, Answer no. 6


44. Refreshing and creates appetite. Effects of bhang last for about nine hours. Those of charas for four to five hours. No after-effects. Yes, it produces languor, the subject yawning and stretching his limbs continually; and he suffers from a strong desire to repeat the dose. - Army, Answer no. 7


44. Moderate use of bhang—refreshing, does not produce intoxication, increases appetite. About two hours. No after-effects. No. Charas and ganja—stimulant, not intoxicant; allays hunger. No. Three and four hours. Yes, if the dose is not renewed, a condition of utter helplessness and stupidity. There is the most intense craving for a repetition of the dose. - Army, Answer Army, Answer no. 8


44. Produces immediate intoxication. The preparation called bhang is refreshing and increases the appetite, but ganja and charas allay the hunger very much. The effects last over twelve hours, leaving a severe headache. If not taken regularly, it produces an uneasiness and intense longing for it - Army, Answer no. 9


44. Clears the mind and acts as a tonic generally. At first distinctly refreshing, but if continued, its action is in some cases stupefying, whilst others become exhilarated. Allays hunger in confirmed consumers. Stimulates the appetite in moderate indulgers. Length of effect varies with amount consumed, and whether custom is established. After-effects uncertain. Uneasiness and longing certainly felt. - Army, Answer no. 10


44. The effect of taking these drugs is immediate. There is a sense of cheerfulness (frarhat) and of slight intoxication (nashak as orur). Hunger is caused, and the effect of all these drugs is different, i. e., the effect of bhang on those who take it once a day lasts till the time for taking it comes round again, and the effect of ganja and charas on those who smoke them frequently lasts about two hours, and if they are used to take it in moderation only the effect lasts for six hours, but this is generally at night, for, as a rule, these people associate with their friends and lovers (yar-ashna) in the day (and take them frequently). Afterwards if they do not take them, the signs (of consumption) mentioned in No. 33 become apparent.  - Army, Answer no. 11


44. All these drugs give only a very transient pleasure. They produce thirst and diminish the appetite. The effect is proportionate to the quantity taken. They produce longing (khwahish) and restlessness just like tobacco.  - Army, Answer no. 12


44. Acts as a stimulant to a certain extent; it is considered to allay hunger. Does not produce intoxication in moderation. Abstinence does not produce any longing or uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 13


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of charas and bhang would appear to be refreshing; it neither produces intoxication nor allays hunger, but it creates appetite; the effect lasts for three or four hours only. The want of subsequent gratification produces a good deal of uneasiness and loss of appetite; only, however, lasting for a few days - Army, Answer no. 14


44. The native officers say:— It acts as a stimulant. Does not appear to be refreshing. Produces intoxication according to quantity consumed. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. Effects last about six hours. Has no after-effects. Produces no longing or uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 15


44. Bhang in moderation is refreshing and creates an appetite. The effect lasts from two to four hours, and after this appears to induce a feeling of lassitude. Moderate consumers do not appear to miss it much for a day or two, but after that time feel a longing for it. Charas and ganja in moderation are considered to be stimulants by habitual consumers when making any unusual exertion. The effects are more temporary than bhang, as with bhang the want of these drugs is not severely felt for a day or two. - Army, Answer no. 16


44. The immediate effect of smoking ganja and charas is intoxication for a short period. Bhang brings on a refreshing feeling. It creates appetite, but results in laziness. - Army, Answer no. 17


44. Stimulant and non-intoxicating: effect does not last long; no particular after-effects; the want of them is felt by those accustomed to their use - Army, Answer no. 18


44. It is refreshing; does not intoxicate; it creates appetite. The effect is quite temporary. A man would feel a longing for it for about 20 days; after that he would no longer desire it  - Army, Answer no. 19


44. Ganja produces slight numbing effect on senses and allays hunger. Effect lasts about half an hour. Want of it produces uneasiness and longing. Charas-Stronger than ganja; more intoxicating, allays hunger. Effect lasts half an hour. Want of it produces longing. Bhang-Refreshing, creates appetite. Not intoxicating, except in very large quantities. Effects pass off very soon. A man intoxicated by bhang suffers from nervousness, especially dread of light if suddenly awakened at night. Moderate man does not suffer from want of bhang - Army, Answer no. 20


44. The generally-accepted opinion among Mussalmans is that it is not refreshing, that it produces intoxication, that it allays hunger in old men, and creates appetite in the young, and that the want of it among those habituated to its use produces great uneasiness and longing.  - Army, Answer no. 22


44. Refreshing; intoxicating in large doses only. Increases the appetite. It does not allay hunger. The effect lasts about three hours; slight or no after-effects. Charas when not obtainable causes inconvenience and longing; but bhang does not do so. - Army, Answer no. 24


44. As mentioned above, bhang is stimulating; it is refreshing; its intoxication is not the same as that of liquor; it does not allay hunger; yes, it creates hunger, which is not easily satisfied; its effects last for three or four hours; yes, the consumer feels lazy after the effects have passed off; yes, those who take bhang oftener than once a day have a craving for another dose as often as the time for repeating arrives, and until this craving is gratified he feels uneasy and restless; the same feelings come on to those who only take bhang once a day. Ganja, as mentioned before, is used for smoking, and the immediate effect is that the smoker's head is at once affected and the appetite is checked; it is not refreshing; yes, there is a kind of intoxication which comes on after smoking ganja. Yes, it allays hunger; no, the appetite is spoilt after smoking this drug; there is no certainty as to the length of time the effects last; yes, the aftereffects are that the smoker becomes drowsy; yes, the want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 25


44. The eyes of habitual drunkards are somewhat reddish for a couple of hours after drinking. If bhang be mixed with sugar, badam, pepper, cardamom and badishep, it agrees with health when carefully and moderately used. Those who daily use it are never intoxicated. Drinking creates appetite and its effect never lasts more than five or six hours. Those who use it seriously on occasions become lazy for twenty-four hours; they feel sleepy and wish to eat anything as if they were hungry for the last one or two days - Army, Answer no. 26


44. To the habitual consumers the drinking and smoking of bhang and ganja is stimulating and refreshing. It brings energy to them. If it is used much it produces intoxication. After a time of its use it commences to check hunger. The intoxicating effect of these drugs lasts for about two hours, and when the effect is totally gone it produces headache and uneasiness and confused ideas. If the habitual consumers are not able to gratify, they become crazy and bewildered and are likely to commit a theft for satisfying the gratification.  - Army, Answer no. 27


44. It produces a peculiar kind of intoxication, attended with exhilaration of the spirits and hallucinations; stupefies, produces hunger, increases the appetite, and is followed by narcotic effects, sleep and stupor. Its after-effects are considered less unpleasant than opium - Army, Answer no. 28


44. The use of bhang and ganja soothes the spirit. (2) The use of bhang is refreshing when taken in moderation. (3) Yes. It produces intoxication. (4) It does allay hunger at first and after some time it creates appetite. (5) The effects of bhang last for about six hours and that of ganja two to three hours. (6) The after-effects of bhang and ganja to the consumer are that it makes him dull and languid. (7) Yes, the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and a longing to repeat the dose - Army, Answer no. 29


44. Yes, it is refreshing. Ganja does produce intoxication. Ganja of charas smoked produces hunger, which bhang allays. It creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts about four hours, and ganja about two hours. No after-effects, nor does it produce any longing or uneasiness subsequently.  -  Army, Answer no. 30


44. A craving for excessive use. By habitual consumers it is so regarded. Yes, it does produce intoxication. No, on the contrary, it increases it. Yes, it does in a most ravenous form. It lasts from two to four hours on habitual consumers, and longer on those that are not accustomed to them. The after-effect may be stated to be the softening of the brains, tending ultimately to insanity. Yes, it does produce longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 31


44. The drinking of bhang is refreshing. It produces slight and pleasing intoxication, it allays no hunger, but creates appetite. The effect of the bhang begins about an hour after drinking and lasts for three hours. There is no after-effect. It produces longing and uneasiness if the usual time of daily consumption has passed. The ganja and charas are not refreshing, but exciting, and allays no hunger and creates appetite. Its effect immediately after smoking and lasts about three hours, and the subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness, but there are no after-effects. - Army, Answer no. 32


44. It makes them feel happy. It is refreshing. Moderately intoxicating. Excites hunger at the time. Gives a good appetite when the intoxication is on. The effect of an ordinary dose lasts about two hours. There are no bad after-effects except laziness; it neither induces headache nor "hot-coppers." Yes, but the habit can be given up more easily, than opium or drink - Army, Answer no. 33


44. It produces intoxication and has an injurious effect on the appetite, which it does not stimulate, though it cannot be said to allay hunger. The effects do not last long and are followed by feelings of uneasiness and desire for further use of the drug. - Army, Answer no. 34


44. The immediate effect is said to be a feeling of mild excitement and general well-being. It certainly seems to refresh the consumer mentally and bodily for the time being. It probably in this way allays hunger. The effect of a moderate amount smoked by a habitual consumer is said to last from one to two hours. Apparently there are no after-effects and no longing or uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 36


44. For the habitual consumer it would appear to be refreshing; it produces a sense of intoxication; it does not allay hunger but creates an appetite; its effects last for two or three hours, and certainly produce a general laxity and a subsequent longing. - Army, Answer no. 37


44. The immediate effect upon the moderate habitual consumer of ganja is that he feels himself at once active, fit for, and inclined to do his work with a will; that of bhang is slower in its effects, which are almost the same. Bhang is refreshing, and ganja is not. They are both intoxicating; they do not allay hunger; they create appetite. The effect of ganja lasts more or less one hour, and that of bhang three hours or so. There do not seem to appear any after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification does create a craving for it.  - Army, Answer no. 39


44. The immediate effect is primarily stimulant. It does not produce intoxication, neither does it allay hunger. It increases the appetite. The lasting effect is brief. There are no after-effects The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 40


44. There are no habitual consumers with the regiment, but those who take occasionally have a desire to sleep. It is not refreshing. It produces intoxication if enough be taken. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. Its effect lasts about four hours; of bhang sometimes about eight hours or more. Its after-effects are relaxation. Great uneasiness is experienced when the desire for more is not gratified. - Army, Answer no. 42


44. If taken in moderation refreshing; does not intoxicate; does allay hunger; not said to create appetite. Effect lasts longer with some than with others. If taken regularly, want of subsequent gratification is said to produce longing. - Army, Answer no. 44


44. (1) Torpor. (2) Not refreshing. (3) Produces intoxication. (4) No. (5) Destroys appetite. (6) Effect lasts four or five hours. (7) After-effects bad; person feels lazy and weak. (8) Cannot do without drug. Longing for drug produced.  - Army, Answer no. 45


44. It comforts the mind. Is refreshing. Yes, slight intoxication; allays hunger; creates appetite; about four hours the effect lasts. Yes; produces uneasiness if not taken at the usual time.  - Army, Answer no. 46


44. Ganja and charas are said to produce immediate intoxication lasting about two hours and to spoil the appetite. Bhang, on the contrary, excites appetite, is less intoxicating, but produces a pleasant drowsiness. Ganja and charas consumers suffer if deprived of the drug. Users of bhang can drop it at pleasure, as is shown by its being consumed by most in the hot weather only. - Army, Answer no. 47


44. Is refreshing. Slight intoxication does not allay hunger. Increases the appetite. Effect lasts from one to two hours. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 50


44. I can only speak of bhang. It does not if moderately used produce intoxication, or allay hunger or create appetite, nor does the want of it produce uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 51


44. Good. Refreshing. It produces intoxication, which generally lasts for two hours. It allays hunger, creates appetite. After-effects—the body becomes thin in some cases. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness - Army, Answer no. 52


44. Throughout all these questions it seems to me that charas, ganja and bhang are put in the same category, whereas the two former and the latter are quite different in their effect, the two former being noxious and the latter harmless. The moderate use of bhang produces exhilaration such as strong tea does. If taken in sufficiently large quantity it produces sleep with pleasant dreams. It is rather cooling than refreshing. It causes hunger. The effect lasts some two or three hours. It leaves no after-effects, nor does the want of subsequent gratification produce any longing or uneasiness. Charas and ganja even in moderation are noxious. They produce loss of appetite and intoxication and leave bad after-effects and a longing for subsequent gratification with great uneasiness if ungratified - Army, Answer no. 53


44. Pleasantly stimulating and increases tho appetite. It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. Some hours. There are no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing for more. - Army, Answer no. 54


44. Please see my answer to No. 42. When taken to excess produces intoxication. Moderate use creates appetite. Effect lasts about eight hours. No after-effects, except on immoderate use. Want of subsequent gratification does produce longing.  - Army, Answer no. 55


44. Not refreshing, as it produces stupefaction, oblivion and intoxication, or rather a combination of all these, resulting in helplessness and unfitness for work. It does not allay hunger; it rather stimulates it. The effect lasts a longer or shorter time according to the amount consumed. The after-effects are much the same as after undue indulgence in alcohol, and the craving for more is just the same. The habitual consumer feels the want of it if deprived of it for any time, and longs for it. - Army, Answer no. 59


44. (1) As in answer No. 42. (2) Yes, to an habitual consumer. (3) Not to an habitual consumer; but a man who has not taken the drug before, it stupefies him at once. (4) Yes, a short time. (5) After smoking charas a man will eat anything placed before him that is proper food. (6) About two to three hours. If milk and ghee mixed, or a little lemon is taken, the effect disappears almost immediately. (7) No. (8) Yes, the want of it is felt, especially in the winter. - Army, Answer no. 60


44. It gives appetite for a short time after consumption—about an hour or so. It is refreshing at first, if taken in very small quantities. A tired out man, by taking a few draws at a chillum, could continue his work. It produces intoxication if much is taken. It does not allay hunger; it rather aggravates it. The after-effect is uneasiness and a craving for further indulgence in the drugs. - Army, Answer no. 61


44. After charas-smoking in small doses, slight intoxication is the first effect. Not refreshing. Does not allay hunger. Increases appetite. Intoxication lasts about two hours, afterwards sometimes headaches, always laziness. There is always a longing for more after the first intoxication. - Army, Answer no. 65


44. In about half an hour after drinking bhang intoxication, which is almost invariably of a cheerful kind, will ensue, the individual being pleased with the aspect of things in general, having a keen appetite. It is said to render persons of a quarrelsome disposition more so; but the bhang-drinkers I had interviewed are unanimous in saying this is not so, but that, on the contrary, they are so pleased with things in general, as to be less quarrelsome. I say similar effects ensue from ganja-smoking, but they are noticed almost immediately after the indulgence. It is said to be refreshing and produces intoxication as mentioned above. It does not allay hunger, but enables a man to go longer without food. It creates an appetite. The effects pass off gradually in about eight hours. There are no bad effects. There is no longing for it and no uneasiness or ill-effects from not obtaining it. - Army, Answer no. 67


44. Drinking bhang gives increased strength to undergo hardship or fatigue; it acts as a stimulant. It can produce intoxication, a dram being sufficient to intoxicate a non-consumer; a moderate consumer would take about four drams before being intoxicated. It does not alleviate hunger in any form, but the smoking dulls and the drinking of the drug creates appetite. The after-effects last about five hours after drinking, and about two hours after smoking. The want of smoking produces subsequent uneasiness, but not so the want of drinking. - Army, Answer no. 68


44. The effect as described to me would appear to be a sort of numbness. For this reason fakirs indulge greatly, as their asceticism is thus greatly annulled. It is certainly not refreshing; it does produce intoxication, though as a rule without frenzy, excitement or exhilaration, i.e., mere stupefaction. It seems rather to produce than to allay hunger. The effects may last from two hours to two or three days. The after effects are laziness, a good deal of coughing and bleared eyes, not the same craving that want of opium would cause nor apparently much the same as a tobaccosmoker amongst Europeans feels. No uneasiness of any kind. - Army, Answer no. 73


44. Produces first a period of excitement (" makes happy") and is refreshing. There is exhilaration of spirits bordering on intoxication. The exciting stage lasts longer than that of opium or alcohol and is later on followed by a desire to sleep. It does not allay hunger, but produces appetite. Its effects last for from four to five hours. I cannot ascertain if any immediate after-effects follow. The want of it produces uneasiness, but after abstinence for a week or two the uneasiness passes away - Army, Answer no. 74


44. It is considered to give a whet to the appetite and cause a feeling of pleasure in the system. Bhang placed in any drink is thought to quench the thirst and refresh one as a temporary measure. A moderate quantity would not cause intoxication in an habitual consumer. Hunger is rather increased and appetite created. An hour or so. The after-effects are rather weakening than otherwise. The want of subsequent gratification would produce longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 75


44. Stimulant. Refreshing. Does not produce intoxication in moderate use. Said to allay hunger and increase appetite. Effect lasts for about two hours or more. No after-effects to speak of. Habitual consumers would feel the want of the drug, if deprived of it, for a time. - Army, Answer no. 76


44. Effects at first refreshing; produce intoxication. Impart a kind of appetite. Duration of effect said to be three hours. Yes. - Army, Answer no. 78


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of bhang is refreshing, produces little intoxication, and has a soothing effect, and creates appetite; effect lasts for three hours; that of charas and ganja has an exciting effect and lasts for an hour. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 80


44. It is said to produce a pleasing sensation of alertness and inclination to undertake any hard work. It is said to be refreshing and does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. Its effects last about half an hour, when a sense of drowsiness sets in, and the person becomes inert and disinclined for work. There is said to be no inclination for another dose immediately afterwards, but a great inclination for a dose at the usual time of daily indulgence.  - Army, Answer no. 81


44. For the habitual consumer a moderate use of charas is refreshing, not intoxicating. It allays hunger, but does not promote appetite. Its effects last from one to two hours. The want of it produces uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 82


44. The effects of eating bhang are slower in the system than the smoking of ganja or charas. The effects of both are said to be refreshing. The moderate use does not produce intoxication with the habitual consumer. Hunger is allayed. The effects of bhang last for about six hours and of charas and ganja for not more than two hours, There appear to be no after-effects from a moderate use of any of these drugs. The want of subsequent gratification produces a feeling of longing. - Army, Answer no. 83


44. It is said to be refreshing. Does not produce intoxication if taken in moderation. Does not allay hunger, but sometimes increases the appetite. Effect lasts about two to three hours; apt to produce dyspepsia. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 85


44. Gives him slight pleasure. It is refreshing. It intoxicates slightly. Yes, it allays hunger. Yes, it creates appetite subsequently. The effect lasts for about an hour or so. There are no after-effects. Produces longing and uneasiness if the consumer be a habitual smoker. - Army, Answer no. 86


44. The effects of ganja and charas not known. Very moderate use of bhang, as used in this battery, appears refreshing. If taken to excess, it would, of course, produce intoxication; it usually acts as a tonic, though it is said it also sometimes allays hunger. The habitual consumer is, I hear, under the effects for four to six hours, but the moderate consumer feels the effect only every temporarily and feels no after-effects. The habitual consumer does feel a longing for it, but this longing does not pursue the moderate consumer.  - Army, Answer no. 88


44. They increase appetite, give a sense of wellbeing and promote pleasant sleep; are also aphrodisiac. No after-effects or uneasiness. This is when taken in strictest moderation. - Army, Answer no. 90


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of ganja or charas on a habitual consumer seems to be drowsiness and lassitude; bhang, the contrary; it is refreshing. Neither of these drugs produces intoxication or allays hunger. They all tend to stimulate the appetite. The effect appears to last from one to two hours, and there do not seem to be any after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification would produce uneasiness in the case of ganja or charas. - Army, Answer no. 91


44. The habitual and moderate consumer of charas or bhang is said to be rendered happy by its use. (b) Is refreshed. (c) Is slightly intoxicated. (d) Has not his hunger allayed. (e) Has an appetite created. (f) The effect lasts about one and a half hours. (g) No. (h) Yes. - Army, Answer no. 92


44. Eating bhang— Not always refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. Effect—Two hours if asleep; eight hours if remaining awake. No after-effects. No longing or uneasiness. Smoking charas— Refreshing. Intoxicating in some. Allays hunger in some. Creates appetite in habituals. Effect four hours. After-effect weakness. Longing and uneasiness. Ganja sharper effect than charas. - Army, Answer no. 95


44. It is refreshing if taken in moderation. (2) It does produce intoxication. (3) It does not allay hunger. (4) It does stimulate the appetite. (5) The effect of ganja or charas lasts about two hours, and bhang intoxication lasts about six hours. (6) The after-effects are lassitude and a feeling of weariness. (7) The want of a drug to a habitual consumer is not felt to any extent-not like opium-there is no great longing or weariness - Army, Answer no. 96


44. The immediate effect of bhang and ganja is to increase the appetite and make men feel as if they cared nothing for any thing and lasts according to whether the man has been accustomed to take it for some time or not. A beginner for six hours, an older hand only one. To a man accustomed to it the want of it produces many ill-effects and sometimes madness. - Army, Answer no. 97


44. (a) Ganja-smoking produces a slight effect at once; bhang-drinking not for close on an hour. (b) No. (c) Yes. (d) and (e) No. (f) Smoking, one hour; drinking, three hours. (g) Unsteadiness in legs, weakness and laziness. (h) For a short time, a certain feeling of uneasiness is felt. - Army, Answer no. 98


44. (1) The immediate effect of a moderate quantity is that of an appetiser. (2) It does not refresh. (3) It stimulates the appetite. (4) This effect lasts for about two hours. (5) After this period (two hours) if no food be taken, a feeling of exhaustion and giddiness
ensues, but if food be taken soon after no unpleasant results follow. (6) To those accustomed to its use as an appetiser, the want of it causes loss of appetite. - Army, Answer no. 99


44. Ganja—Very injurious. (1) Refreshing—No. (2) Intoxication—Yes. (3) Hunger—No. (4) Create appetite—Believe so. (5) Effects last half day; depend on quantity taken and time man has indulged in habit. (6) Fit for nothing. (7) Great trouble and uneasiness of mind. Charas—The same as above. Bhang—Habitual consumer gets weaker as time goes on. (1) Refreshing—Yes. (2) Intoxication—A little. (3) Hunger—No. (4) Create hunger—Yes. (5) About four hours. (6) None. (7) Not much I believe; as above stated, it is taken mostly in the hot weather, except by confirmed consumers. - Army, Answer no. 100


44. Bhang is refreshing, and creates appetite. It produces intoxication. No after-effects. The effect is temporary. Habitual users feel a craving for it.  - Army, Answer no. 101


44. Ease, rest and satisfaction. It is refreshing. It produces intoxication if taken in excess. It allays hunger. It does not create appetite, The effect lasts from three to four hours. The aftereffect is depression. When the after-effect is produced, there is a longing for more.  - Army, Answer no. 102


44. It produces intoxication. Creates no appetite. Effect does not last more than three hours. The after-effect, languor, and the want of the drug does create longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 103


44. Bhang produces intoxication in a degree corresponding to the amount taken: when eaten it is much more intoxicating than when it forms only one ingredient of a sherbet. It does not allay hunger. Like all stimulants it will sometimes enable a man to eat his food when previously disinclined to do so. The after-effects subsequent to intoxication said to be similar to that of other intoxicants (headache, etc). The use creates a craving for stimulant, the use is said not to become a necessity as, it is said, the use of opium becomes. - Army, Answer no. 104


44. Refreshing. Produces a feeling of intoxication. Does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. The effect lasts. No after-effects. The want produces longing and causes uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 108


44. Bhang.—It is said to be refreshing, to allay hunger and produce appetite. Its effects last three or four hours. Charas produces intoxication and its after-effects are similar to those of a debauch— dry mouth and no appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces a longing. - Army, Answer no. 109


44. The effect of bhang in moderation on habitual consumers braces up the nerves, and makes them feel vigour for a time, but does not produce intoxication or allay hunger. It creates appetite. Its effects last for about four hours; has no aftereffects. In very exceptional cases the want of bhang with habitual consumers makes them feel enervated and causes a loathing for food, but only in a very slight degree even in those who suffer at all. The habitual charas and ganja-smoker does not get intoxicated. Charas and ganja do not usually create an appetite, but allay hunger for a short time. The want of these drugs causes the person to feel lazy and- indolent and often quite prostrate and helpless.  - Army, Answer no. 110


44. (1) Yes, if drunk in solution. (2) No. (3) No. (4) Yes. (5) About six hours. (6) None. (7) No. - Army, Answer no. 113


44. Bhang is said to be refreshing in hot weather. These drugs cause intoxication. They are said to increase the power of eating food while the consumer is under their influence, but afterwards the extra food does harm, being undigested. Their effect on non-consumers or moderate consumers will last 48 hours. After that the man will feel weak and ill. In addition, charas is said to affect the brain most; bhang causes pains in the limbs and joints; ganja dries up the body and causes wasting - Army, Answer no. 115


44. Of ganja and charas, it increases the warmth of the body; it refreshes, but produces slight intoxication sufficient to be observed; it creates appetite especially for ghee and milk. The effect lasts for about two hours: there are slight after-effects, i. e., headache and listlessness, unless food is taken after smoking; the want of it produces uneasiness and nausea. Of bhang, it cools the blood and refreshes them; it produces slight intoxication and induces sleep; it creates appetite and does not allay hunger; its effects last for an hour or two. The want of bhang to a moderate consumer makes him uneasy and irritable. - Army, Answer no. 116


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use is  certainly refreshing; it does produce intoxication and moderate use may allay hunger. The moderate use of bhang only increases and perhaps creates appetite; the other preparations seem to have an opposite effect. The effect lasts in proportion to the quality and quantity of the drug. After effect is depressive, the consumer feels he must have more, and a want produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 117


44. (1) It is refreshing. (2) It produces an intoxicating effect. (3) No. (4) It creates appetite. (5) About one hour. (6) A certain amount of depression. (7) To some extent. - Army, Answer no. 119


44. (1) Yes. (2) Exhilaration not quite amounting to intoxi  cation. (3) No. (4) Yes. (5) Four to six hours. (6) No. (7) Yes, both.  - Army, Answer no. 121


44. The habitual consumer of bhang says that it produces appetite and cheers one up. The general idea to onlookers is that it produces a sort of dull intoxication which makes a man callous as to what is going on round him. Smoking charas seems to have much the same sort of effect as smoking tobacco. Very much missed if not indulged in. - Army, Answer no. 122


44 Its immediate effect on the consumer is intoxicating: it excites and then produces intoxication: it does not allay hunger, but creates appetite: its effects last three or four hours, and has no after-effects : its consumption leads to longing for more.  - Answer No. 124.


44. It is refreshing, slightly intoxicating, and allays hunger for the time. It also promotes appetite. The effects last for about two and a half hours. The after-effects are little or none. Yes.  - Army, Answer no. 125


44. (1) The immediate effect of a moderate quantity is that of an appetiser. (2) It does refresh. (3) It stimulates the appetite. (4) This effect lasts for about two hours. (5) After this period (two hours) if no food be taken, a feeling of exhaustion and giddiness ensues; but if food be taken soon after no unpleasant results follow. (6) To those accustomed to its use as an appetiser the want of it causes loss of appetite. - Army, Answer no. 127


44. Refreshing. Soon produces intoxication and causes hunger. Wants to be perpetually eating, from faintness. Want of it produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 128


44. (1) It is refreshing. (2) Does not intoxicate. (3) It allays hunger, in so far as it is sometimes used as a substitute for food. (4) About three hours. (5) No after-effects. (6) As a rule it requires to be left off by degrees. - Army, Answer no. 129


44. The effects are intoxication and creation of appetite, so that a consumer requires much nourishment. The effects last from about I hour when smoked, to about 12 when drunk. The after-effects are generally lassitude and hunger. - Army, Answer no. 130


44. Makes him dull and absent-minded. (b) No. (c) Yes. (d) No. (e) Yes. (f) The effects from smoking last two hours whereas in drinking four and upwards. (g) Generally severe headache, and the consumer becomes more or less stupefied. (h) Yes. - Army, Answer no. 131


44. All stimulating. It is refreshing for the time being. It does not produce intoxication: after-effects are depressant and a state of stupidity. Yes.  - Army, Answer no. 132


44. (i) Exhilaration. (ii) and (iii) Yes. (iv) No. (v) Yes. (vi) five or six hours, unless a confirmed user. (vii) They have an intoxicating effect followed by sleep. The after-effect is nervous debility. (viii) Yes.  - Army, Answer no. 133


44 It refreshes and stimulates appetite. If not taken in moderation, produces intoxication and the effect lasts four to five hours. It does not allay hunger; the after-effect is a feeling of lassitude and headache, etc., and the want of subsequent gratification produces a craving for the same.  - Army, Answer no. 134


44. It is refreshing. If taken in excess, it produces intoxication. Ganja allays hunger, but bhang does not. Bhang produces hunger. The last two questions are answered together. If the drug is not obtainable, the habitual consumer becomes lazy and more or less incapable of work.  - Army, Answer no. 135


44. More soporific or intoxicant than refreshing. Does not allay hunger. Bhang in moderation creates appetite. Effects of slight indulgence lasts for two or three hours. The effects of a large dose might be apparent for 24 hours. Moderate use pro¬ duces only insignificant after-effects. A larger dose results in headache and dizziness. Occasional use produces no constitutional craving; habitual use does. - Army, Answer no. 137


44. Ganja and charas tend to exhilarate at once, bhang slowly. Its refreshing action is doubtful; it produces intoxication so called only when taken to excess. In large quantities it deadens hunger, but in small quantities it often acts as a tonic and creates appetite until satisfied with food. There are no after-effects of any consequence except drowsiness and disinclination to movement; the want of subse¬ quent gratification is only felt for a few days. - Army, Answer no. 138


44. Charas and ganja make any one stupefied at once, and his eyes become red. (a) Bhang takes half an hour after being taken before it takes any effect. The effect lasts about three hours. (b) Charas and ganja act as a stimulant; bhang is not. (c) All these drugs produce intoxication if taken in sufficient quantities. (d) They allay hunger. (e) Bhang causes an appetite; charas and ganja do not. (f) Bhang has an effect for about four hours. (g) All these drugs cause heavy sleep and great dulness of the senses on waking up. (h) Yes.  - Army, Answer no. 139


44. As regards the habitual consumer, bhang, which is generally mixed with various condiments before having water strained through it, is certainly refreshing, as most drinks are. A feeling of drowsiness quickly comes on, followed by intoxication, if taken in excess. If a man is hungry, his taking the drug in any of its forms will make him feel more so. The drug is generally considered to create appetite. A man who is not an habitual consumer would be under the effects of the drug for about seven hours. The habitual consumer, with an equal dose, would not be affected for so long a time. As regards after-effects, a man generally becomes depressed and quarrelsome, and will not be happy until he can get the drug again. - Army, Answer no. 140


44. The immediate effect of charas and ganja is to intoxicate and is not refreshing, though these drugs may allay hunger. Bhang is said to create an appetite. Cannot say what the after-effects are. - Army, Answer no. 141


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs is to stimulate the brain and nervous system. The moderate use of these drugs does hot produce intoxication; it does not allay but creates appetite. The effect lasts three or four hours. There are no after-effects with moderate use. The want of subsequent gratification produces slight longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 142


44. In a moderate degree ganja is refreshing. Too much produces a sort of intoxication. Does not allay hunger. Produces appetite. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 143


44. (1) Refreshing and non-intoxicant, if taken in small quantities. (2) Supposed both to allay hunger when food is not procurable, and also to act as an appetiser. (3) The effect lasts for two or three hours. (4) No. (5) Abstinence to a confirmed smoker is keenly felt. - Army, Answer no. 144


44. Charas is unknown. Ganja is very refreshing; it excites, but not intoxicates. It does not allay hunger, but creates an appetite. The effect of using one "masha" of ganja lasts about fourteen minutes. Men feel stronger after consuming it, but a desire is created for more after consumption. Bhang is very refreshing, and in moderate quanti¬ ties tends to clear the intellect and promote digestion; it allays hunger. The effect of bhang lasts about six hours. Taken in moderation, no injurious after-effects are produced. It does not create a desire to take more or uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 145


44. (1) Is said to stimulate the consumer in his work or occupation. (2), (3) and (4) Yes. (5) No. (6) One hour. (7) Lassitude. (8) Yes. - Army, Answer no. 146


44. Slightly exhilarating: the general opinion is that it is refreshing, produces intoxication if exceeded in; does not allay hunger; rather increases it; effect lasts about 15 minutes; apt to produce slackness; want of subsequent gratification does not produce longing or uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 147


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of these drugs on the habitual consumer is refreshing, creates appetite, produces sensation and intoxication. Its effect lasts six or eight hours. The after effects of these drugs are dullness, headache and loss of appetite. The want of subsequent gratification does not produce any longing or uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 152


44. Bhang is said to be cheering and promotes appetite. Effect lasts one or two hours. No aftereffects. Ganja allays hunger, produces thirst, and tends to stupefy: effect lasts three or four hours. Probably there is a craving for a repetition of the dose.  - Army, Answer no. 157


44. (1) It acts as stimulant and appetiser. (2) Drinking bhang is said to be refreshing. (3) It does if taken in large quantities. (4) It does not allay hunger. (5) The effect of ganja is said to last three or four hours, that of bhang longer, particularly if a man takes it who is not in the habit of doing so. (6) After the effect has passed off a consumer is apt to be somewhat apathetic and lazy. (7) Regular consumers suffer if their supply is  cut off. - Army, Answer no. 158


44. My native officers reply as follows:— (1) Somewhat of an aphrodisiac. (2) No. (3) Yes. (4) and (5) No. (6) Depends on the amount consumed. (7) No, not at once; but the nerves go in time. (8) Yes - Army, Answer no. 159


44. Supposed to be refreshing. Produces in¬ toxication. Does not allay hunger. Increases the appetite. Ganja and charas two hours. Bhang six hours. After-effects laziness. Pro¬ duces longing and listlessness.  - Army, Answer no. 160


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of these drugs is refreshing and exhilarating to the habitual consumer; it does not allay hunger, but creates an appetite, and produces slight intoxication, inasmuch as it renders a man more talkative and energetic in his actions. The effect lasts about two hours. Its after-effects are enervating, and there is a longing to indulge in it again. - Army, Answer no. 162


44. The moderate use of these drugs produces little effect on the habitual consumer. They produce intoxication. Charas and ganja allay hunger; bhang creates appetite; effect of cha¬ ras and ganja lasts for about two hours, but that of bhang lasts for about six hours. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 163


44. It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does create appetite about one hour or one and a half hours after each time of using. There are no bad after-effects. It does.  - Army, Answer no. 164


44. The immediate effects are.—It is refreshing and produces intoxication; it allays hunger. But the use of bhang only creates hunger. The after-effects increase lassitude. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness - Army, Answer no. 165


44. Slight intoxication. It is said that bhang is refreshing. Yes. No. It is said that it increases hunger. Also that it creates appetite. One to two hours. Yes. Sometimes makes a man stupid. Yes. - Army, Answer no. 166


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of any of those drugs on the habitual consumer is to give an exhilarating feeling such as caused by a moderate use of alcoholic preparations. It produces intoxication. Smoking allays hunger, but eating or drinking preparations of it creates appetite. The effect lasts about two hours. After-effects are depression and a longing for more. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 167


44. Said to be refreshing. Ganja produces intoxication a few minutes after it is smoked; beyond this I can gather no information. - Army, Answer no. 168


44. They are refreshing for the time; they do produce intoxication; they do allay hunger; they do not create appetite; the effect lasts from five to six hours; their after effects are lassitude and exhaustion. - Army, Answer no. 169


44. No immediate effects. It is refreshing. No, not intoxicating. Allays hunger. Does create appetite. Effect lasts about two hours. No after¬ effects. No longing or uneasiness for a day or two. - Army, Answer no. 170


44. Charas is said to impart a feeling of warmth, but to make the consumer drunk almost immediately. Ganja promotes appetite a short time after smoking it. Bhang has a cooling effect, allays thirst, and promotes appetite. The effects are said to last for several hours and no unpleasant after-effects are experienced. Want of the drug does not produce longing or uneasiness to any great extent. A man accustomed to smoke ganja could satisfy the desire for it by smoking tobacco instead.  - Army, Answer no. 171


44. First excitement, which later on is followed by a desire to sleep. Its effects seem to be refreshing. It does not allay hunger, but increases the desire for food; it produces slight intoxication; the effect lasts about four to eight hours; it produces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 172


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use is stimulating. It is refreshing, when only a little is taken. It does produce intoxication. It allays hunger, but at the same time the men who use these drugs are large feeders. The effect lasts about four or five hours. The after-effects are thirst and weariness. If a man cannot get these drugs (when accustomed to them) his craving for them is great and causes con¬ siderable uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 173


44. It acts as an almost immediate stimulant. It is not refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does create appetite. A man will feel the effects till the evening if he consumes in the morning, or till the morning if he consumes in the evening. He will become lazy and slack. If consumption is suddenly stopped, it is hurtful, and great longing will be entailed with uneasiness. - 174


44. On the habitual consumer— (1) A sense of comfort. (2) It is refreshing. (3) Slight intoxication. (4) Does not allay hunger. (5) It increases the appetite. (6) One or two hours. (7) No after-effects with ganja and charas. Bhang produces after-effects, such as lassitude, etc. (8) It does produce longing and uneasiness. The medical officer states that medicinal doses simply tend to produce soothing sleep.  - Army, Answer no. 176


44. In severe cold it is stated to have the effect of producing warmth. It produces intoxication, allays hunger for a short time—about one hour only. The effect of the intoxication lasts for about twelve hours, but varies according as the consumer is habitual or otherwise. There appear to be no after-effects beyond headache and a parched mouth. No uneasiness is experienced by the want of subsequent gratification. - Army, Answer no. 177


44. A man becomes idle and cannot do his work. It also makes him drunk for as long as his money lasts. It is not refreshing, nor does it allay hunger. No after-effects. - Army, Answer no. 178


44. Moderate use. Bhang drunk—Restorative; does not produce intoxication. Bhang eat—Increases hunger. Ganja—Refreshing; quiets the nerves; acts as a sedative. Charas—Not taken - Army, Answer no. 179


44. It refreshes and stimulates for a time. Taken in excess it produces intoxication. Charas is supposed to allay hunger. Bhang, on the contrary, acts as an appetizer. The effect of charas soon passes off, but the effect of bhang lasts longer, depending a great deal on the amount taken. To habitual consumers it does produce a longing for it.  - Army, Answer no. 181


44. In five minutes after smoking it produces slight intoxication, lasting about 1/4tho f an hour. It does allay hunger. Does not create appetite. No after-effects. After the habit is formed, the want is felt.  - Army, Answer no. 182


44. It produces an immediate power of think¬ ing deeply on things which have happened. In a way, but leads to great thirst. No. As long as one smokes one does not feel hunger, but after smoking one gets hungry. Men who are new at it get hungry very much quicker than those who are old hands at the habit. Ganja -- three hours. Bhang — All day. No. - Army, Answer no. 184


44. It allays fatigue, produces a feeling of rest and comfort, promotes sleep, allays hunger. In moderation, produces no intoxication, nor does it injuriously affect appetite, though it lessens exhaustion from want of food. No longing or uneasiness results from the want of this drug, provided exhaustion is not felt from other causes such as want of proper food, or ex¬ cessive toil, inducing fatigue. Very often a man can obtain his modicum of ganja when he cannot obtain food.  - Army, Answer no. 185


44. Is refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. Effect lasts about three hours. No after-effects. Does produce longing at prescribed times, that is to say, a man wants to take it regularly at the same time - Army, Answer no. 188


44. Habitual consumers are not affected much. They say it is refreshing. If the usual allow¬ ance is suddenly increased, intoxication is produced, but not otherwise. It is said to allay hunger and consequently does not create appetite. This depends upon the amount taken. No. - Army, Answer no. 189


44. It shakes off the laziness and brings activity. Yes, only to the habitual consumer. Yes, to those who are not in the habit. No. Yes. One hour. No. No.  - Army, Answer no. 190


44. To habitual users of these drugs, if they do not partake of it at their regular time, it affects their appetite and renders them dull and stupid, but if taken regularly at regular hours it increases appetite and generally freshens up the system.  - Army, Answer no. 191


44. They stimulate, and produce feelings of happiness, and make a man pleasant and sociable. Bhang refreshes, but neither ganja nor charas; all produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. Intoxication from bhang lasts about six hours; from charas and ganja only an hour or two. Heaviness and stupidity are the after-effects. If not procurable, it produces a sense of longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 192


44. Ganja.—It is said to be refreshing, taken in excess intoxicating, but not in moderation. It does not allay hunger; on the contrary with most it incites appetite. The effect lasts from two to three hours, taken in the very moderate way that it is in this corps; it appears to have no after effects, and occasional indulgence does not apparently produce uneasiness or a longing for more - Army, Answer no. 193


44. Ganja and bhang are refreshing and appetizing. If the supply is stopped, the appetite fails, and the person is distressed and uneasy. - Army, Answer no. 194


44. The immediate effect is stimulant, raising the spirits, increasing the force of circulation, sharpening the intellect, and exciting the appetite. It is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger, but arouses appetite. The effects last only a few hours. There are scarcely any after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing.  - Army, Answer no. 195


44. There is no immediate effect. Yes, it is refreshing. It does not produce intoxication. Yes, it does allay hunger for a short time. Yes, it does create appetite. The effect lasts for about two hours. Yes, a person feels uneasy. Yes it does produce uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 196


44. Bhang.—It produces a temporary exhilaration, lasting about two hours, a larger dose produces intoxication. Does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. No after-effects. Charas.—Produces intoxication, readily takes away appetite, and affects the general health, producing weakness. Ganja.—Has the same effect as charas. - Army, Answer no. 197


44. The immediate effect does not appear to refresh a habitual consumer. It produces a drowsy sensation. It makes the consumer hungry, when he is roused or rouses himself. The effect of sleepiness lasts about fifteen minutes in case of smoking, and in case of drinking lasts about four hours. But one smoke or drink does not induce a desire for further smoking or drinking. - Army, Answer no. 199


44. Exhilarating, refreshing, intoxicating to a slight degree; it does not allay hunger, but creates an appetite; effect lasts from half to two hours; as alcohol produces a longing by want of subsequent gratification, so with these drugs. - Army, Answer no. 200


44. It is said to be refreshing when one is tired. Produces intoxication, does not allay hunger, but increases appetite. The effects last from two to three hours - Army, Answer no. 201


44. The immediate effect of smoking ganja and charas is that they cause coughing, and make the person often quarrelsome. They are not refreshing. They do produce intoxication. They only allay hunger in making the person stupid. They do not create appetite. The immediate effects last one or two hours. The after-effect is similar to that of alcohol. The want of subsequent gratification does produce a longing for it and uneasiness. These effects do not result from the use of bhang. - Army, Answer no. 202


44. It is said to be refreshing and invigorating; it allays hunger, causes a pleasant warmth to permeate the body and enables the consumer to withstand prolonged exertion. The effects last for about two hours, after which there is a reaction and a slight feeling of lassitude and drowsiness. The subsequent want produces slight uneasiness. I have twice personally smoked ganja in small quantities to test its effect, and am bound to say without results, comfortable or otherwise. - Army, Answer no. 203


44. It is refreshing. Seldom produces intoxication. Creates appetite. Effects last from one to two hours. There are no after-effects. In the case of opium-eating the want of subse¬ quent gratification produces longing. - Army, Answer no. 204


44. It is refreshing and not intoxicating, but stimulates and invigorates. It does not allay hunger, but creates appetite. It acts as a tonic and is used as such, having no after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification is only felt by immoderate consumers. - Army, Answer no. 206


44. Smoking of charas— It is refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. Allays hunger. Does not increase appetite. No after-effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces no uneasiness to a moderate smoker. - Army, Answer no. 206


44. (a) I do not know. (b) Said to be refreshing. (c) If taken in excess. (d) and (e) Said to do so. (f) About a couple of hours. (g) Pleasant languor. (h) Only in some cases of long standing. - Army, Answer no. 207


44. At first, for very short time, exhilarating, like opium. Thereafter noxious. Creates, does not allay hunger. Effect lasts three to four hours. Want of sub¬ sequent gratification creates uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 208


44. It produces noisy or quiet excitement, often sexual, and hallucinations, followed by sleep. It is refreshing at the time and is a great intoxicant. It both increases the appetite if food is taken, and it allays hunger after a little if the appetite is restrained. The effects last about one hour. Afterwards some dryness of the mouth is left in persons accustomed to it. There is a craving for gratification if the drug is not taken. - Army, Answer no. 209


44. It refreshes first and then intoxicates, and makes habitual consumers fit for their work; it increases the appetite of beginners, but lessens that of habitual consumers for three hours after drinking bhang, and only for a short period after charas or ganja. Uneasiness and a craving for more. - Army, Answer no. 210


44. The moderate use of ganja is said to be re¬ freshing, producing a pleasant sensation of easiness and happiness. It is said to be non-intoxicating, nor does it allay hunger, but rather increases the appetite. The effects are said to last three hours. There are said to be no after-effects except a craving for re-indulgence. A habitual consumer deprived of his ganja can¬ not work effectually, and suffers greatly from the craving for his usual stimulant. No replies as regards charas or bhang-consumers can be given, as none are available for questioning.  - Army, Answer no. 211


44. It exhilarates at first, but only for a short time. It produces effects of intoxication; it does not allay hunger; its effects last for three or four hours. Yes, regular consumers feel a longing if suddenly deprived of the drug. - Army, Answer no. 212


44. (i) Bhang.— The immediate effect is refreshing; a sort of mild intoxication with increase of appetite; it does not allay hunger; the effect lasts about three hours; there are practically no after effects in the habitual consumer, but in the case of those who take it occasionally, there is slight headache and constipation. There is stated to be no uneasiness if subsequent gratification is interfered with. (ii) Charas.—The immediate effect is intoxication; it is refreshing to some extent; it creates appetite; it does not allay hunger. The effect lasts about three hours. After-effects are languor and weakness; the want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness and disinclination to exertion of any sort. - Army, Answer no. 213


44. (a) A feeling of rest. (b) Scarcely refreshing, but reposeful. (c) Certainly not. (d) In the same way as any other stimulant. (e) No. (f) For an hour more or less. (g) Not as far as can be seen. (h) Certainly there is a craving when any habit is first disused. - Army, Answer no. 214


44. Charas produces intoxication. It is re¬ freshing, but does not create or allay hunger. The effects last about an hour when small amounts are taken. After-effects, headache and constipation. There is longing and uneasiness if more cannot be obtained. - Army, Answer no. 215


44. Do not know. Not refreshing. Produces intoxication. Does not allay hunger nor create appetite. Effect lasts upwards of three hours. Yes, there are after-effects; Produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 216  


44. As far as I can discover, all forms of the drug may as a medicine in case of cough, or as an alterative, prove of slight use. They are refreshing. Do not allay hunger. Create appetite. Longing and uneasiness are caused and in some cases sickness. Effects last:— Bhang—fifteen to twenty hours. - Army, Answer no. 218


44. The immediate effect of bhang or ganja is refreshing and invigorating. One whiff of charas makes a man usually drop back senseless. Use of the two former does not produce intoxication. These narcotics do not allay hunger; they are appetisers, and a man can eat almost anything with them. The effect of bhang lasts about an hour or two, that of ganja about half an hour: ganja and charas create a thirst.  - Army, Answer no. 219


44. Bliss. Yes, refreshing. Yes, intoxicating. Does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. One hour, about. Yes, bodily pains. - Army, Answer no. 220


44. The moderate use of any of these drugs produces intoxication. It refreshes its habitual consumer, revives at once his dormant life, and thereby enables him to attend to his personal requirements; but failing to get it at the proper time, he becomes quite uneasy, restless, and unable to take care of his person, and longs to have his usual dose. The effects of charas and ganja are instantaneous, and their intoxication lasts for an hour or two; while bhang is slow in its effects, and its intoxication also lasts for a longer time, according to the quantity taken. - Army, Answer no. 221


44. There is no immediate effect from the moderate use of these drugs. It is not refreshing, but intoxicates. It does not allay hunger, but, on the contrary, creates appetite; the effect depends on the stamina of the person. Yes, it does produce after-effect. The want of subsequent gratification produces a great uneasiness to the habitual consumer. - Army, Answer no. 222


44 It has a stupefying effect on the intellect. It perhaps slightly exhilarates. It does not allay, but certainly aggravates hunger. The bad effects are noticeable for a whole day. The man who requires it from habit suffers in strength, through want of appetite probably. But of this I am uncertain. - Army, Answer no. 223


44 (i) Yes. (ii) Yes; if more than the usual quantity is taken. (iii) Those who smoke it say so. (iv) When first beginning to use it, it does so,  but not afterwards. (vi) It produces expectorations and loss of brain power. (vii) Yes, for a time, but this can be got over - Army, Answer no. 225


44. Refreshing and stimulating. Reaction soon sets in, and produces depression and intoxication. It allays hunger. The effects last for about two or three hours. The after-effects are laziness and languor. The want of subsequent gratification does produce longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 226


44. Refreshing. Does not produce intoxication. Charas allays hunger. Drinking bhang creates appetite. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing. - Army, Answer no. 228


44. When taken by a novice it increases the appetite. In the habitual consumer this is not the case. - Army, Answer no. 229


44. The immediate effect on the habitual con¬ sumers is refreshing. It creates appetite. If any food be taken, it would induce sleep and drowsi¬ ness. Further intoxication would set imagination to work. The after-effect causes uneasiness. The system becomes arid. - Army, Answer no. 232


44. To the habitual consumer the effect is refreshing and enervating. It does not produce intoxication. It does not allay hunger. It does create appetite. The effect lasts about three or four hours, when the consumer becomes languid and begins to again feel the want of it. The subsequent non-gratification of the want makes the habitual consumer restless and uneasy; he cannot set himself to do any work he is required to do, and eventually from abstention from it he becomes ill, and I am told in cases of a large consumer abstention from it sometimes ends in madness. - Army, Answer no. 233


44. A man who has become addicted to the use of these drugs feels dull if he does not get the drug. When the drug is taken it is refreshing and exhilarant. It causes delirium and leads to prating. The use of these drugs does not allay hunger, but the consumers of charas and ganja may lose their appetite, owing to irregularities in their nervous system. Bhang creates appetite, and its effect lasts for two or three hours, but when the intoxication is over it causes inactivity, weakness and restlessness. - Army, Answer no. 234


44. The moderate use of these drugs is refresh¬ ing. It does not intoxicate, but is exhilarant. It does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. How long the effect lasts depends on the quantity taken by the consumer. The after-effects are phlegm, laziness and cold. The want of gratification causes yawning, melancholy, laziness, weakness, loss of appetite and irritability. - Army, Answer no. 235


44. The use of bhang, whether moderate or excessive, causes intoxication and also affects the brain. It is not refreshing. It does not produce delirium, but a little intoxi¬ cation and stupefaction. It does not allay hunger. It does create appetite. But when the intoxi¬ cation is over, it often causes dyspepsia. The intoxication of bhang often lasts for twelve hours, and that of charas and ganja each for an hour or two. Causes a feeling of privation. The man who has become accustomed to the use of any of these drugs feels a longing and uneasiness if he does not get it. - Army, Answer no. 236


44. These drugs are refreshing for the habitual consumer. They do not produce senselessness. Does not allay hunger. It creates appetite. The intoxication of charas and ganja lasts for two hours, while that of bhang for about twelve hours. The consumer looks dull after the intoxication is over. The want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 237


44. Is somewhat refreshing. Does not produce much intoxication. Does not allay hunger. Sharpens appetite. The lasting of the effect depends upon the quantity taken. The after-effects are phlegm and a sort of idleness. The want of subsequent gratification brings about the following effects upon the consumer:— (1) Yawning, (2) sadness, (3) laziness, (4) weakness, (5) loss of appetite, (6) anger. - Army, Answer no. 238


44. The people who use these drugs moderately do not feel any instantaneous effect, but after half an hour they feel some intoxication. It is not refreshing but exhilarates those who are in the habit of using it. It gives no intoxication (Masti), but makes the man coward. It does not allay hunger. It increases appetite. It is often seen that a man eats double the quantity his usual meal. If moderately used, its effects would last for three hours, and if used in excess the effect lasts longer; when the intoxication is over the man becomes too weak. The want of subsequent gratification causes uneasiness to the habitual consumer. - Army, Answer no. 239


44. The use of these drugs is refreshing and not creative of laziness. It does not allay hunger, but sharpens the appetite. The lasting of effect depends upon the quantity consumed. The after-effects are phlegm and a sort of idleness. The want of subsequent gratification brings about the following effects on the consumer:— (1) Yawning, (2) sadness, (3) laziness, (4) weakness, (5) loss of appetite and (6) anger. - Army, Answer no. 240


44. The immediate effect is refreshing, exhilarat¬ ing, intoxicating and sharpening the appetite. The lasting of the effect depends upon the quantity consumed. The after-effects are headache, uneasiness and pain in limbs. Want of subsequent gratification produces great uneasiness, so much so that a habitual consumer is unable even to walk. - Army, Answer no. 241


44. Habitual habit of taking any of these drugs gradually leads the consumer to degradation. It produces instantaneous intoxication. It is not refreshing. Does not allay hunger. Of course, the use of bhang creates and sharpens the appetite, but over-feeding causes indigestion. If they take full dose in the beginning, the effect lasts for two or four pahars (one pahar=2 1/2 hours), but when they become habitual consumers they do not become senseless but remain intoxicated. The want of subsequent gratification produces great uneasiness. To give up the habit altogether would cause serious privation, and the consumer becomes badtempered and quarrelsome. - Army, Answer no. 242


44. The use of charas produces aridity, bronchitis, etc.; it sharpens the appetite, but affects the digestive power. It creates intoxication, which is injurious to the body. It also brings on timidity. It does not allay hunger, and over-feeding is followed by indigestion. - Army, Answer no. 243


44. The use of charas produces aridity, bronchitis, etc.; it sharpens the appetite, but affects the digestive power. It creates intoxication, which is injurious to the body. It also brings on timidity. It does not allay hunger, and over-feeding is followed by indigestion. - Army, Answer no. 244


44. Ganja and charas have instantaneous effect, whereas bhang acts slowly. The effect is not refreshing, for persons under their effects have been seen to lose their senses and commit foolish acts. Excessive use of bhang produces senselessness. Ganja and charas lessen the appetite, but bhang increases it. The effect lasts for 2 1/2 or 3 hours. As soon as the effect abates, the man feels weak and languid. The habitual consumers become quite inactive, if they do not get it at the usual time. They feel quite uneasy. - Army, Answer no. 245(a)


44. It is not refreshing. The effect lasts for two and a half to three hours. Languor and indolence then follow. Want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 245(b)


44. The moderate use of bhang is beneficial to health, but ganja and charas are always injurious. The bhang produces hunger, gives rest to the tired man. Its influence remains four hours, and when it is gone, man becomes lazy and idle: if not drunk at the proper time, it produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 246


44. The immediate effect of the moderate use of all these drugs on the habitual consumer is moderate intoxication followed by a sense of fresh¬ ness. It does not allay hunger, but it creates appetite. The intoxication of ganja and charas lasts for about two hours, and that of bhang lasts for about ten hours. After this period torpor and loss of energy follow. - Army, Answer no. 247


44. The habitual consumer has the pleasing sen¬ sation as the immediate effect of the moderate use. It is not refreshing in general. It produces no in¬ toxication to the moderate habitual consumer. It rages hunger; creates appetite. The effect lasts to the time at which the habitual consumer uses to take daily. Uneasiness and weakness are its after effects. The want of subsequent gratification produces uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 248


44. The moderate use of bhang and ganja stim¬ ulates the mind and produces a kind of pleasing intoxication. It produces hunger also, and is very useful for digestion and diarrhœa. The bhang is used even to give up the habit of drinking wine, which injures the health. - Army, Answer no. 249


44. The moderate use— (1) Refreshes. (2) Exhilarates. (3) Does allay hunger for a time. (4) Creates appetite. (5) Effects last about an hour or so. (6) There are no unpleasant after-effects. (7) The want of subsequent gratification does not produce longing or uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 250


44. Intoxicating. Temporary stimulant. Produces intoxication. Creates appetite for more. Is followed by languor. Yes, causes uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 251


44. Bhang is exhilarating at the time, intoxi¬ cates and increases hunger. Ganja and charas intoxicate the moment they are smoked, and the effect wears off under an hour. They redden the eyes and lessen hunger. The want of subsequent gratification produces heaviness and dulness. Bhang is believed to help digestion. Ganja and charas are supposed to cause asthma and bronchitis.  - Army, Answer no. 252


44. It produces exhilaration. It is refreshing for a short time. Produces slight intoxication. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. Effects last for an hour or so. Yes, produces a feeling of uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 253


44. It is refreshing. Produces intoxication. At first it creates appetite, but afterwards it allays hunger. The duration of the effect depends upon the quantity taken. The after-effects are headache, pain in limbs and thirst. The want of subsequent gratification produces serious privation.  - Army, Answer no. 254


44. Yes, it is refreshing to some extent. It gives intoxication but not animal passion. It allays hunger, but not to all consumers. It does create appetite. The effect of bhang lasts for twelve hours and that of charas and ganja for two or three hours. The after-effects are laziness and pain in limbs. Yes, the want of subsequent gratification pro¬ duces longing and uneasiness.  - Army, Answer no. 255


44. The immediate effect is inebriation. Yes, it is refreshing. It does not induce (musti) debauchery. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. The effect of bhang lasts for twelve hours and that of ganja and charas for about two or three hours. The after-effect is laziness. The want of subsequent gratification undoubted¬ ly produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 256


44. The immediate effects are delight and gladness. Is not refreshing, but productive of laziness. It rather makes the consumer coward. Does not allay hunger. Creates appetite. Lasting of its effect depends upon the quantity taken. The after effect is languor. Want of subsequent gratification certainly produces longing. - Army, Answer no. 258


44. The immediate effects are red eyes and giddiness. It is refreshing for the habitual consumers only. It certainly produces intoxication. Does not allay hunger. It creates appetite but does not increase digestive power The effects last for about twenty-four hours. The after-effects are yawning and pain in limbs. It certainly causes uneasiness and longing - Army, Answer no. 259


44. The moderate use of bhang is exhilarating to some extent for the habitual consumers. It also creates appetite. Charas when smoked also removes laziness. But when the intoxication is over, the consumer of charas feels more uneasiness than that of bhang. It is said that the effect of bhang lasts for six hours, and that of charas for an hour or two. - Army, Answer no. 260


44. The immediate effects of bhang are signs of slight intoxication in the eyes, cheerful appearance and composure. The intoxication lasts for two hours, and the after effects are hunger and languor, but not serious privation. The use of charas or ganja, however, impairs appetite, dries blood in the body and causes emaciation. - Army, Answer no. 261


44. Refreshing, soothing and slight narcotic. Does not produce intoxication. Does not allay hunger; creates appetite. Lasts about two hours. Want of subsequent gratification produces longing and uneasiness. - Army, Answer no. 262



NOTE BY SURGEON-MAJOR RUSSELL, CIVIL SURGEON OF GAUHATI, ON GANJA AND BHANG, CANNABIS INDICA
DETAILS OF EXPERIMENTS.
DHANOO.—One of the men experimented on, œt. 38 or so, healthy, muscular, intelligent. Has used opium and ganja for about fifteen years. Opium.—Used to eat about 45 grains (four annas) in early morning, and smoke ganja about three hours after that. Says he used to work well while consuming these. Says they used to make him feel stronger, kept him warm, and from feeling fatigue. Sometimes made him sleepy; never incapable of work. Ganja.—Used to smoke 180 grains during 24 hours (if he could afford it), in four or five instalments. For last seven months, while in jail, had no opium or ganja. On all days of experiment Dhanoo had breakfasted between 11 and 11-30 A.M.
Experiment 1; on 3rd March, 1883— Effects. Ganja, 30 grains. Before.—Heart 88; Country tobacco, 10 firm, clear. grains. After i.e., at 3 P.M.,— Smoked in chillum. heart 120; less firm. Pupils.—Some contraction induced.Began 2-45 P.M. Finished 2-56 P.M. Mental effects, none.
Experiment 2; on 4th March, 1883— Dhanoo, who had breakfasted at 11 A. M. smoked in a chillum: Ganja 90 grains + tobacco 15 grains. One-third of this smoked at a time. 1st part.—Began at 2-20 P.M. Finished at 2-30 P.M. Before.—Heart 88; firm, steady—Pupils normal. After.—Heart 118 Pupils some contraction induced. 2nd part.—Began 2-36. Finished 2-48. After.—Heart 132; sounds are not clear; muffled, especially first sound. Says he feels strong, fit for work, and happy. Mental effects slight, can talk as much as before; says he feels giddy; can balance on one foot. Pupils further contracted. 3rd part.—Began 3-24. Finished 3-30. After.—Heart 134; irregular, not firm. Pupils, very contracted; do not respond easily. Looks tipsy; conjunctivæ red; voice thick, muffled; says he feels strong and fit for work. Mental.—Giddy; can walk straight, but not balance on one leg. Ideas clear; sits leaning head against support. Giddiness increased during the half hour following the completion of this last pipe. 6-30 P.M.—Symptoms almost disappeared. Experiment 3— Bhang leaves, three weeks old, dry, of plants 2 to 3 feet high, mature, not flowering. Dhanoo smoked (on 5th March 1883) 180 grains. 1st part.—Bhang 60 grains + tobacco 6 grains in chillum. Began to smoke 1-18 P. M. Finished 1-45 p. M. Before.—Heart 88; firm, clear. Pupils normal. After.—No alteration of any kind observable, except diuretic effect. He retires twice to empty bladder of an unusual amount of clear urine. He says it is unpleasant to smoke and gives heartburn. Would rather drink it. Has never smoked bhang before. 2nd part.—Bhang 120 grains more=180 grains in all + tobacco 5 grains, smoked in chillum. Began this 2-10 P.M. Finished 3-5 P.M. After.—Heart 90; firm, clear. Pupils as before. Mental symptoms, none. Diuretic effect, marked. Retired three times, up to 5 P.M., when observation ceased.
Experiment 4; on 6th March, 1883— Bhang drunk, as goonta, from leaves of young immature plants 1 foot high. Dried bhang leaves 1 dram. Preparation Sugar 1 dram. Preparation Black pepper 12 berries. Water 12 ounces. Leaves, pepper and sugar well beaten up together with a little water; more water added; filtered through cloth; process repeated with residue, thrice. Resulting fluid, thick bilious green; taste sweet, mawkish; smell like hay. Well frothed up, then drunk. Effects none, except diuretic.
Experiment 5; on 9th March, 1883— Bhang.—Leaves of mature plants, 2 to 3 feet high, not flowering; leaves about three weeks old, dry. Prepared as in Experiment IV; 2 drams made into 12 ounces of goonta. Dhanoo drunk this at 11-50 A. M. Before.—Heart 88: strong, clear. Pupils normal. Effects.—1 P. M.—Heart 98; slight giddiness; can stand on one foot. 2 P.M.—Same. 3 P.M.—Same. 4 P.M.—Heart 90; firm, clear. Very slight effects. Disappeared in three hours. Effects came on slowly.
Experiment 6; on 10th March, 1883— Ganja, as majum. Preparation—The flowering tops soaked 24 hours in water; then well bruised up in mortar with water for ten minutes. Both infusions mixed and filtered through cloth; black pepper and sugar added. Ganja 30 grains, thus prepared, taken at 1-30 P.M. Before—Heart 88; clear, regular. Effects— 2-30 P. M.—Heart 96; less clear. Pupils some contraction induced. Mental effects coming on. 3-30 P.M.—Heart 106. Pupils as at 2-30. Mental effects—Voice thick; conjunctiva somewhat red; complains of giddiness; can balance on one foot with difficulty; looks heavy and fuddled. 5-30.—Effects subsided, nearly. Heart 94; effects lasted about 3½ hours.
Experiment 7; on 12th March, 1883. Ganja, as majum. Ganja, 60 grains; prepared as in Experiment 6; drunk as 12 ounces of fluid, at 1-30 P.M. Before.—Heart 88; firm, slow. Effects.—2-30 P. M., heart 130; irregular. Pupils, contraction induced Mental—Very giddy; cannot walk straight,reels; cannot balance on one foot; voice thick, heavy; conjunctivæ very red. Excited and talkative; appearance tipsy. 3-30 P. M.—Heart, same. Pupils, increased contraction. Less excited; drowsy. 4-30 P. M.—Heart 98; firmer; recovering, sleepy; voice, more natural. 6-30 P. M.—Effects nearly subsided. Effects lasted about five hours. Note—Symptoms in this case came on very rapidly, and ran quickly to maximum intensity.
Experiments 8 and 9 were on one Bihoo. BIHOO.—Man, œt. 33, fairly muscular and intelligent. Habituated to use opium and ganja. Opium—Has eaten since five years 40 grains a day, half in early morning, half in evening, when he could afford it. Ganja.—Has smoked habitually for 7½ years twice or more daily; at each time, from 20 to 45 grains, according to state of his funds. Experiment 8; on 5th March 1883— Ganja.—60 grains + tobacco 6 grains. Before smoking.—Heart 75; slow, strong, 2-45 P. M. began to smoke. 3-20 P. M. finished. Effects.—Heart 108: first sound not clear or firm. Conjunctivæ red. General.—Looks tipsy; eyelids drooping; voice thick. Mental —Giddy; cannot balance on one leg; disposed to be merry, 5-30 P. M.—Effects subsiding. 6-30 P. M.—Effects subsided. Effects came on rather slowly, and lasted about three hours.
Experiment 9, on 6th March, 1883— Bhang.—Leaves three weeks old, dry, of plants from 2 to 3 feet high, mature, not in flower. 240 grains (= ½ ounce) + tobacco 12 grains, Smoked by four instalments. Before.—Heart 76; slow, firm. Began to smoke, 1 P. M. Finished, 2-40 P. M. Effects.—Heart 94; sound, not clear. Pupils.—Slightly contracted. Diuretic—Effects marked. Mental.—None marked; slight giddiness; can balance easily on one leg.

Experiments by E. G. RUSSELL, GAUHATI, March 1883.
EXPLANATIONS.
1. In these notes— Ganja=Flowering tops of female plant of cultivated Indian hemp. Bhang=Leaves of wild Indian hemp. Majum=Fluid preparation of ganja. Goonta=Fluid preparation of bhang.
2. Two men were experimented on, Dhanoo, and Bihoo. Both men were habitual users of opium and of ganja. Both had been deprived of use of these drugs for a certain period preceding the time of experiment, viz.:— Dhanoo for seven months, Bihoo for eighteen days, i.e., since their admission into jail. 3. General condition of the subjects:— Dhanoo says he has taken opium and ganja for last fifteen years. Is about 38, of robust physique, active and intelligent. Bihoo has taken opium, in moderation, for 7 1/2 years, and ganja for five years, with intervals of abstinence. Fairly strong and muscular; fairly active and intelligent.
ABSTRACT OF NINE EXPERIMENTS.
I.—DHANOO SERIRES
A.—By smoking. B.—Taken into stomach; drunk. A.—SMOKED— Experiment 1— Ganja, 30 grains.—Heart from 88 beats per minute to 120=32 increase. Sounds, less firm and clear. Pupils.—Some contraction induced; conjunctivæ red. Mental.—None. Experiment 2— Ganja, 90 grains.—Heart from 88 to 134=46 increase. Sounds, less firm and clear. Pupils—Contraction induced; conjunctivæ red. Mental—Giddy; can walk straight, but balances on one foot with difficulty. Voice rather thick and muffled. Ideas clear. Looks fuddled. Says he feels strong and fit. Effects nearly disappeared in four hours. Experiment 3— Bhang.—(Leaves of plants, 2 to 3 feet high, used; mature, but not flowering). 60 grains.—No changes observable. 180 grains.—Heart from 88 to 90=2 faster. Pupils.—No effect. Mental.—None. Diuretic effect marked. B.—DRUNK— Experiment 4— Bhang.—(Leaves of plant,1 foot high, immature, prepared as goonta, and drunk.) 60 grains.—No effect, except diuretic (increased secretion of pale urine). Experiment 5.— Bhang.—(Leaves of mature plant, 3 feet high, not flowering, prepared as goonta, and drunk). 120 grains.—Heart from 88 to 98= 10 increase. Pupils.—No change. Mental.—Slight giddiness; can easily balance on one foot. Effects slight; came on slowly; recovered from in three hours. Experiment 6— Ganja.—(Prepared as majum.) 30 grains.—Heart from 88 to 106 =18 increase. Pupils.—Slight contraction; conjunctivæ slightly red. Mental.—Giddy; slightly fuddled. Voice somewhat thick. Balances on one foot with difficulty. Effects lasted 3½ hours. Experiment 7— Ganja.—(Prepared as majum.) 60 grains—Heart from 88 to 130 = 42 increase; irregular and indistinct. Pupils.—Considerable contraction; conjunctivæ very red. Mental.—Talkative, excited; then drowsy. Walks unsteadily; cannot balance on one foot. Voice thick; appearance fuddled. Effects lasted beyond five hours.

II.—BIHOO SERIES— Experiment 8— Ganja.—Smoked. 60 grains.—Heart, from 75 to 108, = 33 increase; irregular. Pupils.—Contraction induced; conjunctivæ red. Mental.—Excited, talkative, voice thick, giddy; can walk straight; cannot balance on one foot; tipsy look, eyelids drooping. Effects disappeared in three hours. Experiment 9— Bhang Smoked (Leaves of plants, 2 to 3 feet high, mature, not flowering.) 240 grains ( 1/2 ounce).— Heart from 76 to 94 = 18 increase; slightly irregular. Pupils.—Slight contraction. Mental.—None marked; slight giddiness; can balance on one leg easily. Diuresis marked.

DEDUCTIONS. (1) Bhang.—The young immature plants have practically no intoxicant powers, but are diuretic. (2) Bhang.—Mature, full grown plants (but not at period of flowering) from 2 to 3 feet high, have some intoxicant powers when taken internally, but practically none when smoked. Speaking roughly, I should say, as intoxicants:— (3) Bhang.—Flowering tops of female plants not tested, as they were not procurable at period of experiment (March). Bhang is rarely, if ever, smoked. Is drunk as a fluid preparation, viz., goonta. Note.—So far the flowering tops of ganja have been compared with leaves of bhang gathered when plant not flowering. Ordinary leaves are not left on the ganja prepared for sale, and no female flowering tops of bhang were procurable at season of experiment. Ganja: Leaves of Bhang (mature) :: 10 : 1. Weights referred to— 1 tola=185 grains =1 rupee weight. =(say, roughly) =180 grains. =3 drams. (8 drams=1 ounce). In testing ganja and bhang, similar parts undersimilar conditions should be compared, i.e., female flowering tops of each. (4) As to intoxicant effects of ganja smoked compared with ganja drunk (as a fluid preparation), I should say, smoked: drunk :: 1 : 2 roughly. Maximum intensity of effect more quickly reached when ganja drunk.

5. NOTE.—Opium eating and ganja consuming.— It is very common to find the same person habitually consume both opium and ganja. Persons who begin primarily as opium consumers commonly diverge also to ganja. Persons who begin primarily as ganja consumers do not so commonly diverge to opium. 6. Methods of using ganja and bhang:— (a) Smoking ganja.—Both ganja and bhang are kneaded up with tobacco, and smoked, with or without addition of spices. Ganja is commonly so used; bhang rarely. (b) Drinking, or eating.—Ganja is usually prepared as majum. Preparation.—The ganja is steeped in water (cold or hot) for 24 hours, filtered, and the fluid mixed in sweetmeats. This is usually done by professional sweetmeat makers. The consumer orders these to be made strong or weak according to inclination:— Weak, say, 20 grains per man. Strong, say, 40 to 60 grains per man. Bhang prepared as goonta. Preparation.—Some fresh or dried leaves are pounded up and washed well in cold water. This washing continued for ten minutes; the resulting fluid filtered through thin cloth. The matter left on the cloth again washed in water and filtered; process repeated four or five times. Black pepper (equal to half or whole weight of the bhang used) added; also some sweet matter, as gur, sugar, etc. This fluid is well frothed up, and drunk on subsidence of the froth. The fluid is a turbid, bilious-green liquid, of sweet, mawkish taste, of smell like hay. Thus goonta (bhang) is a rapidly improvised drink; majum is a more formal preparation. 7. Time in which effect produced— (a) Smoked.—Ganja produces effects almost immediately; Bhang more slowly. (b) Eaten, or drunk— Majum (ganja) : effects come on in half an hour or so. Goonta (bhang) : effects come on only after three or four hours. 8. Duration of effects— Ganja, in small doses, or in persons habituated to it: the effects last about three or four hours. During a debauch, a person desirous to continue under its influence repeats his dose every three or four hours. In large or repeated doses, or in persons not accustomed to it, effects may last three to five or six days. Cases are related of permanent mental derangement following excessive doses. Bhang.—Effects rarely last more than from four to twelve hours, however large the dose. Notes on Cannabis Indica (Indian Hemp) Cultivated, versus Wild plant, i.e., ganja. versus i.e., bhang.



REPORT BY SURGEON-CAPTAIN J. F. EVANS.
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE DRUG AS TESTED BY MEANS OF THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF THE STANDARD GANJA IN MINIMAL* DOSES. It will be better to describe, first, the nature of the effects produced by the drug, and then give in detail the experiments upon which this account is based. The symptoms observed roughly resolve themselves into three types, and subject to variation induced by idiosyncrasy, it may be said that the smallest dose of the drug capable of producing any appreciable effect will produce symptoms belonging to the first two types, or the dose being increased will induce symptoms of the first and third type, with a passing manifestation of those of the second. I have given the three types the following definition:— (a) Symptoms of distress. (b) Phenomena indicating disturbance of the sensory-motor mechanism. (c) Soporific or narcotic effects. * Note.— The term minimal doses as opposed to the minimum dose is adopted in order to indicate that all the doses given were small, the largest being 1/65,000 of the body weight. The investigation is consequently restricted to the observation of the phenomena induced by such doses, and not by larger doses.  
(a) Symptoms of distress.—Symptoms of distress or discomfort, as evinced by constant or peculiar cries usually preceded the development of the symptoms of the other types, the animal later on either displaying disturbance of the sensory-motor mechanism or falling gradually asleep. Symptoms of distress were in some instances the only effect induced. But such conditions are obviously so liable to misinterpretation, that to class them as definite physiological effects would be hardly admissible. Accordingly, where a condition to be described as one of distress was the sole effect, the dose administered is recorded as having failed to produce definite symptoms. As already stated, however, such symptoms, varying in the degree of their manifestation, almost invariably preceded those of the other types. It is difficult to describe the vocal sounds that may be emitted by a distressed cat, but one cry was occasionally heard from animals in this condition, which deserves a passing notice. It may be described as a highpitched, prolonged wailing cry, and was particularly objected to by the laboratory staff, who informed me that the cry was unusual-and considered a sign of ill-luck in Bengali households. (b) Disturbance of the sensory-motor apparatus.—Disturbance of the sensory-motor apparatus was manifested by the occurrence of unusual movements on the part of the animal, or by some apparent difficulty in maintaining its equilibrium on standing, or by the partial loss of motor power. The reference of all these manifestations to some effect produced by the drug on the sensory-motor apparatus may be objected to as arbitrary, especially as in the case of animals it is not possible to put the matter to the test in the same way as in man. But as the most important of the symptoms to be described under the above heading indicate interference with those muscular actions which go on for the most part independently of the will or reflexly, and as the other symptoms may be explained on the same hypothesis, though possibly incorrectly, it seems permissible to class these manifestations altogether. Rocking movements.—It will be seen that the drug in minimum or larger doses constantly induced at some period of its action a peculiar and unusual rocking movement of the body upon its supports. These movements were very constant, not only in their character, but also in their occurrence. Their occurrence to a marked extent came to be regarded as the least admissible evidence of definite physiological effect. Coming on at a period subsequent to the administration of the drug, which varied with the amount of the dose and lasting a variable period, they were usually followed by either more marked sensory-motor disturbance or by sleep. Occasionally, though not usually, the production of these movements was almost the only effect induced by certain doses of the drug. The movements were apparently quite involuntary, and were best displayed when the animal was in the sitting or standing posture, disappearing when it lay down. They consist in a rhythmical side-to-side or backward and forward movement of the head, fore-quarters, and those portions of the body not in contact with the ground. In character they are regular, somewhat pendulum-like, the body moving as a whole; they last for a quarter to half a minute to intermit and be repeated again at irregular intervals, until the animal either recovers or passes into a condition of more marked sensorymotor disturbance or of sleep. They were observed to cease on voluntary movement or when the animal's attention was attracted, to begin again when the disturbance was withdrawn. The retention of the body in the semi-erect position assumed in the sitting posture is maintained by muscular action, which when once initiated by an effort of the will is continued unconsciously until the sensation of fatigue is experienced. Such actions require not only sufficient power in the muscular apparatus concerned, but depend also for their proper maintenance upon the stimulus derived from the muscular sense. I would endeavour to explain the production of the peculiar movements already described on the hypothesis that some disturbance takes place in the motor mechanism referred to. Any cause producing inordinate action in one group of muscles or deficient action in another would upset the state of rest maintained by the balanced action of the different groups, and lead to the peculiar rocking movements described. There is no reason to suppose that inordinate action of one group of muscles is due to weakness of an opposing group, for the voluntary movements at this period show unimpaired power. Muscular mechanisms correlated in their action so as to produce a state of balance from their combined efforts, are understood to have the amount of their force largely controlled by impulses received from the muscular sense. Any interference with the muscular sense would account then for undue action on the part of one or other group of muscles, and the production of the rocking movements described. The movements are not of the kind that would suggest their causation by irritation of the cerebrospinal centres, and their production on the hypothesis given is, I submit, supported by other manifestations which may reasonably be ascribed to sensory-motor disturbance. Doses of the drug in quantity equal to, or exceeding that amount adopted as the minimum dose, have been observed to almost invariably produce such movements as have been described. They succeed a period during which the animal usually evinces a degree of distress or uneasiness, and as a rule are followed by more marked sensory-motor disturbance, or by sleep when they cease. Though constant in occurrence and in character, they vary in the degree of their manifestation. The scope, duration and recurrence of the movements being more marked under certain conditions which, though not entirely independent of the quantity of the dose, seem largely associated with the idiosyncrasy of the individual. It appeared if the dose relative to the body weight was such as would produce marked physiological effect short of pronounced sleep or narcotism, and if the individual idiosyncrasy encouraged the development of the sensory-motor disturbance rather than of sleep, that then the involuntary rocking movements became most marked. Besides the involuntary rocking movements described, other involuntary movements were occasionally observed, which are hardly to be explained on the same hypothesis. These other movements were of two kinds-fine tremor and spasmodic muscular actions. The tremor involved the whole body and was of intermittent character, an attack of tremor lasting three or four minutes with an indefinite period of complete freedom. Spasmodic muscular action was very rarely observed, and usually occurred in the muscles of the head and fore part of the body, the head being sometimes suddenly and forcibly moved to one or other side. Difficulty in maintaining the body equilibrium on standing.—When the rocking movements had lasted a short time, the animals generally lay down in their habitual posture with their legs under them. This position apparently enabled them to obtain some respite from the involuntary movements: and in this position a considerable number fell asleep, the head gradually falling forwards till the nose and the face came in contact with the ground. In those cats not asleep a roll of the body from side to side was sometimes observed. Within a variable period of time, half an hour to an hour or even more, from the development of this condition, those cats which evinced no tendency to sleep, or were only drowsy, were frequently found, on being disturbed and made to stand up, to have apparently some difficulty in maintaining the equilibrium of the body in this position. The body swayed from side to side and backwards and forwards upon the legs, as though too heavy for its supports and likely to fall over. It was frequently difficult to induce animals in this condition to remain standing, but they were never observed to fall. On being induced to walk, it was found that this movement was either perfectly performed, the swaying of the body disappearing entirely, or that the action of the drug had produced an apparent partial loss of motor power. Apparent loss of motor power.—In this condition the animal walked with a slow, tottering and uncertain gait, displaying shakiness and apparent weakness in its movements. It could not be induced to run; nor yet, on the other hand, was the loss of motor power ever complete. The weakness was generally most evident in the hind limbs, though it never amounted to dragging of the limbs. The animal on walking would sway to one or other side, apparently tending to fall over, and occasionally, on attempting to turn, come down on its hind quarters and side. The fact that the hind limbs were more affected than the fore served sometimes to produce a very curious gait; for on walking the hind quarters fell out of line with the rest of the body, being as it were slued to one side. The peculiar appearance forcibly reminded me of the characteristic gait of horses suffering from kumri, many cases of which I saw in Upper Burma during 1887. In a few instances the apparent loss of power was represented by a peculiar slow, crawling gait; the animal moving slowly along with its legs doubled up underneath the body and its belly close to the ground, as though to keep its centre of gravity low down. The loss of motor power has been described as apparent, and it is submitted that this is the correct description in the absence of more definite signs of loss of motor power. The phenomena described may, in the absence of definite signs of muscular paralysis, be accounted for by an interference with muscular movement, due to error of co-ordination induced by loss of muscular sense. It frequently happened that in the condition described as one of " difficulty in maintaining the body equilibrium on standing" no loss of motor power occurred. Further, that an effort of the will, as evinced in voluntary movement, was sufficient to restore the mechanism to its normal state, the difficulty, however, appearing again when the temporary excitement was withdrawn. The same observation was made with regard to the rocking movements which were found to cease on excitement or voluntary movement. It is natural, then, to endeavour to explain all these phenomena on the same hypothesis. The same observations as were advanced in explanation of the "rocking movements" apply with even more force to the state described as a " difficulty in maintaining the body equilibrium; " for somewhat similar conditions occur in disease affecting the muscular sense in man. I would suggest that the rocking movements and altered body equilibrium may be ascribed to the action of the drug upon the spinal cord, but that when apparent loss of motor power occurs, then the ganglionic centres at the base of the brain are also affected. The appearances appear to encourage the conception that the drug acts upon the central nervous structures and not upon the peripheral nerve endings. Those animals which displayed the maximum amount of sensorymotor disturbance evinced no tendency to sleep or loss of their usual instincts. It has been already stated that the same cats were repeatedly utilised, and it thus came to be observed that, as regards the action of the drug, certain cats had a constant idiosyncrasy; that some cats under the influence of the drug were prone to sleep and others to the development of the phenomena ascribed to the disturbance of the sensory-motor apparatus; that the same dose relative to the body weight would in some animals induce disturbance of the sensorymotor mechanism and in others a varying degree of narcotism. Apart, however, from individual idiosyncrasy the quantity of the dose was found to play an important part also in determining the character of the effects produced by the drug. For in certain animals who after certain doses had been recognised as prone to develop sensory-motor disturbance, without marked sleep or narcotism, an increased dose, if sufficiently large, could be relied on to produce sleep deep enough to mask or prevent the development of sensory-motor disturbance, with exception of the rocking movements. It was to this action of the drug that reference was made in the statement that the "occurrence of symptoms of one kind either masked the occurrence or prevented the development of those of another." (c) Soporific or narcotic effects.—As already said, sleep production depends on the quantity of the dose being influenced also by the individual idiosyncrasy: in some animals sleep was easily and early induced as the result of the minimum dose; in others not so readily. The duration and nature of the sleep depend on the quantity of the dose: it ranged from drowsiness to slight narcotism. At the onset of sleep the cat often strived to maintain the sitting posture, the head falling forwards now and again and the animal awaking with a start. As the tendency deepened it usually lay down and went to sleep, the head gradually falling forwards till the nose and front of the face rested on the ground. Time of onset of symptoms.—Whatever their character might be, symptoms of the action of the drug could generally be recognised within one hour or one hour and a half after its administration. This statement applies only to the quantities given in this investigation, and naturally will not bear too general application. In. my experiments the doses were always small, and hence the use of the term minimal.
 
RECORD OF THE FIRST SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF THE STANDARD GANJA. The quantity of the dose of the alcoholic extract usually given to small animals in physiological investigations seems to have been about one or two grains. The first two doses administered in this series of experiments were given without reference so much to the animal's body weight as to serve as a guide by which subsequent experiments might be regulated.
Experiment No. 1.—Well-nourished male cat, weight 4lb 13 1/2 oz.; a dose of the alcoholic extract, weighing .25 grain, or about 1/135,000 part of the body weight, given at 12-22 P.M. Effect nil.
Experiment No. 2.—Male, weight of cat 4 lb 12 oz.; a dose of the extract weighing 5 grain, or 1/66,500 part of the body weight, given at 11-15 A.M. 12-45 P.M. Rocking movements with slight weakness of the limbs, chiefly of the hind legs, on walking; condition lasted about one hour. As a dose equivalent to 1/66,500 of the body weight had induced definite symptoms, a similar quantity was next administered to two other cats to test whether the experiment was reliable:
Experiment No. 3.—Yellow and white female cat, weight 7 lb 1 oz. .75 grain of the extract, or a quantity equal to 1/65,000 of the body weight, administered at 11-45 P.M. 12-40 P.M. Nodding of head, drowsiness. 1 P.M., rocking movements, with occasional slight tremor. 1-15 P.M., tendency to sleep more marked. Animal lying down asleep with the nose and face resting on the ground. 2 P.M., effects of the drug beginning to pass off.
Experiment No. 4.—Black and white cat, weight 3 lb 10 1/4 oz. .38 grain of extract, or a quantity equivalent to 1/66,000 of the body weight, administered at 12-10 P.M. 1-15 P.M., rocking movements; cat is sitting up and displays occasional attacks of tottering or irregular movements of the fore quarters and fore limbs, as though endeavouring to save itself from falling forwards; is slightly drowsy. 2 P.M., cat appears considerably distressed, is constantly mewing and suffering also from slight salivation. 3 P.M., beginning to recover, though still dull. A dose equivalent to 1/66,000 of the body weight being able to cause easily recognisable effects, the next step was to find out how far this dose could be diminished and yet definite symptoms induced.
In the four following experiments the quantity of the extract given to each cat was equal to 1/75,000 part of its body weight:—
Experiment No. 5.—Weight of cat 6 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose of extract .63 grain at 1 P.M. 2-45 P.M., cat asleep with its nose on the ground, and though able to be disturbed by any noise in its neighbourhood, yet it soon went to sleep again. It remained in this sleepy state till 4 P.M. No rocking movements or tremor observed.
Experiment No. 6.—Weight of cat 3 lb 7 1/4 oz. Dose of extract .32 grain at 1-25 P.M. 2-50 P.M., displays symptoms of distress and discomfort with slight drowsiness; is suffering also from slight salivation. 3 P.M., rocking movements. 4 P.M., the rocking movements have lasted with intermission since 3 P.M., being interrupted by occasional periods of sleep. 4-30 P.M., cat is still under the influence of the drug.
Experiment No. 7.—Weight of cat 3 lb 9 1/2 oz. Dose of extract .34 grain at 1-45 P.M. 3 P.M., sleepy; displays rocking movements of the body from time to time. Effects lasted for upwards of an hour.
Experiment No. 8.—Weight of cat 5 lb. 5 1/2 oz. Dose of extract .5 grain at 2 P.M. The action of the drug began to manifest itself about 3-30 P.M., when the cat became sleepy, but was disturbed by occasional spasmodic movements of the fore quarters. Very definitely affected, but less so than the other cats. The dose was now reduced to 1/90,000 of the body weight and that quantity of the extract administered to three cats.
Experiment No. 9.—Weight of cat 4 lb 12 1/2 oz. Dose 37 grain at 11-30 A.M. 12-10 P.M., distress and discomfort, pupils slightly dilated and the cat's appearance wild and suspicious; on being let loose the cat tries to hide itself. 12-30 P.M., displays weakness of the limbs, and can only be induced to walk with great difficulty; the weakness is more marked in the hind limbs; on walking the cat falls over occasionally its hind quarters, apparently due to the greater weakness of the hind limbs; there on is some tremor also of the whole body. 1-30 P.M., drowsy, but on being disturbed still showed the weakness of the limbs. 4-30 P.M., cat went to sleep about 2 P.M. with its nose resting on the ground and has continued to sleep with intermission during the last one and a half hours.
Experiment No. 10.—Weight of cat 2 lb 12 1/4 oz. Dose .2 grain at 11-50 A.M. 12-30 P.M., excitement and distress with some slight occasional tremor of the whole body; slight dilatation of the pupils. 1 P.M., asleep. 3-30 P.M., is still under influence of the drug, and has been asleep with its nose resting on the ground during the past one and a half hours with occasional interruptions.
Experiment No. 11.—Weight of cat 3 lb 12 3/4 oz. Dose .3 grain at 12-10 P.M. 12-50 P.M., rocking movements and drowsiness; 2 P.M., condition torpid; has broken periods of sleep. Effect less marked than in experiments Nos. 9 and 10. Administration of three doses equivalent to 1/100,000 part of the body weight.
Experiment No. 12.—Weight of cat 4 lb 7 1/4 oz. Dose of extract .3 grain at 11-35 A.M. 12-55 P.M., rocking movements of the body; appearance of the animal altered by the drug; as it sits up it preserves a fixed look in the same direction as though somewhat dazed or stupefied. 1 P.M., asleep. 3-30 P.M., still asleep, but not deeply so, the appearance being that presented by natural sleep. This animal displayed no weakness of the limbs.
Experiment No. 13.—Weight of cat 5 lb 7 1/4 oz. Dose .38 grain at 11-55 A.M. 1-30 P.M., animal very torpid and can be induced to move only with difficulty; when disturbed, it crawls about in a peculiar manner and seeks to hide itself; it walks in a very peculiar manner, shuffling along with the legs doubled up underneath the body and the belly close to the ground. 3 P.M., still under influence of the drug; some drowsiness and slight dilatation of the pupils.
Experiment No. 14.—Weight of cat 2 lb 11 1/4 oz. Dose .18 grain at 12-15 P.M. 1-30 P.M., drowsiness; nodding of the head: the cat, which is a lively, very tame animal is now quite dull and torpid. 3 P.M. cat asleep with its nose on the ground and fully under the influence of the drug. Three experiments with a dose the quantity of which was equal to 1/110,000 of the body weight.
Experiment No. 15.—Weight of cat 4 lb 1/2 oz. Dose .25 grain at 11-15 A.M. 1 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground; on being disturbed walks with great difficulty, all the limbs being weak, but the hind limbs so weak that the animal tends to fall upon its hind quarters and side. 2.30 P.M., drowsy. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug, and has slept lightly off and on since 2-30 P.M.
Experiment No. 16.—Weight of cat 4 lb 5 1/4 oz. Dose .27 grain at 11-30 A.M. 1-15 P.M., expression altered, the eye being glassy and the look fixed in one direction; rocking movements. 4 P.M., has been asleep with intermission for about two hours. While apparently asleep with its eyes closed occasionally emitted a peculiar and unpleasant cry.
Experiment No. 17.—Weight of cat 5 lb 6 1/4 oz. Dose .34 grain at 11-50 A.M. 1-15 P.M., no effect apparent. 2.30 P.M. cat sleeping lightly and occasionally starting in its sleep in a peculiar manner. It is apparently only slightly affected by the drug, but on unfastening the string round its neck and inducing it to walk, it shows great weakness of the limbs, specially the hind limbs. It is unwilling to move, and when induced to do so, moves apparently with considerable difficulty. The gait is tottering and unsteady, the hind quarters falling occasionally upon the ground, 4-30 P.M., the weakness of the limbs is still very marked. In the next two experiments the dose was reduced to 1/150,000 part of the body weight.
Experiment No. 18.—Weight of cat 3 lb 11 oz.; Dose .17 grain at 1-5 P.M. 2-30 P.M., on being let loose is very unwilling to move, and when induced to walk moves in a crawling, shuffling manner with its belly close to the ground. There appears to be slight weakness of the limbs.
Experiment No. 19.-Weight of cat 5 lb 5 oz. Dose .25 grain at 1-25 P.M. 2-30 P.M., is very slightly affected, the hind limbs being apparently somewhat weak. It walks also in the peculiar crawling manner. But the effects must be described as very slight. On the same day, at 1-15 P.M., a third cat received a dose of alcohol in quantity equal to that used to dissolve the alcoholic extract. The alcohol was mixed with a little water and administered in the usual manner. No apparent effect was produced. In preparing the emulsion as much alcohol as possible is driven off by heat after adding the starch solution. In this case the experiment being for purposes of control, no attempt was made to reduce the quantity of alcohol by heating. The effects produced by a dose equal to 1/110,000 part of the body weight appeared too pronounced, if other samples of hemp drugs were to be physiologically tested by this standard. And on the other hand the effects produced by a dose equal to 1/150,000 part of the body weight appeared too indefinite and slight. It was accordingly determined to try the results produced by a dose equal to 1/125,000 part of the body weight; and this quantity was given in the four next experiments.
Experiment No. 20.-Weight of cat 3 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .18 grain at 11-45 A.M. 1 P.M., cat is evidently affected by the drug, rocking movements; 2-45 P.M., asleep, and on being disturbed displays weakness of the limbs. The sleep is somewhat deep and the cat evidently considerably affected by the dose of the drug.
Experiment No. 21.—Weight of cat 3 lb 15 3/4 oz. Dose .22 grain at 12-15 P.M., 2-45 P.M., rocking movements of the body and weakness of the limbs; 3 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground, and while asleep is apparently unable to maintain the recumbent posture, for it is occasionally woke up. by a roll of the body to one or other side.  
Experiment No. 22.—Weight 4 lb 2 1/4 oz. Dose .23 grain at 12-45 P.M. 2-45 P.M., marked rocking movements of the body. 3 P.M., asleep. This animal definitely but not deeply affected by the drug.
Experiment No. 23.—Weight of cat 4 lb 14 1/2 oz. Dose .27 grain at 1-15 P.M. A portion of the dose was vomited immediately after administration. Notwithstanding rocking movements of the body, weakness of gait, and some torpor were observed as the result of the action of the drug.

2. THE STANDARD MINIMUM DOSE. The effects produced in cats by a quantity of the alcoholic extract of the standard ganja, equivalent to 1/125,000 part of the body weight of each animal were considered sufficiently definite to warrant the adoption of this quantity as the minimum dose. For convenience of calculation, however, it was determined to take 1/120,000 part of the body weight as the minimum dose, the difference between the two fractions being only 1/3,000,000 S ufficient has been already said in the remarks preliminary to the record of the experiments regarding the characters of the effects which the minimum dose might be expected to produce. It was then premised that definite effects of some kind or another should be sought, rather than marked effects constant in character in every experiment. The subsequent experiments were conducted on the understanding that if the sample of hemp drugs under examination contained active constituents in quantity equal to that of the standard ganja that then the minimum dose of its alcoholic extract should induce somewhat the following symptoms, i.e., a period of distress or discomfort, followed by the rocking movements of the body, and then either some of the other phenomena indicating sensory-motor disturbance or sleep.

3. PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS RECEIVED FROM THE HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION. An epitome of the results will be given first, and then the record of experiments given in detail. Hemp drugs possessing physiological properties equal to those of the standard ganja — Sholapur ganja. Khandesh ganja. Ahmednagar ganja, No. 1. " " No. 3. Bijapur ganja. Nimar District ganja, Dhakalgaon seed. " " " local seed. Amritsar charas, mashak. Hemp drugs, the dose of which was increased to1 /110,000o f the body weight of the animal, in order to produce effects equal to those of the minimum dose of the standard ganja Satara ganja, No. 1. " " " 2. Ahmednagar ganja, No. 2. Bangalore ganja. Hemp drugs of which the dose had to be increased to 1/100,000 of the body weight Kistna ganja. Madras local market ganja. Amballa bhang. Amballa charas, maskak, No. 1. Delhi District charas, mashak. Gurhwal charas, No. 1. " " " 2. Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/90,000 part of the body weight Amritsar charas, bhara. Delhi District charas, dust, 2nd class. Hemp drugs of which a dose equal to 1/80,000 part of the body weight was found to be sufficient Khandesh bhang. Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/70,000 part of the body weight in order to manifest action equal to that induced by the minimum dose of the extract of the standard ganja Ghazipur illicit ganja. Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/60,000 of the body weight Sholapur bhang. Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/20,000 part of the body weight. Rajshahi bhang (cultivated). Satara bhang. Bombay charas. Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/10,000 part of the body weight. Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Delhi District charas, dust. Kumaon charas (wild). Hemp drugs requiring a dose equal to 1/5,000 part of the body weight. Bhagalpur bhang. Assam bhang (wild). Gwalior charas. Kumaon charas (cultivated). Hemp drugs the dose of which could not be determined. Nepal charas A. " " B. " " (Shahjahani). A tabular statement giving the above information is appended for more ready reference, see table No. II.
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose not determined.
Nepal charas, A.
" " B.
" " Shahjahani.
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/5,000
Bhagalpur bhang of 1893.
Assam bhang (wild).
Gwalior charas
Kumaon charas (cultivated).
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/10,000
Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2.
Delhi district charas, dust.
Kumaon charas (wild).
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/20,000
Rajshahi bhang (cultivated).
Satara bhang
Bombay charas
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/60,000
Sholapnr bhang
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/70,000
Ghazipur illicit ganja.
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/80,000
Khandesh bhang
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/90,000
Amritsar charas, bhara.
Delhi district charas, dust (2nd class).
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/100,000
Kistna ganja
Madras local market ganja.
Amballa bhang
Amballa charas, mashak (No. 1). Delhi district charas (mashak). Gurhwal charas, No. 1. Gurhwal charas, No. 2.
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/110,000
Satara ganja No. 1
" " No. 2
Ahmednagar ganja, No. 2. Bangalore ganja
TABLE No. II.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SAMPLES OF HEMP DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE DOSE OF THE EXTRACT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE DEFINITE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Dose 1/120,000
Bengal-Nowgaon round ganja, season 1892-93 (standard).
Sholapur ganja
Khandesh ganja
Ahmednagar ganja, No. 1
Ahmednagar ganja, No. 3
Bijapur ganja
Nimar district ganja (Dhakalgabn seed).
Nimar district ganja (local seed).
Amritsar charas, mashak...

TABLE No. III. Table showing the relative physiological value of the various samples of hemp drugs, calculated from the quantity of the alcoholic extract which is physiologically active.
Sample. of ganja. Samples of bhang. Samples of charas.
Kistna ganja 2.6 Amballa bhang 31 Amritsar charas, mashak 32 Standard ganja 2.5 Khandesh bhang 29 Delhi District charas, mashak 24 Bangalore ganja 2.4 Sholapur " 15 Amballa charas, mashak, No. 1 23 Khandesh ganja 2.2 Satara " 5 Gurhwal charas, No. 2 21 Ahmednagar ganja, No. 1 2 Bhagalpur " 1 Delhi District charas, dust, 2nd class. 20 Madras local market ganja Gurhwal charas, No. 1 Nimar District ganja, Dhakalgaon seed. 1.9 Amritsar charas, bhara 19 Nimar District ganja local seed Bombay charas 4 Bijapur ganja 1.8 Delhi District charas, dust 2 Ahmednagar ganja, No. 2 Amballa charas, mashak. No. 2 2 Sholapur ganja 1.7 Kumaon charas (wild) Ahmednagar ganja, No. 3 Gwalior charas 1 Satara ganja, No. 1 1.6 Kumaon charas (cultivated) " " " Ghazipur illicit ganja 1
The numbers indicate the relation which the samples of ganja, bhang, or charas respectively bear to each other in each group separately. They do not indicate any relation between ganja and bhang or between either of these two and charas—thus Kistna ganja is 2.6 times as potent as Ghazipur illicit ganja and Amritsar charas, mashak, 32 times as potent as Gwalior charas. Amballa bhang is 31 times more powerful than Bhagalpur bhang. Vide concluding remarks.

RECORD OF THE SECOND SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS.
(a) A dose of the alcoholic extract equal to 1/120,000 part of the body weight was first tried in the case of every sample of the hemp drugs. Experiment No. 1, Ghazipur illicit ganja. Female cat, weight 5 lb 13 1/4 oz. Dose .34 grains at 1-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 2, Sholapur ganja. Weight of cat. 3l b 1 1/2 oz. Dose .18 grain at 12-15 P.M., 1-15 P.M., slight tremor of body and appears uncomfortable. 2P .M., dull and torpid; appears to have some difficulty in walking, though no weakness of the limbs to be made out; the appearance suggests the idea that the initiation of the act of walking is difficult and that sufficient voluntary impulse is not forthcoming. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose resting on the ground. 3-30 P.M., still asleep in the same position. Experiment No. 3, Khandesh ganja. Weight of cat 4 lb 12 3/4 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12 noon. 1-30 P.M., rocking movements. 2 P.M., difficulty in walking with uncertainty of action most marked in the hind limbs. 3 P.M., drowsy; on walking displays staggering uncertain gait. 4 P.M., walks fairly well now, and is apparently recovering. Experiment No. 4, Satara ganja, No. 1. Weight of cat 4 Ib 3 oz. Dose .24 grain at 12-30 P.M. Slight rocking movements were observed, but the effects did not appear equal to those of the minimum dose of the standards, extract. It was consequently determined to give a slightly larger quantity. Experiment No. 5, Satara ganja, No. 2. Weight of cat 2 lb 13 1/4 oz. Dose .16 grain at 1-15 P.M. Effects produced very slight. A larger dose considered necessary. Experiment No. 6, Ahmednagar ganja, No. 1. Weight of cat 4 lb 13 1/2 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12-45 P.M. 1-30 P.M., cat is torpid and dull. 3 P.M., on being made to walk is found to have the characteristic staggering gait, the effect of the drug being more marked, as usual, in the hind limbs: it is distinctly drowsy. 3-30 P.M., the cat, on being disturbed and made to walk, takes a few steps and then passes into a sort of cataleptic condition, maintaining the posture in which it may have happened to be when it stopped moving. The position is not one in which its limbs are all at rest, and is sometimes slightly grotesque. 4 P.M., is still very evidently under the influence of the drug: on standing the rocking movements of the body are well displayed. The minimum dose of this extract produced very well marked effects. Experiment No. 7, Ahmednagar ganja, No. 2. Weight of cat 2 lb 11 oz. Dose .15 grain at 1 P.M. Action not sufficiently marked. A larger dose necessary. Experiment No. 8, Ahmednagar ganja, No. 3. Weight of cat 3 lb 2 1/4 oz. Dose .18 grain at 12-15 P.M. 2-30 P.M., sleepy; cries when disturbed, and walks in an awkward manner. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground, and on being disturbed walks unsteadily. 4-30 P.M., asleep. Experiment No. 9, Bijapur ganja. Weight of cat 3 lb 3 1/4 oz. Dose .18 grain at 1-30 P.M. 2-10 P.M., very marked tremor of the body. 3-30 P.M., the tremor of the body is the most marked symptom in this case : it has lasted for more than one hour, subject to intermission, and is still present. Rocking movements have also been observed with occasional spasm of the body. The cat, on moving, walks with the peculiar crawling gait already described. Experiment No. 10, Nimar ganja, Dhakalgaon seed. Weight of cat 4 lb 13 1/4 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12-30 P.M. 1-30 P.M., rocking movements. 3 P.M., cat less lively than usual; has a fixed look and is evidently not comfortable; no weakness of the limbs; drowsy but not markedly so. Experiment. No. 11, Nimar ganja, local seed. Weight of cat 5 lb 1 oz. Dose .29 grain at 12-45 P.M. 1-30 P.M., cat sleepy, torpid and cannot be induced to move. 3 P.M., unwillingness to move continues; when compelled to walk, moves with apparent difficulty, though no weakness of the limbs can be made out : some tremor of the body. Experiment No. 12, Kistna ganja. Grey cat male, weight 3 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .18 grains at 1-15 P.M. Slight effects produced. Experiment No. 13, Bangalore ganja. Weight of cat 4 lb 1 1/2 oz. Dose .23 grain at 12-30 P.M. Insufficient action manifested. Experiment No. 14, Madras local market ganja. Weight of cat 2 lb 13 1/4 oz. Dose .16 grain at 1-15 P.M. Effect produced very slight. Experiment No. 15, Khandesh bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 5 3/4 oz. Dose .19 grain at 12-30 P.M. No appreciable effect. Experiment No. 16, Amballa bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 13 3/4 oz. Dose .22 grain at 1 P.M. No appreciable effect. Experiment No. 17, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 4 3/4 oz. Dose .19 grain at 1-10 P.M. No appreciable effect produced. Experiment No. 18, Bhagalpur bhang. Yellow and white male cat, weight 3 lbs 14 1/4 oz. Dose .22 grain at 12-55 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 19, Rajshahi bhang (cultivated plant). Yellow male cat, weight 5. lb 4 1/2 oz. Dose .3 grain at 12-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 20, Assam bhang (wild). Black and white male cat, weight 4 lb 8 3/4 oz. Dose .26 grain at 12-25 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 21, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 15 1/4 oz. Dose .23 grain at 12-50 P.M. 3 P.M., nil. 4 P.M., nil. Experiment No. 22, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 1. Weight of cat 6 lb 4 1/4 oz. Dose .36 grain at 1-30 P.M. Effect produced slight and insufficient. Experiment No. 23, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Female cat, weight 6 lb 01 1/2 oz. Dose:35 grain at 11-30 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 24, Amritsar charas, bhara. Male cat, black and white, weight 4 lb 9 1/2 oz. Dose .26 grain at 11-40 A.M. Very slight effect produced. Experiment No. 25, Amritsar charas, mashak. Male cat, weight 4 lb .1 1/4 oz. Dose .23 grain at 11-50 A.M. 12-30 P.M., rocking movements of body. 1 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground. 2-30 P.M., still asleep; when disturbed displays marked rocking movements; its gait is not affected. 3-30 P.M., still under influence of the drug. The effect is considered equal to that produced by the minimum dose of the extract of the standard ganja. Experiment No. 26, Delhi District charas, dust (2nd class). Female cat, weight 3 lb 0 3/4 oz. Dose .17 grain at 1-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 27, Delhi District charas, dust. Male cat, weight 3 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .18 grain at 1-25 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 28, Delhi District charas, mashak. Male cat, weight 6 lb 1 1/4 oz. Dose .35 grain at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 29, Bombay charas. Male cat, weight 5 lb 6 3/4 oz. Dose .31 grain at 12-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 30, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 6 lb 5 oz. Dose .37 grain at 12-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 31, Kumaon charas (wild). Male cat, weight 5 lb 7 oz. Dose .31 grain at 12-25 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 32, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Female cat, weight 3 lb 9 1/4 oz. Dose .2 grain at 12 noon. Effect nil. Experiment No. 33, Gurhwal charas (No. 1). White cat, female, weight 3 lb 7 3/4 oz. Dose .2 grain at 1-40 P.M. 3 P.M., rocking movements of body fairly well marked. 4 P.M., sleepy; when disturbed displays rocking movements. Effect of the drug, though evident, not equal to that produced by minimum dose of the extract of the standard ganja. Experiment No. 34, Gurkwal charas, No. 2 (cultivated). Female cat, weight 6 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .36 grain at 12-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 35, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 6 1/4 oz. Dose .19 grain at 12-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 36, Nepal charas, B. Female cat, weight 2 lb 12 1/4 oz. Dose .16 grain at 12-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 37, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Yellow and white female cat, weight 4 lb 6 3/4 oz. Dose .25 grain at 2 P.M. Effect nil. Satisfactory results having been obtained from the standard minimum dose in the case of eight samples of hemp drugs, the next step was to test what quantity of the other samples was required to produce effects equal to those produced by the minimun dose of the standard ganja. (b) In the following experiments the dose was increased to 1/110,000 of the body weight:— Experiment No. 38, Satara ganja, No. 1. Weight of cat 2 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose .17 grain at 12 noon. 1 P.M., rocking movements; on standing up swaying of body from side to side; is somewhat drowsy. 1-15 P.M., spasmodic attacks of tremor of the head observed; the difficulty in maintaining the body equilibrium on standing is very marked. 1-30 P.M., asleep; 2-30 P.M., still much affected. 3-30 P.M., sleepy and torpid. 4 P.M., still under influence of the drug. Experiment No. 39, Satara ganja, No. 2. Weight of cat 2 lb 12 oz. Dose .17 grain at 12-40 P.M. 2-30 P.M., rocking movements. 3-40 P.M., drops off to sleep now and again while in the sitting posture; has a "drugged " appearance; is evidently uncomfortable and in distress; body sways from side to side, displaying the condition termed a difficulty in maintaining the body equilibrium. Experiment No. 40, Ahmednagar ganja, No. 2. "Weight of cat 3 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .2 grain at 11-40 A.M. 2 P.M., torpid and sleepy; gait weak. 2-10 P.M., asleep. 2-30 P.M., asleep and when disturbed found to be very unsteady on its legs. 3-30 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground. Experiment No. 41, Bangalore ganja. Weight of cat 3 lb 12 3/4 oz. Dose .24 grain at 12 noon. 1-10 P.M., vomited a small portion of the dose. 2 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground. 3-30 P.M., on standing up displays great apparent difficulty in maintaining its equilibrium, the body swaying from side to side; is very definitely under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 42, Madras local market ganja. Weight of cat 4 lb 11 oz. Dose .29 grain at 12-45 P.M. The effect produced, though recognizable, not equal to that of the minimum dose of the standard. Experiment No. 43, Khandesh bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 3 3/4 oz. Dose .2 grain at 12-55 P.M. No appreciable effect.
Experiment No. 44, Amballa bhang. Weight of cat 4 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .26 grain at 12-10 P.M. No appreciable effect. Experiment No. 45, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose .23 grain at 11-45 A.M. No appreciable effect. Experiment No. 46, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 4 lb 11 1/4 oz. Dose .29 grain at 12-25 P.M. Effects not appreciable. Experiment No. 47, Amballa charas, No. 1. Weight of cat 4 lb 10 1/2 oz. Dose .29 grain at 1-5 P.M. In this case insufficient effects were produced. (c) The twenty-five following experiments were conducted with a dose equivalent to 1/100,000 of the body weight:— Experiment No. 48, Ghazipur illicit ganja. Female cat, weight 2 lb 14 oz. Dose .2 grain at 1-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 49, Kistna ganja. Female white cat, weight 3 lb 7 1/4 oz. Dose .24 grain at 1-15 P.M. Slight vomiting occurred after the dose. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose resting on the ground, and on being disturbed is found to be considerably affected; the rocking movements of the body are well marked, and on walking the animal staggers from side to side, the hind limbs being most affected. 4 P.M., is still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 50, Madras local market ganja. Weight of cat 2 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose .19 grain at 1-15 P.M. 3-30 P.M., sleepy; but on being disturbed displays rocking movements and very marked swaying of body from side to side. Experiment No. 51, Khandesh bhang. Weight of cat 4 lb 1 oz. Dose .28 grain at 1-10 P.M. Effect almost nil. Experiment No. 52, Amballa bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 1 oz. Dose .21 grain at 1-30 P.M. 2-45. P.M., distinctly sleepy and evinces great unwillingness to move on being disturbed; when compelled to move, walks in a shuffling, crawling manner. 4 P.M., still sleepy and torpid, but will come when called,. though it moves as though with effort in a slow, crawling manner. The effect therefore appears to be passing off. Experiment No. 53, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 6 lb 2 3/4 oz. Dose .43 grain at 12-25 P.M. Effect almost nil. Experiment No. 54, Bhagalpur bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose .33 grain at 1-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 55, Rajshahi bhang (cultivated). Male cat, weight 4 lb 2 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 56, Assam bhang (wild). Female cat, weight 4 lb 12 oz. Dose .33 grain at 1 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 57, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .22 grain at 12-35 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 58, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 1. Weight of cat 2 lb 9 oz. Dose .17 grain at 2 P.M. 3 P.M., rocking movements of the body. 3-30 P.M., animal is distinctly under the influence of the drug, manifested by the swaying of the body from side to side. 4 P.M., the cat comes when called and walks well and strongly without tottering, but when allowed to stand or sit undisturbed displays marked swaying of the body from side to side and backwards and forwards upon its supports. Experiment No. 59, Amballa charas, mashak No. 2. Female cat, weight 6 lb 5 1/4 oz. Dose .44 grain at 11-45 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 60, Amritsar charas, bhara. Male cat, weight 4 lb 14 1/4 oz. Dose .34 grain at 11-55 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 61, Delhi District charas, dust (2nd class). Tortoise shell female cat, weight 5 lb 13 1/2 oz. Dose .4 grain at 1-15 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 62, Delhi District charas, dust. Yellow and white male cat, weight 4 lb 2 1/4 oz. Dose .29 grain at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 63, Delhi District charas, mashak. Grey and white female cat, weight 4 lb. 10 oz. Dose .32 grain at 12-35 P.M. 1-30 P.M., much rocking of the body, but can walk well. 2 P.M., swaying of body from side to side on standing, so long as its attention is not attracted; the hind quarters chiefly affected. 3 P.M., rocking and swaying of body continues, the animal walks stiffly but fairly well; 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 64, Bombay charas. Female cat, weight 3 lb 1/4 oz. Dose .21 grain at 12-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 65, Gwalior charas. Female cat, weight 2 lb 12 1/4 oz. Dose .19 grain at 1-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 66, Kumaon charas (wild). Female cat, weight 3 lb 7 1/4 oz. Dose .24 grain at 1-5 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 67, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Male cat, weight 3 lb 5 3/4 oz. Dose .23 grain at 12-15 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 68, Gurhwal charas, No. 1. Male cat, weight 3 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .22 grain at 2 P.M. 3 P.M., cat is very evidently affected, displaying the rocking movements of the body and the staggering gait on walking. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 69, Gurhwal charas, No. 2 (cultivated). Male cat, weight 3 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .22 grain at 1-30 P.M. 3 P.M., animal very much affected, is very unwilling to walk, and on being induced to move after a few steps falls over on its side, the hind quarters, as usual, being most affected; rocking and swaying of the body from side to side on standing; is apparently unable to stand long; torpid, but not sleepy. 3-30 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 70, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 10 1/4 oz. Dose .25 grain at 12-22 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 71, Nepal charas, B. Yellow male cat, weight 5 lb 2 1/4 oz. Dose .36 grain at 12-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 72, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Female cat, weight 3 lb 5 1/5 oz. Dose .23 grain at 1-10 P.M. Effect nil. (d) The following experiments were conducted with a dose equivalent to 1/90,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 73, Ghazipur illicit ganja. White female cat, weight 3 lb 8 1/4 oz. Dose .27 grain at 1-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 74, Khandesh bhang. Weight of cat, 7 lb 8 1/2 oz. Dose .58 grain at 12 noon. Effects not sufficiently definite. Experiment No. 75, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 6 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .48 grain at 11-30 A.M. Effect practically nil. Experiment No. 76, Bhagalpur bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 1.3 1/4 oz. Dose .37 grain at 1-55 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 77, Rajshahi bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 4 1/4 oz. Dose .32 grain at 2 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 78, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 5 lb 8 3/4 oz. Dose .43 grain at 2-15 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 79, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 4 lb 1 3/4 oz. Dose .32 grain at 11-45 A.M. Effect practically nil. Experiment No. 80, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Female cat, weight 5 lb 15 1/4 oz. Dose .46 grain at 2-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 81, Amritsar charas, bhara. Female cat, weight 4 lb 11 3/4 oz. Dose .36 grain at 2-30 P.M. 4 P.M., very marked rocking of the body and swaying from side to side on standing; walks very fairly well. 4-30 P.M. still much under the influence of the drug; walk slightly affected. Experiment No. 82, Delhi District charas, dust (2nd class). Female cat, weight 2 lb 3 1/4 oz. Dose .17 grain at 2-35 P.M. 4 P.M., displays rocking and swaying of the body; on walking tends to fall upon its side.; 4-30 P.M., walks with difficulty. Experiment No. 83, Delhi District charas, dust. Male cat, weight 5 lb 10 oz. Dose .43 grain at 11-45 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No, 84, Bombay charas. Female cat, weight 5 lb1 5 1/2 oz. Dose .46 grain at 11-50 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 85, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 5 lb. 1/4 oz. Dose .39 grain at 11-55 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 86, Kumaon charas (wild). Female cat, weight 3 lb 6 1/4 oz. Dose .26 grain at 12-15 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 87, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Female cat, weight 3 lb 1 1/4 oz. Dose .23 grain at 12-25 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 88, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 10 1/2 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 89, Nepal charas, B. Male cat, weight 4 lb 8 1/2 oz. Dose .35 grain at 12-55 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 90, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Female cat, weight 4 lb 121/2 oz. Dose .37 grain at 1 P.M. Effect nil. (e) Four experiments in which the dose was increased to 1/80,000 of the body weight. Experiment No. 91, Khandesh bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb. 1 oz. Dose .26 grain at 1-15 P.M. 1-40 P.M., nil. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground; on being disturbed displays swaying of body from side to side on standing. 3-30 P.M., asleep with its head on the ground; is, however, easily disturbed. 4 P.M., asleep; when disturbed and induced to walk its gait is tottering and unsteady. Experiment No. 92, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 4 3/4 oz. Dose .28 grain at 12-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 93, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 6 lb 5 1/4 oz. Dose .55 grain at 1 p.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 94, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Female cat, weight 3 lb 8 3/4 oz. Dose .31 grain at 12 noon. Effect nil. (f) The following experiments were conducted with a dose equivalent to 1/70,000 of the body weight. Experiment No. 95, Ghazipur illicit ganja. Male cat, weight 5 lb 14 oz. Dose .58 grain at 11-10 A M. 2-30 P.M., animal distinctly affected, pupils somewhat dilated, rocking of body on sitting up; walks slowly and with apparent difficulty, but without staggering; on standing body sways from side to side. 3 P.M., effect persists. 4 P.M., animal almost recovered. Experiment No. 96, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 6 lb 3 3/4 oz. Dose .62 grain at 11 A.M. 12-30 P.M., nil. 1-45 P.M., slight rocking movements. 2-30 P.M., slight rocking movements of body. Effect not sufficiently marked. Experiment No. 97, Bhagalpur bhang. Female cat, weight 6 lb. Dose .6 grain at 11-30 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 98, Rajshahi bhang. Female cat, weight 4 lb 14 oz. Dose .48 grain at 11-35 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 99, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 3 lb 5 1/2 oz. Dose .33 grain at 11-40 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 100, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 5 1/4 oz. Dose .33 grain at 11-35 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 101, Amballa charas, mashask, No. 2. Female cat, weight 3 lb 2 oz. Dose .31 grain at 12-5 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 102, Delhi District charas, dust. Female eat, weight 3 lb 8 3/4 oz. Dose .35 grain at 12-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 103, Bombay charas. Male cat, weight 4 lb 8 oz. Dose .45 grain at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 104, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 5 lb 2 oz. Dose .51 grain at 12-50 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 105, Kumaon charas (wild). Female cat, weight 3 lb 11 oz. Dose .37 grain at 1 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 106, Nepal charas, A. Male cat, weight 5 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .52 grain at 12-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 107, Nepal charas, B. Female cat, weight 5 lb 15 1/4 oz. Dose .6 grain at 12-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 108, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Male cat, weight 5 lb 7 1/2 oz. Dose .54 grain at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. (g) Six experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/60,000 part of the body weight — Experiment No. 109, Sholapur bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 13 1/4 oz. Dose .44 grain at 11-15 A.M. 12-30 P.M., sleepy, and on being disturbed and made to stand, manifests swaying of the body from side to side. 1-45 P.M., asleep with its face resting on the ground; when disturbed walks well, but cannot maintain a steady equilibrium on standing; the weakness is more marked in the hind limbs, the fore limbs appearing to be steady; the body sways from side to side on the hind supports rather than on the fore. 2-30 P.M., still under influence of drug, but can walk well. Experiment No. 110, Rajshahi bhang. Male cat, weight 3 lb 9 1/4 oz. Dose .4 grain at 1-15 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 111, Assam bhang. Female cat, weight 2 lb 5 3/4 oz. Dose .27 grain at 1-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 112, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 4 lb 3 1/2 oz. Dose .49 grain at 11-55 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 113, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Female cat, weight 3 lb 0 1/2 oz. Dose .35 grain at 1-35 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 114, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Female cat, weight 3 lb 10 oz. Dose .42 grain at 12-10 P.M. Effect nil. (h) Thirteen experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/50,000 Part of the body weight. Experiment No. 115, Bhagalpur bhang. Female cat, weight 3 lb 3 3/4 oz. Dose .45 grain at 12-55 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 116, Rajshahi bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 9 1/2 oz. Dose .65 grain at 12-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 117, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 5 lb 2 oz. Dose .71 grain at 1-25 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 118, Satara bhang. Weight of the cat, 4 lb 2 3/4 oz. Dose .58 grain at 11-50 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 119, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Female cat, weight 6 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose .86 grain at 1-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 120, Delhi District charas, dust. Female cat, weight 4 lb 10 oz. Dose .64 grain at 1-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 121, Bombay charas. Male cat, weight 4 lb 7 1/2 oz. Dose .62 grain at 1-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 122, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 5 lb 14 oz. Dose .82 grain at 1-33 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 123, Kumaon charas (wild). Female cat, weight 4 lb 13 1/2 oz. Dose .67 grain at 1-55 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 124, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Male cat, weight 3 lb 10 1/2 oz. Dose .51 grain at 12-15 P.M. Effect nil, Experiment No. 125, Nepal charas, A. Male cat, weight 5 lb 7 oz. Dose .76 grain at 11-30 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 126, Nepal charas, B. Male cat, weight 3 lb 8 oz. Dose .49 grain at 12 noon. Effect nil. Experiment No. 127, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Male cat, weight 4 lb 8 1/2 oz. Dose .63 grain at 12-5 P.M. Effect nil. (i)One experiment with a dose equivalent to 1/40,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 128, Satara bhang. Weight of the cat, 4 lb 11 1/2 oz. Dose .82 grain at 12-5 P.M. Effect very slight. (j) One experiment with a dose equivalent to 1/40,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 129, Satara bhang. Weight 3 lb 1 1/2 oz. Dose .72 grain at 12-15 P.M. 2 P.M., dull and torpid; walks slowly and with apparent effort. Effect soon passed off and was not sufficient. (k) Twelve experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/20,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 130, Bhagalpur bhang. Female cat, weight 5 lb 12 oz. Dose 2 grains at 12.10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 131, Rajshahi bhang. Female cat, weight 3 lb 7 3/4 oz. Dose 1.2 grains at 12-45 P.M. 1-20 P.M., asleep with nose on the ground; when disturbed displays marked rocking and swaying of the body. 3 P.M.,. asleep and on being aroused shows evidence of effect of the drug in the swaying and rocking of the body; it walks also with some little difficulty. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 132, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 10 oz. Dose 1.6 grains at 1 P. M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 133, Satara bhang. Weight of cat 3 lb 12 1/2 oz. Dose 1.32 grains at 12-30 P.M. 2 P.M., tremor of body; on standing up sways from side to side; gait somewhat, unsteady. 3 P.M., staggering, unsteady gait; tends to fall on turning round. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug; can walk steadily and well, but on standing, if undisturbed, rocks from side to side in the manner so often described. Experiment No. 134, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Female cat, weight 4 lb 8 oz. Dose 1.5 grains at 1-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 135, Delhi district charas, dust. Female cat, weight 3 lb 4 3/4 oz. Dose 1.1 grains at 1-30 P.M. Slight effect produced. Experiment No. 136, Bombay charas. Female cat, weight 3 lb 3 3/4 oz. Dose 1.13 grains at 1-40 P.M. 2-30 P.M., rocking and swaying of body. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground; on being disturbed displays rocking and swaying of the body from side to side with the characteristic gait. Soon went to sleep when allowed 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 137, Gwaliar charas. Female cat, weight 3 lb 7 3/4 oz. Dose 1.2 grains at 1-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 138, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Female cat, weight 4 lb 8 oz. Dose 1.57 grains at 1-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 139, Nepal charas, A. Male cat, weight 5 lb 7 oz. Dose 1.9 grains at 11-55 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 140, Nepal charas, B. Male cat, weight 3 lb 8 oz. Dose 1.22 grains at 12 noon. Effect nil. Experiment No. 141, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Male cat, weight 4 lb 8 1/2 oz. Dose 1.58 grains at 1 P.M. Effect nil. (l) Ten experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/10,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 142, Bhagalpur bhang. Female cat, weight 5 lb 12 oz. Dose 4 grains at 11-50 A.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 143, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 4 lb 10 oz. Dose 3.23 grains at 1-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 144, Amballa charas, mashak, No. 2. Male cat, weight 5 lb 5 1/2 oz. Dose 3.74 grains at 11-40 A.M. 1-10 P.M., rocking of body; on walking characteristic gait. 2 P.M., is very considerably affected; on walking tends to fall upon in side. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 145, Delhi District charas, dust. Male cat, weight 3 lb 8 oz. Dose 2.45 grains at 11-50 A.M. 2-30 P.M., asleep; when disturbed displays rocking of the body and the characteristic gait. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug, remaining asleep unless disturbed. Experiment No. 146, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 4 lb 8 1/2 oz. Dose 3.17 grains at 12-30 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 147, Kumaon charas (wild). Female cat, weight 3 lb 5 oz. Dose 2.31 grains at 12-25 P.M. 1-35 P.M., animal is sleepy; from time to time suffers from rocking of the body. 2 P.M., rocking of the body continues. 4 P.M., still slightly affected by the drug. Experiment No. 148, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Male cat, weight 4 lb 9 1/2 oz. Dose 3.21 grains at 1-5 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 149, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 3 oz. Dose 2.33 grains at 1-10 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 150, Nepal charas, B. Female cat, weight 4 lb 9 1/2 oz. Dose 3.21 grains at 1-35 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 151, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Female cat, weight 2 lb 15 oz. Dose 2.05 grains at 1-55 P.M. Very slight effect indeed produced. (m) Seven experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/5,000 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 152, Bhagalpur bhang. Female cat, weight 3 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose 4.4 grains at 12-45 P.M. 2-40 P.M., rocking of body and some tendency to sleep; walks well. 4 P.M., still displays effect of drug. Experiment No. 153, Assam bhang. Male cat, weight 3 lb 5 oz. Dose 4.63 grains at 1-30 P.M. 2-30 P.M., great difficulty in walking; staggering, unsteady gait; marked rocking of body. 3 P.M., asleep with its nose on the ground. 4 P.M., torpid and very definitely under the influence of the drug; characteristic gait. Experiment No. 154, Gwalior charas. Male cat, weight 4 lb 2 1/2 oz.; Dose 5.81 grains at 1-40 P.M. 2-15 P.M., rocking of body and staggering, unsteady gait. 3 P.M., very definite symptoms displayed. 4 P.M., still under the influence of the drug. Experiment No. 155, Kumaon charas (cultivated). Male cat, weight 4 lb 7 1/2 oz. Dose 6.25 grains at 2-15 P.M. 3 P.M., no apparent effect. 4 P.M., animal is excited and constantly on the move; no tendency to sleep; on running or walking it frequently falls on its side especially on turning round. Experiment No. 156, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 6 oz. Dose 4.72 grains at 2-20 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 157, Nepal charas, B. Female cat, weight 4 lb 6 1/2 oz. Dose 6.16 grains at 2-40 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 158, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Male cat, weight 5 lb 2 1/2 oz. Dose 7.21 grains at 12 noon. Effect nil. (n) Three experiments with a dose equivalent to 1/2,500 part of the body weight. Experiment No. 159, Nepal charas, A. Female cat, weight 3 lb 2 oz. Dose 8.75 grains at 12-45 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 160, Nepal charas, B. Male cat, weight 3 lb 3 1/4 oz. Dose 8.96 grains at 1-35 P.M. Effect nil. Experiment No. 161, Nepal charas, Shahjahani. Male cat, weight 4 lb 4 1/4 oz. Dose 10.76 grains at 1-30 P.M. Effect nil.
 
CONCLUDING REMARKS. The method of testing samples of hemp drugs by ascertaining their physiological value may be regarded as much more satisfactory in the case of ganja and bhang than in the case of charas. For it is submitted that ganja and bhang do not lend themselves so readily to successful adulteration as charas. Consequently, while the results of the physiological tests may be assumed to have a definite comparative value in the case of the various samples of ganja and bhang, no such reliable result can be claimed from the experiments with the samples of charas. There are three samples of charas of which the physiological value has not been determined, i.e., the three samples of Nepal charas. For when a dose of more than ten grains administered to a cat weighing less than 4 1/4 lb produced no effects, it did not appear worth while to pursue the investigation further. Whether, however, these three samples are without physiological value due to successful adulteration, or to the absence of active principle in the ganja from which they were prepared, I am not in a position to say. To a varying degree the same remark applies to all those samples of charas in which the physiological value of the extract is much below that of the extract of the standard ganja. Alcohol is able to extract all the active principles present in any sample of hemp drugs. It will be seen on reference to table No. 1 that the quantity of the alcoholic extract varies greatly, and that it bears no relation to the physiological activity of the sample. As already stated this may be due in the case of charas to successful adulteration, but this is by no means to the same extent true in the case of ganja and bhang. In order, therefore, to obtain a true conception of the comparative value of any number of samples of ganja and bhang, they should be grouped, not according to the quantity of the alcoholic extract, nor yet according to the dose required to produce minimal effects, but according to the quantity of their alcoholic extracts which may be regarded as physiologically active. This has been roughly calculated and the results are given in table No. III. The samples of bhang yield a smaller percentage quantity of alcoholic extract than the samples of ganja. Their alcoholic extract is, in the majority of instances, much less active physiologically than the extracts of the samples of ganja. A point of considerable importance appears to be the great difference in physiological activity presented by the different samples of bhang. The doses of the bhang extracts range from 1/5,000 to 1/100,000 part of the body weight, a very much wider range than is presented by the ganja extracts. The bhang obtained from cultivated plants is at least four times as active as that obtained from wild plants. The Assam bhang from wild plants possesses equal activity with the sample of Bhagalpur bhang obtained from the Board of Revenue and utilised as a standard.

I would suggest that the other samples of bhang examined, i.e., Khandesh, Amballa, Sholapur, and Satara bhang were obtained either from cultivated plants or contained an accidental admixture of ganja. This would serve to account for their possessing greater physiological activity than the standard bhang. In conclusion, I have nothing to add to the foregoing remarks except that the experiments recorded, together with the necessary observations, occupied the greater part of each day during two months, apart altogether from the preparation of the alcoholic extracts half of which were prepared by Babu Ram Chandra Datta, 1st Assistant to the Chemical Examiner to Government. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of Mr. Hooper's report giving the results of his chemical analysis.
I have, &c., J. F. EVANS, M.B., Surgeon-Captain, Chemical Examiner to Government of Bengal. 

 

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